TRNG I HC TY BC

TRUNG TM TIN HC NGOI NG

Tin hc
CHUN K NNG S DNG CNG NGH
THNG TIN C BN

LOGO Ging vin: Ths. Nguyn Vn T

www.themegallery.com Trng H Ty Bc
 M UN 01
HIU BIT V CNTT C BN (IU01)
 M UN 01
HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

I. CC KHI NIM C BN
1. Khi nim v tin hc:
Tin hc l ngnh khoa hc cng ngh nghin cu cc phng
php, cc qu trnh x l thng tin mt cch t ng da trn
phng tin k thut l my tnh in t.
2. My tnh in t:
L mt thit b in t dng lu
tr v x l thng tin theo cc
chng trnh nh trc do con
ngi nh ra.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
II. THNG TIN V BIU DIN THNG TIN TRONG MY
TNH
1. Khi nim v thng tin:
Bt c thng bo hay mt tn hiu g u c coi l mt thng
tin. Vic trao i hay tip nhn thng tin theo ngha thng thng
c con ngi trao i theo nhiu cch khc nhau (thnh gic, th
gic, khu gic ).
2. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh:
Do my tnh c ch to da trn cc
thit b in t ch c hai trng thi ng
v m, tng ng vi hai s 0 v 1. Nn
lu tr thng tin trong my, my tnh
dng h m nh phn (Binary) tc l h
m c biu din vi hai ch s 0 v 1.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

3. Cc n v o thng tin:
n v c s: Bit (0 hoc 1)
n v c bn: Byte: 1 Byte = 8 Bit

Kilobyte: 1 KB = 210 = 1024 Byte

Megabyte: 1 MB = 1024 KB
Gigabyte: 1GB = 1024 MB
Terabyte: 1TB= 1024 GB
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
III. CC LOI MY TNH
1. My tnh ln (Mainframe): L loi my tnh c kch thc vt
l ln, mnh, phc v tnh ton phc tp.
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2. Siu my tnh (Super Computer): L mt h thng gm nhiu
my ln ghp song song c tc tnh ton cc k ln v thng
dng trong cc lnh vc c bit, ch yu trong qun s v v tr.
Siu my tnh Deep Blue l mt trong nhng chic thuc loi ny.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
3. My tnh c nhn PC ( Personal Computer): Cn gi l my
tnh bn (Desktop). Hu ht cc my tnh c s dng trong cc
vn phng, gia nh.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
4. My tnh xch tay (Laptop): My tnh Laptop l tn ca mt
loi my tnh nh, gn c th mang i theo ngi, c th chy bng
pin. Mt tn gi khc Notebooks ch mt Laptop nh.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
5. My tnh b ti (Pocket PC): Hin nay, thit b k thut s c
nhn c chc nng rt phong ph, nh kim tra e-mail, ghi ch ngn
gn, xem phim, lt Internet, nghe nhc hay son ti liu vn
phng nhiu my hin nay c tch hp chc nng in thoi di
ng.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

IV. CU TRC C BN CA MY TNH

H thng my tnh bao gm hai h thng thnh phn:
1. Phn cng: Bao gm ton b my v cc thit b ngoi vi l cc
thit b in t c kt hp vi nhau. N thc hin chc nng x
l thng tin mc thp nht tc l cc tn hiu nh phn.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

2. Phn mm: L cc chng trnh do ngi s dng to ra iu

khin cc hot ng phn cng ca my tnh thc hin cc
nhim v phc tp theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Phn mm ca my tnh c phn lm 2 loi: Phn mm h thng
(System Software) v phn mm ng dng (Applications
Software).
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

V. CU TO CA MT MY TNH C NHN
S m t cc b phn c bn trong mt my tnh c nhn:

D liu D liu
THIT B NHP THIT B X L THIT B XUT
S1
D liu

THIT B LU TR
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

Num Caps Scroll

Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Print Scroll
Screen Lock Pause Lock Lock Lock

~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) + Backspace Insert Home Page Num / *

` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 = Up Lock

Tab Q W E R T Y U I O P {[ ]} | Delete End Page 7 8 9PgUp

\ Down Home
+
Caps
Lock
A S D F G H J K L :; " Enter 4 5 6
'
Shift

Ctrl
Z X C V B N M <, >. ?/

Alt Alt
Shift

Ctrl
1 2 3PgDn
End

0
Ins
.
Del
Enter
Lu tr
Nhp d liu X l
Xut thng tin

Chu trnh x l thng tin

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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
1. Thit b nhp: L thit b c nhim v a thng tin vo my
tnh x l.
Cc thit b nhp thng dng: Chut, bn phm, my qut,
webcame.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
2. Thit b x l: X l thng tin, iu khin hot ng my tnh.
Thit b x l bao gm: bo mch ch, b vi x l.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
B x l trung tm CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Khi x l trung tm l b no ca my tnh, iu khin mi
Hot ng ca my tnh bao gm 4 thnh phn chnh:
Khi iu khin (Control Unit): Xc nh v sp xp cc lnh theo th t
iu khin trong b nh.
Khi tnh ton (Arthmetic Logical Unit): L ni thc hin hu ht cc
thao tc tnh ton ca ton b h thng nh: +, -, *, /, >, <
ng h (Clock): Khng mang theo ngha ng h thng thng, m l
b phn pht xung nhp nhm ng b ho s hot ng ca CPU.
Thanh ghi (Register): L ni lu gi tm thi cc ch th t b nh trong
khi chng c x l. Tc truy xut thng tin ni y l nhanh nht.
CPU l mt b phn quan trng nht trong my tnh, quy nh
tc ca my tnh.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
3. B nh my tnh (Thit b lu tr): c dng lu tr thng
tin v d liu. B nh my tnh c chia lm 2 loi: B nh trong
v b nh ngoi.
a) B nh trong (b nh trong gn trc tip vo bo mch ch):
L ni lu gi chng trnh v x l thng tin di dng nh phn.
C hai loi b nh trong l RAM v ROM.
RAM (Random Access Memory): Hay B nh truy cp ngu
nhin: L thit b lu tr d liu tm thi trong qu trnh my tnh
lm vic, d liu s b mt vnh vin khi khng cn ngun in
cung cp.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
ROM (Read Only Memory): B nh ch c (ROM) l mt loi
chp nh c bit c thit lp t khi sn xut my, n lu tr
cc phn mm c th c nhng khng th vit ln c. Thng
tin khng b mt khi tt my.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
b) B nh ngoi: L cc thit b lu tr gn gin tip vo bo mch
ch thng qua dy cp d liu, cc khe cm m rng
B nh ngoi l ni lu tr h iu hnh, phn mm ng dng,
d liu ca my tnh.
B nh ngoi bao gm cng, a mm, CD, cng USB
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
4. Thit b xut thng tin
Cc thit b xut dng hin th kt qu x l ca my tnh. Mt
s thit b tiu biu bao gm: Mn hnh, my in, my chiu, loa
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
V. PHN MM (Software)
Phn mm h thng (System Software): L chng trnh thng
trc cung cp cc dch v theo yu cu ca cc chng trnh khc
m khng bit trc cc yu cu xut hin khi no.
L mi trng lm vic cho cc my khc
H iu hnh
Phn mm g ting Vit
Cc phn mm i km thit b phn cng (Driver).
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
a) Khi nim h iu hnh: L mt h thng phn mm iu hnh
mi Hot ng c bn ca my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. N l
nn tng cho cc ng dng v chung trnh chy trn n.

Cc chc nng c bn ca HH:

iu khin vic hot ng ca MT v cc TBNV.
T chc cp pht v thu hi vng nh.
iu khin vic thc thi chng trnh.
Qun l vic truy xut thng tin.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
b) Mt s HH thng dng
MS DOS: H iu hnh n nhim, lm vic vi giao din dng
lnh.
Microsoft Windows: H iu hnh a nhim
Ngoi ra cn c cc h iu hnh: Linux, Unix, OS/2
c) Cc phin bn ca h iu hnh Windows
Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me.
Windows 2000 Pro, Windows XP, Windows Vista.
Windows NT, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003 Server:
dnh ring cho my ch - h iu hnh mng.
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
Windows 7
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
Mac OS
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
UNIX
Mt trong nhng h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi dng
u tin
c pht trin vo nm 1969 cho cc my tnh siu ln v
cc my ch
Phin bn mi hn cho cc h thng my tnh bn bao
gm giao din ha (GUI)
s dng rng ri trong cc trng i hc v cc t chc
nghin cu khoa hc
thng c s dng trn cc my c kh hoc cc ng
dng h tr thit k trn my tnh (CAD)
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
Linux
Pht trin u tin vo nm 1991
Min ph v c c kh nng ty chnh
ng gi thnh cc nh dng c gi l cc bn phn phi
Bao gm h iu hnh, cc tin ch v cc th vin khc
nhau, v thm ch l mt s phn mm ng dng
c s dng rng ri trn cc siu my tnh v my ch
cao cp
Rt ph bin vi cc doanh nghip pht trin phn mm
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
Cc h iu hnh cho thit b cm tay
(Handheld Operating Systems)
S dng trn cc PDA v Smartphone
Ty chn cho mi h thng khc nhau
ty thuc vo loi thit b cm tay
cc h iu hnh dnh cho thit b cm
tay ph bin: Symbian, Windows
Mobile, Palm, iOS, Amdroid v
Blackberry
 Cc h iu hnh hin i
Cc h iu hnh nhng
(Embedded Operating Systems)
Qun l v iu khin mi hot ng ca cc loi thit b c
th
Khi thit b c khi ng, h iu hnh nhng c ti ln
b nh
c thit k gn cht v c chuyn bit cao
Chng ch bao gm cc chc nng c th cho cc thit b
c th m n c pht trin
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
2. Phn mm ng dng: L cc chng trnh c thit k nhm
phc v nhu cu s dng ca con ngi c th hon thnh mt hay
nhiu cng vic no .

3. Phn mm m ngun m: l phn mm vi m ngun c cng

b v s dng mt giy php ngun m. Giy php ny cho php bt
c ai cng c th nghin cu, thay i v ci tin phn mm, v phn
phi phn mm dng cha thay i hoc thay i

3. Phn mm thng mi: l phn mm thuc bn quyn ca tc gi

hoc cc hng phn mm, ch c cung cp di dng m nh phn,
ngi dng phi mua v khng c quyn bn li. Windows, Microsoft
Office, Oracle,
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN

VI. MNG MY TNH

1. Khi nim v mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau
bi mi trng truyn (ng truyn) theo mt cu trc no
v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho
nhau.
Mi trng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy
hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my
tnh ny n my tnh khc.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
2. NH NGHA MNG LAN, WAN
Mng LAN (Local Area Network) l mng ni b, kt ni cc
my tnh ca mt c quan, t chc trong phm vi nh, bn knh
vi trm mt.
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HIU BIT V CNTT C BN
Mng WAN (Wide Area Network) l mng din rng, kt ni
cc mng LAN xa nhau c mt mng duy nht. Thng
thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng
hay v tinh.

34
 VII. Virus my tnh

1/ Virus my tnh l g: l mt chng trnh phn mm,

v chng trnh ny c thit k c th t mnh
lm nhng vic m ngi vit ra n nh trc. c
im c trng ca Virus l kh nng t nhn bn.

Virus c kh nng ph
hng phn mm, xa
sch d liu, n cp mt
khu
 VII. Virus my tnh

2/ Phng chng Virus

Ci phn mm dit Virus: BKAV, D32, Norton Anti

Virus, Symatec.
Qut Virus trc khi s dng cc a mm, USB.
Sao lu d liu thng xuyn.