MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES
ES 13 LECTURE 15
BEAM DEFLECTIONS
AREA MOMENT METHOD
Area-Moment Method
Provides a semi-graphical technique for finding the slope and the displacement at
specific points on the elastic curve of a beam or shaft.
requires computing areas associated with the beam's moment diagram.
applicable for beams with varying EI.
Assumptions
Beam is initially straight
It is elastically deformed by the loads such that the slope and deflection of the elastic
curve are very small
Deformations are caused by bending
Consider a beam loaded as shown
THEOREM 1
Since slope is small,
= /, therefore

=


=


Integrating = gives the

FIRST AREA-MOMENT THEOREM
The angle between the tangents at
any two points on the elastic curve
equals the area under the M/EI
diagram between these two points.
:
B/A=the angle of the tangent at B measured with
respect to the tangent at A
It is measured CCW from tangent at A to tangent
at B when area under the M/EI diagram is positive
It is measured CW from tangent at A to tangent at
B when area under the M/EI diagram is negative
THEOREM 2
 = : = and =
, = , then =

But = , hence =

Integrating,


/ =



/ =

Recall: =
M
represents an element of an area under the diagram
EI



SECOND AREA-MOMENT THEOREM
The vertical distance between the tangent at point (A) on the elastic curve
and the tangent extended from another point B equals the moment of the
area under the M/EI diagram between the two points. This moment is
calculated about point A where the vertical distance is to be determined.


/ =

 / /

First moment of area of a , t A/B is , A is tangent at B


First moment of area of a , t A/B is , A is tangent at B.

Determine the slope and deflection at B.
= 10 106 2
 Determine the slope and deflection at B.
= 10 106 2

50 kN
60 kN-m Tangent at B

tB/A B/A
Tangent at A
Elastic Curve
50 kN

90 kN-m
90 kN-m EI

M/EI diagram

-60 kN-m
-60 kN-m EI
 Determine the slope and deflection at B.
= 10 106 2

Tangent at B
1. Slope at B (Theorem 1)
B= A+ B/A= B/A=area under M/EI
B/A diagram from A to B
Tangent at A
(1.2 ) 60,000 (1.8 ) 90,000
/ = +
2(10 106 2 ) 2(10 106 2 )

= 3.6 103 + 8.1 103 = 4.5 103

= 0.258
90 kN-m
EI
1.2m

1.8m
-60 kN-m
EI
 Determine the slope and deflection at B.
= 10 106 2

Tangent at B
2. Deflection at B (Theorem 2)
tB= tB/A=first moment about B of the
area under M/EI diagram from A to B
Tangent at A
1.2 60,000 1.8 90,000
/ = (2.6) + (0.6)
2 10 106 2 2 10 106 2
= 9.36 103 + 4.86 103
= 4.5 103 .
90 kN-m
EI
1.2m
.
1.8m .
-60 kN-m
EI
Superposition
Moment Diagram by Parts
Moment Diagram by Parts
Moment Diagram by Parts
Example:
Draw the bending moment diagram by parts.
A. Use A as the reference section
B. Use B as the reference section.
a) Reference at A
b) Reference at B
c) Reference at C
Determine the slope and deflection at B.
= 10 106 2
 Tangent at B Determine the slope and
B/A deflection at B.
Tangent at A
= 10 106 2

1. Slope at B (Theorem 1)
B= A+ B/A
B/A=area under M/EI diagram from A to B
= 0 since tangent line at A is horizontal

(3 ) 150,000 (3) 90,000

-150 kN-m / = +
EI 2(10 106 2 ) (10 106 2 )

90 kN-m = 0.0225 + 0.027 = 4.5 103 = .

EI
 Tangent at B
Determine the slope and
deflection at B.
Tangent at A = 10 106 2

2. Deflection at B (Theorem 2)
tB= tB/A=first moment about B of the area
under M/EI diagram from A to B

3 150,000 3 90,000
/ = (2) + (1.5)
2 10 106 2 10 106 2
-150 kN-m
EI = 0.045 + 0.0405 = 4.5 103 .

90 kN-m
EI
.
.
Application of AMM to Beams with
Unsymmetric Loading
 Use the support as reference tangent.
/
=

Gives the correct direction of the slope.

Positive means that the angle is measured

CCW from horizontal.
Negative means that the angle is measured
CW from the horizontal.
The slope at any point D can now be determined.

if signs are considered,

= + /
If magnitudes only, =
/
/ 1.
 Getting Deflections:

By using theorem 2: / =

Note:
Point D on the elastic curve is
above the tangent at A, so
considering sign, it is upward
from the reference tangent.
 Getting Deflections:
, =
=
/
, =

/
=

/ But FD is assuming point D
= /
goes down
/
, + / = And tD/A is means that D is
above the tangent at A
/
= / And tB/A is means that B is
above the tangent at A
Determine the slope and deflection
at the free end. EI is constant
2 kN/m 8 kN

A B C

5.0 m 3.0 m

38
 A

tB/A
252 /
2 =
25 5
=

1
= 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
5

17.8 5
25 5 3 89 5 2
1 1 = 5 2 2 = 5
89 3 4 2 3
=

24 5 40 5 2
8 8 3 3 = 2.5 + 5
24 2 3

64
= / = = =

 tB/A tB/A is negative!
/ = Therefore point B on the elastic

A curve is below the tangent at A.

A is positive!
= = Therefore it is measured

CCW from the horizontal.
New elastic curve!

Redraw the elastic curve!

 tB/A
A
C
252
2 = + /
25
=
tangent at C
= +

17.8 5 / = 1 + 2 + 3
25 5 89 5 64 8
89 1 = 2 = 3 =
= 3 2 2


8 8 / = = + +


64 . .
= = =

 tC/A
tB/A
CA
A
yC
252
2
25 CA = t C/A yC
=

/ = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3

25 5 3 89 5 2
1 1 = 3+ 5 2 2 = 3+ 5
17.8 5 3 4 2 3
64 8 2 / =
2849
89 3 3 =
2 3
8 12
=
/ t C/A yC /
By similar triangles:
8
=
5
=
8 8 8 5
2849 8 575
64 =
12EI

5

12
=




=

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
Determine the maximum deflection of
the beam and its location. EI is constant
2 kN/m 8 kN

A B C

5.0 m 3.0 m

44
 K/A

25 A
=
2 52
= 2 K 2
2 52 25 = + /
x =
2
1 + / = 0
=
5 0.2 5 1
= = +
= /5
5
/ = area under M/EI diagram from A to K
2
/ = +
3 2 5
A 3 2 115
8 3 24 / + = + + =0
3 10 12
= = .

 Tangent at K

25
tA/K yK
= A
2 52
= 2 K 2
2 52 25
x =
2
1
=
5 0.2 5 1 2 3 2
= / = +
= /5 3 4 10 3
5
= .

. .
/ = = / =

A
8 3 24
= = Therefore, ymax=643/4EI downwards at C

For the beam and loading shown, determine
(a) the slope at end A
(b) the slope at end B
(c)the deflection at midpoint C
93
=
256
73
=
256

54
=
512
Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum
deflection. = 200 = 28.7 106 4

25 kN/m

A B

1.4m 2.2 m
Determine the maximum deflection of the
beam if E = 200GPa and I = 65(106) mm4