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NGHA CA B BN S LNG T
1. S lng t chnh (n) v mc nng lng
S lng t chnh (n): Xc nh:
- Kch thc ca orbital nguyn t (AO): n cng ln, kch thc orbital nguyn t
cng ln. n nhn cc gi tr nguyn dng t 1, 2, 3,n
Ngi ta thng dng cc ch K, L, M, N, k hiu cc lp orbital nguyn t.
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K hiu lp K L M N O P Q
Lu : 1 gi tr n, xc nh 1 lp in t
- Cc mc nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t. chng hn i vi nguyn t
mt electron biu thc nng lng c dng:
2 2
Z Z
E n 13,6 eV 313,6 kcal / mol
n n
Vi n = 1, 2, 3; n cng ln th electron c nng lng cng cao
1eV = 23,06 kcal/mol = 1,602.10-19 J/mol
Nh vy c th ni s lng t chnh n xc nh trng thi nng lng ca electron
trong nguyn t.

2. S lng t ph (l) v hnh dng orbital

c trng cho:
ln mmen ng lng ca e
Hnh dng m my in t (orbital in t)
S lng t l ph thuc vo s lng t n, c gi tr t 0 n-1
ng vi 1 gi tr n c n gi tr l i t 0 n-1 . hay: l = 0, 1, 2, 3,. . ., (n -1)
ngha: 1 lp gm nhiu phn lp
l 0 1 2 3 4 5
K hiu phn lp s p d f g h
Nh th l xc nh hnh dng v tn orbital nguyn t.

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Gi tr ca l b rng bc bi n, t 0 n (n-1). S cc gi tr khc nhau ca l ng vi

cc gi tr khc nhau ca n nh sau:
n l
1 0
2 0 1
3 0 1 2
4 0 1 2 3
Tm li mt b i tr s (n, l) xc nh mt phn lp
Ch : l i t 0 n (n-1) hay l n-1.

Hnh dng orbital d

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3. S lng t t (ml) v cc orbital nguyn t ( lng t)

- c trng s nh hng trong khng gian ca m my e, mi hng (mi tr m l ) l
1 orbital NT, k hiu AO.
- m l c gi tr t: - l 0+ l Hay ng vi 1 tr l c 2 l +1 tr m l
ngha: 1 phn lp gm nhiu lng t
V d:
N = 1 l = 0 c 1 tr m l = 0, hay c 1 s nh hng trong khng gian c k hiu bi
1 lng t
N = 2: l = 0 c mt tr m l = 0 (c mt orbital nguyn t - c 1 s nh hng)
l = 1 c 3 tr m l = -1, 0, +1 (c 3 orbital nguyn t - c 3 s nh hng)
+ Phn lp s (l =0) c 1 orbital nguyn t (1 lng t)
+ Phn lp p (l =1) c 3 orbital nguyn t nh hng theo cc trc x, y, z ng vi cc
tr m l = -1, 0, +1 gi l cc AO Px, Py, Pz.
+ Phn lp d (l =2) c 5orbital nguyn t ( -2, -1, 0, +1, +2)
dxy, dxz, dyz: nh hng theo cc ng phn gic ca cc gc to bi
cc trc tng ng.
dx2-y2: nh hng theo cc trc x, y
dz2: nh hng ch yu theo cc trc z

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4. S lng t spin, ms
- c trng cho s chuyn ng ring ca electron xung quanh trc,
- C th nhn 2 gi tr: 1 v 1 .
2 2
- hai gi tr ny thng c biu th bng hai mi tn c chiu ngc nhau, v .
Tm li: Trng thi e trong nguyn t c biu din bng b 4 s lng t (n, l, ml, ms)

IV. NGUYN T NHIU ELECTRON

4.1. C hc lng t cho nguyn t nhiu electron
p dng c hc lng t cho cc nguyn t nhiu electron l mt vic khng n gin.
Trng thi electron trong nhng nguyn t cha nhiu in t cng uc nghin cu bng con
ng gii phng trnh sng schrodinger p dng vo nhng h nguyn t . Tuy nhin, do
tng tc y gia electron vi electron a n trong trng hp ny khng th gii chnh xc
phng trnh sng schrodinger m ch c th gii bng cc phng php gn ng. Trong
nguyn t c nhiu electron, trng thi nng lng electron khng nhng ty thuc vo s
lng chnh n m cn ph thuc vo c s lng t orbital l. Nguyn nhn l do tng tc y
gia cc electron gy nn 2 hiu ng nh hng trc tip n trng thi nng lng ca
electron c gi l hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp.
Hiu ng chn: c trng cho tng tc y ca cc lp electron bn trong i vi cc
electron bn ngoi: Do lc y ca mnh, cc lp electron bn trong bin thnh mn chn lm
yu lc ht gia ht nhn vi cc electron bn ngoi. Hay ni cch khc, ch mt phn in tch
ht nhn c tc dng thc s ln electron . in tch ht nhn c tc dng thc s vi
electron c gi l in tch hiu dng, Z*.
Hiu ng xm nhp: c trng cho kh nng ca cc electron lp bn ngoi trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh no c th xut hin vng gn ht nhn. Hay c th ni, cc
electron bn ngoi xm nhp qua lp electron bn trong gn ht nhn. Hiu ng xm nhp

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