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Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
The ribs are developed by laboratory experiments on lab samples. The above
graph is used for correction as discussed in earlier lecture. The spine is line of
corrected values, with the rib leading us there from intersection point.
Now, observe that there is a part in the graphs right, called mudcake without
barite and another part in the left, called mudcake with barite. Recall from last
lecture that when mudcake density will be less than formation density, then the
LS-SS intersection will automatically fall in the right region of the spine.
Similarly, if mudcake density is greater than formation density, then intersection
points will fall in the left region of the spine. The right part of spine is where
mudcake density is lower than formation density. Also recall that with
increasing mudcake density, you move away from the spine.
The concept of mudcake with or without barite is itself a function of mudcake
density. The drilling muds high density is present by virtue of barite in the mud.
If barite is present then when mudcake will form, it will be composed of barite,
as barite particles are largely undissolved in mud. As barite has higher density
than formation mineral, the mudcake density will be greater than formation
density. As said above, in such case the point of intersection falls in the left of
the spine. Thus, the left region is also called mudcake with barite region. Vice
versa, the right region involves a case when mudcake density will be less than
formation density. This will be a case only when there is no barite in mud. Thus,
we call this right region mudcake without barite region.
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
Z is the atomic number, and A is the atomic mass. Take Quartz, when 2Z/A 1,
electron density measured by the tool is equal to the actual or true density of
quartz. The density log actually responds to electron density, whereas the
desired measurement is the bulk density. Although for most rocks 2Z/A is close
to 1, it is not practical to adjust 2Z/A for each formation. Instead the electron
density is scaled to give the correct bulk density in limestone filled with fresh
water (using the graph discussed before). So, in table, electron density column
is the tools actual response, measured density from tool column is the density
(b) which we deduce from correlation or graph. The last column represents
what the mineral density actually is.
Now atomic number is for atoms, not molecules, so how come we are using Z
for Quartz (SiO2). The concept is that we use Z=average atomic number of
formation, and A= average atomic mass of formation. Formation minerals are
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
Hydrogen is an element where 2Z/A is not equal to 1, but obviously there will
be no hydrogen formation.
The case of interest is Halite. It is a formation where 2Z/A 1. There is a huge
difference between measured density from tool and actual density. Another
formation is Sylvite (KCl). For Oil and gas, 2Z/ A 1.
BULK DENSITY DEDUCTION FROM ELECTRON DENSITY:
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
seismic surveys for the determination of time interval of wave, to form seismic
section. So, acoustic impedance generally comes from well logging.
Fracture porosity is a secondary porosity that develops in brittle formations due
to some tectonics after the deposition of the rock. It is a post deposition
porosity. Limestone or dolomite are brittle formations, their initial or pre-
depositional primary porosity is very low, similarly they are nearly
impermeable.
Fractures induce secondary porosity and enhance the permeability. The only
permeability in limestones or dolomites is due to this fracture porosity. Fracture
porosity is usually found in limestone and dolomite, and are not found shales &
sandstones, because they are ductile in nature and expand to release pressure.
Fracture porosity is usually 2-3%, not very high, but fracture permeability is
very high. Limestones without fractures are impermeable, so they can occur as
cap/seal rock or source rock. But fracture permeability, or permeability induced
in limestones after fractures can be up to 10 Darcy (only fracture permeability,
not the total).
Fluid will flow through fractures, matrix doesnt allow fluid to pass. Good
Sandstone reservoirs have usually 50 mD, which is considered quite large.
Fractures are of different types, interconnected, not connected etc. It is
necessary that fractures be connected (the 3rd kind of fractures). Only then
reservoir is useful and good.
FRACTURE POROSITY DERERMINATION:
So, we need to know that how many fractures are connected. Since fractures
that develop form the fracture porosity, therefore it is useful to determine the
fracture porosity i.e. how much porosity was induced after deposition, by
tectonics. So, density log porosity and sonic log porosity are compared and
through this we get to know how much fracture porosity is present in the
formation. This will be discussed in sonic log.
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
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Well Logging PE-307
Lec 16- Thursday, 8th June 2017 Made By: Maisam Abbas, PE-038
The PEF log is therefore sensitive to differences in the mean atomic number of
a formation without being sensitive to changes in the porosity and fluid
saturation of that lithology. This combination makes the PEF log an extremely
good indicator of lithology. The ability of the PEF log to accurately indicate
lithology is not impaired in gas-bearing zones, where the combination of the
formation density and neutron logs may have difficulty distinguishing between
lithologies.
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