SIMULATION STUDY OF A

THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION

LINE

Name
Reg. No :
Date of Performance : 16-07-2106
INTRODUCTION
In this experiment our main objective was measure the characteristic values of an energy transmission
line using a simulated three phase line and evaluate their relationship both quantitative and
quantitative.

APPARATUS
Three phase Transmission line unit
Voltmeters
Ammeters
Universal Watt meters
0-400 Variac
Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive loads
Leeds
THEORY
Equivalent circuit of a transmission line
An equivalent network model of an electrical transmission line can be represented as shown in
Figure 1, where R is the resistance and X = L, is the inductive resistance. The conductance is
represented by G and CS is operational capacitance. The line quantities shown in the equivalent circuit
represent the concentrated total amount of each quantity in the line.
The real resistance R is determined mainly by the operating temperature, cross section, length and the
material of the line. The inductive resistance, X results from the angular frequency, ( = 2f), together
with the inductance, L of the line. In practice, this is determined by the geometric dimensions of the
magnetic field, while the operational capacitance, CS is dependent on the dimensions of the electric
field.
The conductance G takes into account the losses caused by insulation and leakage. It is very difficult
to evaluate by calculation and its effect on a line, is minimum; its considered inly in special cases,
usually then, the equivalent circuit of a transmission line, as in Figure 1 is used, but without the
derivation of G/2.

The equivalent circuit in Figure 1 can, for symmetric conditions, also be used for 3 phase line. Thus 3
phase equivalent circuit produced, as shown in Figure 2, where the operational capacitance, CS is
divided in to parts, earth capacitance CE and line capacitance CL which are again halved at the start and
end of the line, in to CE/2 and CL/2. The 3 phase equivalent circuit shown in figure 2 is the basis for a
subsequent exercise.
Exercise Description
The circuit shown in the Figure 3 is used in this exercises as a basis of a 3 phase measurement circuit.
At measurement point X1 to X7, the currents, are measured by the insertion ammeters. Here although
the currents are 3 phase, it is better to measure the current, one line after other. The voltages are
measured in the similar manner, in this way, the measurement circuit id clearly seen at all times.
At the start of the line, a symmetric source of voltage is connected, and then the voltage is slowly
increased from zero, to the value required. Here it is essential to keep a check on the current, to ensure
it does not exceed the permissible value of 1A.
This precaution is particularly important in the short circuit measurement. All measured values are to
be entered into provided observation tables and finally, evaluated; compare with the theoretical
fundamentals.
EXPERIMENT 1
Un-loaded line without capacitance
Procedure
1. Apparatus were connected as shown in the figure 2.
2. All the capacitors CL and CE were removed. (CL= 0, CE = 0)
3. The output load was removed. (R = )
4. The line voltage was set to 400V
5. The frequency was set to 50Hz.
6. The value of R was set to 10 and the value of L was set to 32mH.
7. The line voltages were measured by voltmeter.
8. The line currents were measured by ammeter.
9. Active power and Reactive power were measured by Universal Watt meter.
Observations
Line Voltages Line Currents
Start End Start End
V12 400V 410V I1 0 0
V13 399V 414V I2 0 0
V23 399V 414V I3 0 0

Active Power (P) Reactive Power (Q)

Start End Start End
Line 1 40W 0 Line 1 -75VAR 0
Line 2 40W 0 Line 2 -75VAR 0
Line 3 40W 0 Line 3 -75VAR 0
Total 120W 0 Total -225VAR 0
Results
1) Operational Capacitance CB = 0

2) Inductive reactive ZL = 10.053j

Shunt admittance;
Starting end = 0
Receiving end = 0
EXPERIMENT 2
Un-loaded line with capacitance (-circuit)
Procedure
1. Apparatus were connected as shown in the figure 2.
2. The value of CL was set to 1F and value of CE was set to 2F. (CL= 1F, CE = 2F)
3. The output load was removed. (R = )
4. The line voltage was set to 400V
5. The frequency was set to 50Hz.
6. The value of R was set to 10 and the value of L was set to 32mH.
7. The line voltages were measured by voltmeter.
8. The line currents were measured by ammeter.
9. Active power and Reactive power were measured by Universal Watt meter.

Observations
 Voltages (V) Line Currents (mA) Power
Start End Start End Start End
V12 399 413 L1 5.28 0 P1 100W 0
V13 399 426 L2 5.28 0 P2 100W 0
V23 399 419 L3 5.28 0 P3 100W 0
LCE1 1.43 1.48 Total 300W 0
V1P 231.5 239.1 LCE2 1.42 1.47
V2P 231.4 238.5 LCE3 1.42 1.53 Q1 -180VAR 0
V3P 238.3 244.7 LCL1 1.08 1.14 Q2 -180VAR 0
LCL2 1.08 1.14 Q3 -180VAR 0
LCL3 1.11 1.18 Total -540VAR 0

Results
 1) Operational Capacitance CB = 4.33F

2) Inductive Reactance XL = 10.05j

Shunt Admittance Y = 1.36 103 js

3) Charging capacitance currents

a. IC1 = 0.16 90 A
b. IC2 = 0.16 90 A

Sending end current IS = 0.3225 90 A

EXPERIMENT 3
 Loaded line:pure active load without line capacitances
Procedure
1. Apparatus were connected as shown in the figure 2.
2. The capacitors of CL and CE were removed. (CL= 0, CE = 0)
3. The output load was set to 1.5k per phase. (R = 1.5k)
4. The line voltage was set to 400V
5. The frequency was set to 50Hz.
6. The value of R was set to 10 and the value of L was set to 32mH.
7. The line voltages were measured by voltmeter.
8. The line currents were measured by ammeter.
9. Active power and Reactive power were measured by Universal Watt meter.

Observations
 Voltages (V) Line Currents (mA) Power
Start End Start End Start End
V12 399 391.6 L1 1.41 1.42 P1 50W 50W
V13 399 397.2 L2 1.41 1.42 P2 50W 50W
V23 399 395.0 L3 1.41 1.43 P3 50W 50W
Total 150W 150W
V1P 232.5 226.7
V2P 232.6 226.7 Q1 -30VAR -30VAR
V3P 239.6 234.2 Q2 -30VAR -30VAR
Q3 -30VAR -30VAR
Total -90VAR -90VAR

Results
 1) Operational Capacitance CB =0

2) Inductive Reactance XL = 10.05j

Shunt Admittance Y =0

3) Sending end current IS = 0.151 0 A

Receiving end current IR = 0.151 0 A
4) Sending end power = 59.68VA
Receiving end power = 59.29VA

EXPERIMENT 4
 Loaded line:pure active load with line capacitances (--circuit)
Procedure
1. Apparatus were connected as shown in the figure 2.
2. The value of CL was set to 1F and value of CE was set to 4F. (CL= 1F, CE = 4F)
3. The output load was set to 1.5k per phase. (R = 1.5k)
4. The line voltage was set to 400V
5. The frequency was set to 50Hz.
6. The value of R was set to 10 and the value of L was set to 32mH.
7. The line voltages were measured by voltmeter.
8. The line currents were measured by ammeter.
9. Active power and Reactive power were measured by Universal Watt meter.

Observations
 Voltages (V) Line Currents (mA) Power
Start End Start End Start End
V12 404 408 L1 5.59 1.11 P1 40W 55W
V13 404 408 L2 5.52 1.10 P2 40W 55W
V23 404 408 L3 5.52 1.30 P3 40W 55W
LCE1 141.00 1142.00 Total 120W 165W
V1P 235.1 240 LCE2 141.00 139.00
V2P 235.1 240 LCE3 140.00 140.00 Q1 150VAR 30VAR
V3P 231.5 240 LCL1 109.00 113.00 Q2 150VAR 31VAR
LCL2 110.00 112.00 Q3 150VAR 35VAR
LCL3 108.00 115.00 Total 450VAR 96VAR
Midpoint of the line
L1 304.00
L2 308.00
L3 308.00

Results
 1) Operational Capacitance CB = 4.33F

2) Inductive Reactance XL = 10.05j

Shunt Admittance Y = 1.36 103 js

3) Sending end current IS = 0.363 63.9 A

Receiving end current IR = 0.16 0 A
Charging capacitance currents
IC1 = 0.1632 90 A
IC2 = 0.1632 90 A

4) Sending end power = 87.12VA

Receiving end power = 38.40VA

EXPERIMENT 6
 Loaded line:Resistive and Inductive Reactive load with line capacitances (--circuit)
Procedure
1. Apparatus were connected as shown in the figure 2.
2. The value of CL was set to 1F and value of CE was set to 4F. (CL= 1F, CE = 4F)
3. The output load was set to 1.5k per phase series with 1.6 3H. (R = 1.5k)
4. The line voltage was set to 400V
5. The frequency was set to 50Hz.
6. The value of R was set to 10 and the value of L was set to 32mH.
7. The line voltages were measured by voltmeter.
8. The line currents were measured by ammeter.
9. Active power and Reactive power were measured by Universal Watt meter.

Observations
 Voltages (V) Line Currents Power
Start End Start End Start End
V12 401 401 L1 0.483A 1.10mA P1 25W 11W
V13 401 401 L2 0.483A 1.12mA P2 25W 12W
V23 401 401 L3 0.484A 1.15mA P3 28W 13W
LCE1 0.141A 0.142A Total 78W 36W
V1P 228.8 234.7 LCE2 0.142A 0.140A
V2P 228.8 234.7 LCE3 0.140A 0.145A Q1 100VAR 1VAR
V3P 229.8 236.5 LCL1 0.110A 0.111A Q2 100VAR 1VAR
LCL2 0.111A 0.110A Q3 100VAR 1VAR
LCL3 0.112A 0.112A Total 300VAR 3VAR
Midpoint of the line
L1 0.238A
L2 0.243A
L3 0.240A

Results
 1) Operational Capacitance CB = 4.33F

2) Inductive Reactance XL = 10.05j

Shunt Admittance Y = 1.36 103 js

3) Sending end current IS = 0.350 64.35 A

Receiving end current IR = 0.156 0.019 A
Charging capacitance currents
IC1 = 0.159 90.75 A
IC2 = 0.1595 90 A

4) Sending end power = 82.14VA

Receiving end power = 37.55VA

DISCUSSION
 In this experiment we were able to understand the simulation of a three phase transmission line
We used a high voltage input (a.c.) for this experiment. We controlled the voltage by using a variac. So
in every time we start an experiment we had to put it zero and increase the voltage. If not the
components that we used may harmed and we couldnt get accurate values.
We used a universal watt meter in this experiment. Thus we could measure the both active and reactive
power from same equipment. But we had only one watt meter. So we couldnt measure the values in
every line.so we assumed that all start and end values in lines are same values.
Above assumption considered when we measure the voltages and currents too.
Watt meter is a very sensitive equipment. So we had to use it very carefully.
To get most accurate values we should use minimum number of wires to connect components. But
there may still an error, because the components that we used for this experiment were not ideal ones.
When we take the readings some values were not stable. So we had to take an average value for them.

CONCLUSION