Atoms and

Electronic Structure

1
Atomic Structure and
Subatomic Particles
Protons and neutrons in
nucleus
Very small dense
central core
Electrons move about
is the remaining space
of the atom.

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Relative Charge Mass Mass
Charge (C) (amu) (g)
Proton +1 +1.602181019 1.00727 1.672611024
Neutron 0 0 1.00866 1.674931024
Electron -1 1.602181019 0.00055 0.000911024

Note:
Proton and neutron about the same mass
Electron 2000 times smaller
Electron and proton, same charge, opposite in sign.
atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of a single carbon
atom containing 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

1
 Elements: Defined by their
number of protons
Atomic number (Z) - The number of protons in
the nucleus
This number identifies the element. (See the
numbers on the periodic table.)
Mass number (A) - The total number of neutrons
and protons in the nucleus of the atom.
So, if given the Z and A, how will you determine
the number of neutrons?

Some questions.
What is the atomic number of Chlorine?
17
How many protons does chlorine have?
17

Periodic Table

1 18
1A 8A
1 2
H He
1.008
2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8B 1B 2B
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 75.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (271) (272) (285) (289) (292)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

Chlorine Atomic No. 12

2
 If the mass number is 37, how
many neutrons does the atom
have?
1. 37
2. 17
3. 20
4. 27
5. 30

How many electrons does an atom of chlorine

have?
17
What element has an atomic number of 12?
Magnesium

Periodic Table

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic
number but different mass number.
Most elements have two or more isotopes.
Symbols can be used to distinguish the different
isotopes:

3
 Isotope symbols
Mass number
A
Z X
Atomic number

11
B Determine the number of
5
protons, neutrons and electrons.

1. p=5, n=6, e=6

2. p=5, n=6, e=5
3. p=6, n=5, e=5
4. p=5, n=11, e=5
5. p=6, n=5, e=5

Example

11
5 B
Is the 5 necessary ?

4
 More about isotopes:
Hydrogen is the only element in which the
different isotopes has their own names.
1H is hydrogen
2H is deuterium
3H is tritium

Ions: Losing and Gaining

Electrons
Ions - a charged species formed from a neutral
atom or molecule when electrons are gained or
lost.
Cation - positive charged ion.
Formed by electrons being lost.
Anion - negative charged ion.
Formed by electrons being gained.

Symbol electrons protons neutrons

24Mg

23Na+

35Cl

35Cl-

56Fe3+

15N

16O2-

27Al3+

5
 Give the number of electrons and
neutrons for 35Cl

1. e = 16, n = 20
2. e = 18, n = 18
3. e = 17, n = 20
4. e = 18, n = 20
5. None of the above

The Periodic Law

and the Periodic Table
Elements with
similar
1 18
properties have 1A
1
2 13 14 15 16 17
8A
2
H He
a repeating 1.008
3
Li
2A
4
Be
3A

B
5
4A

C
6
5A

N
7
6A

O
8
7A
9
F
4.003
10
Ne

pattern and are 6.941

11
Na
9.012
12
Mg 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12
10.81
13
Al
12.01
14
Si
14.01
15
P
16.00
16
S
19.00
17
Cl
20.18
18
Ar

aligned in
22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8B 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

columns
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 75.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Groups
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)

Families 87
Fr
(223)
88
Ra
(226)
89
Ac
(227)
104
Rf
(261)
105
Db
(262)
106
Sg
(266)
107
Bh
(264)
108
Hs
(269)
109
Mt
(268)
110
Ds
(271)
111
Rg
(272)
112
Cn
(285)
113 114
Fl
(289)
115 116
Lv
(292)
117 118

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

6
 2
Understanding Light
Classical Physics viewed energy as
continuous.ie. Any amount of energy could be
released.
This was found to be false by Max Planck when
concerning the radiation emitted by a heated solid.
Planck discovered that atoms and molecules emit
energy only in discrete quantities or quanta. - thus
started quantum theory

Properties of Waves
Waves - a vibrating disturbance by which energy
is transmitted.
Waves are characterized by

Wavelength () is the distance between

identical points on successive waves.
Amplitude is the vertical distance from the
midline of a wave to the peak or trough.

7
 Properties of Waves

Put picture of ocean surf here

Frequency () is the number of waves that pass through a

particular point in 1 second (Hz = 1 cycle/s).

The speed (u) of the wave =

Visible light consists of electromagnetic waves.

Electric field component Electromagnetic

radiation is the
emission and
transmission of
energy in the form of
electromagnetic
waves.
Energy the
Magnetic field component capacity to do work.
Units Joule
1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

For electromagnetic radiation:

c =

Speed of light
frequency
wavelength

Speed of light in a vacuum: 3.00 10 8 m/s

8
 A photon has a frequency of 3.5 105 Hz.
Convert this frequency into wavelength (nm).
Does this frequency fall in the visible region?

What is the frequency (in Hz) of

light with a wavelength of 490 nm?
1. 6.12 1023
2. 6.12 105
3. 6.12 1014
4. 1.63 10-15
5. 1.63 10-6

9
 Interactions of Waves
Interference the way waves interact with
each other.
Constructive Interference waves align
and increase the amplitude

Destructive Interference waves which are

out of phase

Wave versus particle behavior

Diffraction - the
bending of waves as
they pass through a
slit
Slit must be a
comparable size to
the wavelength

10
 Wave versus particle behavior
Diffraction - the
bending of waves as
they pass through a
slit
Slit must be a
comparable size to
the wavelength
An inherent property

Interference Pattern
of waves.

3
Plancks Quantum Theory
When solids are heated they emit electromagnetic
radiation.
It was determined that the amount of radiation
energy emitted was related to its wavelength.
Classical physics could not account for this fact.
Planck solved the problem...

11
 Plancks Quantum Theory
Plancks assumption: atoms and molecules could
emit (or absorb) energy only in discrete quantities.
These bundles of energy were called quantum -
the smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted.

E = h

Frequency of light emitted

Plancks Constant = 6.63 10-34 J.s

Energy of a single quanta of energy

The Particle Nature of Light

Planck did not know the why of his discovery.
Einstein used Plancks Quantum Theory to help
explain something called the photoelectric effect
and then explained the why of Plancks theory.

12
 The Photoelectic Effect
Light strikes the metal and ejects electrons.

Expectedany frequency of light would eject the

electron if the light was intense enough.

What They Found

There was a certain
frequency where
below this frequency
no electrons were
ejected, no matter
how intense the light
was.

What They Found

Increasing the intensity

increased the number
of electrons that came
off.

13
 What They Found
Increasing the
frequency cause the
electrons which were
ejected to have more
and more Kinetic
energy (meaning they
were moving at greater
speeds)

Einsteins Explanation of the

Photoelectric Effect
Light is made of a stream of particles (called
photons).
Each photon has energy-- E = h
Each photon, if it has enough energy, can knock
off one electron. (It must overcome the binding
energy ( BE ) of the electron.)
The more intense the light, the more photons
strike the plate.

h = KE + BE
Binding energy of the electron

Kinetic Energy of the electron

Energy of the photon

14
 Dual Nature of Light
1. Waves
2. Particles
Depending on the experiment, light behaves one
way or the other.
We will see later that matter has this nature also.

Calculations
So now you have these two equations:
c=
E=h
With these two equations if you know one of the
following, you can calculate the other two:
Energy of photon,
wavelength of light
frequency of light

When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X rays

are emitted. Calculate the frequency and energy (in joules)
associated with the photons if the wavelength of the X rays is
0.154 nm.

Frequency Energy

1. 1.96 10181/s 1.29 10-15 J

2. 1.96 109 1/s 1.29 10-24 J
3. 4.62 107 1/s 3.03 10-26 J
4. 4.62 10-2 1/s 3.06 19-34 J

Forgot to convert from nm to m

15
 4

Bohrs Model of the

Hydrogen atom

Emission Spectra
The continuous or line spectra of radiation emitted
by substances.
Obtained by
energizing a sample until it produces light
the light is passed through a prism
the rainbow produced is the spectrum
The spectrum is not necessarily in the visible region
of electromagnetic radiation.

16
 Bohrs Model of the Atom (1913)
1. e- can only have specific (quantized) energy values
2. light is emitted as e- moves from one energy level to
another

n (principal
quantum
number) =
1,2,3,

17
 5
The Dual Nature of Electrons

Electron only occupies certain fixed

distances.Why?
Louis de Broglie provided a solution.
Electrons are not only particles but are waves
(Dual Nature)

The circumference of the orbit

is equal to an integral number
of wavelengths.

Here the wave does not close on

itself evenly and is a non-allowed
orbit

Expected behavior of particles

Actual electron behavior

18
 h

mv

wavelength mass velocity

This equation is typically used to calculate the

wavelength
of a particle when the mass and velocity are
known.
Watch your units!

What is the de Broglie wavelength (in nm)

associated with a 2.5 g Ping-Pong ball traveling at
15.6 m/s?

h

mv

19
 6
The Uncertainty Principle
We know electrons
have a wave nature.
We know electrons
have a particle
nature.
If we try to observe
both aspects
simultaneously, we
ALWAYS fail.

Heisenbergs Uncertainty
Principle
h
x mv
4
Uncertainty in position = x
Uncertainty in velocity = v

The more you know about position, the less

you know about velocity.

Quantum Mechanics and the

Atom
Electrons do not move as orbits about the nucleus.
Due to Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle we can
only define regions in space where we have a high
probability of finding an electron.

20
 Schrdinger equations - mathematical equations
used to define the region in space which has a high
probability of finding the electrons. (electron
density)
These equations take into account the particle and
wave nature of the electron
These equations launched quantum mechanics.
These regions in space with high electron density are
called orbitals.

7
Solutions to the Schrdinger
Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
Complex mathematical functions but they give us
quantum numbers which define the orbitals.
The four quantum numbers:
The principal quantum number (n)
The angular momentum quantum number (l)
The magnetic quantum number (ml)
The spin quantum number (ms)

Principal Quantum number, n

n = 1, 2, 3, 4
defines the relative average distance from the
nucleus and the energy of the electron.
the larger the n value the farther away the electron
is.
The farther out the electron is, the larger, higher in
energy and more unstable the orbital.
All electrons with the same n value are in the same
(principal) shell.

21
Energy of an electron in hydrogen:

1
En RH 2
n
RH = 2.181018 J
Rydberg constant
for Hydrogen

The Angular Momentum Q.N., (l)

l = 0, 1, .(n-1)
Tells the shape of the orbital. (we shall see the
shape in a minute.)
All electrons with the same value of n and l are said
to be in the same subshell.
Usually we call the subshells by the following
names.

Orbital or subshell names

l Name of
Orbital/Subshell
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
4 g

Note: Each principal quantum number has its own

allowable values of (l) because l goes up to (n-1)

22
 In the shell n=4, what are the
names of the subshells it has?
1. s only
2. s and p
3. s, p and d
4. s, p, d and f

Magnetic Quantum Number, ml

ml = -l, .0..+l
Gives the orientation in space of the orbital.
And, gives the number of orientations (Ill show
you how here in a minute)
All electrons with the same n, l, ml are said to be
in the same orbital.
Lets stop and derive a table of quantum numbers
[n, l, ml].

Connections between Q.N.s

n l ml

23
 Which of the following is not an
allowable set of quantum numbers
[n, l, ml]
1. [1,0,0]
2. [2,2,-2]
3. [3,2,0]
4. [4,1,-2]
5. Both 1 and 2
6. Both 2 and 4

Which set of quantum numbers

will identify an electron in a 4p
subshell?
1. [4, 3, 2]
2. [4, 1, 0]
3. [4, 1, -1]
4. [4, 2, 0]
5. Both 2 and 3

8
Atomic Spectroscopy Explained
Atom absorbs energy, electron promoted to
higher energy level. (Excited state.)
Electron emits photon of light. (Returns to
the ground state.

24
 For
Hydrogen
The energy of the
transition (E) must
equal the energy of
the photon emitted
(h).
Notice how the levels
get closer together as
they go farther away
from the nucleus.

This gives the change in energy of the electron.

E = RH ( n1 n1 )
2
f
2
i

Initial energy
Final energy level
Rydberg Constant = level
2.18 10-18J

This equation can only be used for

the Hydrogen atom

25
 Connection between energy of the
electron and energy of the photon.

E photon Eelectron E photon h

c

Calculate the E of the electron of a hydrogen

atom as the electron drops from the n = 5 state to
the n = 3 state.

1. +2.91 x 10-20
2. -2.91 x 10-20 You forgot to square the ns
3. +1.55 x 10-19 You put ns in the wrong order
4. -1.55 x 10-19

Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon

emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron
drops from the n = 5 state to the n = 3 state.
1. 323
2. 456
3. 646
4. 811
5. 1280

26
 9
Atomic Orbitals
Orbitals are defined by
the Schrdinger
equations.
Regions in space where
there is a high
probability of finding
an electron.
s orbital (when l = 0)
is a sphere

p orbital l = 1

The ml values when l = 1 are: -1, 0, 1

Three values means three orientations
in space.

Nodal Plane
d orbitals l = 2 electron
probability
density is 0

l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Five numbers means five
orientations

27
 f orbitals l = 3

l = 3, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Seven numbers means seven orientations.

The Phase of Orbitals

Phase - the sign of the amplitude of a wave

Two dimensional waves.

Three dimensional waves

For a many electron atom:

E(s orbital) < E(p orbital) < E(d orbital) < E(f orbital)

28
 10
Orbital Diagram
shows what subshells (orbitals) are occupied by
electrons.
Ground state lowest energy state of all
electrons.

Electron Spin and the Pauli

Exclusion Principle
Electrons spin, either one way or the other.
All electrons have the same amount of spin.
Spin Quantum number (ms)
ms = + or
Example of an orbital diagram for hydrogen
Arrow shows the spin
Up arrow = +; down arrow =
Name of subshell
(and orbital) 1s

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the same
four quantum numbers.
Result no more than 2 electrons can fit into any
orbital they will spin in opposite directions.
Helium has two electrons in the atom
Electron configuration: 1s2
Orbital diagram:

1s

29
 Quantum Numbers and
Orbital Diagrams
Each electron has a set of four quantum numbers
associated with it.
The first three, give the electrons location
The forth gives the spin

[1, 0, 0, +]
[1, 0, 0, ]

1s

For a many electron atom:

E(s orbital) < E(p orbital) < E(d orbital) < E(f orbital)

11
Electron Configuration for
Multielectron atoms
We will learn to write the configuration for
ground state atoms.
Electrons are in their lowest energy state
possible.
Aufbau principle building up from lowest to
highest energy

30
 It will be necessary for you to know the
order of orbitals from lowest in energy to
highest energy.
The following is one way to learn the order.

Element Orbital Diagram Electron Config. Q.N.

H
He

Li

Be Q

B Hunds rule next

Hunds Rule
The most stable arrangement of electrons in
subshells is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins.
Result: Half fill orbitals in subshells prior to filling

31
Element Orbital Diagram Electron Config. Q.N.
C
N

O Q

Ne Using the periodic table

k2

Which Q.N.s are different for the

last two electrons placed in
oxygen?
1. n
2. l
3. ml
4. ms
5. l and ms
6. ml and ms

Back to Fluorine

1 18
1A 8A
1 2
H He
1.00 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.00
8 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.1
1 2 1 1 1 0 0 8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 26.9 28.0 30.9 32.0 35.4 39.9
9 1 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8B 1B 2B 8 9 7 6 5 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.0 44.9 47.8 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.6 63.5 65.3 69.7 75.5 74.9 78.9 79.9 83.8
0 8 6 7 4 0 4 5 3 9 5 9 2 9 2 6 0 0
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101. 102. 106. 107. 112. 114. 118. 121. 127. 126. 131.
7 2 1 2 1 6 1 9 4 9 4 8 7 8 6 9 3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132. 137. 138. 178. 180. 183. 186. 190. 192. 195. 197. 200. 204. 207. 209. (209) (210) (222)
9 3 9 5 9 8 2 2 2 1 0 6 4 2 0
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (271) (272) (285) (289) (292)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140. 140. 144. (145) 150. 152. 157. 158. 162. 164. 167. 168. 173. 175.
1 9 2 4 0 3 9 5 9 3 9 0 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232. 231. 238. (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
0 0 0

Be able to duplicate this breakdown of the Periodic Table and

you can do the configuration of any element.

32
Slide 95

k2 diagram used for the question has points to the the two paramagnetic electrons of oxygen
kwoodru, 10/29/2007
What are the quantum numbers
of the last two electrons of Be
electron configuration?
1. [2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 1, ]
2. [2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 0, ]
3. [2, 0, 0, ] [2, 0, 0, -]
4. [2, 0, 0, ] [3, 0, 0, ]

Now to Boron

Procedure for writing the

Electron Configuration
Find the nearest noble gas which comes before the
element.
Place the noble gas symbol in square brackets.
This is called the noble gas core.
Example: [He]
Now use the breakdown of the periodic table that
you learned to add electron in until you have
reached the element of interest.

33
Write the electron configuration of Cl.

1 18
1A 8A
1 2
H He
1.00 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.00
8 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.1
1 2 1 1 1 0 0 8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 26.9 28.0 30.9 32.0 35.4 39.9
9 1 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8B 1B 2B 8 9 7 6 5 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.0 44.9 47.8 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.6 63.5 65.3 69.7 75.5 74.9 78.9 79.9 83.8
0 8 6 7 4 0 4 5 3 9 5 9 2 9 2 6 0 0
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101. 102. 106. 107. 112. 114. 118. 121. 127. 126. 131.
7 2 1 2 1 6 1 9 4 9 4 8 7 8 6 9 3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132. 137. 138. 178. 180. 183. 186. 190. 192. 195. 197. 200. 204. 207. 209. (209) (210) (222)
9 3 9 5 9 8 2 2 2 1 0 6 4 2 0
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (271) (272) (285) (289) (292)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140. 140. 144. (145) 150. 152. 157. 158. 162. 164. 167. 168. 173. 175.
1 9 2 4 0 3 9 5 9 3 9 0 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232. 231. 238. (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
0 0 0

Sn:

1 18

V: 1A
1
8A
2
H He
1.00 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.00
8 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.1
1 2 1 1 1 0 0 8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 26.9 28.0 30.9 32.0 35.4 39.9
9 1 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8B 1B 2B 8 9 7 6 5 5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.1 40.0 44.9 47.8 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.6 63.5 65.3 69.7 75.5 74.9 78.9 79.9 83.8
0 8 6 7 4 0 4 5 3 9 5 9 2 9 2 6 0 0
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101. 102. 106. 107. 112. 114. 118. 121. 127. 126. 131.
7 2 1 2 1 6 1 9 4 9 4 8 7 8 6 9 3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132. 137. 138. 178. 180. 183. 186. 190. 192. 195. 197. 200. 204. 207. 209. (209) (210) (222)
9 3 9 5 9 8 2 2 2 1 0 6 4 2 0
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (271) (272) (285) (289) (292)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140. 140. 144. (145) 150. 152. 157. 158. 162. 164. 167. 168. 173. 175.
1 9 2 4 0 3 9 5 9 3 9 0 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232. 231. 238. (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
0 0 0

The electron configuration of

Antimony is
1. [Kr]5s25d105p6
2. [Kr]5s24d105p3
3. [Xe]5s24d105p3
4. [Xe]5s25d105p2

34
 A few other points to know.
Transition metals - have incompletely filled d
subshells or readily give rise to cations that have
incompletely filled d subshells.
Exception to learn: If one electron away from the
d subshell being half-full or full, the s electron will
be promoted to fill or half fill it.
This is due to the stability achieved with half filled
or filled subshells.

Examples of the Exceptions

chromium
[Ar] 4s23d4 NOT!
[Ar] 4s13d5 ****this is correct

silver
[Kr]5s24d9 NOT!
[Kr]5s14d10 ****this is correct

Lanthanides (rare earths) - incompletely filled

4f subshells or readily give rise to cations that
have incompletely filled 4f subshells.
Actinide series - most of these not found in nature
but have been synthesized.

35