International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 5 852 859

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Analysis of the Shape and Fractal Dimension of Medicinal Leaves by using Image
Processing Techniques
1
Mr. K.Nithiyanandhan and 2 Prof.T. Bhaskara Reddy
1
Department of Master of Computer & Applications, Brindavan College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
and Research Scholar, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2
Department of Computer Science & Technology, S. K. University, Anantapuram 515003. AP, India.
*Corresponding authors,1 nithiya_r@yahoo.com
2
bhaskarreddy.sku@gmail.com

Abstract:- Fractal analysis has been applied to describe various aspects connected with the complexity of plant morphology. In this work we
have determined the fractal dimension of leaves. Some plants are considered as important source of nutrition and as a result, these plants are
recommended for their therapeutic values. The common characteristic of such fractal objects is that their length depends on the length scale used
to measure it, and the fractal dimension tells us the precise nature of this dependence. We estimated Fractal Dimension of different kinds of
leaves by looking at their inner structure until to the cellular nucleus.

Keywords: Image Processing, Peepal Leaf Betel Leaf, Hibiscus Leaf medicinal, Digital Image.

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1. INTRODUCTION The use of plants to heal or combat illness is probably as old

Image processing is a method to perform some operations
on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract
some useful information from it. It is a type of signal
processing in which input is an image and output may be as
image or characteristics/features associated with that image.
Nowadays, image processing is one among rapidly growing
technologies. It forms core research area within engineering
and computer science disciplines too.
Image processing basically includes the following three
steps:
Importing the image via image acquisition tools;
Analyzing and manipulating the image;
Output in which the result can be an altered image
or report that is based on image analysis.
There are two types of methods used for image
processing namely, analog and digital image processing.
Analog image processing can be used for the hard copies
like printouts and photographs. Image analysts use various
fundamentals of interpretation while using these visual
techniques. Digital image processing techniques help in the
manipulation of the digital images by using computers. The
three general phases that all types of data have to undergo
while using digital technique are pre-processing,
enhancement, display, have information extraction.
MEDICINAL LEAVES
as humankind. For centuries Native peoples of various
cultures have used plants as medicine for all sorts of healing.
Plants formed the basis of Indian and Chinese medicine for
millennia, and they still are to this day. It is from these roots
that the Western pharmaceutical industry grew to be how
and what it is today. Unfortunately the modern view of
plants is very
different from what it was. We were once connected to
nature, honored and respected nature, and tapped into its
greatest potential, where plants were viewed and appreciated
with utmost reverence. In modern times, we are greatly
disconnected from nature, where we often either fear or
disregard the presence and importance of plants. Most of the
people cannot fathom from using wild edibles today,
whether it as food or medicine. Likewise, most cannot be
bothered to grow some of their own plants for culinary or
medicinal purposes. So we extracted what we wanted out of
plants, synthesized it, and patented the final products as
pharmaceuticals and various formulas were born. We even
modified entire plants and their species, both physically and
genetically, in order to make them more profitable.
Within half of a century we have caused some of the most
destructive damage upon this planetits people, living
beings, and ecosystems.
Plants: Our Food and Our Medicine

Plants have been the part of our lives since the beginning of
time. We get numerous products from plants, most of them
not only good and beneficial for our health, but also crucial
to our existence. In this essay we will explore the connection
between plants, medicine, our food, and modern science.
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We really should be so grateful to plants for the food, health,
and healing remedies they have provided, and continue to
provide us with. Plants have been used as medicine and used
extensively as diverse healing modalities for millennia for
anything from external to internal infections, mental and
emotional imbalances, as well as for every imaginable
physical illness. We have come to use them as teas,
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tinctures, oils, creams, and more. Everything that plants
provide is geared towards both preventing and healing
imbalances, be they acute or chronic. For example, we know
that just by eating a diet high in plant foods, where about
three-quarters of our daily food comes from plants, we can
effectively prevent and/or greatly reduce and/or reverse the
three main chronic diseases of our modern society: cancer,
type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.
A segment of our sciences has focused on deciphering their
role in nutrition, which led us to learn in the past few
decades about a group of compounds
called, phytonutrients beneficial compounds found only in
plants that can help prevent and even heal many diseases.
The cruciferous family of plants, for example, is quickly
gaining status as helping to ward off cancer due to the
phytonutrient groups it contains. Plants also contain
outstanding vitamin and mineral profiles, and are the only
sources of fiber. Finally, plants harness their energy directly
from the sun and aside from the chlorophyll content in the
green parts of plants, there is also living energyChithat
we obtain when we consume or use plants in their freshest,
most unadulterated forms. All of these factors make our
human organism thrive, as intended for us as living beings
on this planet.
Fractals are complex geometric figures made up of small
scale and large-scale structures that resemble one another.
Generally, there are two types: geometric (regular) and non-
geometric (irregular). A geometric fractal consists of large
and small structures that resemble precise duplication of
each other. In irregular fractals, there are also large and
small structures, but they do not resemble each other.
Instead, the structures are geometrically related. Irregular
fractals have many patterns in nature. Fractal geometry
offers simple descriptions of some elaborate fern shapes [1].
Structures that grow by continually repeating simple growth
rules are suitable model for L-systems and fractal analysis
[2],[3],[4]. Talking about fractals we usually think of the
fractal dimension. Topology is a branch of mathematics
which has essentially been developed in 20th century. It
deals with questions of form and shape from a qualitative
point of view. Two the of its basic notions are "dimension"
and "homeomorphism". Topology deals with the way shapes
can be pulled and distorted in a space that behaves like
rubber [5].
2. RELATED WORK
In the review article [6] it is mentioned that on the fractal
dimension can be used to quantify the shape of a natural
curve. Curves with similar degrees of irregularity will tend
to have the same fractal dimension. The fractal exponent
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ISSN: 2321-8169
852 859
describes the complexity of a shape and characterizes the
scale-dependency of the pattern. This article presents an
application of the fractal dimension in the analysis of leaves
shape.
The review article [7] says that on Organisms support
continual exchange with the environment so that they
maintain in a state far from their thermodynamic
equilibrium. The plants maintain themselves under low
entropy conditions, a necessary prerequisite to life. The
concept of fractal dimension to describe structures, which
look the same at all length scales, was first proposed by
Mandelbrot Objects are usually referred to as self-similar to
indicate their scale-invariant structure. The common
characteristic of such fractal objects is that their length
depends on the length scale used to measure it, and the
fractal dimension tells us the precise nature of this
dependence. Estimation of fractal dimension of leaf shape
was recently performed form various authors. The authors
estimated Fractal Dimension of different kinds of leaves
looking at their inner structure until to the cellular nucleus.
In the review article [8] it is proposed for the first time that
there is a relationship between a fractal dimension of the
leaf and a surface density of the image and was concluded
that together with other measures, the fractal dimensions
with surface density function could be used as a new
approach to taxonomical study of plants.
The work [9] remarks that the increasing number of
applications of fractal theory in the environmental sciences
reflects the recognized Importance of spatial and temporal
scale to the study of ecological systems and processes.
The work [10] presents a novel method for detecting rice
leaf disease using image processing technique called fractal
dimension and chaos theory is proposed. The analysis of a
diseased leaf is carried out according to its image pattern
and fractal dimension, and especially box-counting ratio
calculation, and chaos, are applied to be able to identify the
disease patterns self-similarity and to recreate the fractal.
The images self-similarity is the disease infected one which
is same as when it is fully infected. This method is proposed
as preliminary information for the development of an early
detection system or for developing knowledge based expert
system or decision support system.
In [11] it is mentioned that fractal analysis has been to
describe various Applied Aspects connected with the
Morphology of plant complexity. In this work we fractal
dimension of the Determined leaves from three species of
Solanaceae in order to characterize the structure /
architecture of the are these leaves are determined . Samples
for Every species (pepper, tomato and eggplants) have been
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the Collected from the greenhouse of the University of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Iasi.
The leaves Were pressed, scanned and processed with the
Corel Photo-Paint one in order to use the software to Harf
determine the fractal dimension. The results showed that the
fractal dimension of These vegetable leaves increases from
pepper to tomato. But the fractal dimension is a fractional
quantity and it is a direct measure of the relative degree of
complexity of the leave. Tomato leaves and we have
multiple sinuses Suggested That this complexity is related
to the necessity of light penetration through the plant. The
eggplant leaves have Between fractal dimension of the
medium pepper and tomatoes. This Means That this Needs
assure eggplant structure of light and temperature.
3. PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
The main objective of the present study is to make a detailed
analysis of the fractal dimension of different medicinal
leaves in particular, Peepal Leaf, Betel Leaf ,Hibiscus Leaf
etc by using the techniques of image processing
methodologies. Different samples are taken and the
experiments are conducted.
The Medicinal properties of the samples are given briefly in
Table 1.
4. METHODOLOGY
The main goal of preprocessing is to identify the leaf in an
image and discarding all other information other than the
leaf shape and the codes are written in Matlab 7.0/7.4
Version. Study focus on perimeter method.
5. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS
The experiments are conducted on the data, codes are
written using Matlab(7.0/7.4) version . The results are
presented in Tables 2 to 6 and figures 1 to 20 respectively.
Perimeter Method
ISSN: 2321-8169
852 859
In order to determine the perimeter of a leaf, the outline of
the leaf has to be identified. After the image was converted
into a binary image, an edge detector (using the Sobel
approximation to the derivative, returning points where the
gradient of the image is maximum) and boundary maker
(tracing the exterior boundaries of objects) were used to
create an image that is completely black with a pixel wide
white outline of the leaf. This process did not ensure a
continuous boundary and hence a morphing application was
used to bridge pixel gaps in the outline. With noted pixel
locations outlining the leaf, rulers of standard measure
were created by locating pixels x apart and the distance
between these pixels was accumulated to determine the
perimeter. The last distance that closed the outline was
either calculated as stated or was determined by finding the
distance between the last x away point and the first point
used and added to the accumulation of distances to
determine the perimeter. Vlcek and Cheung (1986) state that
Mandelbrot defined the fractal dimension, D, to be an
inverse of a least-squares estimate of the slope of a line
given in the equation: log
N
1Dlog
b where is the
curve segment or ruler, and (N ) is the total length of the
curve, and (1-D) is the slope of the line. Therefore the
fractal dimension is found by subtracting the slope of the
line from 1.
In this work, the attention is focused on Canny Edge
Detection Algorithm only.
The algorithm runs in 5 separate steps:
1. Smoothing: Blurring of the image to remove noise.
2. Finding gradients: The edges should be marked where the
gradients of the image has large magnitudes.
3. Non-maximum suppression: Only local maxima should
be marked as edges.
4. Double thresholding: Potential edges are determined by
thresholding.
5. Edge tracking by hysteresis: Final edges are determined
by suppressing all edges that are not connected to a very
certain (strong) edge.

Table 1
Sl. Name of Medicinal Properties
No the Leaf
01 Castrol oil Cooked with milk, leaves are used as poultices for certain kinds of ulcers. To increase the
Leaf woman's secretion of milk, leaves are pounded and applied over the breast as poultice.
02 Hibiscus Hibiscus leaf contains lots of Vitamin C which when consumed in the form of tea and other
Leaf extracts helps to build immunity to common cold and cough. It will help you to get over
your cold lot more quickly.
03 Papaya The leaves of papaya tree are used for treating nervous pains and elephantoid growths.
Leaf Papaya leaf is used in herbal medicine to remove intestinal worms. Papaya leaf has less of

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the protein-dissolving papain than the fruit, so it is less likely to "dissolve" the worms, but it
contains tannins that the fruit does not
04 Alo vera Aloe vera gel is widely known to relieve sunburn and help heal wounds
Leaf Aloe vera contains many vitamins and minerals vital for proper growth and function of all
the bodys systems. Aloe vera contains antioxidant vitamins A, C and E plus vitamin
B12, folic acid and choline. It provides 12 anthraquinones or compounds known as
laxatives.
05 Brami Leaf A traditional, therapeutic herb native to India, brahmi is commonly used in
Ayurvedic medicine as a memory enhancer, aphrodisiac, and general tonic. Its impact on
cognitive performance has prompted a number of investigations into its positive benefits.
06 Eucalyptus Leaves In both fresh and dried form, leaves of eucalyptus are used as air fresheners and in
Leaf medicinal teas. The dried leaves and oil are used to make medicine. Though
eucalyptus is used medicinally for many purposes, there isn't enough scientific evidence so
far to rate it as effective for any of them. Eucalyptus leaf is used for infections, fever, upset
stomach, and to help loosen coughs.
07 Peepal Leaf This tree of life has also got the medicinal value. The juice of its leaves extracted by holding
them near the fire can be used as the ear drop. Its power bark has been used to heal the
wounds for years.
The leaves are used to treat constipation.
08 Tulasi Leaf Tulsi leaves are widely used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines. It is known to
promote the longevity of life. The extracts obtained from the plant are extensively brought
to use for curing various diseases such as the common cold, inflammation, malaria, heart
disease, headaches etc.
09 Guva Leaf Guava leaves contain an essential oil rich in caryophyllene, nerolidiol, beta bisabolene, arom
and reno, p-selinene. Also contain flavonoids, beta sitosterol, titerpenoides, leucocyanidins
and about 10% of tannins. The high presence of tannins give to Guava antidiarrheal
properties, also have demonstrated pharmacological activity as antibacterial, antioxidant,
antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-anemic, hemostatic and sedative.
10 Karpoora In Ayurveda karpooravalli leaf is used to treat cold and cough. Viral fever also can be
valli Leaf treated with the help of ajwain leaves. These leaves are very beneficial in treating stomach
pain and many other stomach disorders. karpooravalli rasam recipe is one of the best dish to
cure stomach related disorders.
11 Menthi The use of its leaves internally as well as externally is helpful over swelling and burning
Leaf sensation. It stops the falling of hair. This leaf is highly beneficial for treating poor liver
functions and dyspepsia. It is also helpful in treating gastric problems and other intestinal
issues. It is also used for curing dysentery and diarrhea. These leaves are also used in the
powdered form for treating GI issues, as well as allergies or congestion of the upper
respiratory zone
12 Thondakai The leaves, fruit and roots show anti-diabetic effect. Plant leaves are used to treat ring
Leaf worms, scabies, sinuses, UTI and respiratory ailments. Leaves have cooling effect on body
and causes sweating which helps to reduce fever. The leaves are grinded to make paste. This
paste is applied externally on affected area. Excess body heat In case of excessive body
heat, extract five teaspoon juice of ivy-gourd leaves and drinks with a glass of water, thrice a
day for three days.
13 Cotton In Asia and Africa the major disease of cotton is caused by the Cotton leaf curl Gemini virus
Leaf . Leaves of infected cotton curl upward and bear leaf-like enations on the underside along
with vein thickening. Plants infected early in the season are stunted and yield is reduced
drastically. This virus devastated the Pakistan cotton industry in early 1990s where it caused
an estimated yield reduction of 30-35%.
14 Neem Leaf Neem leaf paste is applied to the skin to treat acne, and in a similar vein is used
for measles and chicken sufferers. Practitioners of traditional Indian medicine recommend
that patients suffering from chicken pox sleep on Neem leaves. A decoction prepared from

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Neem roots is ingested to relieve fever in traditional Indian medicine.
15 Bilva Leaf Belpatra means leaves of the Belva tree. Bilva leaves or the Belpatra is an important item
while worshipping Lord Shiva. This leaf is trifoliate which signifies the holy Trinity:
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. It also signifies the three eyes of Lord Shiva. Belpatra has great
medicinal values. It's trifoliate shape signifies the three components or 'gunas' namely the
Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. The Sattva guna is the positive energies while the Tamas is the
negative forces. It is believed that the centre part of the Bilva leaf has the natural
characteristic to attract the Sattva or the positive energies towards itself. So, when a person
affected by negative energies touches the Belpatra, the positive energies are transferred to
him/her.
16 Coriander Coriander leaves when digested turn sweet and alleviate irritations in the intestines. They
Leaf stimulate appetite and help in easy digestion too. They have magnesium, potassium and
fiber in plenty. So regular consumption boosts immunity and purifies blood. They stimulate
insulin production and hence help prevent diabetes. In addition, coriander leaves are rich in
Vitamin C, Vitamin K and protein. They also contain small amounts of calcium,
phosphorous, potassium, thiamin, niacin and carotene.
17 Grape Leaf A single serving of grape leaves is full of nutrients and has a low glycemic . Monitoring
one's glycemic load is important, especially for diabetics, since it measures the effect of food
on blood-sugar levels. A daily total glycemic load target for the average, healthy adult is 100
or less, making grape leaves a healthy choice. Individuals with diabetes or metabolic
syndrome should aim for a lower number.
Grape leaves have been used for centuries and are still used in herbal applications,
particularly red grape leaves. Other uses for grape leaves include the treatment of diarrhea,
heavy menstrual bleeding, uterine hemorrhage, canker sores and excess vaginal discharge.
Native
18 Kongora Gongura are an excellent source of folate and a very good source of vitamin B6, both of
Leaf which are needed to keep levels of homocysteine, a potentially dangerous molecule, low.
They are rich in calcium, iron, zinc and Vitamin A In addition, they also are a very good
source of riboflavin, another important B vitamin for cardiovascular health since it is
necessary for the proper functioning of B6.Gongura leaves are an excellent source of folate,
riboflavin, iron, zinc, anti-oxidants and vitamins A, B6 and C. Gongura is a very rich source
of Iron, vitamins, folic acid and anti-oxidants essential for human nutrition.
19 Oak Leaf It is used to treat diarrhea, dysentary, and rectal bleeding. The tea or infusion can be drunk
to correct diarrhea or dysentary, but can also be used as an enema. At one time, oak enemas
were the primary approach to the treatment of extreme cases of dysentary as it causes a very
rapid correction of the problem. It is effective in the treatment of inflammatory skin
problems, including frostbite and chilblains. Oak bark can be added to bathwater to treat
large areas of damaged skin rather than applying it directly to affected areas.
20 Betel Leaf Betel leaf is an amazing analgesic that offers relief from pain. It can be used to alleviate pain
caused due to cuts, bruises, rashes, inflammation (internal as well as external), indigestion,
constipation, etc. You can simply make a paste of betel leaf and apply to it the bruised area
You can also chew betel leaves and drink its juice to get relief from internal pain.
Betel leaf contains the goodness of antioxidants. Antioxidants clear free radicals from the
body. This restores the normal PH level of an upset stomach

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Figure 1 Castrol oil Leaf Figure 6 Eucalyptus Figure 11 Menthi leaf Figure 16 Coriander

Figure 7

Figure 12

Figure 7 Peepal leaf Figure 12 Thondakai leaf

Figure 2. Hibiscus leaf
Figure 17 Grape leaf

Figure 1

Figure 8 Tulasi Figure13 Cotton leaf

Figure 3 Papaya leaf

Figure 18 Kongora

Figure 14 Neem

Figure 9 Kova leaf

Figure 4 Alo vera Figure 19 Oak

Figure 5 Brami Figure 15 Bilva leaf

Figure 20 Betel Le
Figure 10 Karpoora valli

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Table 2 Fractal Dimension of the medicinal leaves on the (1.0901-1.0173)
Sl. Name of Name of the Value of N Find the Class with Fractal
No the family Name of the Leaf number of pixels regard to Value
Figures that make the Fractal
outline Dimension
01 Figure5 plantaginaceae Brami Leaf 1197 g1 1.0901
02 Figure13 Malvaceae Cotton Leaf 2988 g1 1.0761
03 Figure4 Aloaceae Alo vera Leaf 614 g1 1.0756
04 Figure2 Malvaceae Hibiscus Leaf 1213 g2 1.0596
05 Figure14 Meliaceae Neem Leaf 522 g2 1.0513
06 Figure9 Myrtaceae Guava Leaf 521 g3 1.0435
07 Figure20 Piperaceae Betel Leaf 954 g3 1.0209
08 Figure7 Moraceae Peepal Leaf 1306 g3 1.0203
09 Figure10 Lamiaceae Karpoora valli 2608 g3 1.0173
Leaf

Table 2 displays the fractal value of different species like Brami Leaf, Cotton Leaf , Alovera Leaf, Hibiscus Leaf, Neem Leaf,
Guava Leaf, Betel Leaf, Peepal Leaf, Karpoora valli Leaf with different family. In group g1 the values are lie in the range
1.0901 to 1.0761. Similarly in group g2 the values are lie in the range 1.0596 to 1.0513 and in group g3 the values lie in the
1.0535 to 1.0173.

Table 3 Fractal Dimension of the medicinal leaves on the (1.1960-1.1083)

Sl. Name of Name of the Value of N Find the Class with regard Fractal
No the family Name of the number of pixels that to Fractal Value
Figures Leaf make the outline Dimension
01 Figure19 Fagaceae Oak Leaf 417 g4 1.1960
02 Figure12 Cucurbits Thondai Leaf 382 g4 1.1844
03 Figure6 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Leaf 264 g4 1.1635
04 Figure3 Caricaceae Papaya Leaf 2709 g4 1.1621
05 Figure17 Vitaceae Grape Leaf 560 g5 1.1463
06 Figure1 Euphorbiaceae Castrol oil Leaf 718 g5 1.1372
07 Figure18 Malvaceae Gongora Leaf 396 g5 1.1296
08 Figure11 Fabaceae Menthi Leaf 593 g5 1.1266
09 Figure8 Lamiaceae Tulasi Leaf 282 g5 1.1083

Table 3 displays the fractal value of different species like Oak Leaf , Thondai Leaf , Eucalyptus Leaf , Papaya Leaf, Grape Leaf,
Castroil oil Leaf, Gongora Leaf , Menthi Leaf, Tulasi Leaf with different family. In group g4 the values lie in the range 1.1960 to
1.1621. Similarly in group g5 the values are lie in the 1.1463 to 1.1083.

Table 4 Fractal Dimension of the medicinal leaves on the (1.2120)

Sl. Name of Name of the Value of N Find the Class with regard Fractal
No the family Name of the number of pixels that to Fractal Value
Figures Leaf make the outline Dimension
01 Figure15 Rutaceae Bilva Leaf 852 g6 1.2120

Table 4 displays the fractal value of Bilva Leaf with family. In group g6 the value in the range is 1.2120

Table 5 Fractal Dimension of the medicinal leaves on the (1.7398)

Sl. Name of Name of the Value of N Find the Class with regard Fractal
No the Figures family Name of the number of pixels that to Fractal Value
Leaf make the outline Dimension
01 Figure16 Apiaceae Coriander Leaf 67 g7 1.7398
Table 5 displays the fractal value of Coriander Leaf with family. In group g7 the value in the is 1.7398

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Table 6 Fractal Dimension of the medicinal leaves on the (1.0761-1.1296)

Value of N Class with

Name of the Name of the Name of the Find the number of regard to
Sl.No Fractal Value
Figures family Leaf pixels that make the Fractal
outline Dimension
1 Figure13 Malvaceae Cotton Leaf 2988 g1 1.0761
2 Figure2 Malvaceae Hibiscus Leaf 1213 g2 1.0596
3 Figure18 Malvaceae Gongora Leaf 396 g5 1.1296

Table 6 displays the fractal value of different species like REFERENCES

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT International Journal on Computer Science and
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One of the authors Mr. K.Nithiyanandhan acknowledges 01 Jan 2014.
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Applications, Bangalore, Karnataka and Rayalaseema
method in ampelography : Scientific Papers
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