18.

Weierstrass Elliptic and Related

Functions
THOMAS
H. SOTJTHARD
Contents
p43e
Mathematical hpertiee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
18.1. Definitions. Symbolism. Restrictions and Conventions . . 629
18.2. Homogeneity Relations. Reduction Formulas and Proceaees . 63 1
18.3. Special Values and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
18.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas . . . . . . . . . 635
18.5. Seriea Expansions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . 640
18.7. Inkgrab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
18.8. Conformal Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
18.9. Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and Kand
Their Parameter m and with JacobisElliptic Functions . 649
18.10. Relations with Theta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
18.11. Expreasing any Elliptic Function in Terms of @ and @ . . 651
18.12. c a ~ e A = O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
18.13. Equianhamonic Case (g2=0. ga=I) . . . . . . . . . . . 652
18.14. Lemnkatic Case (94= 1. ga=O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
18.15. Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case (g2= -1. ga=O) . . . . . . . 662
Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Referencem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

I University of California. National Bureau of Standards. and California State College

at Hayward.
627
628 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table18.1. Table for Obtaining Periods for Invariants and g3 Page

@a=$"ga-''). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Non-Negative Discriminant (3 5& 1-)
O'gy fl
wg:16, i + ~ In(&-3); T2=3(.05)3.4,7D
Ogi"', u'giJ6/i; Ta= 3.4(.1)5(.2)10,7D
OS81/6-1/4 gz Yf; gil=.I(-.O1)O, 7D
g, , OI ga1/6-1/

Non-Positive Discriminant (--CD 1321 3 )

~gi~"1&11/4, Jil=O(-.O1) -.2, 7D
029:/~,&#"/i; 3; -.2(- .05)-1, 7D
w&", a'2 g81/6+x
i Js h(3-Y~); &=-1(.2)3,7D
Table 18.2. Table for Obtaining @, @' and 5 on Oz and Oy (Unit
Real Half-Period-Period Ratio a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Positive Discriminant (0 5%
51, 0 5y Sa)
2 @(z), 9 @'(z), zt(z), a = l , 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 4
~=0(.05)1,y=0(.05) 1.1, 1.2 (.2) U, 6-8D
Negative Discriminant (0 I z 5 1, 0 1y Sa/2)
2 @(z), 2 @'(z), z{(z), ~=1,1.05,1.15,1.3, 1.5, 2, 4
~=0(.05)1,y=0(.05)1 (.I)b(b>@), 7D
Table 18.3. Invariants and Values at Half-Periods (1 _<a<-) (Unit
Real Half-Pd~d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
a=l(.W2)1.6(.05)'2.3(.1)4, -CD,
6-8D
Non-Negative Discriminant
92, g8, el= s = W , s'/i=W)b,
@(I), ea= @W, &')/i,~ ( 4
d),
Non-Positive Discriminant
ga, g8, el, tlo=S(1), d/i=t(4)/i,
4 ) , &)/it 44
The author gratefully acknowledges the aseistance and encouragement of the personnel
of Numerical Analysis Research, UCLA (especially Dr. C. B. Tompkins for generating the
author's interest in the project, and Mrs. H. 0. h s a y for programming and computing,
hand calculation and formula checking) and the personnel of the Computation Laboratory
(especially R. Capuano, E. Godefroy, D. Liepman, B. Walter and R. Zucker for the prepara-
tion and checking of the tables and maps).
 629
18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions
Mathematical Properties
18.1. Definitions, Symbolism, Restrictions and Invariants g2 and g,
Conventions Let W=2Mw+2Nw,M and N being integers.
Then
An elliptic function is a single-valued doubly
periodic function of a single complex variable 18.1.1 g2=602W-and ga=1402W-
which is analytic except at poles and whose only are the INVARIANTS, summation being over all
singularities in the finite plane are poles. If w and
pairs M, N except M=N=O.
W are a pair of (primitive) half-periods of such a
function j(z), then j(z+2Mw+2Nw)=f(z),M Alternate Symbolism Emphasizing Invariants
and N being integers. Thus the study of any
such function can be reduced to consideration of
18.1.2 @(2)= @(2; 91, Sa)
its behavior in a fundamental period paradelo- 18.1.3 @(z)=@(z; 91, ga)
gram (FPP). An elliptic function has a finite 18.1.4 C(z)=t(z; gz, gal
number of poles (and the same number of zeros) 18.1.5 d z ) = 4 Z i 91, Sa)
in a FPP; the number of such poles (zeros) (an Fundamental Merentia1 Equation, Discriminant and
irreducible set) is the order of the function (poles Related Quantities
and zeros are counted according to their multi- 18.1.6 @ (2)=4 @(~)-ga @ (Z)-ga
plicity). All other poles (zeros) axe called con-
gruent to the irreducible set. The simplest (non- 18.1.7
trivial) elliptic functions are of order two. One = 4 ( ~ ( z ) - e i ) ( ~ ( z ) - e * ) ((Z)-ea)
~
may choose as the standard function of order two 18.1.8
either a function with two simple poles (Jacobis
choice) or one double pole (Weierstrasschoice) A=&-27&= 16(e2-e3)2(ea-el)(el -ez)
in a FPP. 18.1.9
Wekrstnzss@-Fundion. Let w, W denote a g2= -4 (elel+ e1ea+eled =2(4+d+e3
pair of complex numbers with 9(w/w)>O. Then
@(z) = @ (zlo, w) is an elliptic function of order 18.1.10 ga=4e1elea=+(e: +e:+ e:)
two with periods 20, 2w and having a double pole 18.1.11 el+a+ea= 0
at z=O, whose principal part is z-*; @(z)-z-* is 18.1.12 ef+4+4=&/8
analytic in a neighborhood of the origiq and van-
ishes at z=O. 18.1.13 4e!-gfii.-ga=O(i= 1, 2, 3)
WeiersErass{-Fundim {(z)=f(zlo, 0)satisfiea Agreement about Values of Invarianta (and Discrim-
the condition {(z)=-@(z); further, {(z) has a inant)
simple pole at z=O whose principal part is 2-l; We shall consider, in this chapter, only red g2
{(z)-z- vanishes at z=O and is analytic in a and 99 (this seems to cover most applications)-
neighborhood of the origin. {(z) is NOT an hence A is real. We shall dichotomize most of
elliptic function, since it is not periodic. However, what follows (either A>O or AO < ). Homoge-
it is quasi-periodic (see period relations), 80 neity relations 18.2.1-18.2.15 enable a further
reduction to FPP is possible. restriction to non-negative ga (except for one case
Weierslrussu-Fumetion u(z) = ~(zlw,a)satisfies when A=O).
the condition u(z)/u(z)={(z);further, u(z) is an
entire function which vanishes at the origin. Note on Symbolism for Roota of Complex Numbers and
Like t, it is NOT an elliptic function, since it is for Conjugate Complex Numbem
not periodic. However, it is quasi-periodic (see In this chapter, 2
(n a positive integer) is used
periodrelations), so reduction to FPP is pos- to denote the principal nth root of z, as in chapter
sible. 3; Z is used to denote the complex conjugate of 2.
630 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCl'IONS

FPP'm, !3ymbola for Periodo, etc.

RECI'ANGLE FIGURE
18.1 RHOMBUS
y=w
w=o+w' +w'- 0

*=w'
w REAL Q REAL
w' PURE MAG. 0; PURE IMAG.
10'1 2w, since g, 20 1w;I Lw, since g a L O
Fundamental Rectan6lea
Study of all four functions (@,@', f, u) can be reduced to consideration of their values in a Funda-
mental Rectangle including the origii (see 18.2 on homogeneity relations, reduction formulas and
p-1.
A>O OA
<

1 FPP, which has ver-

Fundamental Rectangle is ;l: Fundamental Rectangle has vertices 0, wa, wl+y,4
ti- 0, w, @ a d w' -
4
2

FIGURE18.2
There is a point on the right boundary of Fundamental Rectangle where @ =O. Denote it by 20.
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCIIONS 631
18.2. Homogeneity Relations, Reduction The Case ga<O
Formulas and Processes Put t=i and obtain, e.g.,

{
Homogeneity Relations (Suppose t #O)
Note that Period Ratio is preserved. 18.2.16 @(2; 92, g3) = - @(iz; 92, -Sa)
18.2.1 @(tzltw, tw)=t-3@(z10,0) Thus the case g3<0 can be reduced to one where
18.2.2 @(tzlkd~fw)=t-@ (ZlaJ 93>0.
18.2.3 {(tzltw, tu)=t--lf(z(w, 0) Period Relations and Reduction to the FPP (M,N
integers)
18.2.4 u(tzltw, tu)=tu(zIw, w)
18.2.17 @(z+2Mw+2Nw)= @(z)
18.2.5 g2(ta, tw)=t--g2(w, w)
18.2.6 g3(tw, tw) =t-g3(0J @I 18.2.18 @(z+2Mw+2Nw) = @(z)
18.2.7 et&, to)=t-e(w,a),i=1, 2, 3 18.2.19
18.2.8 A(tw, tw)=t-12A(a, 0) (2+2 M w +2Nw)={(2) + 2 M 7 + 2N7
18.2.9 H,(tw, to)=t-2Ht(w, w), i=1, 2, 3 18.2.20
(See 18.3)
u(z+ 2 M w +2Nw)
18.2.10 q(tw, tw)=q(w, a) (See 18.10)
18.2.11 m(tw, tw)=m(w,a) (See 18.9)
= (- 1)+N+MN 4 4 exp [(z+Mw+Nw) ( 2 M v
+2N7)l
18.2.12 @(tz; t - l g ~ ,t-6g3)=t-3@(Z; 92, g3)
18.2.21 where q={(w), q={(w)
18.2.13 @(tz; t-4g2, t-g3)=t-@ (z; 92, g3)
ConjugateValueei
18.2.14 {(tz; t-lg2, t-g3)=t-{(z;gz, g3)
f(Z)=f(z), where f is any one of the functions
18.2.15 u(tz; T4g2,t-g3)=tu(z; 92, g3)
@, @,c, 0.
632 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Reduction from 1/r FFPto Fundamental Rec-ngle in

Case AO
<
We need only be concerned with the case when
z is in triangle A: (therefore 2w-2 is in triangle
A).
18.2.34 @(2)=@(2w-z)
18,2.35 @(z) = -@(2w-z)
18.2.36 r(z) =24--5(20-2)
18.2.37 U(Z)=U(~U-Z) ~ X P[~$(z-w)]

FIGURE18.3

Reduction to Case where Real Half-Period is Unity

(preserving period ratio)

A X O
A
<
(or= w +4

18.2.38
@(zlw, w)=w-3@
(zw-(l, -3 @(zlw, w)=y-*@
(z& : I -t
3
-

18.2.39
@(zIo, w)=w-2@ (zw-11, g) @(zIw,o)=Wi2@
(ZWi-t
1::) -

18.2.4
r(Zlw,@)=w-{ (ZU-/~,
9
; r(ZIw,w)=Wir
)(: : : 1
ZW
; -j -

18.2.41 u(zIw, 0)WU

(zw-Jl,- 3 u(zI0, w)=w:u
( ::I 3
20; -j -

18.2.42 g2(w, w)=w-4g2 (I, $) gz(w, w>--w2 -4 g2 (-j 0:

w w
-)
02

18.2.43 .ga(w,w)=0-6g3 (1, E) g3(w, w ) = d I , (Gj

w w
z)
18.2.44 el(w, w)=w-2er (1, g) el(@, w)=oizel (-9 w
@a wz
-)
0

(i=l,2,3) (i=l, 2,3)

18.2.46
(
A(w, w)=w-A 1,
3
- A(@, W ) = ~ - A
(: 9-
3
-

NOTE: New real half-period is

E+&,- w+w-l
oror or
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FVNCl'IONS 633
18.3. Special Values and Relations
Values at Periods

Ip,Ip', and [are infinite, u is zero at z=2wl,i=1,2,3 and at 2w;(A<O).

A>O A
O<
Half-Periods

18.3.1 Ip (wf)=ef(i=l, 2,3)

18.3.2 9'(wf)=O(i=1,2,3)
18.3.3 tlr=b(wO (i=l, 2,3)
18.3.4 tli'tl, tli=tl+tl', tla=tl'
18.3.5 R=2e;+ejek (i,j, k=1,2,3; i #j, i #k, j#k)

18.3.6 =(e -ej> (e r-ek> =2e:+ =3e:-- 91

4et 4
18.3.7 ef real el real and non-negative
18.3.8 e1>02 et>es (el=O when ga=O)
(equality when ga=O) el=-a+iB, ea=&
where a> 0, B>O
(equality when ga=O)
18.3.9 tl>O d=b(w3 =tl'-tl
<
18.3.10 if

050 (approx.)
18.3.11 ~w'~/~1.91014 si/$O if (w;~/w2~3.81915
447 (appmx.)

18.3.12 H1>0, Ha>O

18.3.13 Ha E i m
18.3.14 u(o) = e ~ " l l / E l l

18.3.15 u(w')"e''u'll/Ha'l
18.3.16 Z(os)=ea "J(-Ha)

q'w n-
18.3.17 arg [u(w2)]=-
i +z
634 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUN%TIONS

=u(02+42) exp [-rlw21

18.3.26 @ (w2/2)=e2-H2 @ (w/2)=e3-H3

18.3.32 C(2~/3)=--
3

I(2 4 3 ) =-

-exp [2vw/9]
18.3.35 u(2w/3)=
[ @ ( 2 ~ / 3 ) ] / ~ e ~ ~ ~ / ~

-exp [21w/9]
u(2w/3)=
[@ (2~/3)]~/~e2*~/~
LegendresRelation

18.3.37 qw-)Iw=m/2 12w;-rl;w2=?ri

(also valid for

)O<A
Relations Among the Hi

18.3.38 E+z+w=3g2/4
18.3.39 @lZ+@ZG+ZWG=O
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 635
18.3.M -AI16

18.3.41 16H~-12g2H:+A=O(i=l, 2,3)

18.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas

Addition Formulae' (SI # i s )

18.4.1

18.4.3

18.4.4 a(zl+Z*)Q(ZI-22)=-~(21)~(22)[ @ (21)- @ (2211

Duplication and Triplication Formulas

[Note that @"=6 g2(

z) -2,@ '2( z)=4 @3( z)-g2 @(z)-g3 and @ "(z)= 12@(2) @'(z)]

18.4.5

-4 @ '4( 2)+12 @(2) @ "( z) @"(2)- @"3( 2)

18.4.6 @'(22)=
4@'3(z)
18.4.7
18.4.8

18.4.9

18.4.10

18.5.1

18.5.2 where
and
3 k-2
18.5.3 C - crnck-mn, k l 4
'-(2k+l)(k-3) m-2

18.5.4

18.5.5

18.5.6

* Formulas far and u are not true algebraic addition formulas.

636 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FWNCl'IONS

18.5.7 where 1 and

16 1
18.5.8 n=3(m 1 )arn+l,n - 1 +j- (n+ 1)am-2. n+1-3 (2m +3?&-1)(4m +6n-)h- 1, ny

it bein understood that U ~ , ~ = ifO either subscript is negative.

(*he radius of convergence of the above series for P-z-~, @ ' + 2 r 3 and t-2-l is equal to the
smallest of 124, 12w'Jand (20f2w'); series for u converges for all 2.)
Valuee of Coefficients8 C k in Tetme of c2 and cs
18.5.9 c4 =4/3

18.5.10 c,=3cac3/11
18.5.11 ce= [2c:+34]/39
18.5.12 C, =2&/33

18.5.13 CB =5 ~ (1
2 1t$+ 36~:)/7293
18.5.14 cg=c3(29c:+ llc:)/27 17
18.5.15 c~O= (242Ci+1455~g)/240669
18.5.16 ~11= 14~83
(3894+ 3694)/3187041
18.5.17 cl2=(1 14950c:+ 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 ~ ~166617~:)/891678645
~+
18.5.18 10~~3(297~:+530~:)/11685817
2C2(528770~:+7164675~$:+29896024)
18.5.19 c14= (306735) (215441)
4 ~ (6292181
3 5 4 +179865450~33+140513674)
18.5.20 CIS=
(179685)(38920531)
ci(589578554 +108651 1320c$:+ 875341836~2)
18.5.21
c1e= (5909761)(5132565)
~ # 3 (3017 1955~:+126138075~$:4-281 517394)
18.5.22 c17= (920205)(667867 1 )
1155&C:+ 122378650673*378~$g+2348703*887777~:
1541470*949003~~+30458088737
18-5-23 CIS=
(1342211013)(4695105713)
2&3( 3365544215 4 4-429852433 4 5 4 ~+8527743477&)
: *
18.5.24 c19= (91100295)(113537407)
a NOTES: 3. cI0 is given incorrectly in [18.12] (factor 13 is
1. c4-16 were computed and checked independently missing in denominator of third term of bracket);
by D. H. Lehmer; these were double-checked by this value was computed independently.
substituting g,=20 el, g ~ = 2 8ca in values given in 4. No factors of any of the above integers with more
[18.10]. than ten digits are known to the author. This is not
2. cITcI8 were derived from values in (18.101 by necessarily true of smaller integers, which have, in
the same substitution. These were checked (numer- many instances, been arranged for convenient use
ically) for particular values of g:, ga. with a desk calculator.
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
637
m
638 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FIJNCTIONS

Reversed Series for Large I @'1

18.5.29 z=A,u+A~u~+A~u'+A~u'+
...

18.5.30 where u=(@'1'3)-1e*rfi

18.5.31 A1=2'"

18.5.33 A7=---4aaA1
7
18.5.34 Ag=O

18.5.35 All=%a3A:/11
10a1
18.5.36 Ala=- 39 (aS"+U)
+-723x7 (llcY;+loa:) u97
12 18.5.37 -96~.$@75

18.5.38 A17=-- lhA; (aS"+l%i)

51
18.5.39

18.5.40
18.5.41
18.5.42
11 18.5.43
+= (1l054+ 16380&+ 1092OaXa:
18.5.44
+168~4)u a 7 + F(854+280&+56&) ua9 18.5.45

18.5.46

18.5.47 a15= -418&/91

18.5.48 -82
(13496:-41166;)
A17-9163

18.5.49 Ai@=-2sa (1154316~-225686~)

18.5.26 where a2=g2/8
18.5.27 aa=g-!S 18.5.50 where &=g2/12
18.5.28 u=(@ -l)t 18.5.51 sa=gal20

In this and other series a choice of the value of the

root has been made EO that z will be in the Fundamental
Rectangle (Figure18;2), whenever the value of the given
function ie appropriate.
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCI'IONS 639
other series Involving @ 18.5.57 where u= ( ~ - w ~ ) ~
Series near zo [@(zo)=OI m e r Series Involving @'
18.5.52 Series near 20

18.5.58
(@ '- @ A)=[ -1Qc2u-56c3u3+30~us+264cae~u'
(840Cl,-1004) U L -545gG ull
+ 3 11

+ @ E-
15~~u~-28c~u~+30c&~+
114~~3u'~

24404%
+7(12+54)u'"---d4]+. ..
11

18.5.59 where u=(z-&)

18.5.60
3@#
(2 -zo)=A- bA3- 22 A4+3(q+bz)A6

+lob@ ao-3[36C3-3@ b+4b3]A7

+1004-279@ i2b+132b4p+. . .

18.5.61 where A= (@'- @ ;)I(- 10~2)

18.5.62 and b=4gdg2
Series w r w(
+ 16016 a0g3@ i2+19448 a') do]+ . . .

18.5.55 where v= @ /(@ Q)2 and a=g2/4

Series near of
18.5.56
(@ -et)=(3e~-5c2)u+(10cfil+21c3)u2+(7c2d

(z
+21c@r+5&~~+ (18~&+3o&t

+3 3 c a e 3 ) u 4 + ~ ~ ~ + 9 ~ ~ l + 1 0 5 c :
+424e,+F 46) d1+70 Qe:

+..e,

18.5.64 where a=(z- wt).

 640 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC 4ND RELATED FUNCVIONS

Other Series Involving f 18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations

Series near .a [ @ (h)= 01 ordinary (c2=g2/20, q=g3/28)
18.6.1 I'(4 = - @ (2)
18.5.65
18.6.2 ~'(~>/d4 =I(4
18.6.3
@'2(2) =4 @3(2)-g2 @(2)-g3= 4( @3-6cZ @-7c3)
26
18.6.4 @"(2) =6 @2(z)- $g2=6 @2- 10c2
7~ usL
+ 5c2u7
-L 1 ~ ~ ~ (10cf-84~:)
1-- 3 ~ ' ull
18.6.5 @'I'(2) = 12 @@'
2 7 3 + 33
18.6.6
@(V)=W @@"+ @I@')

18.5.66 where u= ( 2 - a ) , [
=5! @3-3c2@ -5
18.5.67 C0=C(Zg)
18.6.7
@(SI (2) = 12(@@ "'+2 @'@"+ @"@')
Series near uf
=3.5!@'[@2-c2]
18.5.68 18.6.8

-(7c2e:+21c8ef+5c:)a7
7

11 18.6.12

18.5.69
where a= (z-of) + (774@ +57~8)/331
18.6.15
Reversed Series for Small lul

18.5.70
z,c,+2 d+E lJ'I+3ra
--' 4
5 7 14

@ @ '-&a
(2)= 151 [@ '--8~2 @'+524 @ '/3
18.5.71 where y2=g2/48 3 a/l1+ (4444-3284) iP '139
+3 2 8 ~ @
-4884~8 @ /33+~,(55&-23164/429]
18.5.72 ~.~=ga/120 18.6.18
For reversion of Maclaurin series, see 3.6.25 and @ ('6)(~)=8.15!@'[@7-6~2@6-5C3@4+26d@ '/3
[18.181. +1 2 3 @ ~ + (11 14-824) @ /39-61&/33]
~ '/ll
 WEIERSTRASS ELLfPTIC AND RELATED FUNCIXONE) 641
Partial Derivatives with Reepect to Invariants y"=[a@ (z)+b]y (LarntYs equation)--see [18.8],
2.26
18.6.19 For other (more specialized) equations (of
wders 1-3) involving @(z), see [18.8], nos.
1.49, 2.28,2.72-3, 2.439440, 3.9-12.
For the use of @ (2) in solving differential equa-
18.6.20 tions of the form y'"+A(z,y)=O, where A(z,y) is
a polynomial in y of degree 2m, with coefficienta
which are analytic functions of 2, see [18.7],
p. 312ff.
18.6.21 18.7. Integrals
Ind+$nite
A %= -33-
ai73
(g2@ +: g3) 18.7.1

18.6.22

(formulas for higher powers may be derived by

integration of formulas for @(")(z))
For fgn(z)dz, n any positive integer, see
[18.15] V O ~ .4, pp. 108-9.

If @ '(a) #O
18.6.24
18.7.3

=223-(a)+ln a(z--a)-ln u(z+a)

DWemntial Equations For fdz/I@ (2)- @ (-a)]",(@ '(a)#O)nanyposi-

18.6.25 tive integer, aee [18.15], vol. 4, pp. 109-110.
EptG.W& Solucion DeJnh
yt3=yyy--a)4
18.6.26 18.7.4

4-3a3 18.7.5
Sa =- 27
18.6.27

18.7.6 where t ia red and

 642 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

18.8 Conformal Mapping

w=u+iu
A>O
w= @ (2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle
onto the half-plane v 5 0 ; if IwI=w(g3=O), the
isosceles triangle 0 0 0 ~is mapped onto u>O, v 5 0 .
w= @ (2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle
onto the w-plane less quadrant 111; if thebI=@,
triangle Owwz is mapped onto v 20, v >u.
(a=period ratio)
w=l(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
the half-plane u>O. If a 1 1 . 9 (approx.), v 1 0 ;
otherwise the image extends into quadrant I.
For very large a, the image has a large area in
quadrant I.
w=&) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
quadrant I if a <1.9 (approx.), onto quadrants
I and I1 if 1.9<a<3.8 (approx.). For large
5PU
a, arg[u(~)]=-; consequently the image winds
12
around the origin for large a.
Other maps .are described in t18.231 arts. 13.7
(square on circle), 13.11 (ring on plane with 2
slits in line) and in t18.241, p. 35 (double half
equilateral triangle on half-plane).
Obtaining @ from @2
OA
<
W= @ (2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle
onto the half-plane ~ 5 0 if; lo:I=~&~=o), the
km3Celes triangle Oao is mapped onto u>O,
v<o.
W= @ (2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle
onto most of the w-plane leas quadrant 111; if
loLl=ol, the triangle Oaois mapped onto v20,
v >u.
w=l(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
the half-plane 2120. The image is mostly in
quadrant IV for small a, entirely so for (approx.)
1 . 3 1 ~ 1 3 . 8 . For very large a, the image has a
large area in quadrant I.
w=u(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto
quadrant I if a<3.8 (approx.), onto quadrants I
and TI if 3.85a<7.6 (approx.). For large
[( 31 2
a, arg u oz+- =-; consequently the image
winds around the origin for large a.
Other maps are described in [18.23] arts. 13.8
(equilateral triangle on half-plane) and 13.9
(isosceles triangle on half-plane).

Fundamental Rectangle Fundamental Rectangle

A >O A C O
FUNDAME NTAL R EC TANGLE FUNDAMENTAL RECTANGLE

FIGURE
18.4
In region A In region A
~ ( @ ) r O i f y 2 . 4 a n d s 1 . 5 9(@)20elsewhere
; (1) If a21.05, use criterion for region A for
A>O.
(2) If l<a<1.05: B ( g ) Z O if y 1 . 4 and
sI.4, -&<a173 (@)<34 if .4<y5.5 and
.4<25.5. Y(@)2 0 elsewhere
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 643
In region B In region B
The sign (indeed, perhaps one or more significant Use the criterion for region B for A>O.
h i t s ) of @' is obtainable from the first term;
-212, of the Laurent series for @'.

(Precisely similar criteria apply when the real half-period # 1)

A>O w=l
Map: @(z)=u+iv
1
Near zero: @ (2)=2+t,

1
@ (2) = ~ + c z Z 2 + c 2

w'=i

w' = 1.4i

0' = 2.0i
644 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

OA
< m=l
Map: @(Z)=U+~D

1
Near zero: @ ( Z ) = ~ + C ,

1
p (2)=2+cta'+rr

FIQUBE18.6
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 645
A>O o=l

Map: c(z)=u+iw
1
Near zero: r(z)=-+tl
2

c(2)=---12 c22
3 +E2

FIGURE
18.7
646 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

A
O< ~z=l

Map: {(z)=u+iv
1
Near zero: {(z)=-+rl
2

1 c2.23
{(2)=---
2 3 +c2

FIGURE
18.8
WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED F"CI?IONS 647
A>O w=l

Map: u(z) =a+&

FIGURE
18.9
648 WEIERSTRABS ELLlPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

OA
< w=l
Map: u(z)=u+&

..-

FIGURE
18.10
 WEIERSTRASS ELLJPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONB 649
18.9. Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K' and Their Parameter rn
and with Jacobi's Elliptic Functions (see chapter 16)
(Here K(m) and K'(m)=K(l-m) are complete elliptic integrals of the 1st kind; see chapter 17.)
A X K O
(2m-1) +6iJm -ma
18.9.1 el= (2--m)Ffm) el= m m )
3wa 34

(2m-l)E( m) 2(1-2m)F(m)
18.9.2 ea= ea=
3wa 34

4( ma-m +1)K'(m) 4(16m2-16m+1)K4(m)

18.9.4 !.la= g2=
3w4 34

l)(m +l)P(m) 8(2m- 1)( 32m2-32m -1 ) F ( m)

18.9.5 sa=4(m-2)(2m- noa !.la' 274

16me(m-1)'P2( m) -256(m-ma)Fa(m)
18.9.6 A= A=
W12 a;,

18.9.7

18.9.8 w =K(m)/(el-ea)lfl yl= K(m)/&la

9'(e)= -2(e,- cn(z*lm)dn(z*lm)/sna(z*Im)

@'(z)=
-W"sn( z' Im)dn( z' Im)
[1-cn( z Im )la
where where
z*= (e -e& 2'=22Hy

18.9.13 q= l(w)==
3w
[3E( m) +(m -2)K( m)] qz=S(o2) =KO
3w2
[6E(m) +(4m--5) K(m)]

18.9.14

[E(m) is a complete elliptic integral of the 2d kind (see chapter 17).]

650 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED F"Cl'I0NS

18.10. Relations with Theta Functions (chapter 16)

The formal definitions of the four 9 functions are given by the series 16.27.1-16.27.4 which converge
for all complex z and all p defined below. (Some authors use TZ, instead of z, as the independent variable.)
These functions depend on z and on a parameter p, which is usually suppressed. Note that
&(O) =Sa(0)83(O)&(O), where t9f(0)=af(0, q) .
A>O O
A
<

18.10.1 7=wf/0 ?a= 412~2

18.10.2 p=et~~=e-~K'lK p=ip,=ktrl,=~-ri
qaq

18.10.3

18.10.4 (V'lrZ/2@)

18.10.5

18.10.6

18.10.7

18.10.8

18.10.9
18.10.10
18.10.11

18.10.12

18.10.13

18.10.14

18.10.15

18.10.16

18.10.17

18.10.18

18.10.19
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FTJNCTIONSr 651
Series

18.10.20 &(O)=O
18.10.21 . . . +pncn+l)+
92(0)=2q~[i+q1az+f~3+pa~4+ . . .]
18.10.22 &(0)=1+2[q+q'+$+ fp1+. .I

{
18.10.23 84(0>=1+2[-q+q'-@+ . . . +(-1>"qn2+ .I
Attainable Accuracy
A>O K O
Note: S,(O)>O, j=2,3,4 Note: a2(0)=AefrJ8,A>b;
-
9&(0>>0; 84(0)=~3(0)
MO): 2 terms give at least 5s 2 terms give at least 3s

j=2,3,4 3 terms give at least 11s 3 terms give at least 5s

4 terms give at least 21s 4 terms give at least 10s
18.11 Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of @ and @'
If f(z) is any elliptic function and @ (z) has same periods, write
18.11.1 f(z) =31f(z) +f(-4 1 +3[ {f(4-f( -2)1 @'(41 -'I @'(4.
Since both brackets represent even elliptic functions, we ask how to express an even elliptic func-
tion g(z) (of order 2k) in terms of @ (2). Because of the evenness, an irreducible set of zeros can be
denoted by af (i=l, 2, . . . , k) and the set of points congruent to -ai (i=l, 2, . . . , k); correspond-
ingly in connection with the poles we consider the points f b f , i= . . , k. Then
2, l.,

18.11.2

a constant. If any af or bi is congruent to the c gin, the corresponding factor is omitted from the
product. Factors corresponding to multiple pol@ zeros) are repeated according to the multiplicity.
18.12. Caee A=O(c>O) 18.12.9 p=l, m=l
Subcase I 18.12.10 rJ(o)=O
18.12.1 g2>0, g3<0: (el=e2=c, ea= -2c)
18.12.11
18.12.2 Hi =H2=0, H3=3~
18.12.3 18.12.12 .(w*)=O
@(z; 128,--88)=~+3c{sinh [(~C)*Z]}+ 18.12.13 9 (w/2)=c
18.12.4 @'(w/2)=0
-
18.12.14
T(z; 128,-88)=-~~+(3~)4 coth [(~C),Z] 18.12.15 f(w/2)= -
18.12.5 18.12.16 u(w/2)=0
"(2; 128,--88) = (3c)-i sinh [(3c)*z]e-"'/*
18.12.17 @ (w'/2) = -5c
18.12.6 w=m, w'=(12c)-*ri

18.12.7 q=f(o) = -
18.12.18

18.12.8 q'=T(o') = -cw' 18.12.19 f(w'/2)= *(-cw'+3r/w')

652 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTION8

We,21BaJZ 18.12.46 P ( 4 2 )=0

18.12.20

18.12.21
u(w/2)=

P(02/2)=c
n-
18.12.47
cw
r(w,/2)=-+i
2 -
18.12.22 @ (wzP>=O 18.12.48 u(w2/2)=o

cw Subcase I11

{
18.12.23 {(*/2)=- Q) --2
18.12.49 g2=0, g3=0 (el =e2 =e3=0)
18.12.24 u(w2/2)=o 18.12.50 P(2;0) O)=z-*
Subcaae I1 18.12.51 {(z; 0, 0) =z-1
18.12.25 18.12.52 u(z; 0, O)=z
g2>0, g3>O: (el=2c, e2=e3=-c)
18.12.53 (,$j= -iw=.n
18.12.26 Hi=%,
Ha=Ha=O
18.13. Eguianharmonic Case (g,=O, &=l)
18.12.27 @(z; la2,
88)=-~+3c{sk[(~c)+z]}
-2
If g2=O and g3>0, homogeneity relations allow
18.12.28 us to reduce our considerations of @ to@ (z; 0, 1)
{(z; 128, 88)=cZ+(3c)* cot [(~c)*z] (9) and u are handled similarly). Thus
@(z;G,g3)=g~/5~(zg~~o;0, 1). The case g2=0,
18.12.29 g3=1 is called the EQUIANHARMONIC case.
(2; 128, 88) = (3c)-+sin [(3c)+z]ecEa*
i FPP; Reductionto Fundamental Triangle
18.12.30 w=(12c)-+*, w=i
-
AI = AOez, is the Fundamental Triangle
18.12.31 v={(w) =cw
Let Q denote Cffl throughout 18.13.
18.12.32 =io,
q={(w)
~ = 1 . 5 2 9 954037 05719 28749 13194 17231
18.12.33 P=o, m=O
2wed124
18.12.34 u( w)=-
lr

18.12.35 U(W)=o
18.12.36 44 =o
18.12.37 g (w/2)=5c
18.12.38 9( w/2)=--9
2w3

18.12.39 T(w/2)=New+ n - b )

er21mwJZ
18.12.40 u( w/2)=
lr

18.12.41 9(w/2)= -c
18.12.42 gD ;w/t>
-3
FIGURE
18.11
18.12.43 f(w/2) =.if
18.12.44 =o
u(w/2) 6 This value was computed and checked by multiple
precision on a desk calculator and is believed correct to
18.12.45 gD (02/2)= -c 309.
 Reductwn.for zz in 4: zl=e% iS in AI. Special Values and Formulas
18.13.9
18.13.1 @ (2%) =cap
(4 A= -27, &(4-'l3);,
H2=&(4-'13), Ha= &(4-'la)e

18.13.10 m=sin2 15O=-2 49 --612

q=ie
18.13.4 a(zJ =e&') 18.13.11 a2(0)=Ae'rI8
Reduction-for2 3 in A3: z1=e-'(20'--5) is in A1 18.13.12 &(O) =Aef4f4

Values at Half-periods

JYJ I *@I I f

18.13.16
W E O l

18.13.17
w2

18.13.18
a' = wa

18.13.19
wal

Values 'I along (0, a)

18.13.20
202/9
18.13.21
w2/3
18.13.22
4~/9
18.13.23
0212 ea+ HZ
18.13.24
2~/3
18.13.25
8wd9
l1 - 43

7 Value8 at 2w2/9,h J 9 and &I9 from [18.141.

 P f

18.13.26 e . / "fidr/6
42 -21l13 3i [5+21/8] Cir/e
3114

18.13.27 +/16 6(21/1~)@-/6

1
3~014 Z(a--Hz) i(38/4)4ai [;+31/4$7] 61.16
3"4Va3
18.13.28
20 i % e-'r/6 e-/sJi.dr/6
-
4* =

Duplication Formulas where tan +=@'(z), 2 w

2<z<0 and we must
QJ (4[@3(~)+21 choose + in intervals
18*13'29 @(2z)= 4@3(z)-1
(-iJi),GJ J)$ (T
3* F)
!h to get
2G6(
Z) -10@3( 2)- 1
18.13.30 @'(22)= [p,(z)13
@J):( @ (E++),@ ( 3 + F ) J X 4W2 respectively.
18.13.31 m z )=22(z)+-3P2(4
@ (2) Complex Multiplication
18.13.32 u(2z)= - p '(z)d'( 2) 18.13.35 @(ez)=e-2@(2)
Trisection Formulas (I: real)
18.13.36 @'(ez) = -@'(z)

e)=i qT+
18.13.37 {(ez) =e-'t(z)
18.13.33 @
:--q ~

cos cos -
3
++=
18.13.38 u(ez)=eu(z)

In the above, e denotes (as it does throughout

section 18.13), eirfi. The above equations are useful
q q + q c o s + 3! ! as followsJ0.g.:
18.13.34 @'(:)=-6 If z is real, ez is on Ow' (Figure 18.11); if ez
p3-qcos e=
3
were purely imaginary, z would be on 0% (Figure
18.11).
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONB 655

@ '(2)
-2
Near zero: @ '(z)=-+Q
23
-2 23
@ '(z)=,+,+s,

T(z)
1
Near zero: j-(z)=-+e1
2

1 26
I(2)=;- KO2+

4 2)
 656 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Coefficients for Laurent Seriee for @,@ and j-

(&=O for mZ3k)

EXACT car
I APPROXIMATE car

1 1/28 3.5714 28571 42857 . . . X10-1

2 1/(13-28')=1/10192 9.8116 16954 47409 73312 40188X10-6
3 1/(13*19*28*) = 1/6422144 1.8442 88901 21693 55885 78983x10-7
43/(5.131*19-284) =234375/(7709611X 10") 3.0400 36650 35758 61350 20301X10-~0
54/(6.13'* 19-31-2P)= 78125/(16729 85687X 10") 4.6697 95161 83961 00384 33643x10-18
6(7*43)/(13'*19**31*37*286) 6.8662 18676 79393 36788 98X10-1@
7 (6*431)/(5*13'*191*31-37*43.287) 9.7990 31742 57961 41839 66x10-19
8 (3.7-313)/(5'*134*19r.31.37.43*288) 1.3685 06574 79360 13026 87x10-11
9 (4.1201) /(e.13'. lP*31*37.43-2EP) 1.8800 72610 01329 79236 40X10-"
10 (21.3.41 1823)/(5*13'*1P*31'*37*43.61*28'0)
* 2.5497 66946 68202 63683x10-n
11 (3-79*733)/(5*134*19**31'*37*43.g1.67.28'1) 3.4222 48599 51463 05316X lO-ao
3.1153.13963.29059
l2 4.5541 38864 99184 30391x10-m
a.136.194.311.37'.43.61 .67.73.2W
2'*3'*7.11*2647111
6.0171 15776 98241 99591X 10-86
5'. 136.19'.31'-37'.61.67*73.79.281'

First 5 approximate values determined from exact values of c 3 k ; subsequent values determined by using exact ratios
using at least double precision arithmetic with a desk calculator. All approximate c's were checked with the
cak/csk-a,
use of the recursion relation; c 3 - c Z 7 are believed correct to at least 21s; c 3 0 - c 3 9 are believed correct to 205.
C3f 5 13t-I ". 28-1' k=2, 3, 4, . .

Other Series Involving @ 18.13.%

Revemed Series for Large I @
6 &+?
3 ~6

18.13.39 3 1143
u 3u2 5u3 7u4 63d +-;i we--
[
z=(@-1)1/2 I+-+-+-+-+-
7 26 38 40 248
+231u' + ~ + 0 ( " q '18.13.47 where w =( @-a)/3e2
3 g 542%'
Other Series Involving pr
18.13.M where u= @-a/8 and z is in the Funda- Revemed Series for Large I @ ' 1
mental Triangle (Figure 18.11) if @has an appro- 18.13.4
priate value.
Series near so
18.13.41

18.13.42 z being in the Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.11)

1+$ a +-+2p+=+O(@ql
6@" if @' has an appropriate value.
7 13 Series near SO
18.13.43 where u=(z-zo) 18.13.49

18.13.44
Series near wz [- - 2 - i ~ +5 z2+%
(Pr-i)=z ~
3i
$+o(z*)
1
6i
(@-e2)=3eiu
r
1+z+z2+;i 18.13.50 where z= (Z-Z~)~

132
4
+?5 z4+? z6+=285 z8+O(z7)
1 18.13.51 z=& l-k-; d+7+0(a4)]i

18.13.45 where u=(z-w)~, z=ezu 18.13.52 where a=(@'-i)/(-4)

 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED F"CI?IONB 657
Series near 02 +2'*3K*52*31 28.38.5*910321
18.13.53 251 '"+ 31!
24
@'=6e:(~-o2) 1+2~+3t?+- 3 -212*3e*5*229.2683
37! 237
7

fl
-214*310*5*23*257-18049
43!
18.13.M where v = ~ ( z - w ) ~
18.13.55
(z-02)=( @'/sei) 1 - 2 w + W - 7360 18.13.66
[
+330w"-2268d+ 2FO(w7)], we+
18.13.56 where w= @ '2/9
Other Series Involving t Economized Polynomiab (0<~51.53)
Reversed Series for Large It1
18.13.57

~0=(-1)9.99999 96 ~4=-(-9)2.20892 47
18.13.58 y= p / 2 0
~1=(-2)3.57143 20 0,=(-10)1.74915 35
Series near so
18.13.59 a2=(-5)9.80689 93 o+,= -(-12)4.46863 93
~3=(-7)2.00835 02

18.13.60 where u= (z- a) 6

18.13.68 z"@'(z)=C u,d"+t(s)
Series near w1 0
18.13.61 Ia(z)l<4X 10-7
3
(t-a>=-e2(z-w.) ['+V+g 8+73 9+;i
2
~4
Qo= -2.00000 00 U4=-(-9)2.12719 66
al=(-1)1.42857 22 U6=(-10)6.53654 67
%=(-4)9.81018 03 ~~=-(-11)1.70510 78
18.13.62 v= e3 (z- w)
= (- 6)3.OO5 1 1 93
18.13.63

18.13.69 ~(z)=T 0
~,Z""+e(z)
30192d
-- 1634208 P1P+0(w7)]r
275 +3575 1(~)1<3 x10-8

18.13.64 w= (t-d'h *=(-1)9.99999 98 a4=(-10)6.12486 14

Series Involving u ai=- (-3)7.14285 86 a,=(- 11)4.66919 85
18.13.65
%=-(-6)8.91165 65 u(= (-12)1.25014 65
6=-(-8)1.44381 84
 18.14. Lemniecatic Case tFPP; Reduction to Fundamental Triangle
(92'1, ga=O) A1 = AOww2 isthe Fundamental Triangle
w = 1.8540 74677 30137 1928
If ga>O and ga=O, homogeneity relations allow
us to reduce our consideration of @ to @ (2; 1, 0) Reduction for za in Aa: z1=2T2is in Ai
(@', b and u are handled similarly). Thus @ (2;
ga, O ) = g 2 + @ ( ~ 2 * ; I, 0). The case ga=I, g3=0
18.14.1 p (GI= -ml)
is called the LEMNISCATIC case. 18.14.2 @ '(4=iLF(Z1)
18.14.3 f(G) = -i?<z1>
18.14.4 u(za)=G(z~)
Special Values and Formulas
18.14.5
A= 1, HI=Ha=2-+,H,=i/2,
m=sba 45'=4, p=e-l
18.14.6 &(0)=9~(0)=(&/~)+;tYa(0)=(2~/n>+
18.14.7 w=K(sh2 45O)=--ra(i)-i where
4fi Jz
5 ~ 2 . 6 2 2 0 575542 92119 81046 48395 89891 11941
36827 54951 43162 is the Lemniscate constant
[18.91
8This value was computed and checked by double
precision methods on a desk calculator and is believed
correct to 185.

@ @I f U

18.14.8
W=Y e l 4 0 F*Ih eq2q
18.14.9
W"4 6-0 0 o+d gr/4(&)ei*/4

18.14.10
Wt.=cl* ea= -4 0 $= -* i / 4 ~ ie4q2u4)

@ @' f U

18.14.11
4 $(&+ 2114)(1 + 2 q

18.14.12 er/0(21/16)
sw+z
T P

012 a12 -a
af
18.14.13

2013 441+sec 30" --WG

6 3+/, @ (2013)
3
er/1s(31/~)
(2+fi)""
18.14.14
3014 $(&-29(1+29
 @ @' r U

18.14.15
er/M(21/83)
%I4 ++JG a (fi+ 42)e's14
&4(*+ 43114
e1r/4

18.14.16
%I2 -i/2 eir/4 [hU'2 2
~+!]e-,r/4 e*/16(21/8)eir/4

18.14.17

2413
-i
T dsec 30'-1
eir/4 4 263- 3 2+
-;[ @ (24/3)]fi er/oeir/4(39

P 3 1;1-
18.14.18
-42 (a-m
eOr/M(21/P)
a (fi- 42)ei.14 &4(&- .,/2)1/4 eir/4
32014

Duplication Formulas 18.14.24

18.14.19 @ (22) W'(;)=@'(s)r[a@(z)+alJ@(z)-~
=[ ~ ~ w + +mI 4w[ 4 @ 2 ( ~ ) - 1 1 1
-[2@(2> -4 1amF4
18.14.20
-2P3I2(z) (See [18.13].)
p 'w=(P+ 1)(~-6~+1)/[32@'3(41, P = ~ @ ~ ( Z )
[Use - on OZW
~<, -t- on w5z<2w]
18.14.21 {(22)=2{(2) +6@2(z)-' Complex Multiplication
2@ '(2)
18.14.25 @(iZ)' -@(2)
18.14.22 u(2z)= -Q2 ' ( z ) d (2)
Bisection Formulas (O<z<Zo)
18.14.26 @ '(iz)=i@ '(2)
18.14.23
18.14.21 I(iz)= --it( 2)
@ (3
=[@%>+ {@(2>+3141 [@*(X)f {@(2>-+PI
18.14.28 u( iz)=iu( 2)

The above equations could be used as follows,

[Use + on OZW
~<, - on w52<2w] e g . : If z were real, iz would be purely imaginary.
660 WEIERSTRASS ELLLPTIC AND RELATED FTJNCI!IONB

2
Near zero: @'(z)=-+i
-2
Near zo:@'(z)= -(2- 20)
ca
2 +

-2
@'(z)=,+s+*
z @'M=-(z-2 zo)+3( z40
-zo)*+ 4

h(z)
1
Near zero: f(z)=-+tl
Z
1 2-d
1(2)=;-@$-1' 121<

Near zo: {(z)=~~+(-2- &la

12 +SI
I2- zol <&
(z-zo)* (z-zo)' ; ac
f(Z)=So+ 1
2 560

4 9
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FWNCl'IONS 661
Coefficients for Laurent Series for @, @', and 5

- (c,=O for m odd)

k EXACT @k APPROXIMATE Qr
-
1 1/20 .os
2 1/(3*20')= 1/1200 .8333 . . x10-'
3 2/(3-13*2@)= 1/156000 .641026 641025 . . . X10-6
4 5)(3.13.17.204)
5/(3*13-17.204) = 1/21216000 .47134 23831 07088 98944x10-7
5 2/(3'*13*17*2W) = 1/(31824X1W)
6 10/(3'.13'*17*20')
1-_,\_ I (4964544x 11W)
n I (28. I-_32.17.206) = 11/(4964544X W)
7 1/(7998432x
4/(3.13*.17.29.207) = ij(7998432 X 107) .12502 45048 02941 37661X10-1*
8 2463/(3'*11.13*.17'*29.208) =968203125/(1262002599X 10") .75927 19109 76468 59917X10-16
9 2.5.7.61/(3a. 138. 17t-29.37.200)= 833984376/(18394643943X 1017)
2.5.7.61/(38.13a.17t-29.37.200) .46338 43633 93461 06092X 10-l8

Other Series Involving @ Other Series Involving @'

Reversed Series for Large I @I Reversed Series for Large I @ 'I
18.14.38
18.14.29
2=( @ -1)1'2 [1+5+-+-+-
w d 5 d 35w4
6 26 136

3 d 231w' 429w7 1 9 W 18.14.39 A = P , v=Au416, and z is in the

+8+400+464+128 Fundamental Triangle (Figure 18.13) if @' has
an appropriate value.
12155~~+46189w~~+~(
'4736 10496 w") I
] Series near lo
18.14.40
18.14.30 w= @-2/8, and z is in the Fundamental
Triangle (Figure 18.13) if @ has an appropriate
value.
Series near lo
18.14.41 W= (2- zO)'/2O
18.14.42

18.14.32 x= (2- 20)2/2 18.14.43 u=4@'4

18.14.33 x=-[w+- z ~ +-+-+
a 7Wb 1 1 ~ 7 O(w@)] Series near w
5 75 195 18.14.44
w=2@
Series near o
18.14.34 18.14.45 x=(z-w)
18.14.46

18.14.35 v= (2- w)2/2

18.14.36

r 6Zp 8$ 1729
v=y 1-y+---+-
5 5 7 5
Other Series Involving
Reversed Seriem for Large
18.14.47 z=T-'
18.14.37 18.14.48 v=p112
 662 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Series near i o Economized Polynomials (01~11.86)

18.14.49 6
1 6 2 V 2 d 18.14.57 2@(x)=Ca,z"" +c(x)
(t-to)=2 ( ~ - 2 ~ )---+---
~ +0(~4)]? 0
l C 7 33 39
3
18.14.50 v=(z-z,,)~/~o I+) < I 2 x 10-7
Series near u ao=(-l)9.99999 98 a4=(-8)4.81438 20
18.14.51 ai= (-2)4.99999 62 a5= (- 10)2.29729 21

(p-) x x3
=------ x5 x7 59 %= (-4p.33352 77 aa= (-12)4.94511 45
2 6 20'70-240 %=(-6)6.49412 86
-__----
xll
o(x17),
11~13 216
825 31200 97503-
6
18.14.52 x= (2--0)
18.14.58 ."@'(x) =~~,x*"+E(x)
0
18.14.53
x.w--+---+---
23 7w6 13w' 929w9 1 9 4 ~ " 942883d3 lc(x)1<4X10-7
3 30 63 4536 891 + 3891888 ao= -2.00000 00 a,= (-7)6.58947 52
+0(w'5) a.l=~-~)l.ooooo02 a5=(-9)5.59262 49
18.14.54 w=-~({-v) %=(-3)4.99995 38 a6=(-11)5.54177 69
Series Involving u a,=(-5)6.41145 59
18.14.55
a=Z----
26 3'2' 3 . 2 3 ~ ' ~3 . 1 0 7 ~ ' ~33-7*23-37~21
6
2.5! 22-9!+2a.13!+2'.17! + 25.21!
18.14.59 xt(x)=Can2++ t(x)
0
32*313.503~" - 3'.7-685973~~
+ 28-25! 2'.29! +O(P)
(t(X)l<3Xlo-s
18.14.56 ao=(-1)9.99999 99 a.4=-(-9)2.57492 62
d 4 17*113d3
z=u+-+-+
24*34j 2'.3-7 213-34-7.11.13 al= -(-2)l.66666 74 ai= -(-11)5.67OO8 00
122051~'' 5.13~'~ %=-(-4)1.19036 70 a6=(-13)9.70015 80
-17+2"-32.11-19+o(p)
+21g-35.71-11 a,=-(-7)5.86451 63
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 663

18.15.2 A=-1, gz=-1, g3=0 18.15.4

18.15.3 &(O) =R21/4eir/8, tp3(0)=RetrI8, &(O) =Re-1r/8,

Hl=-i/a, H2=+,
H3=i/4, m=3, q = k r f 2 18.15.5 where R= Jw ~21,

@ @I I U

18.15.6 w = w I i/2 0 H72-72') e-i-14erI8 (21/4)

18.15.7 y 0 0 7z=r/2w e*IG
18.15.8 w'=y -it2 0 Hva+vz.') ei*/4e*I8('21/4)
18.15.9 y' 0 0 72'= -27) W Y )

Relations with Lemniscatic Values

18.15.10 @(z; -1, O)=i@(zefr/';
18.15.11 @'(z; -1, O)=e""'@'(zefr/';
1, 0)
1, 0) I 18.15.12 {(z; -1, O)=efr/'{(zefr/';
18.15.13 a(z; -1, O)=e-'r~'u(~**~4;
1, 0)
1, 0)

Numerical Methods
18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Lemniscatic Case
(a) Given z=z+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find @(@',{,u) more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
a-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Five terms give at least six
significant figures, six terms at least ten. @, {-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0, (if (z(<l, four
terms give at least eight significant figures for @, nine for {; five terms at least ten significant figures for
@, eleven for {). Use Taylor's series directly "near" q,. Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or
eight significant figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain @ (z),@'(z) and/or {(z)
as appropriate. To get @(iy), @'(iy) and/or {(iy), use Laurent's series for "small" y, otherwise use
economized polynomials to compute @(y), @'(y) and/or {(y), then use complex multiplication to
obtain @ (iy), @'(iy) and/or {(iy). Finally, use appropriate addition formula to get @ (z) and/or l(z).
@'-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if z<l 1, four terms give at least $ix significant figures,
five terms at least eight significant figures). Elsewhere, either use economized polynomials and addition
formula as for @ and {, or get @ '2=4@3- @ and extract appropriate square root (g@'20).
(b) Given @(@', {, a) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant fiEsures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series-
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
Example 2. Equianharmonic Case
(a) Given z=z+iy in the Fundamental Triangle, find @ (@', I, a) more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
a-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle. Four terms give at least eleven
significant figures, five terms at least twenty one.
@,{-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if 1, four terms give at least 10s for @, 11s for {;
five terms at least 13s for @, 14s for {). Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or eight significant
figures are insuffcient) use economized polynomials to obtain @ (z), @'(z) and/or S(z), as appropriate.
To get @ (iy), @'(iy) and/or {(iy), use Laurent's series. Then us3 appropriate addition formula to get
@(z) and/or Hz).
664 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCIIONS

@'-Use Laurent's series directly "near" 0 (if Izi< 1, four terms give at least 8S, five terms at least
11s). Elsewhere, either proceed aa for @ and 6, or get @'2=4@a-1 and extract appropriate square
root (JJ@ ' 20).
(b) Given @ (@',{,a) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
Example 3. Given period ratio a, find parameters m (of elliptic integrals and Jacobi's functions
of chapter 16) and p (of 9 functions).
m-In both the cases A>O and A<O, the period ratio is equal to K'(m)/K(m)(see 18.9). Knowing
K'IK, if 1< K'/K$3, use Table 17.3 to find m; if K'/K>3, use the method of Example 6 in chapter 17.
An alternative method is to use Table 18.3 to obtain the neceasary entries, thence use
m= (&-ea)/(el-ea) in w e A>O,
m=3--3e&H2 in case A<O.
q-In both the cases A>O and AO <, the period ratio determines the exponent for p[p=e-*" if A>O,
p = i ~ f l /if~ AO
< .] Hence enter Table 4.16 [e-, 2=0(.01)1] and multiply the results as appropriate
[e.g, , e-' .nr= (e-*) '(e- .'*)I
Determination of Valuee at Half-Periods, Invariante and Related Quantities from Given Periods (Table 18.3)

A>O OA
<
Given w and w', form d / i w and enter Table 18.3. Given wl and w', form w'liw, and enter Table
Multiply the results obtained by the appropriate 18.3. Multiply the results obtained by the appro-
power of u (see footnotes of Table 18.3) to obtain priate power of wl (see footnotes of Table 18.3)
value desired. to obtain value desired.
Example 4. Faample 4.
Given 0=10, w ' = l l i , find et, gt, and A. Given *=lo, ~ ' = 1 1 3 , find et, gt, and A.
Here w'/iw=l.l, so that direct reading of Table so that direct reading of Table
Here d/&=l.l,
18.3 gives 18.3 gives
el(l)=1.6843 041 el(l) = -.2l66 25764-3.0842 589;
e2(l)=-.2166 258 (=-el-es) &(l)=.4332 5152= -29?(el)
ea(l)=-l.4676 783 e&) =&(U
g2(1)=10.0757 7364 g2(l) = -37.4874 912
ga(1) =2.1420 1000. ga(1) = 16.5668 099.
Multiplying by appropriate powers of @=lo we Multiplying by appropriate powers of %=lo
obtain w0 obtain
el=.01684 3041 el= -..00216 62576+.03084 25893
e2= -.00216 6258 e2=.00433 25152
ea= -.01467 6783
-
es=el
g2=1.O075 77364 x p=-3.7487 4912 x lo-'
ga=2.1420 1000 x gae1.6566 8099 x lo-'
whence whence
A=8.9902 3191 x A=-6.0092 019 x lo-'
 Example 5. (A>O) Example 5. O
)A
<(
Given w=lO, w'=553, find q, q', a(w), u(w') Given w=lOOO, w,'=1004i, find ql, qz', u(w),
and u ( w ) . u(w') and u(w').
Forming w'/iw=5.5 and entering Table 18.3 we
obtain 1= .82246704, u(w) = .96045 40. using With 4 i w = 1.004, four point interpolation in
Legendre's relation we find q'=qw'-&/2=2.9527 Table 18-3gives 72-1.5626 756,&= -1.5726 6643,
723i. Since interpolation for u(w') and u(w+w') u(w)=l.l805 028, u(w;)=1.1901 52i and u(w')
is diflicult,, use is made of 18.3.15-18.3.17 together =~ 7 5 0 8 +
4 ,4767173.
with 18.3.4 and 18.3.6. VdUB of gi, g3 and el Can MdtiplSing the results obtabed by the appm-
be read directly to eight significant figures and eS
to about five significant figures giving gz=8.1174 Piate Powem Of Y gives ~ ~ = * 0 0 1 526756,
6 7;
243, ga=4.4508 759, e1=1.6449 341, and ea =--.00157 266% d0a)=1180-5028, (.w);
= -32247. Use of 18.3.6 'elds H8=.00174 69 =1190.1523 and u(w')=475.084+476.717d
3:
and H1=.00174 693. App 'cation of 18.3.15-
18.3.17 yields u(w')/3=.0071177 and u(m)
= -.002016--01055i. Multiplying the results
obtained by the appropriate powers of w we ob-
tain q=.08224 6704,7'=.29527 7233, u(w) ~ 9 . 6 0 4 5
40, u(w')=.O711773 and u(w)=-.02016-.1055i.

A>O
Given g>lO and g3>0 such that A=$-27&>0
-(ifga=O, [w'l=w; see lemniscatic case), compute
gl=gg;2/a. From Table 18.1, determine wg:/'
and wg'",' thence w and w'.
Example 6.
Given g2=10, g3=2, find w and w.' With g2=
gg3-2m=6.2996 05249, from Table 18.1 wg:/'=
1.1267 806 and w'g3"'=1.2324 2953 whence w=
1.003847 and w'= 1.0979703.
O< A
Given g1 and ga>O such that A=$-27&<0 (if
ga=O,Jw'l=w,; see seudo-lemniscatic case), com-
pute gl=ggrZD. &om Table 18.1, determine
Uzgall' and w,'galtd, thence w, and w,'.
Example 6.
'-
Given 2=-10, g3=2, find w, and 4. With
-gZ=g293-2 --1011.5874 0105= -6.2996 053, from
TabIe 18.1 0lga~~'=1.5741 349 and ~.&~lJ8=1.7124
3963 whence w,=1.40239 48 and W;=1.52561 O2i.

Example 7. Example 7.
Given g2=8, gs=4, find w and w.' With Given g2=7, a=6, find w and W;.
Pi =g2gs-2m=3.1748 02 104, from Table 18.1 WJ/~= With 5i=gig3-"=7/3.3019 2725=2.119974, from
1.2718 310 and ~'ga'/"=1.8702 4253 T d l e 18.1 w~g2/'=1.3423 442 and w~'ga'"=3.1441
whence W= 1.009453 and w'= 1.4844133. 141i whencew=.99579 976 and 4=2.33241 83i.
666 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
Method 1 (aa accurate as desired)
If both x and y are small,(point in double-cross hatched region) use Laurentsseries in z directly.
If either x or y is large,))use Laurentsseries on Ox, then on Oy and finally use an addition formula.
(For@ an alternative is to get @, then compute the appropriate root of @ 2=4@3-g2@-g,; see 18.8.)
A X
Method 2 (for @ or @ only)
Compute ei(i=1,2,3) (if only g2, g3 are given
use Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get e, in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given, use Table 18.3
directly). In any case, obtain m(=[e2-e3]/
[el-e3]), thence Jacobis functions sn(z*lm),
cn(z*lm), dn(z*lm), from 16.4 and 16.21 and
@ or @ from 18.9.11-18.9.12.
Method 3 (accuracy limited by Table 4.16 of
e-*= and by the method of getting periods).
Obtain periods, their ratio a, then q=e-* from
Table 4.16. Hence get 6,(0), i=2,3,4 from
truncated series 18.10.21-.23. Compute appro-
priate 6 functions for z=x and for z=iy, whence
get P(4, @b) and/or tC4, @(i~), @(iy)
and/or t(iy), then use an addition formula (if
either x or y is small, it is probably easier to
use Laurentsseries).
Example 8. Given z=.07+.li, g2=10, g3=2,
fmd @.
Using Laurentsseries directly with
C2= .5
c3= .07142 85714
c4= .Of4333 33333
CS= .00974 02597
z - ~ =-22.97193 820-63.06022 25i
+ c ~ z ~ = - .00255 OOO+ .00700 OOi
+C3Z4=- .00001 214- .00001 02;
+c&=+ .OOOOO 024- .OOOOO O l i
@ (z)= -22.97450 010-63.05323 28i.
Example 9. Given z=15+73i, g2=8, g3=4,
find @. From Example 7, 0=1.009453, w=
1.484413;. From Table 18.3, e1=1.61803 37,
ea=-.99999 96, whence m=.14589 79. From
18.2.18 with M=7 and N=24, @(.867658+
1.748176i)=@(15+73i). Since z lies in R2, by
18.2.31 @(15+73i)=5(.867658+1.22065i).
From 16.4 with z*=1.40390+1.97505i1sn(z*lm)
=2.46550+1.96527.3. Using 18.9.11, @ (15+73i)
- 57743 f .067797i.
-_
OA
<
Method 2 (for @ or @ only)
Compute e2 and HZ(if only are given, use
Table 18.1 to get the periods, then get el: in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given use Table 18.3
directly). In any case, obtain m(=%-3e2/4H2)
thence Jacobis functions sn(zlm), cn(zIm),
dn(z]m),from 16.4 and 16.21 and @ or @ from
18.9.11-18.9.12.
Method 3 (accuracy limited as in the case A>O).
Obtain periods, their ratio a, thence ~ ~ = e - ~ l ~
from Table 4.16. Then proceed as in the case
A>O, using corresponding formulas.
Example 8. Given z=.1+.03i, g2=-10, g3=2,
find@.
Using Laurentsseries directly with
C2=-.5
~3=.0714285714
c4= A0333 33333
~-~=76.59287 938-50.50079 960i
c~z=-.00455 000 - .00300 OOOi
C3Z4= f.Ooooo 334+ .ooooo 780i
c,z@=-.ooooo002 + .ooooo 01 li
@ (2) =76.58833 270-50.50379 169i.
Example 9. Given z=1.75+3.6ij g2=7,g3=6,
find @. From Example 7, wz=.99579 98, d=
2.33241 83i. Using 18.2.18 with M=l, N = l ,
@(1.75+3.6i)=@(-.24159 96-1.0648363)=
@ (.24159 96 +1.0648 36;). With A< 0 from Table
18.3,el=-31674 362-k.501209Oi, e2=1.63348724,
e3=-231674 362--50120 9Oi whence m=.01014
3566, Hi=1.58144 50, so that zf=2zHt=.76415
294-3.367959i. From 16.4, cn(z(m)=4.00543 66
-12.32465 69;. Applying 18.9.11,@ (1.75+3.6i)
--.960894-.383068i.
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS 667
A>O OA
<
Example 10. Given w= 10, 0=20i, find Example 10. Given %=5, 4 = 7 i find
{(9+19i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and @(3+2i) by use of theta functions, 18.10 and
addition formulas. addition formulas.
For the period ratio a=w/wi=2with the aid of With the use of Table 4.16 and 18.10.2, q=h-*r
Table 4.16, q=e-2*=.00186 74427. = .11090 12784;.

{
Using the truncated approximations 18.10.21- The theta functions are computed for argument
18.10.23 we compute the theta functions for zero using 18.10.21-18.10.23 a n d the theta
argument zero. Using 16.27.1-16.27.4 we com- functions for arguments ul and v2 corresponding
pute the theta functions for arguments 8 where to z=zl+z2using 16.27.1-16.27.4. Using 18.10.5-
z=z and z=iy. Then, with 18.10.kl8.10.7 18.10.6 together with 1810.10, we find @ (3)=
together with 18.10.9 and 18.10.18 we obtain .lo576 946, @(2i)=-.24497 773, @(3),=
{(9)=.09889 5484, {(19i)=-.00120 0155i, -.07474140, @(2i)=-.25576 007;. The addi-
@(9)=.01706 9647, @(9)=-.00125 8460, tion formula 18.4.1 yields @(3+2i)=.01763 210
@ (19i)=-.00861 2615, @(19i)=-.00003 757i. -.07769 187i, and 18.4.2 yields @(3+2i)=
Using the addition formula 18.4.3, we obtain -.00069 182 t.04771 305;.
{(9+ 19i)= .07439 49- .00046 88i.
Use of Table 18.2 in Computing @, @,for Special Period Ratios
If the problem is reduced to computing @, @ , in the Fundamental Rectangle for the case when the
real half-period is unity and pure imaginary half-period is ia, for certain values of a Table 18.2 may be
used. Consider @ as an example. If lzl is small,then use Laurentsseries directly for @ (2) [invar-
iants for use in the series are given in Table 18.31.
If z is largeand y smalluse Table 18.2 to obtain 2@ (z) and 2@(z), thence @ (2) and @(z) ;
use Laurentsseries to obtain @ (iy) and @(iy); finally, use addition formula 18.4.1.
For z smalland y large,reverse the procedure. For both 2 and y large,use Table 18.2 to
obtain @(z), @(x), @ (iy) and @(iy), thence use addition formula 18.4.1.
Similar procedures apply to @or {. For @, one can also first obtain @, then compute @
=4@3-g2@-g3 and extract the appropriate square root (see 18.8 re choice of sign for @).
A>O A< 0
Example 11. Compute @(.8+i) when a=1.2. Example 11. Compute @(.9+.li) for a=1.05.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurentsseries 18.5.1-4 with Using Table 18.2 or Laurentsseries 18.5.1-4 with
g2=9.15782 851 and g2=-42.41653 54 and
g3=3.23761 717 from Table 18.3, g3=9.92766 62 from Table 18.3,
@ (.8) = 1.92442 11, @ (.9)= .34080 33,
@(A) = -2.76522 05, @ (.9)= -2.164801,
@(i)= -1.40258 06 and @ (.li)= -99.97876,
@(i)=-l.19575 58i. Using the addition for- @ (.li)= -2000.4255i. With the addition for-
mula 18.4.1 mula 18.4.1
@ (.8 +i)= -.381433- .149361i. @ (.9f.li)= .231859-.215149i.
Example 12. Compute {(.02+3i) for a=4. Example 12. Compute @(.4+.9i) for a=2.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurentsseries 18.5.1-5 with Using Table 18.2 or Laurents series 18.5.1-4,
g2=8.11742 426 with
g3~4.45087587 g2=4.54009 85,
from Table 18.3, g3=8.38537 94
{(.02)=49.99999 89, from Table 18.3,
@ (.02)=2500.00016, @ (.4)=6.29407 07,
@(.02)= -249999.98376, @(.4)=--30.99041,
((34 = .89635 173i, @(.9i)=-l.225548,
@ (3i)= -.82326 51 1, @,(.9i)= -3.19127 03;.
@ (3;) = -.00249 829i. Using the addition formulas 18.4.1-2,
Applying the addition formula 18.4.3, @(.4+ .9i)= 1 .lo519 76 -.56489 OOi.
{(.02+3i) = .016465+.89635i.
668 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCi?IONS

Computation of u for Given s and Arbitrary gn and g3

(or periods from which g2 and ga can be computed-in any case, periods must be known, at least
approximately)
F h t reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point z in the Fundamental Rectangle
(see 18.2). After final reduction let z denote the point obtained.
A>O < 0
A
If Wz>u/2 orl If 9%2>~/2 or
Iz>d/4, use duplication formula as in case
Iz>u/2, use duplication formula A>O. Otherwise, use Maclaurin series for u
directly.
U(2) = - @ (42)u(zp) ,

obtaining 4 4 2 ) by use of Maclaurin series for u

and @(z/2) by method explained above. Other-
wise, simply use Maclaurin series for u directly.
An alternate method is to use theta functions 18.10 first computing p and 9,(0), i=P, 3,4.
A 4
Example 13. Compute u(.4+1.3i) for g2-8, Example 13. Compute u(.8+.4i) for g2=7,
g8=4. From Example 7 , u=1.009453 and u ga=6. From Example 7, ~ = . 9 9 5 7 9 976, ui
=1.4844133. Since I2>0/2, the Maclaurin se- =2.33241 83i. Since 9z>u2/2, the Maclaurin
ries 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(2/2)=u(.2+.65i) series 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(2/2)=0(.4+.23)
=.19543 86+.64947 28i, the Laurent series 18.5.4 =.40038 019+.19962 017i, the Laurent series
to obtain @(.2+.65i)=5.02253 80-3.56066 93i. 18.5.4 to obtain @(.4+.2i) =-3.70986 70
The duplication formula 18.4.8 gives ~(.4+1.3i) +22.218544i. The duplication formula 18.4.8
=.278080+ 1.2727856. gives u(.8$ .4i)=.81465 765-t.38819 473i.
Given u ( P l @, l) corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Rectangle, as well as g2 and or
the equivalent, find z.
Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use of any of the given (truncated) reversed
series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the seriw. For greater accuracy, use inverse
interpolation procedures.
If the given function does not correspond to a value of z in the Fundamental Rectangle (see Con-
formal Maps) the problem can always be reduced to this case by the use of appropriate reduction for-
mulas in 18.2. This process is relatively simple for @(@, more difficult for the other functions (e.g. if
A>O and @=a+$, where b>O, simply consider F = a - $ and find z, in R, [Figure 18.11; then com-
pute zz=T1+20,the point in R2 corresponding to the given @).
A>O OA
<
Example 14. Given @=l-i, g2=10, ~ 3 ~ 2 , Example 14. Given @ =l+i, g2=-lO, ga=2,
find z. Using the first three terms of the reversed find z. From Example 6, ~=l.40!239 48 and
series 18.5.25 zl = .727 + .4235. The Laurent series ~:=1.5256102i. Since b>O, z exists in R2 and z
18.5.1 gives is computed with @. - Using 18.5.25 with az=-
@ (21)= @ (.727 +.423i)=.825- 3953 1.25, ~ a =25, u=[( @)-J1I2 and the coefficients e,
and from Example 8
@(h)= @ (.697+ .393i)= .938- 1.038i. 2u= 1.55377 39734- .64359 424933
Inverse interpolation gives Q U ~ = .08044 9281 -.19422 17466i
z:=.707+ .380i. Repeated applications of the
above procedure yield z=.706231+ .3798933. ~au~=--.O19619359+.00812 660473

e=-
3
.lo115 7160-.04190 06673i
 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
Example 15. Given c=10-153, gz=8, g3=4,
find z. Using the reversed series 18.5.90 with
&=-.13333 333,
A,= -.02857 14286,
u= .03076 923076+.04615 3846153
A6ub=-.OOOOO 001402+ .OOOOO 0068603
= -.OOOOO 000004-.OOOOO 000003i
A~u
Z= .03076 921670+.04615 3914723.
Methods of Computation of @ (@, or u) for Given
5 and Given 82, g3 (or the equivalent), with the Uee
of Automatic Digital Computing Machinery
(a) Integration of Differential Equation
@ and @may be generated for any z close
enough to a known point z*(@ (z*) and@(z*)
being given) by integrating @=6 g2-gZ/2.
A program to do this on SWAC, via a modifica-
tion of the Hammer-Hollingsworth method
(MTAC, July 1955, pp. 92-96) due to Dr. P.
Henrici, exists at Numerical Analysis Research,
UCLA (code number 00600, written by W. L.
Wilson, Jr.). The program has been tested
numerically in the equianharmonic case, using
integration steps of various sizes. For example,
if one starts with z*=oa, using an integration
step(h,k), where h and k are respectively the
horizontal and vertical components of a step,
with (h,k) having one of the six values (k2h0,0),
(fho,fko), b=oa/2OOO, k0=)4/2000, one can
expect almost 8s in @ and 7 s in @ after 1000
steps, unless z is too near a pole.
(b) Use of Series
The process of reducing the computation prob-
lem to one in which z is in the Fundamental
Rectangle can obviously be mechanized. Inside
the Fundamental Rectangle the direct use of
Laurentsseries is appropriate when the period
669
A< 0
Stopping with the term in 21) zl=..81+.233.
Assuming Az=-.03-.013, using 18.5.1, @(.81+
.233)=.91410 95-.86824 37i, @ (.78+.22i)=
1.03191 60- .91795 22i; with inverse interpolation
z:*)=. 77254- .2404i. Repeated applications of
inverse interpolation yield z=. 772247-.239258{.
Example 15. Given u=.4+.13, g2=7, g3=6,
find z. Using the reversed series 18.5.70 with
y2=.14583, y3=.05
u=+.40000 OOO+.lOOOO 0003
?d=
5
+.00011 783+.00032 6963
~ = - . O O O O O 208+.00001 4323
7
3 Y V-
-----.OOOOO 093+.00000 1263
14
192y3u11=-.00000013+.00000 006i
55
z=.40011 469+.10034 2603
ratio a is not too large. However, if aZ&(A>O)
or ah245(A<O), the series will diverge at the
far corner of the Fundamental Rectangle, so that
use may be made of an appropriate duplication
formula. Alternatively, one may compute the
functions on Ox and Oy, then use an addition
formula. Even so, the series will diverge at
z=ia if a22(A>O) and at 2=ia/2 if ah4(A<O).
For great accuracy, multiple precision operations
might be necessary. Double precision floating
point mode has been used in a program, written
for SWAC, to compute @ , @ andc.
For computation of u, use of the Maclaurin
series throughout the Fundamental Rectangle is
probably simplest (series converges for all z).
Mention should be made of the possible use of
the series defining the 9 functions. These series
converge for all complex v, and the computation
of @, @, and u by 18.10.5-18.10.8 could easily
be mechanized. The series involved have the
advantage of converging very fast, even in case
AO
<, where IpIS e-r/2(qj e- if A>O).
Use of Maps
If the problem (of computing @, @, 5 or CT for
given z) is reduced to the case where the real half-
period is unity and imaginary half-period is one
of those used in the maps in 18.8 inspection of the
670 WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTION8
appropriate figure will give the value of @(z)
[l(z) or a(z)] to 2-3s. If @' is wanted instead,
get @,use 18.6.3 to obtain @ and selectsign (8)
of @' appropriately. (See Conformal Mapping
(18.8) for choice of sign of square root of @"I.
Computation of ~0
Given 92, (or equivalent)
Since 8@ (h)=o, the Laurent's series gives
o=l+~u~+c,ua+c,u'+ . , .
where u=%. We may solve this equation [by
Graeffe's (root-squaring) process or otherwise]
for ita absolutely smallest root [having found an
References
Texts and Articles
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(18.21 A. Erdhlyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
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[18.3] E. Grrreser, Einfiihrung in die Theorie der ellip-
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(18.41 G. H. Halphen, Trait6 des fonctions elliptiques et
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(18.51 H. Hancock, Lectures on the theory of elliptic
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(18.91 D. H. Lehmer, The lemniscate constant, Math.
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(18.101 8. C. Mitra, On the expansion of the Weierstrassian
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(18.111 F. Oberhettinger and W. Magnus, Anwendung der
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(18.131 U. Richard, Osservaeioui sulla bisesione delle
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It.3. 3, 4, 395-397 (1949).
approximation to lzol by Graeffe's process, we
may use the fact that zo=w+iyo(A>O), %=y
+iyo(A<O) to obtain an approximation to 4.
It is noted that yo/w is a monotonic decreasing
function of (period ratio) a2 1 for A>O and
[I ZY~/W>;
2 tlrcmsh @(%.7297)).
yo/@ is a monotonic increasing function of a for
A
O< and
2
[OSYo/%;< ~ C C o S h431
Further data is available from Table 18.2 or from
Conformal Maps defined by ,p(2).
(18.141 E. 5. Selmer, A simple trisection formula for the
elliptic function of Weierstrass in the equian-
harmonic case, Norske Vid. Selsk. Forh. Trond-
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[18.15] J. Tannery and J. Molk, ElCments de la thhrie des
fonctions elliptiques, 4 vols. (Gauthier-Villam,
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(18.17 F. Tricomi, Fundoni ellittiche, 2d ed. (Bologna,
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[18.18] C. E. Van Orstrand, Reversion of power series,
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Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Guidcs, C o l l e c t i ~of~Formulae, ctc.
118.201 P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of
elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists,
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118.211 A. Fletcher, Guide to tables of elliptic functions,
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[18.22] S. Flolgge, Handbuch der Phyaik, vol. 1, pp. 120-
146 (Springer-Verhg, Berlin, Germany, 1966).
[18.23] H. Kober, Dictionary of conformal representations
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[18.24] L. M. Milne-Thomson, Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1960).
[18.26] K. Weierstrsss and H. A. Schware, Formeln und
Lehrsiitse sum Gebrauche der elliptischen Funs
tionen. Nach Vorleaungen und Aufseichnungen
dea Herm K. Weierstrass bearbeltet und
herauegegeben von H. A. Schwarr, 2d ed.
(Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1893).
 WEIERSTRMS ELLIPTIC AND RELATED P"CI'ION6
Tables
[18.26] Chih-Bing Ling, Evaluation at half-periods of
Weierstrass' elliptic function with rectangular
primitive period-parallelogram, Math. a m p . 149
69, 67-70 (1960). Values of e i (i=l, 2, 3) to 15D
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118.271 E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed., pp. 1W106 (Dover Publications, Inc., New
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agument,@(u),P(u), t(u),u(u),u=~(%)
h 1 mostly 4D.
3
671
[18.28] T. I. Southard, Approximation and table of the
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to 7D . with modified central differences,
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t=.04i(.04~31.3%