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What is Sociology Social Group Meaning, Definition, Social interaction, Definition, Elements, Types & Forms

The start of has been taken by the Greeks while they consider Characteristics & types of Social Group Social interaction is the basis of the whole social order. Social
man as a social animals. Plato discussed sociology in his book Wed, 09/03/2014 - 23:20 -- Umar Farooq group is the product of social interaction. There is interaction
Republic and Aristotle discussed sociology in his book Ethics What is Social Group among animals and birds also. It is the real foundation of all social
and Politics. Among others like Francis Bacon, Hobbes, Ibn-e- A group is called social when interaction processes, structure, social groups and functions. In so-ciology
Khaldun also contributed to sociology. The modern sociology interplays among its participants. Social interaction is the gate of its knowledge.
was discovered by August Comte. According to him social interaction is its basic condition. People First you should aware that What is an interaction in sociology? It
evaluation went hard to hand with progress. He is considered walking in markets, in fairs, travelling in train is a social process between two or more than two persons. It is
as the founder of modern sociology. He called it Social are not social groups. Because social always reciprocal in nature. It can be called a stimulus-response
Physics. The others, who followed him through their interaction among them does not exist. Two condition among the individuals. It is like a bandied ball against a
contributions in the field of sociology Herbert Spencer, Fredric persons, in Amsterdam and New York, having wall. When two persons talk with each other or respond to each
Leplay, Sigmund Fraud and so on. interaction on telephone form it although they other on telephone or internet, develop correspondence through
are far away from each other. Therefore social letter, there is an interaction. A mother suckling milk to her child,
The term has been derived from two words. The Latin word interaction is the basic condition of social there is interaction between mother and her child. A doctor
Socios means companionship or association and Latin word groups. attends a patient, a customer buys a thing from a shopkeeper and
Logos means study or science. So, the term literally means Meaning of Social Group a passenger gets ticket from the booking clerk. It means
study of companionship or that of human association. Social group is the foundation of society and interaction is social relationship among the individuals. It. is a sort
culture. Man is also a product of group life. of action and reaction position among the people.
Definition of Sociology Most of the Anthropologists believe that man Definition of Social Interaction
Definition of Sociology by Kingsley Davis, "sociology as a started his life on this earth by living together. Dawson and Gettyes define Social Interaction as "it is a process by
general science of society." Man has always been dependent upon his which men interpenetrate the minds of each other".
fellow beings in defence, food and shelter. The According to Merrill, "Social-interaction is the general process
Finally, it will be very easy to say that sociology is the study of satisfaction of various needs could be done whereby two or more persons are in a meaningful contact, as a
society, human behavior, social interaction and relationship only by cooperation among various people in result of which their behavior is modified however slightly."
between these individuals forms various groups of society society. This reciprocal help brought them into Social interaction is an event which changes the behavior and
social contact with one another and here the attitude of the interacting persons. It is a social relationship
Types of Social Groups in Sociology social group was founded. It was the real among at least two persons. It changes the societal conditions of
Caste foundation of human society. Imam Ghazali is life of the people. Interaction is the soul of social life and
Caste is a permanent social group in which the status of an also of the view that for the satisfaction of relationship. It produces group which is the foundation stone of
individual is fixed through heredity alone. The members of a various needs the people formed social society.
caste usually create Biradri in Indo-Pakistani societies. Caste is groups. Shah Wali Ullah Mohaddis Dehlvi said
the described status received at birth. Caste is an element in that for continuity of human race and Elements of Social Interaction
determining social stratification in our society. Different castes satisfaction of other needs of food, house and The following are the elements of social interaction:
have different social positions in our society. The people of the clothes the human society was founded. Two or more than two persons
same caste from Biradri for intermarriages. Therefore the Social Group Definition Reciprocal relationship among them
binding force of Biradri creates Social control among the According to Merrill: "Two or more persons Influence on the event, behavior, brain of the persons.
people. This caste system still prevalent Indian and Pakistani are in communication over an appreciable These three conditions interrelate the people among themselves
society. period of time and who act in accordance with and convert them into social groups.
Pressure-Group common function or purpose". Types of Social Interaction
It lays pressure on government to change its policies in its A.W. Green says "An aggregate of individuals According to Young and Mack there are two types of social
favour. Here are participants are high class people, especially which persists in time, which has one or more interaction between people and societies
the rich and the diplomats. This enjoys high status in society. interests or activities in common and which is Direct or Physical Interaction: it involves physical action among
Its members also participate in running government and organized". the individuals. Beating, biting, thrashing, pulling, pushing, killing,
administration. Emory S. Bogardus: "a number of persons, two scratching, boxing, wrestling, kissing etc. are the examples of
Vested Interest Group or more who have common objects of direct interaction. Two teams playing match and a war between
It is social group which has its own ends. Mostly the economic attention, who are stimulating to each other, the forces of two countries are also examples of this interaction.
benefit are the major aims. This one is for the sake of its aims who have common loyalty and participate in This Types influences other by physical action in different ways.
does not interfere in government like the pressure group. But related activities are called as group". Symbolic Interaction: There are different types of relationships
it has its own way by following the government. This sort of Characteristics of Social Groups between people. It involves the use of language and symbols. It
social group derives benefit from the government The basis of grouping may be numerous but means communication through a common language is symbolic
._____________________________ the division of population on the basis of age, process. This is the most common method of human societies.
sex, income, profession and other gave them Human beings convey their ideas through language and it is
Characteristics of Socialization Process various types of social groups. Following are completed by reciprocal response. The methods of
The socialization process can be understood from the the communication devised by man are sharp and effective than these
following characteristics. 1. Given number of Individual two or more of animals. All cultures develop, expand and change only through
1. The socialization process starts from birth and continues till 2. Reciprocal Relations exists among the language symbolic interaction. Without language no culture can
death. It never stops however, the speed and nature of its members live. There is no culture in animals due to the fact that there is no
socialization is different at different stages of life. 3. These are formed for Common Goals common language among them. Through language man stores its
2. The socialization process converts "human being" into a and Objectives previous experiences and transmits them to the following
"social being" so that he might be able to play his role more 4. Having Sense of unity and solidarity generation with a change.
effectively as a member of an organized group. which results loyalty and sympathy Man uses instruments to facilitate this. Telephone, wireless,
3. Healthy growth of personality is possible only due to proper 5. A strong sense of awe-feeling which telegraph, postal system, rail, road, sea and air services all are
socialization. develop cooperation various means of communication and transportation. Gestures are
4. The socialization of an individual belonging to one and the 6. Group Norms and regulations (written also symbolic ones. Deaf and dumb convey their ideas through
same society may be different from one another. or unwritten) must be followed for voice, and gestures of hands and eyes.
5. The process of socialization is different in different societies group control
and groups and that's why the ways of life of the people 7. Similar Behavior to achieve common What are the Forms of Social Interaction in a Society
belonging to different group are different from one another. goals It is found in various forms among human societies
6. With the help of socialization, the culture is transmitted to 8. Awareness about its membership to Between individual and individual: It is the interaction between
the next generation. differentiate them from other groups at least two persons. The doctor and the patient, the mother and
7. With the passage of time, the individual leaders the old 9. These are dynamic instead static the child, the customer and the shopkeeper are the various
roles, responsibilities and interests and adopts the new 10. Group Control (direct or indirect examples in this case.
ones. This process is called re-socialization. control) for members activities Between individual and group: It operates between one person
8. When the child is made involved in the process of his own Types of Social Groups and more. A teacher teaching his class a speaker addressing the
socialization, he is given the freedom and is encouraged to 1. Primary Groups audience, an Imam leading prayers are its common examples.
bring to the front his hidden qualities, this is called 2. Secondary Groups Between group and group: This is found between two groups of
participant socialization. 3. In & Out people like two teams playing match, two forces fighting against
9. When a child (or an adult) is given a limited freedom, he is 4. Formal and Informal each other, two delegates discussing an issue.
made obedient and is forced and compelled to know the 5. Reference Between individuals and culture: This form is found when the
social values and norms is called repressive socialization 6. Ethnic people listen to radio, see television, read newspaper enjoy
10. The examples of repressive socialization are 7. Caste pictures and observe exhibitions. Radio, T.V. cinema, newspapers,
commonly found in socialistic societies. 8. Pressure books, exhibitions, theatre, drama, circus, fairs and other socio-
Socialization process is a two-way process i.e. not only adults 9. Vested Interest cultural activities are included in the Culture of a society. People
socialize the children, but sometimes adults can also be have social interaction and social relationship with these media of
socialized by children. e.g. his educated child may socialize an mass communication and get social change in their life. The
uneducated father. people change these media as they require on the other hand. In
this way reciprocal process between the people and the culture
goes on.
Social Norms Meaning, Definition & Characteristics Conflict in Sociology Meaning, Definition & Categories of Culture Material and Non Material Culture
What does Social Norms Mean? Types of Conflict Culture is the man made environment Most of which is
Social norms are the shared expectations of group members in a Meaning of Conflict transmitted from one generation to the other. Culture is a very
social situation, while culture norms are the ideally expected According to Fairchild, "Conflict in sociology wide term which covers the entire activities, ways of thinking,
manners of behaviour. The given 'social situation' is created when is a process or situation in which two or behaving and many other things ranging from very simple to the
the interaction processes work among the members. In such a more human beings or groups seek actively most complicated learned behavior and the products of learned
situation how the initiator starts his interaction and what the to threat each other's purposes, to prevent behavior. The man made environment can be classified into two
receiving members expect from the initiator, are the roles each other's interests, even to the extent of main categories in order to analyze the culture
defined by social norms. In other words, social norms are the injuring or destroying the other". It may be 1. Material Culture
codes of mutual relationship. These are the standards of right and organized or unorganized, transitory or 2. Non-Material Culture
wrong. The society expects from its members to abide by the enduring, physical, intellectual or spiritual. In Material Culture
normative behaviour of their culture. Culture provides sources of the process of conflict, men struggle against Material culture includes all the things that are having physical
conformity to the norms and an intimidation to their violation. one another for the attainment of the same form for instance pen, table, radio set, television set,
These guide our interaction pattern on the one hand and are objective. One item of value may be attained automobile, book shoes etc. are the examples of material
reproduced during the same process. Without the existence of through competition in a certain culture and culture. These are the products of human efforts to control their
group norms, human behaviour is hardly differentiable from thus the same item, when surpassing the environment and to make the life comfortable and safe.
animal behaviour. Within our cultural values are imbedded and limit of competition, becomes a matter of The developed societies are rich in respect of this category of
ultimately our values are protected by our social norms. Anything contest, fight and struggle among people. culture due to greater use of science and the technology and in
getting importance in life becomes our value. Social norms for its all walks of life as compared to the primitive society.
safety are produced. By mutual expectations among the group Definition of Conflict Non-Material Cultures
members human behaviour is predictable because we can Gillin & Gillin: "Conflict is the social process Non-material culture consists of ideas, customs, traditions, value
anticipate others behaviour in a certain situation by their group in which individuals or groups seek their systems, attitudes, knowledge etc. These do not have a physical
norms. ends by directly chal-lenging the antagonist shape. These are very important in determining human behavior
by violence or threat of violence." and have strong hold on individuals. The non-material part of
Definitions A.W. Green: "It is the deliberate attempt to culture is responsible for enriching the material part. Both
According to Young &. Mack: "social norms refer to the "group- op-pose, resist or coerce the will of another material and non-material cultures are interrelated.
shared expectations". or others." ____________________________________
Larson & Goerman: "Social norms are rules developed, by a group Horton & Hunt: "It is a process of seeking to
of people that specify how people must, should, may, should not mo-nopolize rewards by eliminating or Types of Culture Ideal, Real, Material & Non-Material Culture
and must not behave in various situations". weakening the com-petitors". with Examples
Robert Biesrdt define it A norm is a rule or standard that governs
our conduct in the social situation in which we participate'. He Types of Conflict A culture has four aspects or four types material and non-
further writes that a norm can be treated as a cultural Direct Conflict The direct conflict is the one material culture and ideal & real culture. Material culture is
specification that guides our conduct in society. in which people seek to attain some related to tangible objects made by man. Buildings, furniture,
objective by restraining, injuring or books are the products of material culture. Non-material culture
Characteristics of Social Norms destroying one another. Revolution and is related to the abstract things like emotions, attitudes, ideas
Social norms are universal. Social norms are the very basis of street fights are the examples. and beliefs which we feel but cannot verify by observation.
social order. Any society in the absence of norms cannot perform Peace, war, co-operation, marriage and lecture are the examples
the way it should perform. Indirect Conflict In indirect conflict the of non-material culture. A book is material culture but its words
people do not restrain or injure others in are non-material. Man is a material but his speech is non-
Related to the factual order. In every society we find two types of seeking their ends but manage to attain their material. Radio is material but its sound is nonmaterial. It means
order (i) the normative order that encourage member of the own goals as the opponent cannot approach material culture has its non-material aspect also.
society should or ought to behave in a certain way, and (ii) the to his goal in anyway. It means obstruction in Real Culture
factual order that is related to and based on the actual behaviour rivals goals is created. Group opinion is Real culture can be observed in our social life. We act upon on
of the people. It is through the normative order or system that colored against the rival about his aims. culture in our social life is real, its part which the people adopt in
society regulates the behaviour of its members. These are the frequently occurring instances their social life is their real one. The whole one is never real
in the social life of people. because a part of it remains without practice. How far we set
Incorporate rate value judgments. It is in terms of norms that we upon Islam is our real culture. Being a Muslims, Christian and
judge whether some action is right or wrong, good or bad, Examples related to another religion we do not follow Islam, Christianity
wanted or unwanted, expected or unexpected. Fighting killing, beating and quarrelling etc. fully in our social life. It means the part of religion which we
are everywhere found in all social circles. follow is our real culture.
These are relative to situations and groups. These vary from Litigation-on disputes is commonly found in Ideal Culture
society to society. Sometimes, within the same society they differ courts. The culture which is presented as a pattern or precedent to the
from group to group. Each group in a society, to a certain extent Killing, injury, theft and all other crimes of people is called ideal. It is the goal of the society. It can never be
at least, has its own norms. property violation are the result. achieved fully because some part of it remains out of practice. It
In rural areas, two farmers get into conflict is explained in textbooks, our leaders speeches and guidance.
Not always obeyed by all. It is wrong to assume that people in a on dispute of water channel, on division of The part of ideal culture practiced in social life is called real
society obey all the norms always. Some obey it at some times land and crops. culture. Islam is our ideal one. We claim to be true Muslims and
and disobey or ignore some others at some the times. 1965 War against' India was a dispute this claim is our ideal culture but how far we are Muslims in
between Pakistan and India. practice is our real culture. Both the real and ideal cultures are
Norms vary with sanctions. These vary in the kinds of sanctions Family disputes lead to separation and related together and different from each other.
that are attached to the violation of norms and sanctions go hand divorce between husband and wife a Material Culture
in hand. common example. Material culture consists of man-made objects such as furniture,
During elections the rival political parties get automobiles, buildings, dams, bridges, roads and in fact, the
Normally internalized by the people. People in most of the into dispute with the result of loss of life and physical matter converted and used by man. It is closely related
instances accept norms and follow them or obey them. They do injury. with the external, mechanical as well as useful objects. It
not question and accept them implicitly. Sectarian conflicts sometimes lead to serious includes, technical and material equipment like a railways
disturbances, at various occasions. engines, publication machines, a locomotive, a radio etc. It
Cultural and Social Norms includes our financial institutions, parliaments, insurance
There are two aspects policies etc. and referred to as civilization.
Cultural Norms - Cultural norms are ideally expected manners of Non-Material Culture
behavior." These are the goals of society. What we expect from The term 'culture' when used in the ordinary sense, means non-
our elders are our cultural norms and these are what our elders material culture'. This term when used in the ordinary sense,
guide us and how they behave with us. These are the codes of means non-material. It is something nonphysical ideas which
behaviour found in our books, the chest of our elders, in the ideas include values, beliefs, symbols, organization and institutions
of parents and expectations of society in all. These are in general etc. Nonmaterial culture includes words we use, the language
social life of people. How they behave with one another and what we speak, our belief held, values we cherish and all the
they expect from one another are the social norms. ceremonies observed.
Social Norms: "Social norms are the socially approved ways of Material and Nonmaterial Culture Examples
behavior." The ways to which people have no objection. The ways Material means physical object (i.e. buildings, vehicles,
which are accepted by the people. These guide and controlled us transportation, clothes, houses and schools). Non-Material
in our actions. They distinguish us as man from animal. Animals means something you invisible, untouchable (i.e. education,
have no norms. Human behaviour has a direction, an ideology language, feelings, religion, beliefs, sports, and feelings).
and a purpose which are guided by social norms."
Nomadic Society Meaning and Characteristics of Nomadic Society Positive and Negative Effects of Advantages of Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism in Society Ethnocentrism eliminates criticism of the social
Nomadic Society Meaning and Definition What is the meaning of Ethnocentrism? order. If people are made to understand that
Nomadic societies have no permanent place of settlement. The people roam Summer defined ethnocentrism as "that view democracy is zone of the best political system for
from place to place with their luggage on the backs of camels, horses and of things in which ones' own group is the our country. There is every possibility that people
donkeys in search of fodder and water for their animals and food for center of everything and all others are scaled may not bother to think about other political
themselves. They have no hereditary property. They are more a tribe and and rated with reference to it. From this system, or to criticize the prevailing order. In the
have tribal culture. The cultural traditions have very forceful binding upon definition, Horton and Hunt deduce that it is same way, caste system in Indo Pakistan sub-
the members. Nomadic societies spread important knowledge in these three the habit of every group of taking for granted continent has been existing for centuries only due
areas: the superiority of its culture. to the reason that people were so taught and
1. Technology It means that every culture considers itself socialized and they were made ethnocentric in such
2. Domestication superior to other cultures. The. Americans a way that any democratic attitude in this sphere
3. language think of themselves as the "Progressive" while was considered a great sin.
Characteristics of Nomadic Society the Eastern cultures call them immoral. The Devotion to Society. National solidarity and
Population size: Population is very small sometimes not more than Pakistanis call themselves as brave, hard- devotion to one's society can only be possible if its
thousands. worker and faithful people. The Arabs call members maintain ethnocentrism, i.e., to think that
Geographical mobility: Geographical mobility is common for the sake of themselves hospitable. Similarly, the people of they are right. Patriotic spirit can be changed by
food, grass, shelter water and income. They don't have their permanent every nation feel pride and claim superiority creating and maintaining the spirit of
place of residence. upon other nations. This sense of pride or ethnocentrism.
Absence of ownership: Nomadic People of society don't have agricultural or superiority upon others is called Solidarity within Society Enhanced through
ancestral property. ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism. If ethnocentrism is taught on
Traditional way of living: Their way of living is old and traditional. Old Even within a society different social groups uniform lines within a society it enhances solidarity
customs and values are practiced and transmitted from generation to are ethnocentric against one another. The within society and decreases minor or major
generation. agriculturists claim to be superior to laborers sectarian, class, or racial frictions or conflicts. Thus,
Strict social norms: They have defined their own social norms which are very and the businessmen are proud upon low planned ethnocentrism saves society from
strict in practice. Strict punishment is awarded by their council to the class servants. Similarly, high class officers disintegration to a large extent. It helps in bringing
violator of norms. think themselves higher upon other low class progress to a nation.
Local Culture: They are having their own subculture which include local servants. This feeling of superiority upon It should not be taken for granted that
language, dialect, dresses, marriage ceremonies, and practices on the others is universal among nations groups and ethnocentrism is always harmful for the individual
occasion of death and birth. the individuals. This cultural trait is called and societies. This type of thinking would present
Profession: Animal husbandry, labor and small cottage industry are the ethnocentrism. one sided picture of the reality. Ethnocentrism also
major professionsof the people. Now some of them are serving in Arab Effects of Ethnocentrism in Society performs certain positive functions for individuals,
states as laborer. Following are the negative and positive groups and societies.
Resistance to social change: People dislikes and strongly resist to social aspects of ethnocentrism. How ethnocentrism The ethnocentric persons do not bother much
changes. They prefer to live with their own old way of living and culture as affects individuals and society as whole. about other cultures and societies and thus lead a
they consider it convenient. Therefore, very minimal changes observed. Positive Effects of Ethnocentrism life of their own. There is contentment and unity of
It encourages social solidarity in groups and in thought and action. People remain loyal to their
Traditional Society Meaning and Characteristics in Sociology society by which the forces of co-operation own culture, group and society and, thus, can bring
Sun, 08/31/2014 - 23:58 -- Umar Farooq become stronger. more solidarity and intergroup co-operation.
Traditional Society Definition and Meaning It provides protection to group members by, An average man finds ready-made solutions of the
In sociology, traditional society is related to the past events with an creating sense of belonging among them, problems confronted by him in different social
important role for custom and habit. These are clustered in few dozens to Those Members who are weak, poor, hopeless situations of his daily life. 'Ethnocentrism
thousand. They lack political leadership. They dont welcome any outsider. and helpless are encouraged by joining, hands encourages Patriotism and loyalty to one's own
Traditional society has fewer social institutions. Simple culture with old ways of it with them. It means it provides society and culture. At the time of war and other
of life exists. Means of communication were very slow and old. Urban life compensation to the people of low status. abnormal conditions people are ready to work hard
was very rarely found. Social changes were minimum and almost invisible. It promotes nationalism and patriotism among to save their society or culture. Furthermore, the
The population in such society is not much and homogeneous social life is the members of society. Because it stimulates problems of a marginal man are not to be faced by
found. Its main challenge is the adoption of positive things for outside while the spirit of belonging to the society and. the population if the people remain loyal to their
retaining the main features of their own. culture claiming superiority to others, own society, culture and group.
Characteristics of Traditional Society Caste, Biradri and consanguine groups develop Disadvantages of Ethnocentrism
Slow social interaction: Social interaction among members is very slow by it in which marriage and other social It should be taken into consideration that
Modern swift communication devices like mobile phone, fax, telephone and relations are facilitated. advantages and disadvantages of ethnocentrism are
internet are not use for, the purpose. This is just due to the slow pace of life. Negative Effects of Ethnocentrism relative.
Lack of modern communication facilities: Modern communication facilities It creates tight boundaries among various Obstructs Intercultural Relations. Societies and
like telephone, gas, electricity, internet, fax; mobile phone, airport etc. are social groups. The inter-group relations are groups can flourish through co-existence. If one
not available. People are, mostly dependent on traditional modes like postal hampered due to prejudice against another. group develops ethnocentric attitude towards the
service, telegram etc. The process of social relations among various other group, then inter-cultural relations cannot be
Limited social institutions: Only basic social institutions are found with very groups gets slower. maintained smoothly.
poor resources fulfilling the basic needs of the people. Working The prejudice created by it creates conflict Prolongs or Hinders Assimilation. Assimilation is a
organizations or sub-institutions of basic institutions are not found for which and tension among many groups. The social process of fusion through which individuals and
they have to travel to the cities for need satisfaction. forces of cooperation face problems in their groups acquire the cultural patterns, attitudes and
Non-industrial structure: Structure is non industrial. People are associated operation. ideas of other groups or individuals. Thus, the
with agriculture profession. It limits an individual in a small social group to process of assimilation can be prolonged due to
Simple economic institutions: Industrialization and its related profession are which he belongs. He remains within the limits ethnocentrism.
lack type of society. Due to this, simple economic professions are found. of that group and is not influenced by the Ethnocentrism blocks the road to growth of human
Most of the people are associated with agriculture, labor, and small scale general social changes happening around him knowledge, acculturation, assimilation,
business. in the society. He remains backward in a sense dissemination of religious teachings and mutual co-
Simple way of living: Simple way of living along with old pattern of houses by this way and adopts little changes. operation. The unity and integration of different
are common. Facilities like electricity, gas and telephone are rarely available. Sometimes even he preaches against modern societies become difficult. One the other hand,
Kacha tracks and roads: Paved road network for cars and other heavy social changes, it means, it discourages culture proper understanding of different cultures, societies
vehicles are rarely found. Although kacha tracks are available for tongas bull change among the people. and average personalities become difficult due to
cart etc. The national development in general is slowed ethnocentric attitudes prevailing among different
Small population: Population size of this type of society is very small. People down in such cultures when ethnocentrism is cultures.
are scattered and settled on their land. emphasized in books, newspapers, radio and The outcome of ethnocentrism can be seen in the
Lack of invention: People do not want to invent something new. Rather they television shape of race and ethnic problems in almost every
discourage inventions and resist to social change. country even among the so called civilized and
Less social change: Very lesser degree of social change takes place. People advanced nations. It has become one of the major
adopt only those changes which are compatible to their-socio-economic social problems among the Western societies.
needs and tastes. Ethnocentrism brings frustration and restlessness
Lack of basic civic facilities: Basic civic facilities like electricity, gas, among the people of different groups, castes and
telephone, drinking water system, mobile phone, fax, internet, road classes in such a way that they waste most of their
networks, air ports, shopping mall and commercial center etc. are not energies, time and resources in. unhealthy activities
available.
Protection of religious and cultural values: These people are the true
guardians of religious and cultural values.
Primary Group Meaning, Definition and Characteristics Secondary Group in Sociology Meaning, Definition Types of Social Groups in Sociology
Many scientists coined definitions of social group in different and Characteristics We may classify social groups from various viewpoints. If
contexts. Some of the important definitions are given. Cooley Meaning of Secondary Group we consider size as the criterion, the single person as a
gave this type of social group in the book "social The people within their contact second to the focus of group relationship is 'monad' two involved in
organizations": "Primary group is the simplest and the most primary group form secondary group no matter interaction to affect its organization is 'dyad' and 'triad' with
universal of all the forms of associations. This attains social whatever the type of relationship is there. the participation of three. If we consider the nature of
solidarity among the members due to high rate of interaction, Sometimes they are also special interest group. social contact and intensity of social interaction the types of
intensity in social contacts, and duration of contact being The intimacy within the group is relatively lower social group will be as such:
extensive and having a common focus of attention for the than that in primary. The relations of teacher and Primary Groups
members." student, buyer and seller, voter and candidate, are The primary group is primary in the sense that the members
According to MacIver and Page, group means "any collection of secondary. The frequency, duration, intensity and are emotionally attached together sharing their basic ways
human beings who are brought into social relationship with one focus in interaction may be there but their degree of life with one another. In the basic affairs of life which are
another".According Ogburn and Nimkoff "whenever two or being lower than the one in primary group. The most essential for a social life those who fall into mutual
more individuals come together and influences one another, group is second in importance of life to the sharing of one another form a group prime in importance
called social group". Emory S. Bogardus defines it as: "a participants. He is first affected by the primary called primary group. Emotions, attitude, ideas and habits
number of persons, two or more, who have common objects of members and later by those in the secondary. of individuals develop within here.
attention, who are stimulating to each other, who have Definition Secondary Groups
common loyalty and participate in similar activities". Ogburn & Nimkoff: "groups which provide The people within their contact second to the primary form
Meaning of Primary Group experience lacking in intimacy can be called secondary group no matter whatever the type of
Primary groups are primary in the sense that the members secondary group." relationship is there. The intimacy is relatively lower than
within are emotionally attached together sharing their basic Frank D. Watson: "the secondary group is larger that in primary. The relations of teacher and student, buyer
ways of life with one another. In the basic affairs of life which and more formal, is specialized and direct in its and seller, voter and candidate, are secondary. The
are most essential for a social life those who fall into mutual contact and relies more for unity and continuance frequency, duration, intensity and focus in interaction may
sharing of one another form a group prime in importance called upon the stability of its social-organization than be there but their degree being lower than the one in
Primary group. Emotions, attitude, ideas and habits of does the primary group." primary group. This is second in importance of life to the
individuals develop within this. Characteristics of Secondary Group participants. He is first affected by the primary group
Characteristics of Primary Group 1. Large in size: Its members are relatively larger in members and later by those in the secondary.
Following are the important characteristics of primary group: size than the primary one. They can be In-Group and Out-Group
1. Face-to-face interaction: Primary groups are characterized by thousands and hundreds of thousands of These types were given by W. C. Sumner.
close intimate and face to face interaction. members. During the processes of our daily life we divide people into
2. Intimacy: Here everyone knows everyone else and there is 2. Less physical proximity: their physical 'we and they'. The interest of the individual rests within
strong intimacy among the members. They are even known proximity is rarely found and most of the those people with whom he is closely affiliated and places
to nick names of their members. members reside quite way from each other. his confidence in them. They may be Members of his family,
3. Mutual Aid & Help: Mutual aid assistance among the 3. Impersonal or secondary relation: Its basic neighborhood, play-group or immediate or close relatives.
members of the groups always found. They cooperate with elements are indirect, impersonal contractual as He develops his subjective attitude and forms opinion about
each other at the time of help. well as non-inclusive relations. Usually, they the acceptance or rejection of a certain object or idea
4. Consciousness of kind: Consciousness of kind exists. If means come close to each other for achieving common through his in-group members. Consciousness kind also falls
they recognize one another and express it whenever needed. interests. in this type of social group. The members are tied in the
5. We Feeling: we feeling (sense of unity and commonality) 4. Membership: Membership in this case is mainly bonds of 'we feel', It is the group to which the individual is
is found among the members of the group. It means they live voluntary. Individuals are free to join or avoid it. member.
together as one body. There is no emotional bondage on the members. 'Out group' members are considered in relation to in-group.
6. Small in Size: Primary groups are smaller in size. Large 5. Specific ends or interests: Members of the Those not included in 'we' and fail in `they' are the
number decreases intimacy and loose the bond of the group. secondary groups are interested just because members of out-group, its members are not members of
7. Physical proximity or nearness: face-to-face relation can be they have specific ends to aim at. That's why, it individuals self. We (in-group) the Russians, they (out-
found only when members live in a particular area more or is also called special interest group. group) the Americans: we the Pathans and they the Sayyed
less on permanent basis. 6. Indirect communication: contacts and are the examples. It means a person member of a certain
8. Frequent Interaction: Interaction among members of the communication in the case of secondary group group falls in its in-group and a person not member to a
group is frequent and it can be many times in a day. are mostly indirect. Telephone, internet, post group falls in his out-group.
9. Personal relation: In this, interest of each is centered in and telegraph are the mains sources of it. Formal and Informal Groups
others as persons. They interact with each other on the basis 7. Social control: Here means of social control are Here membership is defined. Those who fulfil the
of personal relation. usually formal. Laws and other regulations are conditions can become member. The entry is made under
10. Similarity of background: Members must have enforced on the members by the authorities. written rule and the membership can be cancelled on
more or less similar background. The degree of relationship among members is violation of its rules and regulations. The offices are
These conditions are necessary for a primary group. Family not very strong here. This group is second in distributed according to the rules. The students in a class
members like father, mother, brother, sister, wife, and children importance. are a formal group, other example is the Union Council,
are its members. Neighborhood members are also a part of this. Example of Secondary Groups in Sociology people enjoying a match on tickets. United Nations
Close friends and relatives are also part of this group. Members of the same profession, mohallah Organization (U.N.O.), SAARC, Punjab Professors and
Any person who is influenced and builds his personality from fellows, residents of the same village, class fellows, Lecturers Association (PPLA), Youth Club in a mohalla, are
other persons is a member of his primary group. All such playmates, relatives, members of the same political also formal groups.
persons affecting personality of individual are his primary group party, people offering prayers in the masjid in Informal group membership is not defined. Any person can
members. Any person to whom you cannot refuse is a member congregation are secondary group members. participate and leave it when he likes. People in markets,
where you are belonging. It is the most important for the Importance of Secondary Groups fairs, listening radio, watching television, listening to a
individual. It is an important fact that group have substantial speaker and enjoying the feats of an acrobat on the
Examples of Primary Groups in Sociology impact on members whether the members of roadside are the examples of informal groups. Other
Family neighborhood, play group, gossip group and the gang are primary or secondary. Secondary groups are more example is people gossiping in mohalla and children playing
the examples of primary group. organized and tend to accomplish its members' in street.
What are the Functions of Primary Groups in Society aims and objectives, thus have more influence on Reference Group
Primary group is important for both individual and society and its members. In the early ages primary groups were The term reference group was introduced by Muzafer Sherif
the medium which help to learn from our culture. These groups so important due to small and agriculture based in his book "an Outline of Social Psychology". Here
make individuals of the society to lead better social life. society. But in the age of industrialization and individual was socialized. Here he identifies himself may
Following are the important functions Information technology members of society prefer include the old members of the family and those who
1. Personality Development of individual of society by secondary groups. The individual man of the influenced him. Those who left bright effects on the social
establishing social nature & ideas society cannot escape for its dominancy and must life of the individual are the members of his reference
2. These Satisfy psychological needs of members of society like rely on, to fulfill his needs of the day. group.
mental peace and security etc. 1. These are efficient in fullfilling their own and Ethnic Group
3. A source of motivation in pursuit of their members interest their members aims and goals. It is the social group which has its cultural traits different
and objectives through inspiration and cooperation and 2. These provide better opportunities to boost in in from the general culture of the society. These are smaller
promoting efficiency the field of education, business, communication one widespread at different places in society. They are
4. Increasing the democratic spirit of individuals with strong etc. always in minority and have strong social solidarity among
behavior with people and social institutions 3. Wider outlook means these are large size and its their members due to close and intense social interaction.
5. These are the important informal factors of social control of members are spread all over because it This has its marriage, customs, beliefs and rituals different
its members and to organize their relations in a more formal accommodate variety of individuals. from other ones. In Pakistani society, the people of tribal
way. 4. The members are practically involve in areas, the nomadic tribes, the Hindus, the Christians, the
completing a specific goal and are functional in Americans, the Iranians are ethnic groups.
character
What is Urban Society, Meaning & Characteristics of Urban Society Modern Society Meaning, Definition & What are the Sources of Cultural Change in Sociology
What is Urban Society Characteristics of Modern Society Sources of Cultural Change in sociology
An urban living is similar to having the facilities of modern social life. Definition & Meaning of Modern Society Following are the sources of cultural change in sociology.
Social interaction is fast and formal. The rate of social change is faster When society is industrialized it is considered 1. Discovery
due to education in, technology, industry and urbanization. A complex to be modern society or it can be defined as 2. Invention
social life is found in which the people or different races, professions, people living together in current time. 3. Diffusion
castes and religions live together. Anonymity is an important trait. It is based on expansion of education, 4. Acculturation
Characteristics of Urban Society technology, industry and urban life. It has a 5. Assimilation
Dense Settlement Pattern: In urban societies, houses are constructed complex culture changing with the time. Its Discovery
contiguous to each other due to shortage of land. Millions of base is materializing. Due to diverse social It is a shared human perception of an aspect of reality
populations resides within few kilometer of me area which shows high conditions heterogeneous life is found. Social which already exists. In other words, It is the noticing of
density of population. problems of various nature develop among something to which no attention was previously paid,
Palatial Houses: Houses are made using brick, stone, marble and other various groups. although it existed. According to Linton defines it is
modern infrastructure. A lot of palatial houses can be seen in these Modern society is often called materialistic, addition to knowledge. Some of the example of discovery
societies costing millions of rupees. where people no longer produce product for are custom of marriage, ceremonies of worship etc.
Urban Facilities: Urban facilities like electricity, gas, telephone, living. Instead they produce goods to sell in Finding facts in research is discovery.
drinking water system, mobile phone, fax, internet, road networks, air the market. People dont rely their own. For Invention
ports, shopping mall and commercial center etc. are available in urban example they go to market for groceries According to Linton Invention is a new
society. instead of owning gardens and animals. These application of knowledge. Making a theory, predicting
Formal Social Interaction: Interaction among the members of society societies stress on quality of education for all. future events and presenting new social laws are the
is generally of formal type. Secondary group and organizations have a Characteristics of Modern Society social inventions. Inventions are called primary by
lot of importance and played important role in need fulfillment. characteristics of a modern society include involving the discovery of a new principle, for example,
Formal Group Life: Group life in this society is also of formal type. Advance industry and technology: It is also the bow, and secondary involves only the application of a
Formation of group is based on the need and common interests. called post industrial society having, highly principle already known as a bow to propel arrow and
Members get close to each other in order to fulfill their needs. complex, and advance industrial and bow-drill used to bore holes.
Division of Labor: Very clear and complex division of labor is found in technological systems. This is full of Diffusion
every walks of life. People are trained for their job and functions automation with minimum role of human Cultural traits spread from one culture area to another is
according to needs of the people. Shortage of houses due to shortage being in its operation. called diffusion. Elements of culture are taken up first, by
of land and population pressure, there is always shortage of houses Urbanization: This is a model of urbanization. societies, which are close to their points of origin and later
for the people of this society. A cluster of societies, towns and residential by the societies which are more remote or which have less
Social Institutions and Social Organizations: Basic social institutions areas are established fulfilling the residential direct contract, is the, principle of diffusion pointed by
and their working organizations are found fulfilling the very needs of needs of the people Linton. Some examples of diffusion of cultural traits and
the people. High population pressure: Population size is complexes in various societies around the world are given
Social Change: A high rate of social change is found. People of this very high having millions of people in cities. below
society appreciate social change and are prone to adopt it rapidly. Sub social institutions: Basic social institutions Acculturation
Anonymity: Due to high population pressure, fast life, and social along with their sub-institutions or working This process connotes the transmission of traits from one
differentiation, a high degree of anonymity is found causing crime and organizations are found in it, this is due to culture to another over a sufficient time and sufficient
violence. heterogeneity in the needs of the people and traits as to regulate signs of similarity between the two
High Standard of Living: Due to availability of civic facilities, industry volume of population. cultures. In this process, two or more cultures come into
and business activities, high standard of living is found comparing with Job opportunities: These societies are hub of contact. The intermixture of shared and learned behavior
rural society. industrial and economic organizations. Offices patterns is called acculturation.
of these companies are located in these Assimilation
Rural Society and Life Meaning and Characteristics societies due to which, better job It is the result or acculturation. Assimilation is the process
opportunities are available for educated, semi of making two contacting cultures identical. In this
Rural Society Meaning educated and technically skillful persons. process, one larger and more powerful culture may engulf
Rural society which is sparsely populated with emphasis on Better income opportunities: Due to small culture. Usually it happens to a minority in a culture.
agricultural professions. Simple culture with natural environment and economic activity, industries, commercial and Hence assimilation is the fusion or blending of two
informal social life are the conditions rural life. Homogeneity in better income opportunities are available for previously distinct groups into one.
professions, dress, language and customs of social life is usually found the people of materialistic society.
in such people. The rate of change is slow due to slow means of Social stratification: People are divided in to
communication. Agriculture is their profession. different social strata based on their socio- Cultural Relativism
Characteristics of Rural Society economic background. A highly complex This is a method whereby different societies or cultures
Following are the characteristics of rural areas. division of labor along with specialization is are analyzed objectively without using the values of one
1. Rural settlement: they have open settlements. Pattern of houses found. culture to judge the worth of another. We cannot possibly
are scattered and having open houses covering vast area for Urban facilities: Modern urban facilities like understand the actions of other groups if we analyze them
courtyard. fax, telephone, internet, cable, mobile phone, in terms of our motives and values. We must interpret
2. Mud constructed houses: most of the houses in these kinds of gas, electricity, water treatment plant, their behavior in the light of their motives, habits and
societies are mud constructed. Although use of bricks and stone is sewerage system, air ports, railways, road values if we are to understand them. Cultural relativism
increasing in the societies. networks, big commercial areas, hospital, means that the function and meaning of a trait are relative
3. Agriculture: most of the people of these societies are associated school, colleges, universities etc. are available to its cultural setting. A trait is neither good nor bad in
with agriculture profession. Some of them are also involve in labor in it. itself. It is good or bad only with reference to the culture
related to agriculture. Sources of communication: Modern sources in which it is to function. Fur clothing is good in the Arctic
4. Informal social norms: informal social norms are more important of communication like telephone, internet, but not in the tropics. In some hunting societies which
and practiced than the formal norms. mobile phone, fax, cable are applied while occasionally face long periods of hunger to be fat is good;
5. Informal social groups: informality among different groups is found. communicating each others. it has real survival value and fat people are admired. In
In the evening, people are used to sit at common place called 'dei- Social mobility: Due better education, our society to be fat is not only unnecessary but is known
a' sharing daily activities and talking issues of the common interests. industrialization, economic and job to be unhealthful and fat people are not admired.
6. Informal social interaction: Interaction is more frequent, deep, opportunities, a high degree of social mobility The concept of cultural relativism does not mean that all
face-to-face and informal among the members of society. is found among people of this type of society. customs are equally valuable, nor does it imply that no
7. Informal social control: Modes of social control in rural life and People frequently change their profession, customs are harmful. Some patterns of behavior may be
society is informal and more effective than the formal jobs and place of residences. injurious everywhere, but even such patterns serve some
one.Panchayat system is very much effective and use for the International relation: These societies purpose in the culture and the society will suffer unless a
solution of their day to day problem. develop better relation with their neighboring substitute is provided. The central point in cultural
8. Low literacy rate: Literacy rate in this kind of societies is generally countries which provide economic and relativism is that in a particular cultural setting certain
low and females are discouraged to go for formal education. military benefits to them. traits are right because they work well in that setting while
9. Less social change: These types of societies are relatively static. Crime rate: Due to anonymity and population other traits are wrong because they would clash painfully
Very slow and selective modes of social change takes place. pressure, a high degree of crime rate is found. with parts of that culture.
10. Attachment with religion: people of rural areas are Murder, theft, dacoits, robbery, rape etc.
emotionally attached with religious beliefs. Knowledge of the happen many times in a day.
people in this society about religion is generally poor and they are Women status: Status of women in modern
the follower of imam masjid or religious scholars in their social life. society is high. Women are highly educated
11. Poor urban facilities: urban facilities like hospital, and work parallel to men in different walks of
schools, colleges, universities, paved roads, electricity, gas, life. They are given due importance and. share
telephone, internet, cable, recreational parks, big shopping malls in decision making and resource sharing.
etc. are lacking behind in this society.
What is Social Change Definition and Sources of Social Change, Cultural Base and Population Poverty as a Social Problem its Causes and Solutions
Meaning Structure What is Poverty?
Meaning of Social Change There are three main sources of social change i.e. Poverty means lacking of basic needs like clothing, shelter, food, health
Any alternation or modification that occurs in 1. Cultural base facilities. Poverty refers to limited resources and low standard of living
a situation over a time is called social 2. Change in population structure and which cannot fulfill the basic human needs. Currently in India, Pakistan
change. It is the change in human 3. The extraordinary gifted persons and other countries around the globe, poverty is a major social problem.
interactions and inter-relations. If comes to Culture Base Poverty can cause and leads the people to corruption, bribe, diseases, lack
change there are sources which are greatly By cultural base we mean the number of cultural traits of education, domestic abuse, parental issues, unemployment, drug abuse
responsible for change. The first source is existing at a given time and place. For example if there etc.
unsystematic and unique factors day or were one thousand cultural traits in Pakistani culture in What is Poverty Line?
night, climate, existence of people or groups. 1948, then this was the cultural base of Pakistani It is the minimum level of income required to fulfill the basic needs of
The second source is systematic factors like if Society in 1948. If in 1979 the number of such traits human beings.
we need sound development there must be a goes to four thousand, we can say that cultural base has Poverty as a Social Problem
stable and flexible government and system been enlarged. The following points should be kept in Pakistan, Indian and bangladesh are mostly agricultural by traditions and
as well as different social organization. mind in respect of cultural base. the social life of the people is simple related to their culture and
Definition of Social Change 1. If the cultural base of a Society is larger than there resources. The resources at our disposal and discovered up till now have
There are some definitions by well-known will be greater changes of social changes, as not been mobilized up to the advance stage. As it found in advanced
sociologists innovations (combination of two or more existing countries, who utilized the sources of oil and gas and water for the
According to Mr. Mohammad Iqbal cultural traits in a new or slightly new form) and welfare of the human beings.
Chaudhry, It is the reorganization diffusion (a process whereby a cultural traits or The problems with Asian people are that some of the resources, which are
of society in terms of time and place. pattern is spread from one individual, group or very costly have not been discovered from earth. Gold, silver, copper,
Majumdar defined it as a mode or fashion society to another) will flourish more in comparison iron, metals have not been fully discovered and utilized. Gas and oil
either modified or replacing previous one in to the small cultural base. reserves have not been fully discovered by the experts. There are three
the life of individuals or in society. 2. If the values of the society are undergoing a change sources of man while living as a member of society. Time, money and
Horton and Hunt defined it as a change in then it is always easier to introduce social changes as labor are great sources at our disposal. Time is the time of life and age
overall societal structure and relationship of the people mostly do not believe so firmly in the old which is not fully utilized because our culture is not industrial and mostly
a society. value system and they are ready to make we are not trained in technology of using resources available. We are
Social change is the alternation or experiments in new fields of group life. getting our young men trained in technical fields and have succeeded to
modification that takes place in a social 3. If in the Society the number of frustrated and desists great extent.
structure or function of a society. It is the fled individuals becomes greater, it would enhance Our medical and engineering skills have been saturated in Pakistani and
change in both material and non-material the speed of social change in the Society. indian society due to lack of economic wealth and they are in search of
culture. 4. If the culture is heterogeneous it will bear brighten jobs in foreign countries. This has given an idea 'that our society is not
Types of Social Change chances of social change as compared to a able to absorb technical skill due to lack of technological resources with
Types of Social Change are the following. homogeneous culture with less number of sub- us. Our culture is traditional and requires manual labor more than
1. Complete Change. When there is a cultures in it. technical labor. Weightlifter, road builders and menders of broken things
total change it is called a complete 5. Technology (the sum of ideas, skills and applied are the required persons. These all things have led to decide that Pakistani
change. It is in status and practices. knowledge) is the major course of social change. society and the people are poor and are not able to cover their foreign
2. Partial Changes. When the part of a Advancement and progress in technology stimulates exchange, foreign expenditure and needs of the nation within the
system changes it is a partial change. It changes in other forms of interaction. country.
is either in status or in practice Changes in Population Structure The main cause of this social problem is that human resources are mostly
3. Revolutionary Change. It is a sudden The changes in the structural aspect of population are with talent without technical training. What we want a mechanic of a
change and is always visible for a short very important and significant in bringing social change tractor, car, bus and the motor cycle. This is the most important
period. in a Society at a given time. The growth of population requirement of technical work. Because our society needs these services.
4. Evolutionary Change. It is slow change usually requires more resources regarding food, shelter The next of the resources is money and wealth this is drawn from the
and it exists permanently. and clothing etc. It becomes difficult to adjust the rising economic resources of land, industry, labor, technical work, business,
Study of Social Change numbers to the country's existing sources. This unhappy trade, services and professional works. These all require talent and
The interest of a sociologist in the study situation will demand new ways and means to solve the training in the worker with material equipment in offices and buildings.
of social change is to observe. problems. Further a rapid growth and its uneven They are provided with technical skills with the objectives of wealth got
Forms distribution in the country will encourage inland from agricultural produce, industrial production, profits and gains from
Speed (high or slow) migration and changes in the quality of population. This, business and trade, work in economic institutions with the expansion of
Cause (Possible factory contributing to under normal conditions, may lead to new roles, economic productions. The production in economy leads to expansion of
change) statuses, division of labour, changes in social wealth and resources.
Direction (whether it is positive or negative) relationships and change in behaviour of people in This production in economy depends upon the third factor as labor. It is
Control (whether it is balanced or order to meet the new needs and requirements of their the main theme of all activities in life. Man is useless without work. Labor
imbalanced) daily lives. In the same way, if the ratio of young people is of three types. Nonskilled labor is that one in which the workers are
Source (Origin) in a given population is greater, it will be having greater laborers in the farms, on road, lifters of weight in shopping centers and
Processes (course of action and patterns) chances for the introduction of social changes in the buildings construction. These are the most cheap servants available easily
Resistance (factors working against the society because the young people are more responsive in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. They are huge in number because they
growth of change) to novelties. are non technical members and mostly illiterate. This is the poorest class
Study of social change Study the previous Naturally Gifted Individuals with least resources with their family.
theories on the subject At many occasions the persons, who are naturally gifted The skilled are those laborers, who are workers in highly technical and
like Prophets, reformers, intellectuals, poets, scientists industrial plants. They build buildings of high standards. They are the
etc. give new ways of thinking and behaving to the engineers, medical practitioners, legal advisors, mechanic, judges, police
individuals in a society. Thus mostly the role of a single officers, the muftis of Shariat Laws. These are skilled workers of the nation
man is important in bringing, social change which may and work in different fields of life, in which the needs of satisfaction for
be in economic political or in any other field. This is also the nationals are fulfilled.
an importance source of social change. Cause of Poverty
1. Lack Education
2. High Birth Rate
3. Unequal distribution of factors of production
4. Traditional Agricultural System
5. Corruption in society
6. Political and economic Instability
Solutions to Poverty
1. Government must adopted FREE EDUCATION FOR ALL policy
2. Control birth rate
3. Microfinance schemes should be initiated for starting small
business
4. Transparency in government spending
5. Corruption a root cause should be eradicated
6. Bring rich people in tax bracket
7. Reforms in Agricultural system
Folkways in Sociology Meaning Definition with Example Mores in Sociology, Meaning, Definition and Types of Social Norms Folkways, Mores and Laws
Folkways Examples The types of social norms are the following
Man's action repeated by him is his habit and a repeated Meaning of Mores 1. Folkways
behaviour by a group of people is a custom. More specifically, All the various forms of social norms are instruments 2. Mores
the socially approved ways of acting are the customs of the of social control in varying degrees. The social usages, 3. Laws
society. These customs develop during the way of our daily life folkways regulating our behaviour, are called mores. 1. Folkways
and we conform to them consciously and unconsciously, The folkways and mores have the same source of their Folkways are man's actions repeated by him in his habit
Because they have become an important part of our emergence and it is group interaction. Both are the and a repeated behavior by group of people in a custom.
behaviour, These very customs when regularized by our customary ways of life and are standards of right and Summer defines folkways saying that "These are the
repeated behaviour, maintain a basic position in our life and wrong. The people seek direction of their actions by socially approved ways of behaving in a society. These are
are called "folkways and mores" by W.G, Sumner. "Folkways" learning these norms in group life. The difference lies the ways of life of the people. So it is the way of life of
are the socially approved ways of behaving in a society. These in the degree of social control upon groups. Mores are people which opens unconsciously. Folkways are the
are the ways of life of folk are the ways of life in a society more compulsory to conform than the folkways. norms that arise during social interaction and are passed
which open unconsciously upon the people. These are norms Wearing clothes is mores and the clothes of different on from one generation to the next. The most elementary
that arise during social interaction and are handed down from styles are folkways. Purdah observing for ladies used or the basic pattern of social norms is the folkways. The
one generation to the next. They are simply the accumulated to be mores in our society but it has now been left as basic forms of social control being folkways sanctions the
patterns of expected behaviors that have arisen to meet the folkways. There are certain tribes castes and sects in way of our life. The interaction which takes place
recurrent. Situation of social interaction. The most elementary our society in which it is still a mores. For example, unconsciously with others follows some pattern which is
pattern in social norms is the folkways. The basic form of the people of Frontier Region, some families and the in our culture called adab-e-guftugo which means the
social control is folkways which paves out a sanctioned way for people of certain castes hold it a 'must'. Most of the manners of conversation. These define our specific
our life. Interacting with others we, mostly unconsciously, families living in the farmsteads and villages of Punjab, behavior in a specific situation. Summer says that folkways
keep in view the generally accepted ways of interaction with Sind and Baluchistan usually consider purdah for are not creation of human purpose.
others and follow the same patterns which, in terminology of women as folkways. Mores determines that such item These are the product of natural forces which men
our cultural language, are called manners of conversation. As in the society holds such position and holds such unconsciously set in operation. Folkways are the should
these define our specific behaviour for specific situation value. Folkways and mores, whatever the method of part of human behaviour". But however the violations of
(according to the cultural values) and the social situations social control both vary in their degree of intensity. folkways do not endanger the society. It does not create a
differ in space and time and that is why they vary from society This degree is the degree of value attached by the serious social problem but this violation is not tolerated by
to society and time to time. culture to that item. the society. Folkways are informal norms. These groves
Definition Mores is the plural of more which means custom. and vanish with the need of time. These are the guardian
Sumner says "the folkways are not creation of human purpose Moms is from moral and refers to any act or belief in. of minor social ways and the social norms are the
and will. They are products of natural forces which men accordance with customary group expectations. An guardians of our sociocultural values.
unconsciously set in operation" act is moral if it is customary, immoral if it is not some 2. Mores
Gillin and Gillin say that "Folkways are behaviour patterns of examples of mores from our culture are given below: All forms of Social norms are instruments of social control.
everyday life which generally arise unconsciously in a Definition The usage of folkways regulating our behavior is the
group".A. W. Green opines, "Those ways of acting that are According to R.M. Maclver and C.H. Page, "When the mores. The mores is also a type of social norms is also the
common to a society or a group and that are handed down folkways have added to them; conceptions of group outcome of interaction. The folkways and the mores both
from one generation to the next are known as folkways." welfare, standards of right and wrong, they are are the customary ways of life and are the standards of
According to Lundberg "These are the typical or habitual converted into mores". right and wrong. The people seek direction of their
beliefs, attitudes and styles of conduct observed within a Gillin and Gillin say that "Those customs and group sanctions by learning these patterns. Mores is the plural of
group or community". routines which are thought by the members of the the world "mos" which means custom. Mores is the moral
Merill says "These are literally the ways of the folk, that is, society to be necessary to the group's continued practice and refers to any act or belief in accordance with
social habits or group expectations that have arisen in the existence". customary group expectations. Mores are more serious
daily life of the group". As Edward Sapir has pointed out, "The term 'mores' is norms but also informal like folkways. These are also
Examples best reserved for those customs which connote fairly unwritten customary ways of life and their violation is a
Folkways are the rules of eating, drinking; meeting and strong feelings of the tightness or wrongness of mode serious threat to the social order for example having
departing, types of dressing, ceremonies and rituals for of behaviour". sexual relationship with a woman without marriage or
different situations, and the manners of life in institutional In simple words, we can say when the folkways clearly entering a house without permission or breaking of
situations as family, school, market, and mosque. In Sumner's represent the group standards, the group sense of pardah practice by woman such incident create unrest
words, the folkways are "right ways" to meet various what is fitting, right and conducive to well-being, then among the people. Mores deal with higher values of
situations which can arise. The ways of behaviour which the they become mores. people. These are very important parts of the society.
people think right for specific situations are the folkways. They Examples of Mores In Sociology 3. Law
are the "should" of human behaviour. Some examples of Sanctity of mosque and other sacred beliefs and It is another types of social norm. Law is the engine of
folkways from our Pakistani culture are given below: practices: Nikah ceremony; Namaz-e-Janaza and its social control. It is the formal part of social norms. It is the
Assalam-o-alaikum, and responding waalakam assalam, burial (for Muslims). Mores are more serious norms written form of life practice and its violation and
shaking hands and embracing while meeting, saying Khuda but also informal like folkways. They are also punishment is clearly defined. Law is the product of
Hafiz or Fi-Amanulla while departing, men and women not to unwritten customary ways of life. They have very society according to the social conditions of life. Law is
eat from the same dish at the same time to eat by sitting, a serious binding on groups. Their violation is a serious also a custom but refined and defined according to the
place not lower than the sitting place for respect, while threat, to social order. For example, having sexual social situations. Violation of law is called a crime and the
smoking the oldest to start first and the younger to serve; relations with women without marriage, entering into person who violates the law is called a criminal. Violation
ceremonies on marriage like, making the fun of bride and other's house without permission, breaking purdah of of law creates a serious problem in the society. The
bridegroom; dancing and singing songs by women; women, selling and eating effective force among the social norms is the force of law.
decoration" of houses and wearing fine clothes, exchange of unclean (haram) meat, drinking, abducting children Making laws is the defining of acts according to the
dishes among intimates on festivals of Eids and other; respect are the violation of mores. Such incidents create situations. More sanctions awarded to law are formal that
for elders. Pir and Maulvi sahib, and for women and others. unrest among the people. On violation the people is imprisonment, fine or death sentence. It also can be
Violation of Folkways take very serious action and sometimes they even positive action by awarding certificates or the degrees.
On the violation of folkways the order of the society is not beat the violator Police action is seldom required
endangered. It does not create some serious problem. But because such violations are mostly out of police
frequent violation is not tolerated by the society. The people jurisdiction.
punish the violator by joking, laughing at, advising and Violation of Mores
taunting. These punishments, how so minor, create control on Mores deal with higher values of people. The violation
general violation. of mores is a serious threat to higher values of life,
Folkways are informal norms hence their violation and the honor and property. People want protection of their
punishment on them is unwritten. Sumner said that they grow values. If these are followed there is no problem of
in society like self-grown grass. They vanish when they are not value endanger.
needed. It means unconsciously they appear and disappear in These group standards are so important in society
society: Police and other agencies of social control do not that their boundary sometimes touches the border of
interfere in the violation of folkways. law. Keeping to the left on roads is a mores as well as
Being the guardians of minor social ways when a this type of a law.
norm is violated it means a minor value is broken by the
violator. All social norms are the guardians of our social and
cultural values. For the defense of higher values the higher
norms are fixed and for minor values the minor norms called
folkways are appointed.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Socialization agents are the Elements of Culture | Basic Elements of Culture Sub Culture Definition & Meaning in
sources from which we learn about society and ourselves. Culture is the totality of learned and socially transmitted behaviors. Sociology
People and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, It is shared and practicing in all societies of the world. Basic Definition of Sub Culture
attitudes, and behavior are called agents of socialization. They Elements of culture includes ideas, beliefs, values, customs which Sub culture defined as a sub division of a
are our socializes. People who serve as socializing agents make it a whole configuration. Culture is transmitted form one national culture, or an enclave within it with
include family members, friends, neighbors, the police, the generation to another. Each culture has some basic elements. a distinct integrated network of human
employers, teachers, political leaders, business leaders, Basic Elements of Culture behaviour, beliefs, attitudes, habits, values,
religious leaders, sports stars, and entertainers. Socialization There are some basic Cultural Elements given below: norms, and orientation toward life and life
agents also can be fictional characters that we read about or 1. Language after death.
see on television or in the movies. Every social experience we 2. Symbols The concept of sub culture refers to a
have affects us in at least a small way. However, several 3. Norms totality of ways of thinking, behaving,
familiar settings have special importance in the socialization 4. Values learning and living of majority of people
process. Some of the important agents of socialization are as 5. Beliefs living within a bigger complex whole. The
below. 6. Cognitive Elements concept of subculture suggests both a
The Family The family has the greatest impact on socialization. 1. Language separate identity as well as a part of the
Infants are totally dependent on others, and the responsibility A group of words or ideas having common meaning and is shared to whole. For example, people living in various
to look after the young ones typically falls on parents and a social situation is called language. Language is the entrance to provinces of Pakistan have own sub cultures
other family members. It is a matter of child survival. There is aculture. Language is a set of socially sound pattern, words, and which differs markedly from one another
an automatic provision of learning situations to the young sentences having specific meaning and terminology common to the and an essential part of the main Pakistani
ones. Family begins the lifelong process of defining ourselves same culture. culture. The rural or urban cultures are
of being male or female and the child learns the appropriate Language is a source of communication and to transmit message other examples of sub cultures of Pakistan.
roles associated with his/her gender. Who we are? The from one person to another. It is the method to mold the behavior Similarly Muslim culture is different from
perceptions about ourselves and the family status are and experience of a person. Language differs from culture to culture the sub cultures of minorities living in
conferred on us. The class position of parents affects how and is transmitted from one generation to another. Pakistan.
they raise their children. Class position shapes not just how Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry out our The sub cultural groups in Pakistan could be
much money parents have to spend, but what they expect of complex social activities. Language is the foundation of a culture and identified on the basis of ethnic orientation,
their children. In the lower-class there is lot of emphasis on ticket to the entrance of a social life. Animal have not culture religious affiliation, geographical identity,
conformity and obedience. The children are told " Don't get because they have no specific language to transmit worlds to others. belief system and language.
into trouble." There is more use of physical punishment in So, language is the key to open a social life of an individual with Meaning of Sub Culture
lower class than in other classes. People of lower-class some special characteristics. Sociologists explain such differences in
standing usually have limited education and perform routine 2. Symbols terms of sub cultural variations between the
jobs under close supervision. They expect their children will Culture is a system of symbols. Symbols are anything used to working class and the middle classes. The
hold similar positions, so they encourage obedience. Well-off represent express and stand for an event situation. Symbols direct to life orientations are different, the working
parents, with more schooling, usually have jobs that demand guide our behavior. It is used to show an event of past, present or class life contains immediate orientations
imagination and creativity. They try to inspire the same future. For example the heap of ash show that the something has getting along, action as experience and
qualities in their children. Therefore in the middleclass there is been burnt or the wet street shows that it has rained. justification of action rather than believer in
emphasis on developing curiosity, self- expression, self- Bowing head, whistling, winkling of eyes situation, all are the individual accomplishment and
control, and reasoning. symbols, which express a specific object idea about other. BaithUllah responsibility. There are economic
The School Schooling enlarges children's social world to is the symbol of God and we pray to it. American Shake their hand to insecurities, powerlessness and no clear
include people with backgrounds different from their own. answer for No. Other examples are flag, anthem, picture, statues are picture of future. These factors have
Among the manifest functions, the schools teach children a symbols. Symbols are the short expression for the identification of different psychological and sociological
wide range of knowledge and skills. Schools informally convey an object or situation. implications. The working class children are
other lessons, which might be called the hidden curriculum. 3. Norms constantly reminded of by the significant
Through different activities schools help in inculcating values Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the guidelines which other an privileged others that they are a
of patriotism, democracy, justice, honesty, and competition. specify the behavior of an individual. Norms keep a person within different type. The children are not sure of
Efforts remade to introduce correct attitudes about economic the boundary of society and its culture. It gives us restriction about themselves and feel if would be illogical for
system/political system. Peer Groups Peer group is the one something which to do and which not to do. It molds our behavior them to be over ambitious in life.
whose members have interests, social position, and age in and gives as knowledge about wrong and right. Norms can be This ideal description of working class,
common. Unlike the family and the school, the peer group lets divided into: culture further points out how different
children escape the direct supervision of adults. Among the a. Folkways. Folkways are the simple customary ways of the social class experience produce different
peers, children learn how to form relationships on their own. people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a cognitive and evaluation skills and habits. If
Peer groups also offer the chance to discuss interests that culture. Folkways are the recognized or accepted ways of behavior. this description is correct we are justified in
adults may not share with their children (such as clothing or These are the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his assuming that working class members will
other activities).In a rapidly changing society, peer groups daily life. tend to learn attitudes and actions to the
have great influence on an individual. The attitudes of young b. Mores. Mores is a Latin word and the plural of mos which means effect that the world 'around them
and old may differ because of a "generation gap." The customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation. (perception) cannot be logically analyzed
importance of peer groups typically peaks during adolescence, It is the must behavior of a person. Mores refers to what ought to and manipulated by individual actions. The
when young people begin to break away from their families be and what ought not to be. Mores are serious norms but are low class child expects the school and the
and think of themselves as adults. Neighborhood and schools informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the society to make greater room for luck,
provide a variety of peer groups. Individuals tend to view their violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both chance, unpredictability, coincidence
own group in positive terms and to discredit others. People formal and informal for the violation of mores. (personality traits). The non-family norms
are also influenced by peer groups they would like to join, 4. Values demand cheek on spontaneity, deferred
process sociologists call anticipatory socialization, learning Anything getting importance in our daily life becomes our values. gratification, performance and instrumental
that helps a person achieve a desiredposition.35img The origin of values is not biological but it is social production while approach to the life. The implications are
Introduction to Sociology - SOC101 VU In fact peer groups living in society the values develop. Values depend upon the culture. obvious.
have a compelling influence on its members, whereby the Culture varies from society to society and thus values are different in Furthermore, the working-class child learns
individuals conform to group norms. every social situation. Values are what we like and what we say will (through significant others) a different
The Mass Media The mass media are impersonal in our society values are the good idea and thinking of a person. language, and has different vocabulary. This
communication aimed at a vast audience. Mass media arise as Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders, books language is simple, commanding, blunt,
communication technology (first the newspapers and then and parents. The culture is full of values and can transmit from one limited, illogical, intellectually and culturally
radio, television, films, and the Internet) spreads information generation to another. When a natural object get a meaning it poor. His parents do not encourage
on a mass scale. The mass media have an enormous effect on becomes a value. curiosity, exploration of knowledge and
our attitudes and behavior, and on shaping peoples opinions 5. Beliefs mutual trust and confidence among
about issues as well as what they buy. Where television Every sect within a culture having some beliefs for cultural refuge. children (all personality traits). So there is
provides lot of entertainment, at the same time it is a big These beliefs are responsible fro the spiritual fulfillment of needs less chance left to this child to get adjusted
agent of socialization. The portrayal of human characters in and wants. Muslims believe in God, Holly Prophet, The Day of to nonfamily environment as compared to
different programs and in advertisements on television helps Judgment, recitation of Holly Quran, Hajj etc. middle class children.
in projecting the gender perceptions prevalent in the society; Sikh wear bangle in one hand, bear a long beard, keeping a
thereby helping in gender construction. The same programs dagger. Cross for Christians and a necklace or a cotton thread
help in shaping the attitudes, values, and basic orientation of around nick, the water of ganga and are sacred for Hindus.
people to life. 6. Cognitive Elements
Religion Cognitive elements of culture are those though which an individual
Religion plays significant role in the socialization of most know how to cope with an existing social situation. How to survive,
Pakistanis. It influences morality, becoming a key component how make shelter from storms and other natural calamities, how to
in people's ideas of right and wrong. The influence of religion travel and transport etc. are the practical knowledge which make a
extends to many areas of our lives. For example participation culture. Such knowledge is carefully thought to every generation.
in religious ceremonies not only teaches us beliefs about the
hereafter but also ideas about dress, concepts of pakandpleet,
and manners appropriate for formal occasions.
What is Culture, Definition, Features & Characteristics of Culture Different Forms of Family System Explanation, Advantages & Disadvantages
Culture is the Centre of a society and without culture no society can Forms of Family System
even exist. It is the main difference between human beings and animals. Following the main forms of family system vary from society to society.
It is a heritage transmitted from one generation to another. It includes all Conjugal & Nuclear Family
the ways and behaviors is social life. Man is born in the environment of In Conjugal family system the married couple and their children are living
culture, in which he seeks his way of behaving and acting in a given together is the same house. It means that the nuclear family consists of the (1)
society. Married parents and (2) Unmarried children. Husband and wife have equal power
Definition of Culture and having control over their children and play better role is their socialization.
Following are some important definitions of culture by sociologists They enjoy their life and share their activities. It is in practice in Pakistan, western
Horton and Hunt definition of culture, Culture is everything which is countries and industrialized areas.
socially shared and learned by the members of a society. Advantages of nuclear family system
Tylor defined It is that complex whole including beliefs, art, region, 1. Economic advantage.
values, norms, ideas, law, taught, knowledge, custom and other 2. Socialization of children.
capabilities acquired y a man as a member of a society. 3. Money saving
It is the totality of human experience acquired during transmission of 4. Common activities.
heritage from one generation to another and to learn the ways of Disadvantages of nuclear family system
learning, eating, drinking, behaving, walking, dressing, and working is the 1. Lack of man power.
culture of man. 2. Lack of economic support.
Features & Characteristics of Culture 3. Burden of work.
Some of the important characteristics of culture has been cited below. Joint Family System
1. Culture is learned The members of joint family system are related on the basis of marriage as well
Culture is not inherited biologically but it is leant socially by man in a as blood relation. It consists of husband, wife, married children and a group of
society. It is not an inborn tendency but acquired by man from the blood relatives. In this family a child after marriage does not want to separate
association of others, e.g. drinking, eating, dressing, walking, behaving, from his parents and want to live with then under the same roof. All the
reading are all learnt by man. members of this family share their property, have common kitchen and common
2. Culture is social is come and expenditure and had a head which control the activities of the
It is not an individual phenomena but it is the product of society. It members. These qualities distinguish the family from extended family. In such
develops in the society through social interaction. It is shared by the man families the mother and aunts are usually alike and every member is responsible
of society No man can acquire it without the association of others. Man is for the socialization of children. (Pak-India-Bangladeshi-Afghanistan)
man only among men. It helps to develop qualities of human beings in a Advantages of Joint Family System
social environment. Deprivation of a man from his company is the 1. Division of labor
deprivation of human qualities. 2. Better economic position
3. Culture is shared 3. Share land
Culture is something shared. It is nothing that an individual can passes 4. Socialization
but shared by common people of a territory. For example, customs, 5. Social insurance
traditions, values, beliefs are all shared by man in a social situation. These Disadvantages of joint Family system
beliefs and practices are adopted by all equally. 1. Home of idlers
4. Culture is transmitted 2. Lack of detachment
Culture is capable of transmitted from one generation to the next. 3. Bed personality development
Parents papas cultural traits to their children and in return they pass to 4. No specific control over children
their children and son on. It is not transmitted through genes but through Consanguine Family
language. Language is means to communication which passes cultural The consanguine family system is based on the blood relationship of husband
traits from one generation to another. and wife relatives. This type of family is an extended clan of blood relatives with
5. Culture is continuous their children living together is the same house. It is based on biological
It is continuous process. It is like a stream which is flowing from one relationship among then. It is a large group is which siblings (Brothers + Sisters
generation to another through centuries. Culture is the memory of living together along with their children. Examples of such type of family is found
human race. mostly is Pakistan but it is also is practice in Nayar, and Tory islands.
6. Culture is accumulative Extended Family
Culture is not a matter of month or a year. It is the continuous process Extended family system is the combination of nuclear and consanguine family. It
and adding new cultural traits. Many cultural traits are borrowed from is based on conjugal as well as blood relations. This family system consists of
out side and these absorbed in that culture which adopt it, as culture is three generations.
accumulative and combines the suitable cultural traits. 1. The Parents
7. Culture is integrated 2. Married Children and
All the cultural aspects are inter-connected with each other. The 3. Their Children
development of culture is the integration of its various parts. For This family consists of husband, wife, their married children and their grandsons
example, values system is interlinked with morality, customs, beliefs and and granddaughters, aunts, cousins, nephews, uncles etc. This family is the
religion. combination of two or more nuclear families and may include monogamous,
8. Culture is changing polyandrous and polygynous families. In this system of family people related by
It remains changing but not static. Cultural process undergoes changes. blood relation living together but everyone have their separate kitchen, Separate
But with different speeds from society to society and generation to income system and expenditures. Example of joint family system are is Pakistan,
generation. Afghanistan and India.
9. Culture varies from society to society Matrifocal Family System It consists of a mother with her children and no
Every society has its own culture and ways of behaving. It is not uniform husband. It is also called maternal family or mother child unit. In this case when a
every where but occurs differently in various societies. Every culture is person dies, or divorce his wife or marry with another woman and lives with her
unique in itself is a specific society. For example, values, customs, and children. There are some examples of matrifocal family system can be found
traditions, ideologies, religion, belief, practices are not similar but in West Indies, North America Malabar, Bangladesh Afghanistan and some areas
different in every society. However the ways of eating, drinking, speaking, of Pakistan.
greeting, dressing etc are differs from one social situation to another in Stem Family Here one child younger or elder start living with his her parents. In
the same time. other words a single child wants to live with parents even after marriage and all
10. Culture is responsive the others must leave the home. So, this type of family consists of husband, wife,
Culture is responsive to the changing conditions of a physical world. It son or daughter with spouse and their children. This type of marriage is found is
intervenes in the natural environment and helps man from all dangers Pakistan from place to place.
and natural calamities e.g. our houses are responsible to give us shelter Patriarchal Family System The descent line is recorded to the name of male or
and safety from storm and heavy rains. father. The whole family goes to the name of father or grandfather.
11. Culture is gratifying Matrilineal Family The descent line goes to the name of female member or
It is gratifying and provide all the opportunities for needs and desires mother or grandmother.
satisfaction. These needs may be biological or social but It is responsible Bilineal Family Here line of descent goes through both sides e.g; from male as
to satisfy it. Our needs are food, shelter, clothing and desires are status, well as from female.
fame, money, sex etc are all the examples which are fulfilled according to Patriarchal Family Patriarchal family I that type of family is which father is
the cultural ways. In fact it is defined as the process through which considered as the dominant and powerful authority. This type of family is in
human beings satisfy their need. practice is Pakistan, India, America, etc.
12. Linked with society Matriarchal Family In matriarchal family mother or any other female is the
Last but not the least one of the characteristics of culture that culture and supreme authority for family control and rules implementation. It is also found is
society are one and the same. But if we say that these turn two are twin America, Malabar and some areas of Pakistan.
sister, it would not be wrong. Society is a composite of people and they Equalitarian Family Father and mother have the authority to control the family.
interact each other through it. It is to bind the people within the society. They both are the dominant personalities.
What is Social Control Meaning Definition and Characteristics What are the Basic Characteristics of Family What is Family Institution Meaning & Definition of Family
What is Social Control Institution Institution
Social control is the basic mean of social solidarity and Characteristics of Family Institution Meaning of Family
conformity rather than deviance. It controls the behavior, The essential characteristics of family Family is the basic social institutions from which other social
attitudes and actions of individuals to balance their social institution are as under. institutions have grown and developed. In producers, slaves and
situation. Man is born free but in chains everywhere he lives. A 1. Attachment of Blood Relations: The family other servants as well as for the members connected by a
person living in a society has to adopt certain rules and members have blood relations with one common descent or blood relation. The word Family has derived
regulation. These are the social norms on which the whole another. But on the other hand blood from a Roman word Famulus which means servants.
society is running. For smooth functions and running of these relation is not so important is a family Definitions of Family
norms these controls are necessary. It regulates harmony and because if the family members there would G.P Murdock, a well Known anthropologist has conducted about
brings unity among individuals of the same group. It also be no blood relatives is case if adoption, 250 researches on family. He says that family is different is
affects socialization process. When social norms are followed relation is that of affinity. So, family is not structure but similar is its function in various societies. Some of
by the people of a society, it means that they adopt restricted to the blood relations among its the Anthropologist and sociologists has defined family as under:
conformity to society and establish control. The deviancy from members. 1. G.P. Murdock: Family is a social group characterized by
these norms leads to punishment may be lighter or serious, 2. Economic Provision: Family is the basic common residence, economic cooperation and Reproduction
which touch the boarder of law. institution for the provision of the economic and procreation of children.
Meaning of Social Control resources. Every individual is assigned a 2. Biesanz and Biesanz: "Family may be defined as a woman with
It means to bring people of society within the limits and specific work, man can go outside of the a child and a man to look after them".
compel them to adopt conformity to social norms. home for earning while women do her 3. Clare: "Family is a system of relationship existing between
Definition of Social Control domestic works. So, this division of labour is parents and children".
According to Fairchild, It is the process which helps a society a source of economy provision and the 4. Nimkoff: A family is more or less durable association of
to secure conformity to individuals as well as groups. basic help of dependent members like husband and wife with or without children of man or a woman
Horton & Hunt says that social control is a complete process children and old age people. alone with children.
where a society provides security to its members and 3. Emotional Basis: Family institutions is 5. Horton and hunt: "It is a type of Kinship grouping which
conformity to their prospects. characterized by the emotional provides for the rearing of children and for certain other human
Mannheim says, it is the collection of methods which can help relationships b/w family members. It brings needs."
to influence human behavior to retain social order. unity and harmony is family members due 6. Elliot and Merrill: Family is a biological social unit composed of
It is very clear that it stops deviation to social norms and bring to we feelings among them. Family husband, wife and children.
control and conformity in a society. It is the collective behavior members feels themselves attach to on From these definitions we can draw a comprehensive one as,
through which the process of social order remains constant. another on the basis of personal interests family is a biological and social tie between husband and wife with
Characteristics of Social Control and relations. or without children for their Reproduction, upbringing and rearing
Following are three main characteristics 4. Common Habitation: Family members have having a common residence, economic system and cooperation
1. It is an influence exerted through social suggestions, the characteristics to live is a common due to blood relationship.
public opinion, religion and appeal. home. This home may be a single roof or an
2. Influence is exercised by society bitterly than a single entire place, rented or the ancestral home 7 Important Characteristics of Sociology
person or individual, such groups may be in the form of of the family but they live is a particular Sociology is a branch of knowledge which has some unique
a family, union, club etc. place together. The nomadic families also features. It is different from other sciences in several respects.
3. Every control as influence exercised by a specific society have the common habitation under a tent. From studying those characteristics will help one to understand
for the promoting of group welfare. Social control is 5. Nomenclature System: Every family has its the field of sociology. Below are the essential characteristics of
exercised for some specific ends and goals to achieve by own ancestral name for which the whole sociology.
the individual of a collective group. family can be recognized. For this purpose a 1. It is an Independent Science
nomenclature system go as is a family and Sociology is a specific science having its own branches of
____________________________________ attach to the members names. knowledge. It does not come under the umbrella of other social or
Why Sociology as a Science Discuss 6. Permanent Relations of Husband physical sciences. It has its own code of study and a separate line
Before going to why sociology as a science discussion first we Wife: Family is a social institution is which from other sciences.
will examine that what is science and what are the main there exists a permanent relationships b/w 2. It Social Science not Physical
features of science, then we will measure all these qualities the couple to produce young ones and to Sociology belongs to the family of social sciences and is
with the discipline of sociology. If these characteristics were look after them. considered as the mother of all social sciences. Other social
present in sociology, it would be called as science other not. 7. Permanent Sexual Relations: Only place is sciences are under the jurisdiction of sociology from one of other
What is Science which the husband and his wife has point of view. For this purpose it study the behavior, action and
Science is the study of organized and verified knowledge permanent sexual relations and needs social activities of a man.
covering both theory and fact, these characteristics are: satisfaction. This relationship gives a charm 3. It is a Categorical Science
Science as Knowledge. Science is a systematic study of to their social life due to marriage and Sociology is not concern to study the moral or immoral, right or
knowledge having scientific investigation. It also includes marital relationships. wrong, good and evil problems. It studies the general phenomena
concepts, interrelations between these concept, explanation 8. Universality: Family is a universal institution of social life for this it is a categorical science separate from the
and prediction on the basis of concepts. recognized and accepted everywhere. judgment of any type of value.
Science as Methods. Scientific methods include hypothesis, Family system is in practice everywhere 4. Pure Science
observations, verification, re-verification, testing and even the primitive societies is. Sociology has its theoretical knowledge which is indispensible for
measurement. 9. Limited Size: In comparison to other social sociologists, scientists and social worker as well as for
Science as Tool. Techniques or tools, which are very important institutions, family is a small one but the anthropologists. Its study does not interest in any law making or
in the observation and measurement. These tools include basic institution. It is very small but very public policies and their implementation but study examine only
microscope, telescope etc which are very exact in much multi-functional for society. the social aspect of society that what is happening in the social
psychological sciences and its study. 10. Closed Group: Family is a closed situation. This study is important for scientists.
Sociology is a Science Discussion group is which the members have tied 5. Sociology is Generalizing not Particular
Keeping in view the above discussed characteristics of science themselves to one another. Every person There is no specification or limitation in the study of social system.
we will apply these to the discipline of sociology. cannot become the group member of a It tries to find general law and principles about human interaction
Science as Knowledge. Sociology is also its own organized family but there is small chances of gaining and association.
body of knowledge based on concepts, interrelation of those a family like marriage, birth, adoption etc. 6. General Science Not Special
concepts and explanation in the field of sociology. These 11. Each Family has a Head: It is also The field of sociology is generalized. Other social sciences study a
concepts are community, society, role, status and values. the basic characteristic of a family to has its specific aspect of its study like economics, political science, which
Keeping the explanation the explanation the base sociologists own head. It would be the father, mother or is confined to a central point but the discipline of sociology is
predict human behavior. any other member of family but must be a generalized.
Science as Method. Sociology is also having its method of data powerful authority to govern the rules of a 7. Empirical Science
collection. First a problematic situation is to be observed, then family. Rational and empirical are the two main approaches in scientific
it is forwarded to verification and re-verification. If the data is 12. Permanency: Family is a study. Sociology applies both the approaches on its stud.
valid, it would be acceptable to the sociologists otherwise it permanent social institution is which Rationalization is the collection of facts while empirical is the
would be rejected. members live is a lifelong time connected to arrangement and coordination of these facts. Facts and theories
Science as a Tool. The sociological tools are very important in one another. are interrelated to each others. Theories without facts are empty
social sciences. These include questionnaire, interview From the above discussion is an institution is and facts without theories are blind.
schedules, focus group discussions and sampling for data which the members have close relationships After this discussion easily understand the important
collection. with one another and share their common characteristics of sociology that it is an independent general and
Why sociology as a science discussion from the above fillings. social science having its own theoretical study and importance in
comparison of sociology and science it has been concluded social life and apply the scientific approaches of rational and
that sociology qualified all the characteristics of science. So we empirical.
can say that sociology is also a social science.
Social Norms Definition and Functions & Types of What is Society Meaning and Definition of Society What is Social Action Definition, Types & Elements with Examples
Social Norms What is Society Mon, 08/25/2014 - 10:13 -- Umar Farooq
Definition of Social Norms Individual is the basic component of society. The What is Social Action in Sociology
Social norms clearly define the roles of the individuals interaction of individuals with each other gives According to Max Weber sociology is the science of social action.
or people in different situations hence these social birth to group. The social groups interact with each Obviously it means any action in relation to other action and its
norms are the codes of mutual relationship. These other and develop relationships with each other, important characteristic is the nature of being social. Max Weber
draw a line between what is right and what is wrong. leads to a society. The players in football or other himself differentiated such actions by giving examples. A driver
These guide our interaction patters on one hand and games came together is not a society, but just an driving a car is doing social activity and a student reading a book is
are reproduced during the same process. These aggregate of people. Within the society there are not. From the former example it is learnt that the car driver affects
differentiate between the behavior of human and patterns and groupings on the basis of likeness and others by his driving while the student has no social effect or relation
animal and develop during the social differences. "Likeness" creates a chain of relations with others. That is why car driving is social activity while book
processes. According to Young & Mack "Norms refers among the individuals having similarity in one or reading is not. The trait of being social is due to the effect one puts
to the group shared expectations". more conditions' like same profession, same upon others. It means there is communication between the actor and
Norms are not the formal laws in society but still it residence, same caste, family and kinship, college, the people. This communication is an effect or influence upon others.
play an important role in social control and can be age, sex etc." It means a sort of relationship develops during the action. This
imposed formally through sanctions or body gestures Consciousness of kind is developed and the people relationship among the individuals is called social, which influences
and creates conformity which allow people to socialize of similar interests are joined together rustling in others. Thus it is such an attempt in which one or more persons
to their culture. It is possible the people have certain the formation of various groups and categories. participate belonging to some social system
norms adopted from previous organization. When Without difference in cultural conditions of a Definition of Social Action
come to new place they dont have any idea to react society the human life would have been According to Duncan Mitchel "Action is social when the actor be-
and rely on previous on past experience. monotonous and probably limited in which little haves in such a manner that his action is intended to influence the
Functions of Social Norms change is predictable. The system of give and take action of one or more other persons."
Control Behaviour: Social norms control our behaviour relationship creates reciprocal roles in human life. Here the actor acts in presence of some social situation. While it is a
in the way that they provide a set pattern for our These differences lead to variety of human continuously occurring group event spread in time and space and
behaviour. These set patterns become customs when behaviors and social division of labor; the process invites the attention of the actor towards action. When one or more
are socially approved. The people are expected to of specialization is developed. Man is dependent persons perform an action in presence of this situation it is called
follow these customs. on society for basic needs satisfaction i.e. food, social action. From this discussion we can conclude that ii
Making behaviour systematic and patterned: Another protection, education, etc. There are societies on 1. can be done by one or more persons
function is that the behaviour of the people becomes local as well as on national levels. 2. influences others
systematic and patterned. In society harmony, among Meaning of Society 3. is performed in face of some social situation
members of group is created Due to harmony of This term has been derived from a Latin word 4. has its relationship with some social system the way that
behaviour certain laws can be enforced to control 'socious' that means association or companionship. the actors are interdependent upon one another
them. It means law and order can be maintained in Thus society means 'A larger group of individuals, Elements of Social Actions
society due to an order in social behaviour. who are associative with each other'. folloiwng are Talcott Parsons five elements
Safeguard of our values: It is to safeguard our Definition of Society The actor. It is that individual who performs an act. The actor can be
sociocultural, values. These are the guardians of our Prof Wright: It is a system of relationships that one or more persons.
values. exists among the individuals of the groups. The goal. It is the aim or objective for which the action was done.
Maintains social order of society: These creates social Linton: Any group of people who have lived and Without goal, an action is futile and baseless.
control and maintain fabric of society. These allow worked together long enough to get themselves Social situation. The actor performs his role in presence of some
people to analyze what is important for the survival of organized and to think of themselves as a social situation. While this situation is a continuously occurring group event
group behavior. unit with well defined limits". spread in space and time and thisl situation instigates the actor to
Create social cohesions and social solidarity: It create A.W. Green: It is the largest group in which action. To control the situation he does an act. Therefore, a situation
social harmony and improve social integration. individual have relationships. is an agent of social action. There are two types of situation
Helps in self-control: Norms are also helpful in making Maclver: It is a web of social relationship, which is controllable and uncontrollable situation.
self-control. always changing. Normative orientation. It is performed on some social pattern,
Assists society for its survival: Survival of society is Adam Smith: Society is an artificial device of custom. All these forms are called norms of society. The pattern on
dependent on norms. Natural economy. which it is done is called norm.
The social norms are not found among animals. Only Energy. These require energy for its performance. Physical energy
human societies have norms. Animals donot have and training are essential for an act.
these in their life hence no 'question of their violation. 4 Types of Social Action
Therefore, the norms are more cultural than social in According to Max Weber there are four types
nature. They give human beings a shape of society The rational orientation to a system of discrete individual ends. It
with culture. means that for the achievement of an individual objective, the logic
Types of Social Norms of cause and effect is applied. Without cause an aim cannot be
Folkways. According to Lundberg Folkways are the attained. The logic that every event has its cause is the main idea.
typical or habitual beliefs, attitudes and styles of Such actions have ends and objective for the Individual.
conduct observed within a group of community. The rational orientation to an absolute value. Such action is done for
Mores. The Term mores is best reserved for those the pursuit of a value of highest dignity. Real truth can be named as
customs which connote fairly strong feelings of the absolute value. Truth, faith, sacrifice and beliefs are its examples in
tightness or wrongness of mode of behavior. religion. Service of humanity is general value. Social actions for such
Laws. It is the basic element of social control. It is alts also require logical performance.
written in books and product of society as per the Traditionally oriented action: In such action. Logical orientation is
social conditions of life. not counted. The established patterns of behaviour in terms of
customs, rituals, conventions and beliefs ate adopted. These patterns
are taken for granted and no question of how, why and what is
asked. In such actions, cultural values play important roles because
they are diverted towards such values,
The effectual orientation. Here the feelings of the people are
considered. Such action is neither rational nor traditional. Such action
is unplanned. It is done according to the feelings of an effect upon
the actor.
Examples of Social Action in Sociology
1. When the passengers collectively push the bus to get it started it is
called social action.
2. A big log needs a number of persons for its removal from one place
to another. The persons applying force collectively perform it.
3. The people build a dam around a village to save it from floods.
4. A leader of a village gets the people motivated towards building a
mosque. The people collect contribution and the mosque is built.
5. The farmers help one another in farming.
6. You help a needy student in his studies.
7. You help the patients.
8. Canvassing during elections and .casting vote
9. A teacher teaching his students in class
10. Delivering speech, raising slogans, leading a procession
and holding out banners.
What is the relationship between Sociology and What is the relationship between Psychology and
Economics? Sociology?
Sociology and Economics as social sciences have close Psychology is the study of mind. It leads with the
relations. Relationship between the two is so close that psychological process of human like thinking, learning
one is often treated as the branch of the other, because and remembering. Modern psychologists also studies
society is greatly influenced by economic factors, and motivation, emotion and feelings of a person. Sociology
economic processes are largely determined by the and social psychology are inter-related in using such
environment of the society. terms.

Economics deals with the economic activities of man. It Sociology studies the socialization of man and the
deals with production, consumption and distribution of psychological factors responsible for personality
wealth. The economic factors play a vital role in the very development. It deals that how a person behaves in
aspect of our social life. Total development of individual society, learn and adopt symbols from others. All these
depends very much on economic factors. Without things are measured in psychology, which gives a
economic conditions, the study of society is quite definite shape to social structure. Sociology is a special
impossible. All the social problems are directly connected aid to psychology while psychology is also a special aid to
with the economic conditions of the people. That is why sociology.
Marshall defines Economics as "on one side the study of
wealth and on the other and more important side a part of Social psychology mostly relies on experiments in which
the study of man." a factor such as social pressure is manipulated to see
what effect it has. Moreover, it is very easy to conduct
In the same way Economics is influenced by Sociology. an experiment under the domain of social psychology.
Without the social background the study of Economics is Though experiment is easy in social psychology,
quite impossible. Sociologists have contributed to the
study of different aspects of economic organisation. it is difficult in sociology due to the complex nature of
Property system, division of labour, occupations etc. are the problem sociologists deal with. So they often use
provided by a sociologist to an economist. survey, etc to investigate the matter. Inspite, both have
the differences, psychology study individuals while
The area of co-operation between Sociology and sociology is interrelated in society and group life.
Economics is widening. Economists are more and more Sociologists study society from the viewpoint of
making use of the sociological concepts in the study of communities while psychologists study it from
economic problems. Economists are working with the psychological factors.
sociologists in their study of the problems of economic
development in underdeveloped countries. Combined
efforts of both the experts may be of great practical help
in meeting the challenges.

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