Chapter 1 Statistics

B3001 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 3 TOPIC 1 : STATISTICS
TOPIC 1: STATISTICS
Objectives :
Explain the basic terminologies of statistics.
Explain several forms of data presentation such as pictograph, line graph,
bar chart and pie chart.
Determine class interval, upper limit, class size, middle value and others.
Prepare a frequency table.
Present frequency table in the graphical form such as histograms,
frequency polygons and ogive.
Determine mean, median and mod for grouped data and non-grouped
data with the formula method.
Determine mean, median and mod for grouped data and non-grouped
data with the graphical method.
Analyse frequency distribution graphs including quartile, decile and
percentile.
Determine mean variation, variance and standard variation.
1.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES OF STATISTICS

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)
POLISAS 1/62
Statistics is a discipline of study dealing with the collection, analysis,

interpretation and presentation of data. For example, we can study the
distribution of the heights and masses of students in a class.
1.1.1 Population
A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things
from which we many collect data. It is the entire group we are interested
in, which we wish to describe or draw conclusions about. For example,
student of POLISAS.
1.1.2 Sample
A sample is a group of units selected from a larger group (the population).
By studying the sample it is hoped to draw valid conclusions about the
larger group. For example, student of Engineering Department.
1.1.3 Data/Variable
Data is a collection of information especially facts or numbers. For
example, x, y and z. There are four (4) types of data :-
a. Continuous Data
Data that is obtained by measuring. For example, mass, length,
1
height,. Continuous data can take any value, such as 5, 6.5, ,
2
.
b. Discrete Data
Data that is obtained by counting, For example number of
students, pens, cars,.Discrete data consists of whole number,
such as 0, 1, 2, 3,....
c. Ungrouped Data

POLISAS 2/62
Data that is not grouped into classes. For example, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 34,....
d. Grouped Data
Data that is grouped into classes. For example, 25-29, 30-34, .....
1.2 PICTOGRAMS, LINE GRAPHS, BAR CHARTS AND PIE CHARTS
1.2.1 Pictograms
A pictogram uses pictures to represent data. It can be constructed
horizontally or vertically. For examples :
Number of students given scholarships
DKM 3A
SKM 4A
SKM 4B
SKM 4C
Represents 2 students
A horizontal pictogram
Number of students given scholarships

POLISAS 3/62
DKM 3A SKM 4A SKM 4B SKM 4C

Represents 2 students
A vertical pictogram
1.2.2 Line graphs

Line graphs are usually used to represent changes in data over a period of
time. A suitable scale is important when drawing a line graph. For example :
The line graph shows the telephone bills of Miss Sarah from January to
July.
Bill in RM
200
150
100
Bill in RM
200
1.2.3 Bar charts
50
A bar chart can also be constructed horizontally or vertically. A combined
150
bar chart can be used to compare two sets of data. For examples :
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July
Month
100
50
POLISAS 4/62
Jan Feb Mar Apr

Month
A vertical bar chart

Month
Apr
Mar
Feb
Bill in RM
A horizontal bar chart

Jan
0
50 100 150 200

Number of students enrolled
Frequency
Male Students
400 students
Female Students
300
200
100 A combined bar chart
SAS
PUO MAS
5/62
POLISAS Polytechnic
1.2.4 Pie charts

i. A pie chart is a representation of data using sectors of a circle. The
size each sector shows the percentage of the overall data it
represents. For example :
JKE
30%
JKA
50%
Others
20%
ii. To construct a pie chart, the angle for each sector must be
calculated by using the formula below :
a) Angle of sector = percentage of each category of data x 360 o
quantity of each category of data
b) Angle of sector = 360 o
quantity of the overall data
Practice 1.2a
DKM 3A
SKM 4A
Represents 6 males
represents 4 females

POLISAS 6/62
The pictogram shows the number of members in the DKM 3A and the SKM 4A.
Find the difference in total number between male and female members
Solution :
Practice 1.2b
Number of lecturers in polytechnic A and polytechnic B
Number of lecturers
Male
Female
The diagram shows a bar chart. Given that the number of males in polytechnic A
is 120, find the total number of males and females in polytechnic B.

POLISAS 7/62
A B
Polytechnic
Solution :
Practice 1.2c
Payments of water bills from January to June
Payments (RM)
16
12
The line graph shows

4 the monthly water bills of a household for the first six
months of a particular year ;
a) Which month had the lowest bill and how much was it?
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
b) What was the average monthly payment for the period os six months?
Month

POLISAS 8/62
Practice 1.2d
Item Food Rent Transport Others

Amount (RM) 630 270 180 720
The table shows how Mr. Nabil allocates his monthly salary. Construct a pie
chart to represent the data given.
Solution :

POLISAS 9/62
1.3 CLASS INTERVAL, LOWER LIMIT AND UPPER LIMIT,

LOWER BOUNDARY, UPPER BOUNDARY, SIZE OF A
CLASS INTERVAL AND CLASS MIDPOINT
1.3.1 Class Interval

Data that consist of the measurements of a quantity can be grouped into a
few classes and the range of each class. For example :
Notice that each class in the table below has a class interval with the same range.
Age (years) 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44
+4 interval, the
Based on the given class +4range is 29 +4
25 = 4 +4
Practice 1.3a
Complete each of the following class intervals with the same range.
i. Length (cm)4 5
ii. Mass (kg)50 54

POLISAS 10/62
1.3.2 Lower Limit and Upper Limit

For a class interval, for example 25 29, the smaller value (25) is known
as the lower limit while the larger value (29) is known as the upper limit.
1.3.3 Lower Boundary

Lower boundary of a certain class is the value that lies at the centre
between the lower limit of the class and the upper limit of the class before
it.
Example :
Age (years) 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44
Lower boundary of the class 30 34

Upper limit of the class before it Lower limit of the class 30 - 34
=
2
29 30
= = 29.5
2
1.3.4 Upper Boundary

Upper boundary of a certain class is the value that lies at the centre
between the upper limit of the class and the lower limit of the class after it.
For example :
Age (years) 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44
Upper boundary of the class 30 34

Upper limit of the class 30 - 34 Lower limit of the class after it
=
2
34 35
= = 34.5
2
1.3.5 Size of a Class Interval

POLISAS 11/62
The size of a class interval is the difference between the upper boundary
and the lower boundary of the class. There are three (3) methods to find
the size of a class interval :-
i. Method 1
Size of a class interval = Upper boundary Lower boundary
Example :
Mass (kg) Lower Upper Size of class
boundary boundary interval
1.0 1.3 0.95 1.35 1.35 0.95 = 0.4
1.4 1.7
ii. Method 2
Size of a class interval
= Upper limit Lower limit + (lower limit of class after upper limit of
the selected class)
Example :
Mass (kg) Lower limit Upper limit Size of class interval
1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 + (1.41.3)
= 0.4
1.4 1.7
Method 1 and 2 are suitable for grouped data.
iii. Method 3 (ungrouped data)

Range
Size of a class interval =
K

POLISAS 12/62
where,
Range = Largest value of data Smallest value of data.
K = 1 + 3.3 log n ,n is number of data.
Example :
12 23 45 50 50 55 56 60 66 66
66 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 75 75
80 80 82 87 89 90 90 95 97 98
Smallest value of data = 12

Largest value of data = 98
Range = Largest value of data Smallest value of data = 98 12 = 85
Number of data, n = 30
K = 1 + 3.3 log n = 1 + 3.3 log 30 = 5.87 = 6
Range 85
Size of a class interval =
K
=
6
= 14.1 14
Practice 1.3b
i. Determine the lower limit, upper limit, lower boundary and upper boundary of
each of the following class intervals in the table below.
Lower Upper Size of class
Mass (g) Lower limit Upper limit
boundary boundary interval
80 89
90 109
110 119
120 129
130 139

POLISAS 13/62
ii. The masses of 30 parcels (to the nearest kg) to delivered by a post office
are as shown below.
1 6 4 3 9 7 5 12 14 11
16 13 18 17 19 20 7 2 3 10
8 12 17 15 10 6 5 4 8 16
Determine the suitable class intervals.
Solution :
1.3.6 Class Midpoint

The class midpoint is the value of data that lies at the centre of a class.
Upper limit Lower limit
Class midpoint, x
2
Example :
Age (years) 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44
Class midpoint of the class 30 34,

Upper limit Lower limit 30 34
x = = 32
2 2
Practice 1.3c

POLISAS 14/62
The table below shows the class intervals of the ages of the members of the
ages of the members of a golf club. Calculate the midpoint value of each class
interval.
Age (years) Class midpoint

30 39
35 39 = 37
2
40 44
40 44 = 42
2
45 49
45 49 = 47
2
50 54
50 54 = 52
2
55 59
55 59 = 57
2
1.4 FREQUENCY TABLE

A frequency table is a table that shows the frequency of each class
interval.
1.4.1 Frequency
The number of times a certain number or event occurs. It can be found by
counting or using a tally chart. For example, 2, 5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 3, 2, 6, 2, 2. In the
data given above, the frequency of each of the numbers is as follows.
Number Tally Frequency
2 llll 5
3 ll 2
4 l 1
5 l 1
6 ll 2
Frequency tables are used to organize a set of data.
Practice 1.4a

POLISAS 15/62
The masses (to the nearest kg) of 36 students are as shown below.
50 63 68 60 64 67 65 70 54 72 62 77
61 71 66 60 55 59 66 58 63 67 59 78
56 65 61 75 69 62 73 74 68 64 57 76
Construct a frequency table for the above set of data such that size of each class
interval is 5, beginning from the first class of 50 54.
Solution :
1.4.2 Modal Class

The modal class of grouped data is the class interval in the frequency
table with the highest frequency.
Example :
The table below shows the telephone bills of 50 houses. State the modal class.
Telephone bill (RM) Frequency

POLISAS 16/62
21 30 5
31 40 9
41 50 11
51 60 16
61 70 7
71 80 2
The modal class is the class interval with the highest frequency,
i.e. 51 60.
Practice 1.4b
State the modal class of each of the following frequency tables of grouped data.
i. Time (minutes) Frequency
31 40 6
41 50 18
51 60 30
61 70 42
71 80 35
81 90 27
ii. Diameter (cm) Frequency

1.5 1.7 16
1.8 2.0 19
2.1 2.3 27
2.4 2.6 24
2.7 2.9 21
3.0 3.2 9
1.5 FREQUENCY TABLE IN THE GRAPHICAL FORM

Present frequency table in the graphical form such as histograms,
frequency polygons and ogive.
1.5.1 Histograms

POLISAS 17/62
A histogram is a graphical presentation of a frequency distribution. A

histogram with class intervals of equal size represents the frequency of
each class interval by rectangles of equal breadth and the height of each
rectangle is proportional to the frequency.
1.5.1a Drawing Histograms

i. The horizontal axis of a histogram can be labeled with :
a) Class boundaries (Lower boundary or Upper boundary)
b) Class intervals
c) Class midpoints
ii. The vertical axis represents the frequency of each class.
For example :
The table below shows the study times (in hours) of 40 students in a week.
Time (hours) Number of students
10 14 6
15 19 8
20 24 12
25 29 8
30 34 5
35 39 1
Solution :
Step 1
Find the lower boundary and upper boundary of each class interval as
shown in the below table.
Lower Upper
Time (hours) Number of students
boundary boundary
10 14 6 9.5 14.5
15 19 8 14.5 19.5

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20 24 12 19.5 24.5
25 29 8 24.5 29.5
30 34 5 29.5 34.5
35 39 1 34.5 39.5
Step 2
Choose a suitable scale for the horizontal axis and the vertical axis
such that the data can be easily plotted on a graph and the
histogram is large enough.
The horizontal axis represents the lower boundary and the vertical
axis represents the frequency of each class.
Step 3
Draw rectangles to represent each class interval such that its
breadth is equal to the size of each class interval and its height
represents the frequency of each class interval.
16
12
Frequency
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

Time (hours)

POLISAS 19/62
1.5.1b Interpreting Histograms

The following information can be interpreted from a histogram :
a) The most common class of data, i.e. the modal class.
b) The total number of data studied or collected (sum of
frequencies).
c) The frequency of each class.
d) The number of data (or percentage of data) that is more or
less than a certain value of the class boundary.
e) The value of the mean of grouped data.
f) The value of the mode.
1.5.2 Frequency Polygons

Apart from histograms, frequency tables of grouped data can also be
illustrated in the form of a frequency polygon.
1.5.2a Drawing Frequency Polygons

i. A frequency polygon is a graph that connects the midpoints of each
class interval at the top end of each rectangle in a histogram where
the breadth of all rectangles are the same.
ii. A frequency polygon usually ends by adding a class with the
frequency 0 before the first class and after the last class.
iii. A frequency polygon can be drawn from a :
a) Histogram
b) Frequency table

POLISAS 20/62
For example :
Draw a frequency polygon from each of the following histogram.
16
12
Frequency
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

Time (hours)
Solution :
Step 1
Add one class with the frequency 0 before the first class and after
the last class.
Plot a midpoint at the upper end of each rectangle and at the two
additional classes.
16
12 x
Frequency
8 x x
x x
4
x
x x
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
Time (hours)

POLISAS 21/62
Step 2
Connect the points with straight lines.
16
12 x
Frequency
8 x x
x x
4
x
x x
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
Time (hours)
Practice 1.5a
The table below shows the distances (to the nearest 0.1m) set by 22 female students in a
shot-put event. Draw a frequency polygon from the frequency table.
Distance (m) Frequency
4.5 4.8 2
4.9 5.2 4
5.3 5.6 8
5.7 6.0 6
6.1 6.4 2
Solution :

POLISAS 22/62
1.5.3 Ogive
An ogive is a cumulative frequency graph.
1.5.3a Cumulative frequency

The cumulative frequency of a value of data or a class interval in a
frequency table is the sum of the frequencies of all the values of
data or class intervals up to (and including) that value of data or
class interval.

POLISAS 23/62
1.5.3b Cumulative frequency tables

To construct a cumulative frequency table for ungrouped data or
grouped data, the cumulative frequency of each value of data or
class interval is determined by adding the frequency of that value or
class interval to the sum of frequencies of all the values of data or
class intervals before it.
For example :
Construct a cumulative frequency table for the following frequency
tables.
a) Frequency table of ungrouped data
Number of cars Frequency Cumulative frequency
3 4 4
4 6 10 +6
+9
5 9 19
6 5 24
7 3 27 +3
+5
8 3 30
b) Frequency table of grouped data +3

Distance (km) Frequency Cumulative frequency
12 3 3
+7
34 7 10 +9
56 9 19
78 6 25
9 10 10 35 +6
+10
11 12 4 39
+4
Practice 1.5b Score Frequency Cumulative frequency

10 4
20 8
Complete each 30
of the following cumulative frequency tables.
5
i. 40 6
50 7
60 3
POLISAS 24/62
ii. Diameter (mm) Frequency Cumulative frequency

12 4
34 12
56 21
78 34
9 10 40
11 12 44
1.5.3c Drawing Ogives
For example :
Draw an ogive to represent the frequency distribution of the marks
obtained by 40 students in the final examination as shown in the
following table.
Marks Frequency Cumulative frequency

25 39 3
40 54 6
55 69 12
70 84 13
85 99 6
POLISAS 25/62
Solution :
Step 1 : To construct a cumulative frequency table

Add a class with frequency 0 before the first class.
Add a column for Upper boundary and another column for
Cumulative frequency.
Find the Upper boundary and Cumulative frequency of each class interval.
Frequenc Cumulative frequency
Marks Upper boundary
y
10 24 24.5 0 0
25 39 39.5 3 3
40 54 54.5 6 9
55 69 69.5 12 21
70 84 84.5 13 34
85 99 99.5 6 40
Step 2 : To draw an ogive on a graph paper

Choose a suitable scale. Represent the Upper boundary on the
horizontal axis and the Cumulative frequency on the vertical axis.
Plot each ordered pair (Upper boundary, Cumulative frequency) on
the graph.
Connect all the points with a smooth curve.

POLISAS 26/62
Cumulative frequency
40 x
35
x
30
25
x
20
15
10 x
5
x
x
24.5 39.5 54.5 69.5 84.5 99.5
Practice 1.5c Marks
Construct a cumulative frequency table and draw an ogive to represent the data of each of
the following frequency table.
Number of classes
Number of Student
(frequency)
25 29 2
30 34 4
35 39 9
40 44 7
45 49 3
Solution :

POLISAS 27/62
1.6 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
1.6.1 Mean of grouped data and ungrouped data

Method Ungrouped data Grouped data

POLISAS 28/62
Formula
x
x x
fx
N f
where where
x = sum of all the value of fx = Sum of the value of
data (frequency x class
N = Number of data midpoint) all the classes
f = Sum of frequencies
Example :
Find the mean of the following sets of data

i. 73, 76, 70, 65, 81, 79
Solution :
Mean, x x
N
73 76 70 65 81 79

6
444
74
6
ii. Score 80 45 40 60 50 65 70 75 85
Frequency 5 5 4 7 5 3 2 3 1
Solution :
Score
80 45 40 60 50 65 70 75 85
(x)
Frequenc
y (f)
5 5 4 7 5 3 2 3 1 f =35
fx 400 225 160 420 250 195 140 225 85
fx =210
0

POLISAS 29/62
Mean, x
fx
f
2100
60
35
iii. Number of cars Frequency

1000 1099 5
1100 1199 9
1200 1299 12
1300 1399 4
The above table shows the number of cars that pass by a toll plaza each
day for 30 days. Calculate the mean of the number of cars.
Solution :
Frequency Midpoint Frequency x Midpoint
Number of cars
(f) (x) (fx)
1000 1099 5 1049.5 5247.5
1100 1199 9 1149.5 10345.5
1200 1299 12 1249.5 14994.0
1300 1399 4 1349.5 5398.0
f = 30 f x = 32985
Mean, x
fx
f
32985
1199.5
30
Practice 1.6a
i. Find the mean of each of the following sets of data.

a) 42, 30, 39, 40, 35, 30
b) 42, 30, 39, 40, 35, 30, 120
Solution :
POLISAS 30/62
ii. Marks Frequency

1 20 2
21 40 5
41 60 15
61 80 10
81 100 3
The above table shows the distribution of marks obtained by 35 students in a

Engineering Mathematics 3 test. Calculate the mean mark.
Solution :
1.6.2 Median of grouped data and ungrouped data

Formula Median is the value located at the N

F
centre of a set of data after the m L 2 C
fm

values of data are arranged in a
ascending order. Example : where
a) When the total number of L = lower boundary of the class in

POLISAS 31/62
values is odd, which the median lies

2, 3, 3, 4, 5 N = total frequency
3 is the median F = cumulative frequency before

the class in which the median
a) When the total number of lies
values is even, C = class interval
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7 Fm = frequency of the class in
56 which the median lies
5.5
is the median
2
Graphical From the ogive :

Median = Value of data that
n
corresponds to the th
2
value of the cumulative
frequency
n
2
Example :
i. Find the median of each of the following sets of data.

a) 23, 24, 26, 23, 27, 25, 28 Median
b) 9, 13, 14, 13, 12, 14, 15, 16 Values of data (upper boundary)
Solution :

POLISAS 32/62
a) Rearrange the data in an ascending order.

23, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
The median is 25.
b) Rearrange the data in an ascending order.
9, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 16
13 14
The median is = 13.5.
2
ii. The following frequency distribution table shows the life

span of 100 light bulbs produced by a factory.
Life span
50 54 55 59 60 64 65 69 70 74 75 - 79
(days)
Frequenc
6 12 18 24 30 10
y
Calculate the median.
Solution :
Life span (days) Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (F)

50 54 6 6
55 59 12 18
60 64 18 36
65 69 24 60
70 74 30 90
75 79 10 100
The median lies between 50th and 51st bulbs, which is within the class 65 69.
Lower boundary of the class in which the median lies, L = 64.5
Total frequency, N = 100
Cumulative frequency before the class in which the median lies, F = 36
Class interval, C = 5
Frequency of the class in which the median lies, Fm = 24
N
F
m L 2 C
Hence, the median, fm


POLISAS 33/62
100
36
64.5 2 5
24

= 67.42 days
iii. Draw an ogive for a given set of grouped data and determine the median
of the distribution.
Life span (days) Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (F)
50 54 6 6
55 59 12 18
60 64 18 36
65 69 24 60
70 74 30 90
75 79 10 100
Solution :
Upper Cumulative frequency

Life span (days) Frequency (f)
boundary (F)
45 49 49.5 0 0
50 54 54.5 6 6
55 59 59.5 12 18
60 64 64.5 18 36
65 69 69.5 24 60
70 74 74.5 30 90
75 79 79.5 10 100
x

POLISAS 34/62
100
80
60 x
100
50
2
40
x
20 x
Median = 67.5
x
x
49.5 54.5 59.5 64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5
Life span (days)
Hence, the median = 67.5 days.
Practice 1.6b
Example :
i. Find the median of each of the following sets of data.

a) 59, 11, 51, 49, 53, 58, 130, 54, 50
b) 23, 19, 28, 25, 20, 24, 22
Solution :
a)

POLISAS 35/62
b)
ii. The following table shows the distribution of the number of books read
by 50 students over a period of size months.
Number of
1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 - 60
books
Number of
8 12 17 6 5 2
students
Determine the median.
Solution :

POLISAS 36/62
iii. Draw an ogive for a given set of grouped data and determine the median of the
distribution.
Number of books Number of students Cumulative frequency (F)
1 10 6 6
11 20 12 18
21 30 18 36
31 40 24 60
41 50 30 90
51 60 10 100
Solution :

POLISAS 37/62
1.6.3 Mode of grouped data and ungrouped data

Formula Mode is the value that has the d1
m ode L C
highest frequency. d1 d 2
where
L = lower boundary of the class in
which the mod lies
d1 = difference between the
frequency of the class in
which the mode lies and the

POLISAS 38/62
frequency of the class before

it.
d2 = difference between the
frequency of the class in
which the mode lies and the
frequency of the class after it.
C = class interval
Graphical Modal class is the class which has
the highest frequency. It is
represented by the highest bar of a
histogram.
Frequency
0
Mode
Values of data
Example :
i. Determine the mode of each of the following sets of data.

a) 12, 15, 12, 14, 13, 11, 12, 13
b) 22, 25, 26, 24, 23, 21, 22, 23
Solution :
a) Mode is 12.
b) There are two modes, 22 and 23.

POLISAS 39/62
iii. The following frequency distribution table shows the mass of 45

students in a class.
Mass (kg) 50 54 55 59 60 64 65 69 70 74 75 79
Number of
4 12 13 9 5 2
students
Determine the modal class.
Solution :
The class having the highest frequency is 60 - 64.

Lower boundary of the class in which the mod lies, L = 59.5
Difference between the frequency of the class in which the mode lies and the
frequency of the class before it, d1 = 1
Difference between the frequency of the class in which the mode lies and the
frequency of the class after it, d2 = 4
Class interval, C = 5
d1
Hence, the median, mode L C
d1 d 2
1
59.5 5
1 4
= 60.5 kg.
iii. Draw a histogram for a given set of grouped data and determine the mode
of the distribution.
Mass (kg) Number of students
50 54 4
55 59 12
60 64 13
65 69 9

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70 74 5
75 79 2
Solution :
Mass (kg) Upper boundary Number of students

50 54 54.5 4
55 59 59.5 12
60 64 64.5 13
65 69 69.5 9
70 74 74.5 5
75 79 79.5 2
Frequency
16
12

POLISAS 41/62
54.5 59.5 64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5
Mass (kg
Hence, the mode of the distribution is 60.5 kg.
Practice 1.6c
i. Determine the mode of each of the following sets of data.

a) 23, 19, 21, 24, 18, 20
b) 5, 4, 7, 2, 8, 4, 2, 4, 5, 7, 5
Solution :
a)
b)
ii. The following frequency distribution table shows the number of houses
sold by 100 housing developers in a particular month.
Number of
59 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 34 35 39
houses
Number of
7 12 14 21 22 15 9
developers
Determine the modal class.
Solution :

POLISAS 42/62
iii. Draw a histogram for a given set of grouped data and determine the mode of the
distribution.
Number of houses Number of developers
59 7
10 14 12
15 19 14
20 24 21
25 29 22
30 34 15
35 39 9
Solution :

POLISAS 43/62
1.7 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

The measures of dispersion provide us with quantitative measures which
demonstrate the patterns of spread of a set of data. These measures
include range, percentile range, decile range, interquartile range, variance
and standard deviation.
1.7.1 Percentile Range

The percent of the population which lies below that value. The data must
be ranked to find percentiles.

POLISAS 44/62
1.7.2 Decile Range

Either the 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th, or 90th percentiles.
1.7.3 Interquartile Range

The difference between the 3rd and 1st Quartiles.
Ungrouped data Grouped data
First quartile (Q1) is the value of From the ogive :
First quartile (Q1)
1
data suct that of the set of
4 = Value of data that corresponds
data have values less than or n
to the th value of the
equal to it. 4
Third quartile (Q3) is the value of cumulative frequency
Third quartile (Q3)
3
data such that of the set of
4 = Value of data that corresponds
data have values less than or 3n
to the th value of the
equal to it. 4
cumulative frequency
Interquartile range Interquartile range
= Third quartile - First quartile = Third quartile - First quartile
n
3n
4
n
4
0
SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007) Q1 Q3
POLISAS 45/62
Values of data (upper boundary)
Example :
i. Determine the interquartile range each of the following sets of data.

a) 24, 20, 26, 28, 19, 21, 20, 29
b) Number 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 2 5 8 6 2 1
Solution :
a) 19, 20, 20, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29
Q Median Q3
1
20 20
Q1 = = 20
2
26 28
Q3 = = 27
2
Hence, interquartile range = 27 20 = 7
b) Number 0 1 2 3 4 5
Cumulative
2 7 15 21 23 24
frequency
24
Q1 = th value = 6th value = 1
4
3
Q3 = x 24 th value = 18th value = 3
4
Hence, interquartile range = 3 1 = 2
ii. The following frequency distribution table shows the distribution of the
yields of 48 durian trees in an orchard.
Mass (kg) 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79
Number of 2 5 11 16 10 4

POLISAS 46/62
students
Determine the interquartile range of the distribution.
Solution :
Mass (kg) 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79
Number of
2 5 11 16 10 4
students
Cumulative
2 7 18 34 44 48
frequency
48
Q1 = th value = 12 value. Q1 lies within the class 40 49.
4
Since the cumulative frequency before the class 40 49 is 7, therefore, Q 1 is the
fifth value within the class 40 49.
The size of the class 40 49 = 49.5 39.5 = 10
Assuming the 11 values of the class 40 49 are distributed evenly within the
10
class. Therefore, the size between two values = .
11
10
Hence, Q1 = 39.5 x 5 th value = 44.05 durians.
11
Similarly,
3
Q3 = x 48 th value = 362 value. Q1 lies within the class 60 69.
4
Since the cumulative frequency before the class 60 69 is 34, therefore, Q 3 is
the second value within the class 60 69.
10
Hence, Q3 = 59.5 x 2 th value = 61.32 durians.
11
Hence, interquartile range = 61.32 44.05 = 17.27.

POLISAS 47/62
iii. The following ogive shows the reading speed of 40 students in a class.
50
40 x x
30
x
20
x
10
x
249.5
399.5
149.5
349.5
199.5
99.5
299.5
Reading speed (words per minute)

Solution :
40
Q1 = th value = 10th value
4
3
Q3 = x 40 th value = 30th value
4

POLISAS 48/62
50
40 x x
30
x
20
x
10
x
249.5
399.5
149.5
349.5
199.5
99.5
299.5
Reading speed (words per minute)

Therefore, the interquartile range
Q1 = 189.5
Q3 = 259.5
Hence, interquartile range = 259.5 189.5 = 70 words per minute.
Practice 1.7a
i. Determine the interquartile range each of the following sets of data.

a) 17.2, 18.5, 14.4, 12.5, 11.3, 15.9, 20.2, 21.5, 22.7, 27.5, 24.6
b) Number 2 3 4 5 6 7

POLISAS 49/62
Solution :
a)
b)
ii. A telecommunication company carried out a study on the number of call made
monthly by 104 phone lines in a particular area. The following frequency
distribution table shows the results.
Number
10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 44
of calls
Number
of phone 7 14 17 19 20 13 9
lines
Solution :
POLISAS 50/62
iii. Determine the interquartile range for each of the following ogives.
a)
x
POLISAS 51/62
100
x
Cumulative frequency 80
60 x
40 x
x
20
x 39.5
19.5
24.5
29.5
14.5
34.5
9.5
Number of calls
Solution :
b)
x

POLISAS 52/62
100
80
x
60
x
40
x
20
x
99.5
109.5
89.5
119.5
129.5
139.5
79.5
Power consumption (kWh)
Solution :
1.7.4 Variance and Standard Variation

POLISAS 53/62
1.7.4a Variance
A statistical measurement which measures how much the values
in a set of data vary from the mean. A higher value of variance
indicates a greater dispersion of the values of the data from the
mean.
1.7.4b Standard variation

Another statistical measurement which measures how much the
values in a set of data are scattered around the mean. It is
defined as the positive square root of the variance.
1.7.4c Formula
Variance Standard Variation
Ungrouped data x x x x
2 2
2
N N
or or
2
x 2
x
2
x 2
2
N x
N
where x x
N
Grouped data f x x f x x
2 2
2

N N
or or
2
fx 2
x
2
f

fx 2
x
2
where, f
f = frequency of each

POLISAS 54/62
Variance Standard Variation

class
x = class mark
x
fx
f
Example :
i. a) Determine the variance of the sets of data 9, 10, 8, 1, 4, 7, 5, 12

b) The table below shows the number of motor vehicles possessed by
20 families in a particular area.
Number of motor
0 1 2 3
vehicles
Number of
1 5 12 2
families
Determine the variance and standard deviation.
Solution :
a) N = 8
x
x
56
= 7
N 8
x xx x x 2
x2
9 2 4 81
10 3 9 100
8 1 1 64
1 6 36 1
4 3 9 16
7 0 0 49
5 2 4 25

POLISAS 55/62
12 5 25 144
x = 56 x x = 88 x 2 = 480
2
x x
2
88
Variance, 2 = 11
N 8
or
Variance, 2 x 2
x
2

480
7 = 11
2
N 8
Standard deviation, Variance 11 = 3.317
b)
x f fx x2 f x2
0 1 0 0 0
1 5 5 1 5
2 12 24 4 48
3 2 6 9 18
f = f x = 35
f x = 71
2
20
x
fx
35
= 1.75
f 20
Variance, 2
fx 2
x
2

71
1.75 = 0.4875
2
f 20
Standard deviation, Variance 0.4875 = 0.698
ii. The following table shows the number of books published in a year by 30
publishers.
Number of
50 99 100 149 150 199 200 249 250 299
books
Frequency 4 88 11 5 2
Find the variance and standard deviation.
Solution :

POLISAS 56/62
Number of
x f fx x2 f x2
books
50 99 74.5 4 298 5550.25 22201
100 149 124.5 88 996 15500.25 124002
150 199 174.5 11 1919.5 30450.25 334952.75
200 249 224.5 5 1122.5 50400.25 252001.25
250 299 274.5 2 549 75350.25 150700.5
fx = fx 2 =
f = 30
4885 883857.5
x
fx
4885
= 162.83
f 30
Variance, 2
fx 2
x
2

883857.5
162.83 = 2948.3
2
f 30
Standard deviation, Variance 2948.3 = 54.3
Practice 1.7b
i. The following frequency distribution table shows the number of cars sold by 30
marketing representatives in three months.
Number of cars 15 6 10 11 15 16 20 21 25 26 30
Number of
marketing
1 2 5 11 7 4
representative
s
Determine the standard deviation.
Solution :

POLISAS 57/62
ii. A survey was carried out to determine the thickness of 60 books on a rack. The
following frequency distribution table shows the results.
Thickness of
60 69 70 79 80 89 90 99 100 109 110 119
book (pages)
Number of
4 8 12 15 14 7
books
Determine the standard deviation.
Solution :

POLISAS 58/62
Questions :
1. The table below shows the number of pencils length by 50 students.

length (cm) frequency (f)
9 10 4
11 12 7
13 14 10
15 16 15
17 18 12
19 20 2
a) Calculate the mean of pencils length.

b) Draw a histogram.
2. Taman Muhibah mempunyai 180 buah keluarga. Isipadu air yang

digunakan oleh setiap keluarga itu dalam bulan Setember adalah
ditunjukkan dalam jadual kekerapan berikut.
Isipadu Kkrp (f)

(m 3 )
1 10 12
11 20 22
21 30 42

POLISAS 59/62
31 40 48
41 50 33
51 60 16
61 70 7
a. Nyatakan kelas mod, serta dapatkan nilai mod.
b. Bina satu jadual taburan kekerapan bagi data di atas.
c. Dengan menggunakan skala 2cm kepada 10 m 3 pada paksi-x dan
2cm kepada 20 buah keluarga kepada paksi-y lukis ogif bagi data itu.
d. Daripada ogif ini dapatkan median dan julat antara kuartil.
Soalan 3
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan diameter bagi 74 biji alas bebola yang dikeluarkan bagi
sebuah mesin. Cari julat dan julat antara kuartil.
Diameter 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
(mm)
Bil alas bebola 1 5 8 15 15 10 9 6 3 2
Soalan 4
Umur (tahun) 59 10 15 20 25 30 34 35 40 44
14 19 24 29 39
Bil orang 28 39 46 32 40 31 10 9
Jadual di atas menunjukkan taburan umur bagi 235 orang di sebuah kampong.
Anggarkan julat dan julat antara kuartilnya melalui ogif.
Soalan 5
Kirakan min, mod, median, varians dan sisihan piawai bagi data berikut;
i. 20, 22, 25, 28, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47
ii. 86, 81, 75, 69, 67, 66, 64, 57, 55, 50
Soalan 6
Data berikut menunjukkan taburan jarak, diukur kepada km yg terdekat bg rumah 45
orang murid dari sekolahnya.
13 10 16 7 15 9 4 20 5
6 16 5 13 10 2 8 7 11
POLISAS 60/62
10 2 9 11 14 20 13 15 1
15 11 8 15 10 1 7 12 15
4 7 13 9 17 6 15 9 14
a) Cari julat bagi data di atas.
b) Dengan menggunakan 1 3 sebagai kelas pertama, bina satu jadual
taburan kekerapan terkumpul bagi data ini.
c) Daripada jadual tersebut, kira min jarak rumah murid-murid itu dari
sekolahnya.
d) Seterusnya lukis histogram dan polygon kekerapan.
Soalan 7
Sejumlah 440 orang calon mengambil kertas Matematik dalam satu peperiksaan. Markah
yang dicapai oleh calon-calon itu adalah ditunjukkan dalam jadual kekerapan yang
berikut.
Markah Kkrp (f)
1 20 30
21 40 80
41 60 180
61 80 120
81 100 30
a) Tentukan julat markah
b) Dengan menyatakan jawapan betul kepada tiga angka beerti, kira min
markah yang dicapai oleh calon-calon itu.
c) Bina satu jadual taburan kekerapan longgokkan daripada jadual di atas.
d) Dengan menggunakan skala yang sesuai, lukis ogif untuk mewakili
taburan markah itu.
e) Daripada ogif ini cari;
i. Median
ii. Bilangan calon yang mendapat lebih dari 70 markah
iii. Markah lulus jika 25%daripada calo-calon itu lulus kertas
Matematik dalam peperiksaan itu.

POLISAS 61/62
1. a) Empat jenis tanaman utama di suatu kawasan di Terengganu ialah

kelapa sawit, getah, padi dan tembakau. Luas tanah yang
digunakan untuk menanam keempat-empat tanaman tersebut
diberikan dalam jadual di bawah.
Tanaman Luas dalam

hektar
Kelapa sawit 25.5 x 104
Getah 14.5 x 104
Padi 7.5 x 104
Tembakau 2.5 x 104
Gambarkan maklumat diatas dalam :-

i. Sebuah carta Bar
ii. Sebuah carta Pai
b) Dalam satu ujian matematik yang diadakan untuk pelajar semester

satu, pencapaian pelajar adalah seperti dalam jadual dibawah.
Binakan Poligon frekuensi dari data dalam jadual di bawah.
Kelas Kekerapan
21-30 35
31-40 8
41-50 47
51-60 60
61-70 51
71-80 32
81-90 16
91-100 4
2. a) Susunkan data berikut dalam satu jadual kekerapan terkumpul.

Dengan
jelas tunjukkan jalan kira setiap nilai yang diperolehi. Data berikut
ialah markah matematik bagi 30 orang pelajar.
33.1 22.8 43.3 25.4 27.8 33.1

29.3 34.2 14.5 50.5 11.1 29.8
53.3 40.7 19.6 35.6 47.9 48.4
38.5 42.2 36.1 40.2 43.7 16.6
47.0 32.6 25.0 55.0 35.2 39.3

POLISAS 62/62
b) Daripada jadual kekerapan yang dibina, binakan carta histogram

dan seterusnya ogif kurang daripada.
3. a) Seorang pengusaha mengeluarkan sejenis pakaian dalam 4 saiz,

iaitu
kecil, sederhana, besar dan paling besar. Diberi bahawa 24%
daripada pengeluaran tahunannya ialah saiz kecil, setengah
daripada bakinya ialah saiz sederhana dan saiz besar adalah 3 kali
saiz paling besar. Lukiskan sebuah carta pai untuk mewakili
maklumat ini.
b) Tinggi (dalam cm) sekumpulan pelajar adalah tercatat seperti

berikut :-
150 134 157 135 122 132 152 156 146 148 133
148 145 145 154 147 140 154 147 152 150 124
151 149 125 155 148 151 147 152 150 127 155
i. Binakan satu jadual kekerapan dengan menggunakan

selang kelas 5 bermula dengan 121.
ii. Lukiskan satu histogram dan polygon kekerapan di atas
rajah yang sama untuk taburan ini.
4. a) Daripada data di bawah,

355, 370, 365, 340, 360
Dapatkan :-
i. Min
ii. Median
iii. Mod
b) Carikan varians dan sisihan piawai untuk taburan frekuensi yang

berikut :-
Kelas Frekuensi
0-4 20
5-9 40
10-14 35
15-19 15
20-24 10
25-29 10
5. a) Diberi set nombor nombor berikut :-

1, 11, 13, 9, 7, 15, 17, 3, 5, 7
Cari :-

POLISAS 63/62
i. Mod
ii. Median
iii. Min
b) Jadual menunjukkan ketebalan (dalam mm) bagi 40 sampel plet

besi. Tentukan Varians dan Sisihan Piawai bagi data ini.
Ketebalan (mm) Kekerapan

9.6 - 9.8 1
9.9 - 10.1 4
10.2 10.4 10
10.5 10.7 11
10.8 11.0 7
11.1 11.3 4
11.4 11.6 3
c) Lengkapkan jadual dibawah :-
n fx fx2 Min Sisihan Piawai

18 57 4
12 483 26563
1716 57300 33
10 38.7 18.12
303 19 11
6. a) Dapatkan min bagi taburan frekuensi dibawah :-
xi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
fi 4 5 8 10 17 5 1
b) Jadual dibawah menunjukkan markah yang diperolehi daripada 75

orang pelajar. Dapatkan nilai min, varians dan sisihan piawai
markah yang diperolehi oleh pelajar tersebut.
Markah Bil. Pelajar

1 10 4
11 20 3
21 30 6
31 40 9
41 50 10
51 60 11
61 70 12
71 80 10
81 90 7
91 100 3

POLISAS 64/62
7. Data dalam jadual berikut menyatakan bilangan bayi yang hidup setelah
dilahirkan mengikut kumpulan umur tertentu.
Umur Ibu 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 - 40 - 45 -
(tahun) 19 24 29 34 39 44 49
Bil. Bayi yang
hidup per 1000 31 158 161 94 46 12 1
ibu.
a). Dapatkan min dan median untuk jadual di atas dengan

menggunakan rumus.
b) Lukis ogif jenis ogif kurang daripada. Dari ogif tersebut. Dapatkan
median dan julat antara kuartil.
c) Dapatkan varians dan sisihan piawai bagi jadual diatas.
8. a) Tinggi kepada cm yang terdekat bagi sekumpulan pelajar telah

diukur
dan keputusannya di catatkan dalam jadual di bawah :-
Tinggi (cm) Kekerapan

155 -159 6
160 -164 15
165 -169 9
170 -174 X
175 -179 2
i. Jika jumlah pelajar itu ialah 40 orang, cari nilai x.

ii. Sekiranya pelajar yang tingginya lebih daripada 175 cm
layak untuk menyertai pasukan bola keranjang sekolah,
kirakan peratusan pelajar yang tidak layak menyertai
pasukan itu.
iii. Lukiskan polygon kekerapan bagi jadual tersebut.
b) Jisim bagi 50 biji durian, kepada 0.1 kg yang terdekat, ditimbang

dan dicatatkan seperti berikut :-
1.0 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.8 1.0 3.0
2.9 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.4 2.1 1.5 2.1
1.5 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.9

POLISAS 65/62
2.1 2.5 2.2 2.9 2.1 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.7 2.4
2.3 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.1 1.5 2.5 2.5
i. Bina satu jadual kekerapan melonggok.

ii. Lukiskan ogif berdasarkan jadual tersebut.
c) Markah yang diperolehi oleh 30 orang pelajar dalam Matematik

ditunjukkan dalam jadual dibawah. Bentangkan data-data tersebut
dengan menggunakan carta pai.
Markah Bil.Murid
0 20 4
21 40 9
41 60 11
61 80 6
9. a) 30 ekor cacing tanah telah dikumpulkan dari sebuah kebun.

Panjangnya
kepada millimeter terhampir dicatatkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Dapatkan : -
i. Mod bagi taburan ini
ii. Median
iii. Min
Panjang (mm) Bil.cacing tanah

110 124 2
125 139 7
140 154 12
155 169 6
170 184 3
b) Dapatkan varians dan sisihan piawai bagi sample data berikut :-
Kelas Frekuensi
04 4
59 4
10 14 20
15 19 10
20 24 2
10. a) Jadual di bawah menunjukkan ( dalam ribu) bilangan rumah yang

telah
disiapkan di negeri ini sepanjang tempoh 12 bulan dalam tahun
2000.

POLISAS 66/62
Bulan Unit Rumah (Ribu)

Januari 13.5
Februari 14.6
Mac 15.3
April 19
Mei 17.3
Jun 17
Julai 15.4
Ogos 18.2
September 15.6
Oktober 18.7
November 20.3
Disember 19
Dari data, lakarkan;
(i) Carta bar (5 m)

(ii) Carta garisan (5 m)
b) Jadual yang ditunjukkan di bawah menunjukkan markah yang

capai oleh
100 orang pelajar dalam satu peperiksaan.
Markah Kekerapan (f)

1 - 10 1
11 - 20 4
21 - 30 8
31 - 40 17
41 - 50 24
51 - 60 21
61 - 70 14
71 - 80 6
81 - 90 3
91 - 100 2
Dari agihan ini, sediakan dan lukis;
(i) Jadual Taburan Kekerapan Melonggok (5 m)

(ii) Histogram (5 m)
(iii) Ogif (5 m)

POLISAS 67/62
11. a) Dalam tempoh 10 minggu, bilangan pekerja seminggu di sebuah

tapak
pembinaan adalah;
2 3 7 6 5 2 2 3 4 6
Gunakan set nombor di atas untuk mengira;
(i) Median (3
m)
(ii) Mod (3
m)
(iii) Min (4
m)
b) Kerja-kerja penyambungan ke atas bangunan awam sediada akan

dijalankan dengan menggunakan bata supaya sebaik mungkin
ianya
sama dengan keadaan asal. Pengukuran sampel diambil
terhadap
panjang tiga bata dan tiga sambungan (dalam mm) adalah
seperti
berikut;
Panjang Frekuensi (f)

(dalam mm)
2
655 - 664
3
665 - 674
7
675 - 684
5
685 - 694
3
695 - 704
Daripada Jadual Taburan Frekuensi, dapatkan;
(i) Min (anggap A = 676) (7 m)
(ii) Sisihan Piawai (8 m)

POLISAS 68/62
12. a) Gaji bulanan 75 orang pekerja sebuah firma adalah seperti

berikut :-
Gaji (RM) 400- 500- 600- 700- 800-

499 599 699 799 899
Bil. 10 15 25 18 7
Pekerja
Berdasarkan jadual tersebut, lukiskan carta palang menegak.
b) Satu ujian telah dijalankan keatas 300 tiub alat terima televisyen
dan
bilangan yang rosak direkodkan seperti jadual.
Bil.yg 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
rosak
Kekerapan 190 70 24 8 3 2 2 1
Lukiskan graf garis berdasarkan data dalam jadual tersebut.
13. a) Berpandukan kepada jadual usia pekerja di syarikat ABC

Corporation
dibawah :
Umur Bilangan Pekerja

20 29 28
30 39 29
40 49 45
50 59 58
60 69 5
Kirakan :
i. Min
ii. Median
iii. Mod
b) Dapatkan sisihan min dan varians bagi data berikut :-
19, 23, 31, 32, 41, 41, 43
14. a) Kira nilai min, varians dan sisihan piawai bagi data berikut :-
13, 23, 35, 6, 28, 35,48, 12, 37
b) Jadual dibawah menunjukkan markah yang diperolehi oleh pelajar

didalam satu ujian Matematik.
POLISAS 69/62
Markah Bil. Lajur

30 34 3
35 39 4
40 44 6
45 49 1
50 54 5
55 59 4
60 64 2
65 69 2
70 74 2
75 79 1
Kirakan nilai :-
i. Min
ii. Median
iii. Mod
15. a) Panjang 60 butir bolt telah diukur dalam millimeter dan direkodkan
seperti dalam Jadual Taburan Kekerapan dibawah ini. Hitungkan
nilai
Min.
Panjang 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31.0 31.2 31.4

x (mm)
Kekerapan 3 7 12 17 11 8 2
(f)
b) Jisim bagi 50 acuan diberi berdasarkan Taburan Kekerapan

berikut.
Hitungkan nilai Mod dengan menggunakan Kaedah Histogram.
Jisim x (kg) 10 - 13 16 - 19 - 22 - 25 - 28
12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Kekerapan 3 7 16 10 8 5 1
(f)
c) Pendapatan (RM) bagi 28 pengurus sebuah syarikat telah

dikumpulkan
mengikut kelas pada titik tengah seperti jadual dibawah.
Titik tengah 40 45 50 55 60
Bil. 3 7 10 4 2
pengurus
Hitungkan :-
POLISAS 70/62
i. Median
ii. Min
iii. Sisihan Piawai
16. Data dibawah menunjukkan perbelanjaan (RM) harian untuk

membeli sayur-sayuran bagi 60 keluarga di Malaysia.
0.97 0.71 1.05 0.78 1.52 1.37

1.24 1.76 0.77 0.88 0.91 1.02
0.78 0.84 0.91 0.93 1.12 1.25
1.26 0.86 0.97 0.74 0.51 1.37
0.33 1.18 0.21 1.62 0.41 0.47
0.69 0.88 1.47 1.02 1.77 0.69
0.51 0.57 1.08 1.51 1.32 0.66
0.73 0.51 1.27 1.16 1.78 0.63
1.61 0.47 1.57 1.26 1.43 0.67
0.46 0.36 1.16 1.96 2.12 1.82
i. Bina jadual taburan frekuensi dengan mengambil nilai 0.21

0.48
Sebagai kelas yang pertama.
ii. Kirakan nilai (sehingga 3 angka bererti)

a. Min
b. Median
c. Mod
d. Sisihan Piawai
17. Jadual 2 menunjukkan data ketinggian bagi 75 orang pelajar. Binakan graf
ogif kurang daripada berdasarkan jadual tersebut.
Tinggi (cm) Kekerapan
135 - 139 2
140 144 7
145 149 12
150 154 18
155 159 20
160 164 15
165 - 169 1
(6 markah)
Seterusnya tentukan;
a) kuartil pertama, kuartil ketiga dan persentil keenampuluh.
(6 markah)
b) varians dan sishan piawai.
(13 markah)

POLISAS 71/62
19.
a) Jadual teburan frekuansi relatif dari ujian IQ bagi 120 pelajar diberi
seperti berikut;
Markah IQ Bilangan Pelajar Kekerapan

longgokan
0 6
1 8
2 12
3 18
4 21
5 19
6 12
7 X
8 8
9 3
i) cari nilai x dan lengkapkan jadual berikut.

(4 markah)
ii) cari nilai min
(4 markah)
iii) kira peratus pelajar yang mendapat markah melebihi min.
(4 markah)
b) Jadual berikut menunjukkan keputusan peperiksaan Statistik bagi

100 pelajar di IPTA.
Markah Kekerapan Sempadan Titik tengah

longgokan atas
< 20 12 19.5 9.5
<40 25
< 60 60
< 80 88
< 100 100
i) Lengkapkan jadual di atas dan cari nilai min

(7 markah)
ii) Lukis ogif dan dapatkan nilai median dari ogif.
(6 markah)
20.
a) Taburan berikut menunjukkan penggunaan elektrik bagi tempoh satu
bulan bagi 100 buah rumah di suatu kawasan kediaman.

POLISAS 72/62
Penggunaan 100 - 200 - 250 - 300 - 350 - 400

elektrik (kilo 199 249 299 349 399 549
watt jam)
Bilangan 20 26 23 17 8 6
rumah
Lukiskan satu histogram bagi menggambarkan data di atas.

(10 markah)
b) Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kelajuan bagi 100 buah kereta yang

melalui sebatang jalan raya dalam satu jangka masa tertentu.
Kelajuan 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80 84
(km/j)
Bilangan 5 30 34 19 7 5
kereta
i. Binakan jadual kekerapan longgokan dan jadual kekerapan relative

longgokan.
(6 markah)
ii. Lukiskan lengkung kekerapan longgokan kurang daripada.
(5 markah)
iii. Gunakan lengkung tersebut untuk menganggarkan bilangan kereta
yang kelajuannya adalah kurang daripada 76 km/j dan nilai v jika
25% daripada kereta tersebut mempunyai kelajuan sekurang-
kurangnya v km/j.
(4 markah)
21.
a) Data bagi 50 pelajar lelaki dengan ukuran berat badan (kg) adalah seperti
jadual di bawah.
Berat (kg) Bilangan Pelajar

45 - 49 9
50 - 54 6
55 - 59 16
60 - 64 10
65 - 69 7
70 - 74 2
75 - 79 0
Berpandukan jadual di atas, kira:

i. Min
ii. Median
iii. Mod
POLISAS 73/62
(16 markah)
b) Dapatkan min, sisihan min dan varians bagi senarai data berikut:
6, 7, 2, 3, 4
(9 markah)

POLISAS 74/62

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B3001 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 3 TOPIC 1 : STATISTICS

1.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES OF STATISTICS

Statistics is a discipline of study dealing with the collection, analysis,

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.2 PICTOGRAMS, LINE GRAPHS, BAR CHARTS AND PIE CHARTS

Number of students given scholarships

Number of students given scholarships

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

DKM 3A SKM 4A SKM 4B SKM 4C

1.2.2 Line graphs

Jan Feb Mar Apr

A vertical bar chart

A horizontal bar chart

50 100 150 200

100 A combined bar chart

1.2.4 Pie charts

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SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

The line graph shows

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

Item Food Rent Transport Others

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.3 CLASS INTERVAL, LOWER LIMIT AND UPPER LIMIT,

1.3.1 Class Interval

ii. Mass (kg)50 54

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.3.2 Lower Limit and Upper Limit

1.3.3 Lower Boundary

Lower boundary of the class 30 34

1.3.4 Upper Boundary

Upper boundary of the class 30 34

1.3.5 Size of a Class Interval

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

Method 1 and 2 are suitable for grouped data.

iii. Method 3 (ungrouped data)

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

Smallest value of data = 12

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.3.6 Class Midpoint

Class midpoint of the class 30 34,

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

Age (years) Class midpoint

1.4 FREQUENCY TABLE

Frequency tables are used to organize a set of data.

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1.4.2 Modal Class

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

ii. Diameter (cm) Frequency

1.5 FREQUENCY TABLE IN THE GRAPHICAL FORM

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

A histogram is a graphical presentation of a frequency distribution. A

1.5.1a Drawing Histograms

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.5.1b Interpreting Histograms

1.5.2 Frequency Polygons

1.5.2a Drawing Frequency Polygons

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)

1.5.3a Cumulative frequency

SALIZAWATI KAMARUZZAMAN / NOR HANA ZAINOL (2007)