NPV calculation

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 NPV calculation
PV calculation
a. Constant Annuity
b. Growth Annuity
c. Constant Perpetuity
d. Growth Perpetuity
NPV calculation
a. Cash flow happens at year 0
b. Cash flow happens at year n
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NPV Calculation basic concept
Annuity:
An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts that
occur at evenly spaced intervals.

Eg. loan, rental payment, regular deposit to saving

account, monthly home mortgage payment, monthly
insurance payment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuity_(finance_theory) 3
Constant Annuity Timeline

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 NPV Calculation basic concept
Perpetuity:

A constant stream of identical cash flows with no end. The

concept of a perpetuity is used often in financial theory, such
as the dividend discount model (DDM), by Gordon Growth, used
for stock valuation.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/perpetuity.asp 5
Constant Perpetuity Timeline

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 NPV Calculation basic concept
PV(Present Value):

PV is the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of

cash flows given a specified rate of return.

Future cash flows are discounted at the discount rate, and the
higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the
future cash flows.

Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to properly

valuing future cash flows, whether they be earnings or
obligations.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/presentvalue.asp 7
 NPV Calculation basic concept
NPV(Net Present Value):

The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the
present value of cash outflows.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp 8
 PV of Constant annuity
Eg. 1

N=3 yrs, r=6% annually,

PMT = $100 annually,

start at the end of the 1st year

What is the PV?

 PV of Constant annuity
Answer

= 100/6% * (1 1/(1+6%)^3)
 PV of Constant annuity
Eg. 2

N=3 yrs, r=6% annually,

PMT = $100 semiannually,

starts at the end of the first 6 months

What is the PV?

 PV of Constant annuity
Answer

r(half a year) = 6% / 2 = 3%
n= N*t = 3*2=6

= 100/3% * (1 1/(1+3%)^6)
 PV of Constantly growing annuity
Eg. 3

N=3 yrs, r=6% annually, g = 4% annually,

PMT = $100 per year, starts at the end of the 1st year

What is the PV?

 PV of Constantly growing annuity
Answer

= 100/(6%-4%) * (1 (1+4%)^3 / (1+6%)^3)

 PV of Constantly growing annuity
Eg. 4

N=3 yrs, r=6% annually, g=4% annually

PMT = $100 every 6 months, start at the end of the first

6 months

What is the PV?

 PV of Constantly growing annuity
Answer

r(half year) = 6% / 2 = 3%
n= N*t = 3*2=6
g = 4% /2 = 2%

= 100/(3%-2%) * (1 (1+2%)^6 / (1+3%)^6)

 PV of constant Perpetuity
Eg. 5

N:endless years, r=6% annually PMT = $100 annually

start at the end of the 1st year

What is the PV?

 PV of constant Perpetuity
Answer

= 100 / 6%
 PV of constant Perpetuity
Eg. 6

N: endless years, r=6% annually

PMT = $100 per quarter, starts at the end of the first 3
months

What is the PV?

 PV of constant Perpetuity
Answer

r (quarterly) = 6% / 4 = 1.5%

= 100 / 1.5%
 PV of Constantly growing perpetuity
Eg. 7

r=6% annually, compounded semiannually,

g=4% annually

PMT = $100 annually, start at the end of the first year

What is the PV?

 PV of Constantly growing perpetuity
Answer

1. Calculate the semiannual interest rate

Compounded semiannual interest rate

(1+6%/2) ^2 = 1+R annually.

So R annually = 6.09%
 PV of Constantly growing perpetuity
Answer (continued)

R = 6.09%
g = 4%
PMT = 100

= 100/(6.09% - 4%)
 Formulas Summary
Constant annuity:

Constant perpetuity:

Constant growing annuity:

Constant growing perpetuity:

 PV Calculation
Scenario 1:

If the first payment starts at the end of the

year (eg. Year n) , how to calculate the PV in
different conditions?
 PV Calculation

1. Calculate the PV at beginning of the year ( eg,

year n -1 )

2. Discounted it back to now ( year 0)

 PV Calculation
Eg. 8 Constant annuity

N = 10 years
PMT = $100, starts at the end of year 5
r (annually ) = 6%

What is the PV of today?

 PV Calculation
Answer:
PV (beginning of year 5)

= 100/6% * (1 1/(1+6%)^10)

PV (year 0)
= PV (beginning of year 5) / (1+r)^4
 PV Calculation
Summary:
If PMT does not happen at year 1, we first
calculate the PV at the year that payment
happens, then we should discounted the PV
back to year 0, today.
 PV Calculation
Scenario 2

We know the PV at year 0, the number of periods

to pay and the interest rate. How to calculate the
payment?

What if they have different interest rate in the

whole payment period, what are the different
payments?
 PV Calculation
Eg. 9
Constant annuity
N = 10 years
PV = $5000 at year 0 (now)
r 1(annually) = 6% for first 3 years
Then, suddenly change interest policy:
r 2(annually) = 8% for last 7 years

What is the PMT of today?

 PV Calculation
Answer
According to the formula:

1. 5000 = PMT1 / 6% * (1-1/(1+6%)^10)

PMT1 = $679.34

2. PV1 = PMT1 / r1 * (1-1/(1+r)^n)

= 679.34 / 6% * (1-1/(1+6%)^3)
= 1815.88
 PV Calculation
Answer (continued)

3. PV = PV1(first 3 yrs) + PV2 (last 7 yrs)

PV2 (last 7 yrs) = PV - PV 1(first 3 yrs)
= 5000 - 1815.88 = 3184.12
PV2 = PV 2
PV2 = (PMT2 / r2 * (1-1/(1+r2)^n2))/(1+ r 1)
= PMT2 / 8% *(1-1/(1+ 8%)^7) / (1+ 6%)

So we will get PMT2

 PV Calculation
Answer (continued)
Alternative solution for calculating PMT2
3. PV2 = PMT1 / r1 * (1-1/(1+r)^n)
= 679.34 / 6% * (1-1/(1+6%)^7)
PV2 = PV 2
PV2 = PMT2 / r2 * (1-1/(1+r2)^n2)
= PMT2 / 8% * (1-1/(1+ 8%)^7)

So we will get PMT2

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 NPV Calculation
If we know all the cash flow and PVs at time 0,
we calculate NPV in this way:

NPV = cash inflows cash out flows + PV

PV could be negative or positive. If it is negative,

it is cash outflow, and vise versa

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 NPV Calculation
Eg 10
Investing in machine A to produce shoes.
Annually profit is $100,000, starts from the end of the
first year
N = 10 yrs
r = 5% annually
Maintenance expense is $5000 every time. It happens
two times at year 0 and the end of year 5.
What is the NPV of the project?

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 NPV Calculation

1. Calculate PV of the profit in the next 10 years

= 100,000 / 5% * (1 1/(1+5%) ^ 10)

= 772173.4929

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 NPV Calculation
2. Calculate cash out flow

COF = 5000 + 5000/ (1+r) ^ n

= 5000 + 5000/(1+5%) ^5
= 8917.63

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 NPV Calculation
3. NPV = PV - cash out flows
= 772173.4929 - 8917.63
= 763255.8629

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