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NS 102
Respiration refers to the exchange of gases; process whereby oxygen is taken in, its
transportation in the body and its utilization and releasing of carbon dioxide.
Phases of respiration
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) process whereby air enters and leaves the lung
1. inhalation or inspiration the intake of air
2. exhalation or the expiration outflow of air
Mechanisms
Inspiration in mammals - Create negative pressure in lungs
The rib cage is elevated
The diaphragm lowers
Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
Pathway of air
- air normally enters and leaves this system through the nostril leading to the nasal cavity which
opens to the mouth
- from this cavity, air moves into the pharynx which is the common passage for both air and
water
- the air then enters though the glottis, a flaplike structure which is an opening at the door of the
pharynx
- the glottis leads to the larynx; then this will lead to the trachea, to the bronchi which branches
into left and right
- after each bronchus enters the lungs, it branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
Circulatory System
NS 102
- system involved in the transport, delivery and expulsion of materials throughout the body
- would refer to a pumping structure supported by a system of tubes
Functions
1. transport of
- nutritive products from the intestine to all parts of the body
- respiratory materials like oxygen and carbon dioxide
- hormones and other secretions
- excretory products
2. fights infection
3. acts as a buffer system resists drastic change in the pH of solutions in the body
2 types
Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils least numerous wbc
Neutrophils the most abundant wbc
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
- disk shaped cell fragments that initiate blood clotting
Human Heart
Fist-sized
Cone-shaped
Very muscular organ (special cardiac fibers)
Lies within a fluid-filled sac (the pericardium)
2 phases of heartbeat
Systole contraction phase
Diastole relaxation phase
Blood pressure the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessel
Sphygmomanometer a device used to measure blood pressure