5 - Induction - Machine

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
SEDE MANIZALES
5 - Polyphase Induction Machines

MQUINAS II: MQUINAS DE CORRIENTE ALTERNA
Interesting web sites and videos
https://www,youtube,com/watch?v=LtJoJBUSe28
http://www,youtube,com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen
&v=Q4FlUP-kJe8
http://www,youtube,com/watch?v=3MbP4t920Is
http://www,youtube,com/watch?v=TXUWXgqEvXo
http://www,youtube,com/watch?v=cIf9iPskgJs
http://www.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/listanimatio
ns.html
2
Mquinas II: Mquinas de Corriente Alterna
Induction Machine Construction
Stator: a three phase winding is put in slots (as in a

synchronous machine stator).
Rotor: may be either of two types:
Squirrel cage type: consist of aluminum or copper bars
embedded in the rotor slots and shorted at both ends by
aluminum or copper end rings.
Wound rotor type: has the same form of the stator
winding (a three phase, n-turns coils and wye connected
winding). The terminals of the rotor winding are
connected to three slip rings in order to modify winding
resistance.
3
Types of Induction Motor Rotors
The squirrel-cage rotor is commonly used when the load requires little
starting torque
A wound rotor is used when the load requires a high starting torque,
A wound rotor must have as many poles and phases as the stator, In
fact, the placement of coils in a wound rotor is no different from that in
the stator
a) Squirrel cage rotor b) Wound rotor

Karady G. 2013 4
Types of Induction Motor Rotors
The three-phase windings on the rotor are internally

connected to form an internal neutral connection
The other three ends are connected to the slip-rings,
With the brushes riding on the slip-rings, we can add
external resistances in the rotor circuit
5
Induction Machines - Stator
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de

ABB Service - Gijn
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de Preformed Windings

ABB Service - Gijn
(form-wound winding)
Voltages >2300v
Winding
Karady G. 2013 6
Induction Machines Squirrel cage Rotor
Barras
Bars EndAnillo
rings
Squirrel cage rotor
Rings
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres

de ABB Service - Gijn
Aluminum bars
Karady G. 2013 7
Induction Machines Squirrel cage rotor
Ferromangetic material
Short circuited end

ring
Copper or aluminum bar
Catlogos comerciales
8
Induction Machines Wound type rotor
L, Serrano: Fundamentos de
mquinas elctricas rotativas
Slip rings
Slip rings
Brushes
Using stationary brushes
pressing against the slip
rings, the rotor terminal
are connected to a
external circuit
L, Serrano: Fundamentos de
mquinas elctricas rotativas 9
Induction Machines
Stator winding connections:
a) Three-phase squirrel cage induction machine

b) Wye connected stator winding
c) Delta connected stator winding
10
Induction Machines
Karady G. 2013 11
Induction Machines - Connections
U1 V1 W1
Terminal
box
U1 V1 W1
Wye
W2 U2 V2 connection
2 estrella
U2 V2 W2
Copper
U1 V1 W1 bars
U1 V1 W1
Delta
W2 U2 V2 connection
U2 V2 W2 Stator windings
12
Induction Machines - Connections
Gmez J. F et al. - 2013

13
Simplified two-pole three-phase stator winding
14
Simplified two-pole three-phase stator winding
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

15
Instantaneous phase currents under balanced three-phase
conditions
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

16
Rotating magnetic field
The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

of three-phase currents
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

17
Exercise
A three-phase, 20 hp, 208 V, 60 Hz, six pole, wye

connected induction motor delivers 15 kW at a slip of 5%.
Calculate:
a) Synchronous speed
b) Rotor speed
c) Frequency of rotor current
18
Induction-motor torque-speed curve
Typical induction-motor torque-speed curve for constant-voltage,
constant-frequency operation
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

19
Currents and fluxes in induction machines
Developed rotor winding of an induction motor with its flux-density and
mmf waves in their relative positions for:
(a) Zero
(b) Nonzero rotor leakage reactance
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

20
Currents and fluxes in induction machines
Reactions of a squirrel-cage rotor in a two-pole field
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

21
Induction-motor equivalent circuit
Since the stator and the rotor windings are coupled

inductively, an induction motor resembles a three-phase
transformer with a rotating secondary winding. Guru B. - 2001
Z2s
E2s I2s
f1 f2
E1= E2s
Gmez J. F et al. - 2013

22
Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction motor
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

23
Rotor equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction motor at slip

frequency
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

24
Single-phase equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction

motor:
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

25
Alternative form of equivalent circuit
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

26
Equivalent circuits with the core-loss resistance Rc neglected

(IEEE recommended equivalent circuit)
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

27
Induction motor efficiency
Power Output
% = x 100%
Power Input
28
Exercise
The frequency of the induced emf in the secondary

winding of an 8 pole, three-phase induction motor is 10
Hz. At what speed does the magneto-motive force (mmf)
of the secondary revolve with respect to the secondary
winding (rotor winding)?
Guru B. - 2001
29
Exercise
A 480 V, 50 hp, three phase induction motor is drawing 60 A at

0,85 pf lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW and the
rotor copper losses are 700 W. The friction and windage losses
are 600 W, the core losses are 1800 W and the stray losses
are negligible, find:
The air gap power.
The converted power.

The output power.
The efficiency of the motor
30
Exercise
A 460 V, 25 hp, 60 Hz, four pole, Y-connected induction

motor has the following impedances:
R1 = 0,641 R2 = 0,332 X1 = 1,106 X2 = 0,464
Xm = 26,3
The total rotational losses (including core losses) are 1100 W for
a slip = 2,2%, find:
(a) The mechanical speed.
(b) The stator current.
(c) Power factor
(d) The converted and output power
(e) The induced and load torque
(f) Efficiency
31
Exercise
The per-phase equivalent circuit parameters of a 208-V, 4-

pole, 60-Hz, three-phase, Y-connected, induction motor are:
R1 = 0,4 , X1 = 0,8 , R2 = 0,3 , X2 = 0,9 , Xm = 40 ,
The core loss is 45 W, the friction and windage loss is 160 W,

When the motor operates at a slip of 5%, determine:
(a) the input current,
(b) the power input,
(c) the air-gap power,
(d) the power developed,
(e) the power output,
(f) the shaft torque, and
(g) the efficiency of the motor,

Guru B. - 2001
32
Torque Characteristic - Thevenins Equivalent
(a) General linear network and (b) its equivalent
at terminals ab by Thevenins theorem,
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

33
Torque Characteristic - Thevenins Equivalent
Induction-motor equivalent circuits simplified by Thevenins

theorem,
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

34
Induction-Machine Speed vs, Torque curve
Developed torque
150
100
50
Torque, N-m
-50
-100
-150
-200
-1300 -800 -300 0 200 700 1200 1700 2200 2700 3200 3700
Speed, rpm
35
Induction-machine speed-torque curve
Induction-machine torque-slip curve showing braking, motor, and
generator regions,
Developed torque
150
100
50
Torque, N-m
0 Braking Motor Generator
-50
-100
-150
-200
-1300 -800 -300 0 200 700 1200 1700 2200 2700 3200 3700
Speed, rpm
36
Induction motor speed-torque curve
Induction-machine motor region torque-slip curve showing starting and
breakdown torques,
Developed torque
140
Pullout or Breakdown torque

120
100
Torque, N-m
80
60
40
20 Starting torque
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Speed, rpm 37
The induction machine torquespeed characteristic

curve gives important information about its operation:
1) The induced torque of the motor is zero at synchronous
speed
2) The torque-speed curve is nearly linear between no

load and full load
3) There is a maximum possible torque that cannot be

exceeded,
This torque, also called the pullout torque or

breakdown torque, is 2 to 3 times the rated full load
torque of the motor
38
The maximum possible torque occurs when the air-gap

power is maximum. Using the Thevenin equivalent and the
maximum power transfer theorem the expression for the
slip at pullout torque and the pullout torque can be found
as:
2
=
2 2
+ + 2
1 3 2
=
2 2
2
+ + + 2
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

39
Effect of changing rotor-circuit resistance
The torque-speed characteristics are greatly affected

by the rotor resistance:
Rotor resistance of squirrel-cage motor is constant
Rotor resistance of wound-rotor can be modified adding
an external resistance:
http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-eee/lectures/3rd/Electrical/Machines%202/IV_I.Machines.pdf
40
The external resistors in the rotor circuit serve two

purposes:
To increase the starting torque and decrease the starting
current from the supply
To control the speed of the motor
http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-eee/lectures/3rd/Electrical/Machines%202/IV_I.Machines.pdf
41
Induction-motor torque-slip curves showing effect of changing
rotor-circuit resistance:
Effect of rotor resistance on developed torque
120
100
80
Torque, N-m
60
40
R2' = R2'
R2'= 0,2
R2'= 0,5
20
R2'= Rcrit
R2'= 2,0
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Speed, rpm
42
Control of Motor Characteristics by Rotor Design
Chapman S, - 2005
(a) NEMA design class A - large bars near the surface;

(b) NEMA design class B - large, deep rotor bars
(c) NEMA design class C - double-cage rotor design
(d) NEMA design class D - small bars near the surface, 43
Deep rotor bar and slot-leakage flux
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

44
Skin effect in a copper rotor bar 2,5 cm deep
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

45
Double-squirrel-cage rotor bars and slot-leakage flux
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

46
Typical torque-speed curves for general-purpose induction motors
http://ecmweb,com/motors/understanding-induction-motor-nameplate-information 47
Induction Motor Performance
The equivalent circuit of the induction motor can be

used to predict the performance characteristics of the
machine.
The most important of those characteristics in steady
state are:
Efficiency
Power factor
Stator and rotor current
Electromagnetic torque
48
Example
Obtain the performance characteristics for a three-phase, 60
Hz, six poles, 230 V, induction motor parameters
(Ohms/phase):
R1 = 0,2268 R2 = 0,12528 X1 = 0,51252
X2 = 0,76878 Rc = 185,1 Xm = 9,8554
VLine= 230V
Fitzgerald A.- 2004

49
The motor efficiency vs, rotor speed characteristic is:
Efficiency
90
80
70
60
Efficiency, %
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Speed, rpm
50
Input power factor vs, rotor speed characteristics is:
Input power factor
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Power factor
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Speed, rpm
51
The motor input current vs, mechanical speed characteristic is:
Input current
150
100
Current, A
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Speed, rpm
52
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system can be

obtained when motor torque equals the load torque, At
this equilibrium speed, motor will operate in steady-state
and the speed (motor-load) is constant:
53
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system
It Is necessary to evaluate the stability of an equilibrium

point from the steady state speed-torque curves of the
motor & load system:
54
Load types
Constant power
Constant torque
Variable torque
http://www,motorsystems,org/task-b/motor-and-load/load-types
55
Motor-load system
56
Motor-load system
http://elektro.get.bme.hu/edu/subjects/BSc-EM/animations/www.machines.cg.ac.yu/ind_opspeed.htm
57
Motor-load system Changing the frequency of the source
58
Motor-load system
A surplus torque should be available throughout the

range, from standstill to the intersection point,
If that is not the case, operation becomes unstable and the
stationary state may change if the speed is too low
One of the reasons for this is that the surplus torque is
required for acceleration
http://www,motorsystems,org/task-b/motor-and-load/load-types
59
Motor-load system
Surplus torque
60
Equivalent Circuit Parameters - The Stator-Resistance Test
This test is performed to determine the resistance of each

phase winding of the stator,
Let R be the dc value of the resistance between any two
terminals of the motor; then the per-phase resistance is:
R1 = 0,5 R for Y connection,
R1 = 1,5 R for connection (to use this value in an
equivalent circuit it is necessary to convert it to a wye

equivalent connection R1 = 0,5R),
The measured value of the resistance may be multiplied by a
factor ranging from 1,05 to 1,25 in order to convert it from its
dc value to its ac value, This is done to account for the skin
effect,
Direct current
source
Induction
machine
61
Equivalent Circuit Parameters - The No-Load Test
In this case the rated voltage is impressed upon the stator

windings and the motor operates freely without any load
Induction Direct-current
Machine Machine
Guru B. - 2001
62
Equivalent Circuit Parameters - The No-Load Test
The no-load test on an induction motor gives information

with respect to exciting current and no-load losses
Pnl PSCL PFW Pcore
Rnl
Xnl
Sen P. C. - 1997
63
Friction and windage losses
3V f2nl

PFW Pcore Pnl 3 I nl2 R1 RC
Pcore
64
Equivalent Circuit Parameters - The Blocked-Rotor Test
This test, also called the locked-rotor test, is very similar to the
short-circuit test of a transformer:
In this case, the rotor is held stationary by applying external
torque to the shaft,
The stator field winding is connected to a variable three-
phase supply,
The voltage is carefully increased from zero to a level at
which the motor draws the rated current,
Autotransformer
Induction Guru B. - 2001
machine 65
Approximated circuit under blocked-rotor test
Sen P. C. - 1997
66
No-load, blocked rotor test and circuit parameters based on IEEE

recommended equivalent circuit :
Sen P. C. - 1997
67
Empirical distribution of leakage impedances in induction motors:
Motor Description X1 X2
class (fraction of X1+X2) (fraction of X1+X2)
A Normal starting torque, 0,5 0,5

normal starting current
B Normal starting torque, 0,4 0,6
low starting current
C High starting torque, low 0,3 0,7

starting current
D High starting torque, 0,5 0,5
high slip
Wound Performance varies with 0,5 0,5
rotor rotor resistance
68
Exercise
The following test results are obtained from a 3, 100 hp,

460 V, 8 pole, Y-connected squirrel-cage induction
machine,
No load test: 460 V, 60 Hz, 40 A, 4,2 kW
Blocked-rotor test: 100 V, 60 Hz, 140 A, 8,0 kW
Average dc resistance between two terminals is 0,152
Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
The motor is connected to a 3, 460 V, 60 Hz supply and
runs at 873 rpm, Determine the input current, input
power, rotor copper loss, mechanical power developed,
output power, and efficiency of the motor.
Guru B. - 2001
69
Exercise
The following data apply to a 125-kW, 2300-V, three-phase, four
pole, 60-Hz squirrel-cage induction motor:
Stator-resistance between two phase terminals = 2,23
No-load test at rated frequency and voltage:
Line current = 7,7 A Three-phase power = 2870 W
Blocked-rotor test at 15 Hz:
Line voltage = 268 V Line current = 50,3 A
Three-phase power = 18,2 kW
A) Calculate the rotational losses + pfe.
B) Calculate the equivalent-circuit parameters in ohms,

Assume that X1 = X2.
C) Compute the stator current, input power and power
factor, output power and efficiency when this motor is
operating at rated voltage and frequency at a slip of 2,95
percent.
70
Motor Nameplate
1.Motor wiring = 3 phase,

2.Design frequency = 50 Hz,
3.Ratings according to IEC frame sizes = IEC 34-1
4.Production number,
5.Power of motor = 15 kW, (Power on the shaft not electric power)
6.Nominal speed = 1450 r/min,
7.Insulation Class = Cl, F,
8.Power factor = Cos F 0,90, (For nnom = 1450 r/min)
http://www,kania-cemerlang,com/VFD,htm 71
Nameplate Ratings
Service Factor (S,F,): indicates permissible loading at rated

nameplate voltage, frequency, etc, (115%)
Insulation Class: specifies maximum temperature rise above
ambient
http://www.arescobuyersclub.com/nameplates.html 72
Nameplate Ratings
6) Frame: external physical dimensions (NEMA standars)

7) Duty: motor load condition (continuous, short time, periodic, etc,.)
10) NEMA rotor design: A, B, C, D etc.
73
Nameplate Ratings
Connection terminal:
74
Locked Rotor Current of an Induction Motor
The magnitude of the Locked rotor current is determined by motor
horsepower and design characteristics. Normally it will be 6 to 7
times of the Motor full Load current.
Normally Motor Name plate contains KVA code or Design Letter.
CODE kVA Range/HP CODE kVA Range/HP

LETTER LETTER
A 0,00 3,14 J 7,10 7,99

B 3,15 3,54 K 8,00 8,99
C 3,55 3,99 L 9,00 9,99
D 4,00 4,49 M 10,00 11,19
E 4,50 4,99 N 11,20 11,49
F 5,00 5,59 O 12,50 13,99
G 5,60 6,29 R 14,00 15,99
H 6,30 7,09
75
Locked Rotor Current of an Induction Motor
For the motor whose nameplate is shown, determine the

expected in-rush current:
76
Starting of Induction Motors
Contactor:
http://i00.i.aliimg.com/wsphoto/v0/765369748/Telemecanique-LC1-D2510-F7N-Motor-Contactor-Starter-Breaker-110V-AC-Contactor.jpg
77
Contactor:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Three-phase_contactor_principle_horizontal.jpg 78
Y- starter:
http://www.electricneutron.com/motor-control/electro-mechanical-star-delta-starter/ 79
Contactor:
https://automatismoindustrial.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/contactor4.jpg 80
http://www.electricneutron.com/motor-control/electro-mechanical-star-delta-starter/ 81
Y- starter:
http://eblogbd.com/starting-methods-of-motor/
82
Review Questions
Define starting torque, breakdown torque, breakdown slip, rated torque,
torque developed, and shaft torque.
How can you minimize the rotor reactance?
How can the starting current be controlled in a wound motor?
Cite possible reasons why a three-phase induction motor fails to start.
Why is an induction motor called an asynchronous motor?
How can the direction of a three-phase induction motor be reversed?
What happens to the speed of an induction motor if the load is
increased?
What is the effect of increase in rotor reactance on the starting current?
On the maximum torque?
What happens to the speed-torque characteristic of an induction motor if
the rotor resistance is increased?
Is it possible for an induction motor to operate as an induction
generator? If yes, how can it be done?
Is it always possible to start an induction motor by applying the rated
voltage? Guru B.- 2001
83
Exercise
A 500-kW, 2400-V, four-pole, 60-Hz induction machine has

the following equivalent-circuit parameters in ohms per
phase Y referred to the stator:
R1 = 0,122 R2 = 0,317 X1 = 1,364 X2 = 1,32 Xm = 45,8
It achieves rated shaft output at a slip of 3,35 percent with
an efficiency of 94,0 percent.
The machine will be used as a generator, driven by a wind
turbine. It will be connected to a distribution system which can
be represented by a 2400-V infinite bus.
a) From the given data calculate the total rotational and core
losses at rated load.
b) With the wind turbine driving the induction machine at a
slip of -3,2 percent, calculate (i) the electric power output in
kW, (ii) the efficiency (electric power output per shaft input
power) in percent and (iii) the power factor measured at the
machine terminals. Fitzgerald A.- 2004
84
Exercise
c, The actual distribution system to which the generator is

connected has an effective impedance of 0,18 + j0,41
/phase, For a slip of -3,2 percent, calculate the electric
power as measured (i) at the infinite bus and (ii) at the
machine terminals.
85
Exercise
A three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, delta-connected induction motor has

the following per-phase circuit model impedances:
R1=0,5 ; R2= 0,75 ; X1 = X2= 2,6 Xm= 50
The motor is connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz source and drives a

mechanical load that is represented by 15 Nm torque at stand-still
speed (0 r/min) 2,3 Nm at 220 rpm and a 105 Nm torque at 1500
rpm. Neglecting all mechanical losses find:
Calculate the starting current and torque for this motor
connected directly to a 400 V, 50 Hz source.
Determine if the motor could be star using a Y- starter.
86
Review Questions
Explain the principle of operation of an induction motor,
Describe the construction of a squirrel-cage induction motor,
Explain the construction of a wound-rotor induction motor,
What are the advantages and drawbacks of a wound-rotor
induction motor?
What are the advantages and drawbacks of a squirrel-cage
induction motor?
At what speed does the revolving field rotate in an induction
motor? How can it be determined?
Explain why an induction motor cannot operate at its
synchronous speed,
Explain slip speed, per-unit speed, per-unit slip, and percent
slip,
What is the rotor frequency when the rotor is (a) locked and (b)
rotates at 5% slip?
Guru B. - 2001
87
References
[1] Karady and Keith E. Holbert, Electrical Energy Conversion And Transport,
IEEE Press 2013.
[2] A. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, and S. Umans, Electric Machinery 6th Edn. McGraw-
Hill, 2002.
[3] B. Guru and Hiziroglu H. Electric Machinery and Transformers, Third Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2000.
[4] P. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, John Wiley &
Sons, 1997.
[5] J. Mora, Mquinas Elctricas, 6a Ed, McGraw-Hill Interamericana de Espaa
S.L., 2008.
[7] Sanz-Feito J., Mquinas Elctricas, Prentice Hall, 2002,
[8] Chapman S., Electric Machinery Fundamentals 4Th Edition McGraw-Hill, 2005.
[9] Aller J., Mquinas Elctricas Rotativas: Introduccin a la Teora General,
Universidad Simn Bolivar, Caracas 2004. (Available at:
http://prof.usb.ve/jaller/docencia.html ).
[10] Cathey J., Mquinas Elctricas: Anlisis y Diseo Aplicando Matlab, McGraw-
Hill, 2001.
[11] Gmez J. F. et al., Fundamentos de Ingeniera Elctrica Tema 8: Mquina
Asincrna. Universidad de la Laguna. (Available at:
https://campusvirtual.ull.es/ocw/pluginfile.php/2128/mod_resource/content/0/Tema
rio/Tema8.pdf)
88
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

5 - Polyphase Induction Machines

Stator: a three phase winding is put in slots (as in a

a) Squirrel cage rotor b) Wound rotor

The three-phase windings on the rotor are internally

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de Preformed Windings

Squirrel cage rotor

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres

Short circuited end

Copper or aluminum bar

Stator winding connections:

a) Three-phase squirrel cage induction machine

Gmez J. F et al. - 2013

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

A three-phase, 20 hp, 208 V, 60 Hz, six pole, wye

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Since the stator and the rotor windings are coupled

Gmez J. F et al. - 2013

Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction motor

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Rotor equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction motor at slip

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Single-phase equivalent circuit for a polyphase induction

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Alternative form of equivalent circuit

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Equivalent circuits with the core-loss resistance Rc neglected

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

The frequency of the induced emf in the secondary

A 480 V, 50 hp, three phase induction motor is drawing 60 A at

The converted power.

A 460 V, 25 hp, 60 Hz, four pole, Y-connected induction

The per-phase equivalent circuit parameters of a 208-V, 4-

R1 = 0,4 , X1 = 0,8 , R2 = 0,3 , X2 = 0,9 , Xm = 40 ,

The core loss is 45 W, the friction and windage loss is 160 W,

(b) the power input,

(c) the air-gap power,

(d) the power developed,

(e) the power output,

(f) the shaft torque, and

(g) the efficiency of the motor,

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

Induction-motor equivalent circuits simplified by Thevenins

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

0 Braking Motor Generator

Pullout or Breakdown torque

The induction machine torquespeed characteristic

2) The torque-speed curve is nearly linear between no

3) There is a maximum possible torque that cannot be

This torque, also called the pullout torque or

The maximum possible torque occurs when the air-gap

Fitzgerald A.- 2004

The torque-speed characteristics are greatly affected

The external resistors in the rotor circuit serve two

(a) NEMA design class A - large bars near the surface;

Deep rotor bar and slot-leakage flux

Fitzgerald A.- 2004