1

CH351 Mass Transfer

Sitaraman Krishnan
9/26/07
2
Ficks First Law: Steady State
Molecular Diffusion
c A
J A,z = DAB
z
J A,z = flux of component A along z - axis, mol/(cm 2 s)
DAB = diffusion coefficient, cm 2 /s
c A
= concentrat ion gradient along z - axis
z
 3
From Kinetic Theory or Low Density Gases :
1
2 T
3 3 2
DAA * = 3
m
3 d P
2 2

DAA * = self diffusion coefficient
d = diameter of (spherical) molecules
m = mass of a molecule

Fuller, Schetler and Giddings equation :

0.00143T 1.75
DAB = 2
P (M AB ) 2 (v )A + (v )B 3
1 1 1
3

4

Wilke - Chang Equation for

Diffusion in Liquids :

DAB =
7.4 10 8
(BMB )12
T
0.6
BVA
Species A is diffusing in solvent B
5
Partial Pressures, Molar
Concetrations, Total Pressure
nA pi = partial pressure of
pAV = n A RT pA = RT
V component i
ci = molar conc. of
pA = c A RT component i
pB = cB RT P = total pressure
(atm, bar, N/m2, mmHg,
Torr)
(pA + pB ) = (c A + cB )RT c = total molar
concentration of gas
P = cRT (mol/cm3, mol/m3, )
6
Concentrations, Partial
Pressures, and Mole Fractions
c A pA
pA = c A RT Mole fraction of A = y A = =
c P
pB = cB RT
cB pB
P = cRT Mole fraction of B = y B = =
c P
At constant total pressure, P, and constant
temperature, T, total molar concentration, c,
is constant.
For each species, mole fraction
concentration partial pressure
7
Ficks First Law in terms of Mole
Fractions

c A cB
J A,z = DAB JB,z = DBA
z z
y A y B
= cDAB = cDBA
z z
DAB P y A DBA P y B
= =
RT z RT z
 fluid
8
element

direction of bulk flow

direction of What is the net

diffusional cA
molar flux of A
flow
position that a stationary
observer would
N A,z = c Av A,z measure?

v A,z = velocity of A relative to

stationary observer
9
What is the net molar flux of A that
an observer who moves with the
fluid element would measure?

Moving observer will measure only

flux due to diffusion.

J A,z = c A (v A,z v z * )
c A
= DAB
z
10

Total Flux, NA,z = JA,z + cAvz*

J A,z = c A (v A,z v z * ) vA,,z = velocity of A
measured by a
v z * = y Av A,z + y Bv B,z
stationary observer
vB,z = velocity of B
N A,z = c Av A,z
measured by a
stationary observer
mol cm mol vz* = molar
3
= 2
cm s cm s average velocity
11

General Form of Ficks First Law

N A,z = J A,z + c Av z *
= diffusive flux + flux due to bulk motion

N A,z = J A,z + y A (N A + NB )

y A
N A,z = cDAB + y A (N A,z + NB,z )
z
12
Equimolar Counter Diffusion
(EMCD)
A simplifying
N A,z = NB,z
assumption that
0

N A,z = J A,z + y A (N A,z + NB,z )

allows easier
solution of the
general form of
c A
N A,z = J A,z = DAB Ficks first law
z
makes analytical
solution possible
13

Problem 1 (EMCD assumption)

Mixture of two gases, A and B, in a tube with conc. gradient

yA,1 yA,2
pA,1 P = constant, T = constant pA,2

z-axis
z = z2
z = z1 = 0

DAB P y A
N A,z = J A,z = y A,1 y A,2
RT z y A = y A,1 (z z1 )
DAB P y A,1 y A,2 z2 z1
N A,z =
RT z2 z1
CONCENTRATION PROFILE
FLUX
14
Problem 2 (EMCD assumption)
Evaporation from surface of naphthalene ball
b
cA r
= cA 0
r c A
At steady state, N A = DAB
r+r r
r r
b
R 2 c A cA cA R
r =0 =
r r cA cA
s b
r

NA = DAB
(c A
s
cA
b
) mol

r =R 2
Air near surface is saturated R cm s
with naphthalene
vp
2
Evaporatio n rate = 4R DAB A cA (c s b
)
pA r =R
= pA R

cA r =R
=
pA
= cA
s
vp s
= 4 R DAB c A c A(b mol

s
)
RT
15

Unimolecular Diffusion
N A,z = J A,z + y A (N A,z + NB,z )

NB,z = 0

N A,z = J A,z + y A N A,z

J A,z DAB P 1 y A
N A,z = =
1 y A RT 1 y A z
16

Solvent Evaporation (UMD)

z = z2 pA2, yA2

z
z = z1 = 0 pA1, yA1

Liquid, A

At z = z1, air is saturated with liquid: pA1 = vap. pressure

At z = z2, all A carried away by air: pA2 ~ 0
17

Solvent Evaporation
DAB P 1 y A
N A,z =
RT y B z z z1

DAB P 1 y A,1 y A,2 1 y A 1y A,2 2 1
z z
NA = =
1 y 1 y
RT y B,lm z2 z1 A,1 A,1

y B,2 y B,1
y B,lm =
y B,2 CONC. PROFILE
ln

y B,1

FLUX
18
Evaporation of Benzene
(bp 80 C) at 25 C and 70 C

25 C 70 C
19

Flux Profiles (UMD)

20
Evaporation of Dichloromethane
(bp 40 C) at 25 C
21
Diffusion Into a Falling Liquid Film
2
g z
2
W v y (z ) = 1
2
z x

Liquid y OBJECTIVE:
To determine molar flux
vy(z) Gas (mol cm1 s1) at the
gasliquid interface.
The overall rate of
cA(z)
cA,i mass transfer (mol/s).

N A (y ) z =0 = local molar flux at interface ( z = 0)

at position y from the top entrance
22
y N A,y (Wz ) N A,y (Wz )
y y + y

+ N A,z z (Wy ) N A,z (Wy ) = 0

Liquid
Element
z + z
y+y
N A,y N A,y N A,z N A,z
y + y y z + z
z+z z + z
=0
y z
N A,y
y
N A,y N A,z
+ =0
y z

N A,z z y c A
z + z N A,y = DAB + c Av y *
N A,z z y
c A
W N A,z = DAB + c Av z *
z

c A 2c A
N A,y
y + y vy = DAB
y z 2
23

c A 2c A
vy = DAB
W
y z 2

z x

Liquid y Approximat e solution :

Gas
vy(z)
c A (y,z ) = c A,i erfc
z

4D y
cA(z) AB
v y,max
cA,i
c A DABv y,max
N A,z = DAB = c A,i
z =0 z z =0 y
24
c A DABv y,max
N A,z = DAB = c A,i
z =0 z z =0 y

Moles of A transferred per second at position y

= (flux ) (area )

(
= N A,z z =0
) (W d y )
D v

= c A,i
AB y,max (W d y )
y

25
total moles of A transferred per second
over length L of the tower
L DABv y,max
= c (W d y )
0 A,i y

DABv y,max L 1
= Wc A,i

0 y
dy

DABv y,max L
= 2Wc A,i

DABv y,max
= WL 2c A,i
L
D 1
= WL 2c A,i AB

where = time of contact between liquid element and gas
26

Mass Transfer Coefficient

Ficks law: flux conc. gradient
const. of proportionality = diffusion coefficient
Another approach to quantify flux:
Flux conc. driving force, cA
const. of proportionality = mass transfer
coefficient, k
Similar to Newtons law of cooling
27

c A
Fick' s law : N A = DAB
z

Engineerin g approach : N A = k c A
k = mass transfer coefficient
cm
k has units of
s

mol cm mol
NA 2
= k c A 3

cm s s cm
28
Evaporation from surface of
naphthalene ball
Conc. driving force for mass transfer

R
( s
= c = c A c A
b
)
NA
Mass transfer coefficient, k =
c

Solution of Fick' s law had given us :

pA
vp
s NA = DAB
(c A
s
cA
b
)
cA r =R
= = cA r =R
R
RT
b A cA (c s b
)
cA = cA NA
DAB
R DAB
k = =
( ) =
r
c A s
cA cA
b
R
29

Sherwood Number
For evaporation from surface of a sphere, we obtained:

DAB DAB
k= =2 (D = sphere diameter)
R D
k D
=2
DAB

kD/DAB is a dimensionless quantity that often appears in

mass transfer calculations.
It is called the Sherwood number and is denoted by Sh.
For diffusion from surface of a sphere into a stagnant
fluid, Sh = 2
30

Convective Mass Transfer

Material is transported between
a solid surface and a moving fluid (gas or
liquid)
two relatively immiscible moving fluids (gas
and liquid, or liquid and liquid)
Examples
Mass-transfer of gas into a falling liquid film
Mass-transfer of naphthalene into a flowing
gas stream
Mixing in a stirred vessel
31

Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow is characterized by streamlines
Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic flow of
packets of fluid called eddies
Rate of mass transfer in laminar flow is
determined by molecular diffusivity, DAB
Rate of mass transfer in turbulent flow is
determined by both molecular diffusivity, DAB
and turbulent diffusivity, Dt
32
Mass Transfer Correlations for
Convective Flows
Dimensional Analysis
Example
The inner wall of a circular tube is coated with
species A (e.g., naphthalene)
Mass transfer occurs to a fluid flowing through
the tube (e.g., air)

v (cm s1) (g cm3)

cm1 s1) kc (cm s1) D (cm)
cA b
DAB (cm2 s1)
cAs
33 ( s
NA = kc c A c A
b
)
k c = convective mass transfer coefficient
k c = [constant ](D ) () ( ) (v ) (DAB )
a b c d e

kc D v DAB
a b c d e
gm 0 0 1 1 0 0
cm 1 1 3 1 1 2
s 1 0 0 1 1 1
b+c =0 b = c
a 3b c + d + 2e = 1 3b + d + 2e = 1 a + c
c d e = 1 d e = 1 + c
5 variables, 3 equations
34

1 0 0 b c

3 1 2 d = 1 a + c Ax = B
0 1 1 e 1 + c
b 1 0 0 c
=
d 3 1 2 1 a + c A 1Ax = x = A 1B
e 3 1 1 1 + c
b c

d
= a + 1
e a c
35
k c = [constant ](D ) ( ) ( ) (v ) (DAB )
a b c d e

= [constant ](D ) ( ) ( )c (v )a+1 (DAB )ac

a c

a +1
Dv 1
= [constant ] () ( ) (DAB )
a c 1 a + c +1 a c

D
a +1 a + c +1
kc D Dv
= [constant ]
DAB DAB

Sh = [constant ]Re Sc

Sc = Schmidt number =
( ) momentum diffusivit y
=
DAB mass diffusivit y
36
k c = [constant ](D ) ( ) ( )c (v )a+1 (DAB )ac
a c

a
Dv
= [constant ] ( ) ( ) (DAB ) v
a c a+c a c

a a + c +1
kc Dv
= [constant ]
v DAB

= [constant ]Re Sc
kc
v
kc
Sc 2/3
[ ]
= constant Re Sc + (2 3 )
v
kc
Sc 2 / 3 = JD = Chilton and Colburn J - factor
v
37

Turbulent Flow Inside Pipes

kc D Dv
Sh = Re = Sc =
DAB DAB

When Re > 2100 and 0.6 < Sc < 3000 :

0.83 0.33
Sh = 0.023 Re Sc

In general, Sc for gases is in the range

0.53, and for liquids, Sc > 100.
38

Flow Past Single Spheres

kc D Dv
Sh = Re = Sc =
DAB DAB

For gases, when 1 < Re < 48000, and 0.6 < Sc < 2.7
Sh = 2 + 0.552Re 0.53Sc 1/ 3

For liquids, when 2 < Re < 2000 : Sh = 2 + 0.95 Re0.5 Sc 1/ 3

For liquids, 2000 < Re < 17000 : Sh = 0.347 Re0.62 Sc 1/ 3

39

Naphthalene Evaporation
A sphere of naphthalene having a diameter of 1 cm is
suspended in air at 1 atm, and flowing at a velocity of 0.3
m/s. The diffusion coefficient of naphthalene in air at this
temperature is 6.92106 m2/s. The molar density of
naphthalene solid is 8.86103 mol/cm3. Calculate the
initial rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the
surface. Estimate the time required to reduce the
diameter from 1 to 0.5 cm.
40
Mass Transfer in Packed Beds
For gases in a packed bed of spheres, when 10 < Re < 10000,
0.4548
JD = Re 0.4069

kc Dpv '
JD = Sc 2 3 Re = Sc =
v' DAB
volume of void space
= void fraction in the bed =
total volume of void space plus solid
The value of is usually between 0.3 and 0.5.
Dp = diameter of the spheres
v ' = superficial velocity of gas
= average velocity in the empty tube without packing
volumetric flow rate
=
cross - sectional area of tube
41

Mass Transfer in Packed Beds

For liquids, when 0.0016 < Re < 55, and 165 < Sc < 70000
1.09
JD = Re 2 3 (Wilson and Geankoplis )

For liquids, when 55 < Re < 1500, and 165 < Sc < 10690
0.250
JD = Re 0.31

For non - spherical particles,

Dp = dia. of a sphere with the same surface area as the given solid particle
To calculate flux, use the surface area of the non - spherical particles.
42
Packed Bed of Benzoic Acid
Spheres
Water at 26.1 C flows at a rate of 5.514107
m3/s through a packed bed of benzoic acid
spheres having a diameter of 6.375 mm. The
void fraction of the bed is 0.436. The tower
diameter is 0.0667 m and the tower height is 0.1
m. The solubility of benzoic acid in water is
2.948 102 kg mol/m3. Predict the mass transfer
coefficient kc and the outlet concentration of
benzoic acid in water.
43 Water flow rate, Q = 5.514107 m3/s
cA,1 = 0 = 0.8718103 Pas, = 996.7 kg/m3
= 0.436
Dp = 6.375103 m, Ap = 0.01198 m2
Tower dia. T = 0.0667 m; Height H = 1 m

DAB = 1.25109 m2/s (Wilke-Chang)

cA,2 = ? 0.8718 10 3
Sc = = = 702.6
(
DAB 996.7 1.245 10 9
)
Q 5.514 10 7 4 m
v' = = = 1.578 10
2 s
T (0.0667 )2
4 4

Re =
( )( )
Dpv ' 6.375 10 3 1.578 10 4 (996.7 )
= = 1.150
3
0.8718 10
44
Sc = 702.6 Re = 1.150 v ' = 1.578 10 4 m/s
1.09 1.09
JD = Re 2 / 3
= (1.150 )2 / 3 = 2.277
0.0436
( )
k c = JD v 'Sc 2 / 3 = (2.277 ) 1.578 10 4 (702.6 )
2 / 3
= 4.447 10 6 m/s
2
Total volume of bed = Vb = T H = (0.0667 ) (0.1) = 3.494 10 3 m3
2

4 4
Void fraction =
volume of spheres in the bed = Vb (1 )
Let number of spheres in the bed = Np
3
Np Dp = Vb (1 )
6
Total surface area of spheres = A = Np Dp ( 2
)
= =
( )
6Vb (1 ) 6 3.494 10 3 (1 0.436 )
= 0 . 1855 m 2
Dp 6.375 10 3
45
Mole balance :
(
kc A c A c A
s b
)
lm = Q (c A,2 c A,1 )
m 2 kg mol m3 kg mol
m
s m3 s m3

(c s
cA
b
) = (c A
s
cA 1
b
) (c A
s
cA
b
)
2
A lm
(
cA
s
cA
b
)
( )
1
ln s b
cA cA 2
s
c A = 2.948 10 2 kg mol/m 3
(c ) = conc. of benzoic acid at inlet = c = 0 kg mol/m
A
b
1 A,1
3

(c ) = conc. of benzoic acid at outlet = c

A
b
2 A,2
46

kc A
(c A,2 c A,1 ) = Q (c A,2 c A,1 )
c A c A,1
s
ln s
c c
A A,2

s
( s kc A
c A,2 = c A c A c A,1 exp
Q
)

0.1855
( )
6
4 . 447 10
= 2.948 10 2.948 10 0 * exp
2 2
7


5.514 10
= 2.287 10 2 kg mol/m 3
47
Mass Transfer to Bubbles and
Particles
Small particles in suspension
Mass transfer from small gas bubbles to liquid
phase
Mass transfer from liquid phase to the surface
of catalyst particles, microorganisms, liquid
drops, etc.
Mass transfer coefficient depends on free fall
or rise of particles due to gravitational forces
48
Mass transfer coefficient, kc, in mass transfer to small particles is
affected by natural convection. Natural convection occurs when
there is significant density difference between the particles of the
dispersed phase (gas bubbles or liquid drops) and the fluid
(continuous phase). In such cases, kc is expected to depend on:
diameter Dp of the particles of dispersed phase (e.g., O2 bubble)
density c of the continuous phase (e.g., water)
viscosity c of the continuous phase (e.g., water)
the buoyant force g where is the density difference between the
dispersed and continuous phases, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity (9.81 m/s2)
the diffusion coefficient of the molecules of dispersed phase (oxygen) in
the continuous phase (water).
Using dimensional analysis, derive an expression for the mass
transfer coefficient in terms of the dimensionless numbers Sh and
Sc. The dimensionless group with the buoyant force variable, g, is
called the Grashof number, Gr. Derive an expression for Gr.
49
Mass Transfer to Small Particles
(< 0.6 mm)
1/ 3
2DAB
2 / 3 c g
LOW DENSITY SOLIDS OR
kL = + 0.31Sc
Dp 2 SMALL GAS BUBBLES IN
c AGITATED SYSTEMS

kL =' liquid - side' mass transfer coefficient

DAB = diffusivity of the solute A in solution
Dp = diameter of the gas bubble or solid particle
Sc = c (c DAB )
c = viscosity of the solution
g = 9.81 m/s 2
= magnitude of the density difference
between the dispersed and continuous phases (always positive)
50
Mass Transfer to Large Gas
Bubbles or Liquid Drops (> 2.5 mm)
1/ 3
c g
0 .5
AERATION OF PURE LIQUIDS IN
kL = 0.42Sc MIXING VESSELS; SIEVE-PLATE
2
c COLUMNS

kL =' liquid - side' mass transfer coefficient

c
Sc =
c DAB
c = viscosity of the solution
g = 9.81 m/s 2
= magnitude of the density difference
between the dispersed and continuous phases (always positive)
51
Mass Transfer to Particles in
Highly Turbulent Mixers
Turbulent forces become larger than gravitational forces. Mass
transfer coefficient is determined primarily by agitation power-input
and not by buoyant forces (natural convection).
1/ 3
(P / V ) c
2 / 3
kL = 0.13Sc
2
c
kL =' liquid - side' mass transfer coefficient
c
Sc =
c DAB
c = viscosity of the solution
c = denstity of the solution
52
Inter-phase Mass Transfer
Mass transfer at gasliquid or liquidliquid
interfaces
Consider mass transfer from naphthalene to air,
or from benzoic acid to water
Mass transfer rate is determined by concentration
gradients in air or water
In mass transfer at interface of two immiscible
liquids A and B (or gas A and liquid B)
Mass transfer rate is determined by
concentration gradients on both sides of the
interface (in phase A and phase B)
53

Concentration Profile at Interface

Consider evaporation 2 c A
r =0
of napthalene from r r
s
surface of a sphere (1 cA r =R
= cA
cm dia.) at 45 C and cA = cA
b
r
1 atm total pressure.
s
cA cA
b
R c A = 2.798 10 8 mol/cm 3
= b
s
cA cA
b
r c A 0 mol/cm 3
R = 0.5 cm
54
55
Two-Film Theory & Overall
Mass Transfer Coefficient
Gas phase Liquid phase

pAb c Ai

pAi c Ab
Mass transfer
from gas to liquid

gasliquid
interface
 ( )
56
b mol
i
Flux on ' gas - side' = k g pA pA 2

cm s
mol
k g = gas - side mass transfer coefficient 2

atm cm s

( i
Flux on ' liquid - side' = k l c A c A
b
)
mol
2

cm s
cm
k l = liquid - side mass transfer coefficient
s
The two fluxes across the interface are equal.

( b i
) (
N A = k g pA pA = k l c A c A
i b
)
57

Assume that, at the interface, there is equilibrium

between the gas mixture and the liquid solution

i i
c A = H A pA

H A is the equilibrium constant (e.g., Henry' s constant)

mol
for species A 3

atm cm
58
b NA b NA
i
Now, c A = c A + and pA = pA
i

k l k g
b NA b NA
H A pA = cA +


k g kl
b b
H A pA c A
Solving for N A : NA =
HA 1
+
k g kl
b
Define concentrat ion c A * = H A pA
c A * = saturation conc. of A in the liquid when the
b
partial pressure of A in the gas phase is pA .
59
b
c A * c A
NA =
HA 1
+
k g kl
NA 1
' Over - all' mass transfer coefficient, K L = =
c A * c A
b
HA 1
+
k g kl

1 HA 1
= +
KL k g kl
1
=' mass transfer resistance'
mass transfer coefficient

Thus, mass transfer resistances across an

interface are additive.
60
Laminar Boundary Layer on a
Flat Plate (Rex < 5105)
0.99v0 0.99v0
v0

Velocity
y
x
boundary
vx layer

x
Flat plate
x=0
3
xv 0 x 4.96 vx y y
Rex = = = 1.5 0.5
x Rex 0.5 v0 x x
61
Laminar Boundary Layer on a
Flat Plate c b
A
v0 Conc.
boundary
layer
y cA
c
cA s

x
Flat plate
x=0

c A
y
( b
= cA cA
s
)
0.332

x
1/ 2 1/ 3
Rex Sc where Rex =

xv 0

y =0
62
Local convection mass transfer coefficient is given by :
c
DAB A
N A,y y y =0
k c,x
(c ) =
(c )
x
s b s b
(definition)
A cA A cA
1/ 2 1/ 3
k c,x x xv 0 1/ 2
= 0.332 Shx = 0.332Rex Sc 1/ 3
DAB DAB

Mean mass - transfer coefficient for laminar flow over

L
1
a flat plate of width W and length L : k c =
L0
k c,x d x
1/ 2 1/ 3
kc L Lv 1/ 2
= 0.664 0 ShL = 0.664ReL Sc 1/ 3
DAB DAB
63 PROBLEM 18

k c = [constant ](D ) ( ) ( ) (g ) (DAB )

a b c d e

kc D g DAB
a b c d e
gm 0 0 1 1 1 0
cm 1 1 3 1 2 2
s 1 0 0 1 2 1

b+c +d =0 b = c d
a 3b c 2d + 2e = 1 a 3b + 2e = 1 + c + 2d
c 2d e = 1 e = 1 c 2d
5 variables, 3 equations
64

0 1 0 a c d

1 3 2 b =
1 + c + 2d Ax = B
0 0 1 e 1 c 2d
a 3 1 2 c d
=
b 1 0 0 1 + c + 2d A 1Ax = x = A 1B
e 0 0 1 1 c 2d
a 3d 1

b
= c d
e 1 c 2d
65

k c = [constant ](D ) () ( ) (g ) (DAB )

a b c d e

= [constant ](D ) ()c d ( )c (g)d (DAB )1c 2d

3d1

= [constant ](D ) ( ) ( )c (g)d (DAB )c 2d

kc D 3d c d

DAB
c + 2d

= [constant ] (D ) () ( )
3d c d+ c + 2d c c 2d

DAB
(g) (DAB )
d c 2d+ c + 2d
66

c + 2d
kc D
= [constant ] (D )3d ()d ( )2d (g)d (DAB )0
DAB DAB
c + 2d d
kc D D g
3
= [constant ]

DAB
2
DAB

Sh = [constant ]Sc Gr
D 3 g
Gr = Grashof number = 2

67 PROBLEM 17

( s
Flux at surface = k c c A c A
b
) k (c
c A
s
)
0 = kc c A
s

s 0.555 1
cA = atm
760 cm3 atm
82.06 (273.15 + 45 ) K
K mol
8 mol
= 2.797 10
cm3
68
Initially, D = 1 cm
cm
1 cm 30
Dv Dv s = 172.41
Re = = =
cm2
0.174
s
2
cm
0.174
s = 2.514
Sc = = =
DAB DAB cm 2
0.0692
s
FLOW PAST A SINGLE SPHERE :
For gases, when 1 < Re < 48000, and 0.6 < Sc < 2.7
Sh = 2 + 0.552Re 0.53Sc 1/ 3 = 13.503
69

kc D
Sh = = 13.503
DAB
cm2
13.503 0.0692
Sh DAB s cm
kc = = = 0.934
D 1 cm s
mol s 2
Initial rate of evaporatio n = k c
c A D
s
= 0.934
cm
s
(
2.797 10 )
8 mol

cm3
(1 . 0 )2
cm 2

8 mol
= 8.211 10
s
70

cm3
Initial rate of evaporatio n

s
s
k c c A D 2
=
m
8mol
8.211 10
= s
3 mol
8.86 10
cm3
3
cm
= 9.267 10 6
s
71

4 3
V= R
3
dV 2 dR
= 4R
dt dt
s 2 s
dV k c c A D k c c A 4R 2
= Q = =
dt m m
s 2
d R k c 4 R
4R 2 = c A
dt m
s
dR kcc A
=
dt m
72

s
dR kcc A
=
dt m

Sh DAB DAB DAB 2Rv

0.53 0.33

kc = = Sh = 2 + 0.552
D 2R 2R DAB

dR D c
s
1
2 Rv
0.53

0.33

= AB A 2 + 0.552

dt m 2R DAB
m 2R
dt = dR
D c s
2Rv
0.53 0.33
AB A
2 + 0.552
DAB
73

t
m R2 2R
dt =


D c s
dR
2Rv
0.53 0 . 33
0 AB A R1
2 + 0.552
DAB
m R1 2R
t =
D c Sh
s
AB A R2
dR

R1 = 1 cm and R2 = 0.5 cm
74 D R Re Sc Sh 2R/Sh
cm cm cm
1.00 0.50 172.414 2.514 13.503 0.0741
0.98 0.49 168.966 2.514 13.380 0.0732
0.96 0.48 165.517 2.514 13.257 0.0724
0.94 0.47 162.069 2.514 13.132 0.0716
0.92 0.46 158.621 2.514 13.006 0.0707
0.90 0.45 155.172 2.514 12.878 0.0699
0.88 0.44 151.724 2.514 12.749 0.0690
0.86 0.43 148.276 2.514 12.619 0.0682
0.84 0.42 144.828 2.514 12.487 0.0673
0.82 0.41 141.379 2.514 12.354 0.0664
0.80 0.40 137.931 2.514 12.220 0.0655
0.78 0.39 134.483 2.514 12.084 0.0646
xn
1
0.76 0.38 131.034 2.514 11.946

0.0636

y d x = (y 1 + y n ) + (y 2 + y 3 + L + y n 1 ) (x )

0.74 0.37 127.586 2.514 11.806 0.0627
0.72 0.36 124.138 2.514 11.665 0.0617

2
0.70 0.35 120.690 2.514 11.521 0.0608
0.68 0.34 117.241 2.514 11.376 0.0598
x1 0.66 0.33 113.793 2.514 11.229 0.0588
0.64 0.32 110.345 2.514 11.080 0.0578
0.62 0.31 106.897 2.514 10.928 0.0567
0.60 0.30 103.448 2.514 10.775 0.0557
0.58 0.29 100.000 2.514 10.618 0.0546
0.56 0.28 96.552 2.514 10.459 0.0535
0.54 0.27 93.103 2.514 10.298 0.0524
0.52 0.26 89.655 2.514 10.134 0.0513
0.50 0.25 86.207 2.514 9.966 0.0502

Integral 0.0157 cm
t 71875.03 s
1197.92 min
19.97 h
75

Evaporation in Stagnant Air

4 3
V= R
3
dV 2 dR
= 4R
dt dt
s
dV 4DAB c A R
= Q = =
dt m
s
2dR 4DAB c A R
4R =
dt m
s
dR DAB c A
R =
dt m
 76
R2
R
2 s

=
DAB c A
(t 0)
2 R1 m

t =
m
2DAB c A
s
(R1
2
R2
2
)
3
mol
8.86 10 3
=
cm
2
cm 2
( 2
0.5 0.25 cm 2
)( )
8 mol

2 0.0692 2.797 10 3

s cm
= 429147 .35 s
= 4.97 days
77

9/28/07
Dimensional analysis
Application in developing correlations
Correlations for convective mass
transfer coefficients
Mass transfer calculations for packed
beds
78

10/3/07
Inter-phase mass transfer
Two-Film theory
Gas-side and liquid-side mass transfer
coefficients
Overall mass transfer coefficient
Review
Dimensional analysis (HW Problem 18)
Mass transfer coefficient (HW Problem 17)
Use of correlation
79

HW Problems
Mass transfer in packed beds (benzoic
acid): Problem 19, HW # 5
Kinematic viscosity (slide 35):
= / (cm2/s)
Re = D v / = D v /
Sc = / ( DAB) = / DAB
Problem 14: Write 3 sentences explaining the
answers to part 3 of problems 11 and 13.
80

10/5/07
Inter-phase mass transfer
Review of topics covered
Simple quiz on fundamental concepts?
Definitions, units, < 5-min problems, etc.
81

Review
Slides 42 to 46
Correlations
Sh = [constant ]Re Sc

Turbulent flow through pipes :

Sh = 0.023 Re 0.83
Sc 0.33
82

Quiz
16 questions, < 40 min
Questions at the beginning require
less time than those at the end
Course evaluation
CH351: Mass Transfer and
Stagewise Operations
Instructor: Sitaraman Krishnan
83
Benzoic acid spheres in a
packed bed
Saturation solubility of benzoic
cA,1
acid in water = cAs

Mass transfer driving force at

inlet = cAs cA,1
= (2.948105 0) mol/cm3

Mass transfer driving force at

cA,2 outlet = cAs cA,2
= (2.948105 cA,2) mol/cm3