Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Apresentao
E
sta obra adota uma viso sociointeracional e interdisciplinar para
o estudo da lngua inglesa no Ensino Mdio. Ao longo das unidades
didticas que compem a coleo so trabalhadas, de maneira
integrada, sistemtica e progressiva, as quatro habilidades lingusticas:
compreenso escrita, produo escrita, compreenso auditiva e
produo oral.
Ser capaz de compreender o que l e o que ouve, em ingls, alm de
escrever e falar, so pr-requisitos para o aluno ampliar seu conhecimento
de mundo, por meio de pesquisas em livros, jornais, revistas e da interao
com pessoas de outros pases, principalmente pela Internet. Essas prticas
lingusticas visam ao desenvolvimento de competncias e habilidades
exigidas no Enem e nos demais exames de acesso universidade ou no
mundo do trabalho.
Alm dos contedos lingusticos e discursivos, a coleo valoriza a
oportunidade de abordar contedos de relevncia sociocultural, como cidadania,
solidariedade, tica, diversidade cultural, sustentabilidade, sade, cincia e
tecnologia, destacando valores importantes para a educao.
A escolha dos temas abordados nas unidades didticas desta coleo reflete
uma clara atitude interdisciplinar, ao estabelecer um constante dilogo entre o
ensino de ingls e as outras disciplinas do currculo, visando integrao do
conhecimento, reflexo, ao debate e ao posicionamento crtico. Esses temas
devem tambm despertar no aluno o esprito de solidariedade e de participao
comunitria, assim como o interesse pela busca de solues para os problemas
que preocupam a todos ns, ajudando-nos a fazer deste pas e do nosso planeta
um lugar melhor para viver.
Ao longo dos trs volumes desta coleo, aparecem muitos homens
e mulheres, atores que se apresentaram no grande palco do mundo em
diversos momentos da histria da humanidade. Vamos saber de suas
entradas e sadas de cena, seus sucessos e fracassos, cada um desses
atores representando diversos papis, interagindo com a natureza e o
meio ambiente, comunicando-se, descobrindo, inventando, fazendo cincia,
produzindo arte e tecnologia, lutando pela liberdade, enfim, atuando no
espao que compartilhamos.
O mundo inteiro um palco e nele somos todos meros atores. Mas isso
que nos anima. No somos espectadores. Somos atores. Podemos atuar, ter
voz, tomar outra direo quando necessrio. Seguindo as sbias palavras
de Gandhi, podemos ser a mudana que queremos ver no mundo, fazer a
nossa parte.
Visando educao para a cidadania, esta coleo foi escrita com esse
esprito de envolvimento, responsabilidade, participao, com todo o cuidado
e no limite do nosso conhecimento. a nossa parte, o papel que nos cabe
desempenhar.
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Contents
UNIT 4
Language Review 6
You Will Never Feel
UNIT 1 Lonely 49
Modern Paradoxes 9
Vocabulary: In Other Words;
Word Formation: Suffixes
Vocabulary: In Other Words; -ness, -less and -ship;
Finding Opposites; Words in Discourse Markers Used to
Context; Noun Phrases Express Contrast: but, however, although
Structure: Adjectives Comparatives; Comparative Structure: Ways of Expressing Emphasis; Past
of Equality; Quantifiers Tenses: Simple Past, Past Progressive, Past
Perfect; The Relative Pronoun that
Listening & Speaking: Paradoxes of Our Time
Writing: E-mailing a Friend Listening: Role Models Speaking: Getting to Know
You Reading & Writing: What Exactly Did He Say?
Curriculum Links: Philosophy; Sociology
Curriculum Links: Philosophy; Sociology
UNIT 2 UNIT 5
A Bright Idea 21 The Universal Language 63
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UNIT 7 UNIT 10
The Chemistry of The Interpretation of Dreams 139
Making Bread 91
Vocabulary: Noun or Verb? In Other
Vocabulary: In Other Words; Words; Looking for Reference;
Word Formation Suffixes
Function Words; Noun Phrases;
Odd Word Out Structure: Present Perfect since and for;
Phrasal Verbs
Structure: Modal Verbs: Would; Phrasal Verbs
Speaking: Getting to Know You Speaking &
Listening: At a Diner Listening & Speaking: Lets Listening : Dreamland Reading & Writing:
Get Something to Eat! Reading & Writing: Dreams and Mysteries
Making a Complaint Curriculum Links: Biology; Philosophy
Curriculum Links: Biology; Chemistry; Philosophy;
Sociology; History
UNIT 11
A Science Odyssey One Hundred
UNIT 8 Years of Discovery 151
A NASA Invention for Daily Life 105 Vocabulary: Word Families; Positive or Negative?
Word Formation Prefixes; In Other Words
Vocabulary: Noun Phrases; Words Structure: Function Words; Indefinite Pronouns
in Context and Adverbs Compound Forms; The the with
Structure: Como dizer como how, Comparatives (Parallel Increase)
as, like; Numerals in Compound Listening: Twentieth Century Inventions Speaking:
Adjectives; Indefinite Pronouns Have You Ever ? Writing: Preparing a To-Do List
some, any, no, none Curriculum Links: History; Sociology; Philosophy
Listening: World Water Day Speaking: Water
Consumption Reading & Writing: Water
UNIT 12
Conservation Campaign
Biopiracy 165
Curriculum Links: Biology; Chemistry
Vocabulary: In Other Words; Words in
Context
UNIT 9 Structure: Present Perfect Progressive;
Prepositions Between and Among;
Eureka! 119
People a Very Important Word
Listening: Aa, the Amazing Amazonian Super Fruit
Vocabulary: In Other Words;
Speaking: Medicinal Plants from the Amazon
Words in Context
Forest Reading & Writing: Sarahs Blog
Structure: Present Perfect Curriculum Links: Biology; History; Sociology
Indefinite Past
As imagens utilizadas neste sumrio
Speaking: What Have You Done? What Has Check Your English 4 177
Happened? Listening: Promoting a Book
Writing: Dear Diary Minigrammar 185
Vocabulary 233
Curriculum Links: Math; History Index 243
Objetos
Educacionais
Bibliography 246
Digitais
Check Your English 3 133 Contedo do CD de udio 248
Contents 5
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Language Review
Here are some of the topics and grammar points from Book 1, for a quick review.
Read them and choose the correct answers. 4. Emperor penguins live in Antarctica. They
their entire lives on Antarctic ice and its
waters.
Enrique R Aguirre Aves/Getty Images
a. are spending
b. spend
c. spends
a. leaves
b. don't leave
c. leave
a. pollute; clean
b. do not pollute; clean
c. pollute; do not clean
future. It now.
a. happen
b. happens
c. is happening
a. come
b. coming
c. comes
a. knows; cause
b. know; is causing
c. dont know; are causing
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7. Trees take in water from the ground and 14. Mozart more than 600 compositions of
carbon dioxide from the air, converting these beautiful music.
materials into food for their use and .
a. is writing
a. our
b. writes
b. your
c. wrote
c. ours
15. With the Internet, planet Earth is now a really
8. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I small world. you live without it?
pretend I it. I in.
a. Does
a. see; dont fall
b. Are
b. am seeing; am falling
c. Can
c. dont see; fall
16. I want to do something about that problem.
9. life teach you a lesson sometimes? you
learn from your mistakes? a. can
a. Do; Do b. be able to
b. Do; Does c. cannot
c. Does; Do
17. Domestic robots become quite common in
10. The pessimist about the wind; the optimist the future.
it to change; the realist the sails.
a. will
(William Arthur Ward)
b. are going
a. adjust; complain; expect
c. are
b. complains; expects; adjusts
c. expects; adjusts; complains 18. You to read a text about some incredible
machines. What do you think it is going to be
11. Alberto Santos-Dumont in Paris where he about?
his name as a pioneer of aviation.
a. will
a. lived; made
b. are going
b. lives; makes
c. going
c. is living; is making
19. Its cold in here. close the window?
12. Santos-Dumont his 14-Bis in 1906.
a. Shall I
a. build
b. builds b. Its going
c. built c. It will
13. Mozart changed the world with his eternal 20. A friend is a present you give .
music, but he a happy life. (Robert Louis Stevenson)
Language Review 7
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21. The idea of altering a planets surface until 28. Bananas be the reason monkeys are so
Earths life forms survive there work, its happy all the time!
possible to do it.
a. must
a. can; may b. can
b. will; shall c. will
c. could; would 29. Bananas are high in potassium, a vital
mineral, so you include them in your diet.
22. Altering the surface of Mars to make it like
Earth be more complex than it seems, but it a. should
work. b. do
a. can; did c. ought
b. will; may 30. A banana a day the doctor away.
c. might; does a. keep
23. Mars Earth in several important ways. b. keeping
c. keeps
a. resemble
b. do resemble 31. Americans enjoy one of the most luxurious
lifestyles on Earth: Our food is plentiful. Our
c. does resemble
work is automated. Our leisure is effortless.
24. Too much eating is not healthy. You eat to And its killing .
live. You live to eat. a. we
a. must; must not b. they
b. must not; must c. us
8 Language Review
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Modern
Paradoxes
02 The paradox of our
time in history is that we
have taller buildings but
shorter tempers, wider
freeways, but narrower
viewpoints. And this is
just the beginning
Glenda/Shutterstock/Glow Images
Making predictions
A paradox may be defined as a statement that seems to be absurd, impossible or difficult to
understand because it contains two opposite facts. A classic example of a paradox is I always lie,
thats why this sentence is false. Does the picture above suggest a paradox? What is it? Do you
agree that modern technology sometimes isolates people instead of bringing them together? What
paradoxes do you expect to find in the text? Make your predictions and check them on reading the text.
No Manual do Professor, no tpico Cultural Notes, Language in Use and Exploring the Theme, h uma srie de informaes de carter
cultural e lingustico, alm de sugestes de atividades, leituras e documentrios relacionados aos temas de cada unidade. No deixe de
consult-lo regularmente para enriquecer suas aulas.
9
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READING
Skimming oriente How can we interpret this ancient paradox? Choose the best answer.
os alunos a fazer
primeiro uma leitura
Time to Read
leitura, no Manual do
Professor.
Now read the text quickly (dont stop at words you dont know) to
understand the main idea and check your predictions.
Banco de Imagens/Arquivo da editora
jokerpro/Shutterstock/Glow Images
more, but have less, we buy more, but enjoy
less. We have bigger houses and smaller families,
more comforts, but less time. We have more
information, but less knowledge, more questions,
but fewer answers. We build more computers
to hold more information, but we communicate
with each other less and less. We have more
possessions, but fewer values. We are now long on
quantity, but short on quality.
We eat too much, laugh too little, drive too fast,
get too angry, read too little, watch TV too much.
We know much about the Moon and Mars, but avoid
crossing the street to meet a new neighbor. We are
masters of outer space but not of inner space. We say yes to a bigger car in the showroom, but
no to a homeless street kid who tries to sell us a bag of cookies.
These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion, tall men and short character, large profits
and shallow relationships. These are the days of luxurious houses, but broken homes. These are
the times of more leisure, but less fun, overweight bodies, but selfish souls.
It is a time when technology brings this message to you, and a time you can choose either to
make a difference and pass it on, or to just hit delete.
(Adapted from: MOOREHEAD, Bob. The Paradox of Our Time. Available at: <www.xdude.com/paradox.htm>. Access: Mar. 25, 2013.)
As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation and Stress, no
Manual do Professor.
10 UNIT 1 Modern Paradoxes
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Idea Skimming
Which of these sentences from the text best summarizes its main idea?
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
Find words or phrases in the text that mean the same as the definitions
and phrases below. They appear in the same order in the text.
Finding Opposites Scanning comente com os alunos que o scanning se trata de uma leitura rpida, mas com
o objetivo de buscar palavras ou informaes especficas. Para obter informaes sobre esse
trabalho, consulte o tpico Estratgias de leitura, no Manual do Professor.
Scan the text to find the words that are antonyms of the words below.
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Words in Context Getting meaning from context
Scan the text to find the words that are missing in these expressions:
Detailed Comprehension
dos alunos para a
forma invarivel Skimming
de information:
informaes, nunca
usada com s final.
Para especificar Choose the best alternative to complete each sentence according to the text.
uma informao,
dizemos a piece of
information. a. If you have narrow viewpoints,
you are an broad-minded person.
x you do not accept opinions that are different from yours.
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b. Some people drive too fast
x on wide freeways. on narrow streets.
c. If you avoid meeting a new neighbor,
x you ignore someone who lives you choose to cross the street and
very near you. walk away.
d. Someone who has a short temper
x often gets too angry. watches TV too much.
e. When businessmen have large profits
they get too angry. x they make a lot of money.
f. In times of more leisure, people
have less fun. x work less.
g. When you receive a message on the Internet and hit delete,
you pass it on. x you remove that information from
your computer.
h. Shallow relationships often result in
x broken homes. more comforts.
i. People who eat too much generally have
x overweight bodies. smaller families.
j. We are not masters of inner space, so
x we have no control over our we have wider viewpoints.
personal feelings.
k. A selfish soul
x does not care about other people does not have fewer answers.
STRUCTURE
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** Tanto farther quanto further (o primeiro mais comum) podem ser usados para expressar maior distncia. Belo Horizonte is far from
Rio, but Belm is even farther/further. Alm disso, apenar further pode significar "mais, adicional". He gave us a general idea of his plan,
but he didn't give us any further details.
Nos adjetivos de duas slabas terminados
To make things clearer
em -y, troca-se o -y por -i e acrescenta-se -er:
Vimos a terminao -er aplicada a um adjetivo, com o
easy easier sentido de mais, para a formao do grau comparativo de
dirty dirtier superioridade: colder, stronger, larger etc.
funny funnier bom no confundir com a terminao -er
happy happier aplicada a alguns verbos para a formao de
pretty prettier substantivos que designam aquele ou aquilo que faz a
Nos adjetivos de duas slabas em geral ao: teacher, driver, writer, computer etc.
usa-se more (mais) antes do adjetivo: A terminao -er pode tambm designar o cidado de
algumas cidades: New Yorker, Londoner, Berliner.
modern more modern
* Quanto aos O sufixo -er pode ainda ser aplicado a alguns
careful more careful dissilbicos a regra
advrbios, principalmente os de lugar, para a formao
famous more famous no claramente
definida. Veja de adjetivos a eles relacionados: outer, inner, upper.****
boring more boring o tpico 20 da
Minigrammar. Finalmente, a palavra pode terminar em -er, sem
Com alguns adjetivos dissilbicos, as duas que isso traga alguma indicao especfica de sentido:
formas so possveis.* master, character, either etc.
narrow narrower ou more narrow
common commoner ou more common 1. Scan the text and find the sentences that
polite politer ou more polite correspond to:
pleasant pleasanter ou more pleasant
Os adjetivos de trs ou mais slabas so
a. Ns temos casas maiores e famlias menores.
precedidos de more no comparativo: We have bigger houses and smaller families.
comparao, a palavra que segue o adjetivo No, it isnt. Brazil is more populous than Antarctica.
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d. (possessions values: important)
Are possessions more important than values?; No, they arent. Values are more important than possessions.
Comparative of Equality
Quando o sentido negativo, pode-se usar not as + adjective + as ou not so + adjective + as:
as important as values.
Possessions are not
so
To learn more
How do you say this in English? about this topic, go to
MINIGRAMMAR 19/20.
a. No to fcil quanto Sim. No is as easy as Yes.
b. Perguntas so to difceis quanto respostas. Questions are as difficult/hard as answers.
c. Computadores no so to caros quanto carros. Computers are not as/so expensive as cars.
d. A Lua no to distante (distant) quanto Marte. The Moon is not as/so distant as Mars.
Quantifiers
Observe as expresses de quantidade abaixo: as do lado esquerdo acompanham substantivos de ideia
positiva, que expressam quantidade ou nmero em algum grau positivo; as da direita expressam escassez.
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1. Now complete the sentences with the correct quantifiers, according to
Modern Paradoxes.
a. How much do we eat? How much do we exercise?
b. We eat too much and exercise too little .
c. How many possessions do we have? How many values?
d. These are the times of more leisure, but less fun.
e. We know much about the Moon and Mars.
f. Now we have more possessions but fewer
To learn more
values.
about this topic, go to
MINIGRAMMAR 13. g. We read too little .
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Vamos ouvir um trecho dessa conversa. Fique atento aos nomes dos alunos para identificar as
imagens a seguir, relacionando-as com o que eles dizem. Os alunos devem ouvir o udio trs vezes: na
primeira, apenas escutam; na segunda, fazem o
exerccio; na terceira, verificam as respostas.
a. Write the name of the student next to each picture.
Joana Felipe
moodboard/Alamy/Other Images
Michel Gangne/Agence France-Presse
Estela Eduardo
3. Talk to a classmate about the paradoxes discussed in activity 1 and those that can be found
in the text: What about those paradoxes? Are they present in your daily life? How are they
present? Give examples. Incentive os alunos a usar os quantifiers ou os comparativos.
The dialogue below may help you:
Do you agree that there are too many cars, but not enough roads?
Yes, I do. Actually, there are too many cars and too many motorbikes!
Is that a problem in your neighborhood, too?
No, it isnt. In my neighborhood, the traffic is not so heavy.
WRITING
E-mailing a Friend
1. Read and answer.
Anne Marie Valery sua e-pal parisiense, a estudante francesa com quem voc se
corresponde por correio eletrnico in English, the international language! Ela enviou
um novo e-mail com a seguinte mensagem:
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Banco de imagens/Arquivo da editora
E-MAIL SEND SAVE DISCARD
Inbox (2)
To: robertomendes@email.com
Sent
Drafts Subject: Making Comparisons South America
Trash
Hi, Betinho*!
Hey, hows everything? Are you still very busy at school? Well, I have some
extra work for you My Geography teacher assigned me a comparative study
between Brazil and its neighbors. Youre my special e-pal in Brazil, so Can you
send me data and info about your country?
Is it larger than Argentina?
Is it wider than Peru?
Is it older than Uruguay?
Is it richer than Paraguay?
Is it more populous than Bolivia?
Please send me all the information you think is interesting. ;-). And please do
it asap*. :-D * asap /e es e p:/ = as soon as possible.
Many thanks again.
Best,
Anne Marie Valery
* You told me your name is Roberto, but everybody calls you Betinho, so
Inbox (2)
Sent To: annemarie.v@plafond.com
Drafts Cc:
Trash
Subject: Making Comparisons South America
Brazil is larger than Argentina. Brazils surface area (8.514 million km2)
is much larger than Argentina (2.780 million km2)...
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Another Look at...
Modern Paradoxes
Observe the pictures, read the caption and think about their message. Then have
another look at the modern paradoxes contained in the sentences below and check
those that, in your opinion, are somehow related to the pictures.
Jeff Greenberg/Alamy/Other Images
Ollyy/Shutterstock/Glow Images
The United States is the most powerful and the biggest economy in the world. Its GDP
(Gross Domestic Product per capita) is US$48,112 (in 2011), as compared to Brazil GDP:
US$ 12,594. The man in the picture on the left is a citizen of the United Sates.
His companion is a beggar's cup. The woman in the picture on the right is a citizen
of the United States as well. Her companion is a shopping bag.
Would you say we have a similar problem in our country? What can you do to help
solve that problem? Personal answers.
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O
texto principal desta unidade denuncia alguns
aspectos sombrios da sociedade moderna e
THINK
sugere a soluo para enfrent-los. We have
more possessions, but fewer values. preciso recuperar
ABOUT IT
esses valores. De fato, uma sociedade rica em produtos
materiais e avanos tecnolgicos a mesma que
assiste, impotente, a tragdias inexplicveis, sintomas
de que essa sociedade est doente: terrorismo, fanatismo,
polticas hipcritas que fazem a alegria da indstria das
guerras, a continuao da injustia social, a explorao do
prximo, o trabalho infantil, o capitalismo selvagem, o consumismo exacerbado,
o crime e a violncia de todos os dias Mas ns insistimos em acreditar que o
ser humano basicamente bom e
que preciso nunca desistir dessa
crena. Vivemos num mundo onde
Designpics/Glow Images
tudo pode acontecer, de bom e
de mau, a qualquer momento.
Precisamos preservar e pr em
prtica nossos melhores valores,
sacudir a acomodao e o egosmo,
praticar a solidariedade que nos
faz descobrir que somos todos
irmos quando uma tragdia
se abate sobre alguns, como
no caso dos desastres naturais,
hoje infelizmente cada vez mais
frequentes. Precisamos ter sempre
presente que podemos, cada um,
fazer a sua parte.
ORWELL, George. A revoluo dos bichos. So Paulo: Cia das Letras, 2007.
WILDE, Oscar. The Happy Prince and Other Stories. London: Penguin Books, 1994. (Penguin
Popular Classics).
APROXIMAR X afastar: o paradoxo da comunicao moderna. Available at: <www.puc-rio.br/
vestibular/repositorio/redacoes/redacao13.html>. Access: Mar. 26, 2013.
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A Bright Idea
04 Ideas are like rabbits.
You get a couple, learn how
to handle them, and pretty
soon you have a dozen.
John Steinbeck
Making predictions
When faced with a challenge or a problem, we naturally try to have a good idea or find a way
Lcia Hiratsuka/Arquivo da editora
out of the problem. A clever, brilliant, bright idea. What kind of bright idea does the title refer
to, can you guess? What kind of challenge do you think well read about in the text? Make
some predictions and check them as you read.
21
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READING
Some words from the text have a positive meaning, they are good news
(GN). Others have a negative meaning, they are bad news (BN). Check
the correct column.
GN BN GN BN
a. bright x f. dark x
b. ill x g. expensive x
c. reward x h. gift x
d. warm x i. glow x
e. cleverest x j. intelligent x
As palavras
destacadas no udio
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
so comentadas no predictions.
tpico Pronunciation
and Stress, no
Manual do Professor.
he richest man in a Chinese town many years ago was old and
ill. He called his three sons to him and said, I have a challenge
for you. Ill reward the son who is the most intelligent. Each of
you take one coin and buy something that will fill my room.
The oldest son went to the market, but at first he could not
decide whether he should buy flowers or straw. Finally he thought,
Flowers take up less space than straw. And they are more
expensive. So he bought straw. The second son also went to the
market but he could not decide whether to buy paper or feathers.
Feathers are lighter than paper. And they are cheaper. So he
bought feathers. The youngest son thought and thought, What can
I buy with this coin that will fill a whole room? At last he found his
answer and bought something.
That evening, the three sons returned to their fathers room, each
with his gift. The oldest son spread his straw, but it covered only one
small corner; the second spread the feathers, but they filled only two
corners. Quietly, the youngest son showed a candle and lighted it
with a match. The whole dark room filled with a warm glow.
The old man smiled and said, You are my youngest son, but you
are the cleverest. The reward is yours.
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Idea Scanning
Look at the pictures and the words in the box. Write the number that corresponds to each word.
Milosluz/Dreamstime.Com
7 2 8 6
Fernando Lemos/Arquivo da editora
Reproduo/Arquivo da editora
Brand X Pictures/Jupiter Images
3 4 1 5
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Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
( d ) finally he discovered
e. (he) spread his straw
Words in Context
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. The context will help you.
g. Feathers are lighter than paper and they are cheaper. They are not so .
x expensive warm bright rich young
h. We have a very serious situation here. Do you think you can it?
reward learn x handle light spread
i. Its dark in here. I have a candle, but I dont have a to light it.
coin room glow x match town
j. I dont want to much of your time. I know youre a busy person.
return x take up smile cover call
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Discourse Markers
Match each discourse marker in bold on column A with its meaning or function on column B.
A B
b. The old man said that he would give a reward to of his three sons.
more intelligent x the cleverest the cleverer the least intelligent
d. The oldest son decided to buy straw because it takes more space than
flowers and also because
x it is cheaper. it is more expensive. it is not so cheap. it is heavier.
e. The second son decided to buy feathers because they are cheap and very
light. Feathers are one of things you can buy.
the heaviest lighter heavier x the lightest
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g. At last he found his answer means that
he was the last of the three sons to buy something.
he immediately decided what to buy.
x it was not easy for him to make his choice.
he bought the last candle in the market.
h. The three sons came back to their fathers room
the next morning.
on the following evening.
while it was still light.
x after dark.
STRUCTURE
Match the columns to find the ideas expressed by the modal verbs in bold:
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Na frase b, expensive, exemplo de um adjetivo Brazilians are one of the friendliest peoples in
longo, foi precedido de more, que corresponde a the world.
mais, para a formao do grau comparativo de
Com os adjetivos de duas slabas, em geral,*
superioridade. E na frase c, os adjetivos curtos
usa-se most antes do adjetivo.
*Para outros adjetivos
light e cheap foram acrescidos do sufixo -er. de duas slabas, alguns
com duas formas
ancient most ancient possveis, como clever
modern most modern e common, ver o tpico
da Minigrammar 20.
Agora leia novamente as frases da pgina
anterior e assinale as frases em que um recent most recent
Belo Horizonte is one of the most modern cities
a; d
elemento destacado em relao ao restante.
in Brazil.
Qual o elemento de destaque em cada uma
dessas frases?a. o homem mais rico de uma cidade chinesa;
d. o filho mais jovem, o mais inteligente
Com os adjetivos de trs ou mais slabas,
Os adjetivos usados para destacar um usa-se most antes do adjetivo.
elemento em relao a todos os outros esto no intelligent most intelligent
grau superlativo. difficult most difficult
powerful most powerful
Em vez de -er, qual o sufixo usado para The Amazon River is the most powerful in the world.
good best
frases do quadro da pgina anterior?
richest, youngest
Em vez de more, qual a palavra, tambm bad worst
correspondente a mais, usada antes dos far farthest/furthest
adjetivos longos, no superlativo? USP is one of the best universities in Brazil.
most
Que adjetivo longo, usado no grau superlativo de 1. Now complete the sentences with the
superioridade, aparece em uma dessas frases?
most intelligent
comparative or superlative form of the adjectives
O superlativo dos adjetivos curtos feito pelo in parentheses, according to A Bright Idea.
acrscimo de -est e, no caso dos adjetivos longos,
usa-se most. Pode haver algumas alteraes a. Paper is more expensive than
ortogrficas, dependendo da terminao desses feathers. (expensive)
adjetivos. Observe o uso de the antes do superlativo.
b. The richest
Superlative
man in that Chinese town
was old and ill. (rich)
Acrescenta-se -est aos adjetivos curtos, de c. Straw is lighter than flowers. (light)
uma slaba s:
d. The young man had a better
old oldest cold coldest tall tallest
idea than
happy happiest friendly friendliest h. Roses are one of the most expensive
easy easiest funny funniest flowers in the market. (expensive)
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2. Complete the text with the superlative form of the adjectives in
parentheses.
Tourism Poster
1. The following sentences are about Brazil. Choose from the adjectives in the
box and use them in the superlative form to complete each sentence, as
appropriate. One of those superlative forms will be used more than the others.
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e. The Iguau Falls are one of the highest waterfalls.
COME TO BRAZIL!
Comente com os
alunos que a palavra
people no tem
forma plural quando
significa pessoas
(j que ela prpria
o plural de person),
3. Now its your turn. With a classmate, choose a picture, a theme and mas tem forma plural
(peoples) no sentido
create your tourism poster. You can focus on your region, city or in Brazil. de povos, naes.
The images below may help you. There are over 7
billion people in
the world today. The
peoples of the world
are represented in
the United Nations.
S J Francis/Shutterstock/Glow Images
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SPEAKING & LISTENING
Se os alunos
sentirem dificuldade 2. Discuss with one or two of your classmates about the topics you have
em fazer o dilogo, found most important. The phrases below may be helpful for reference.
pode-se utilizar o
seguinte modelo:
Whats the most
important topic for
In my opinion, The most important item I think
you? Why? Its because I understand, but I dont agree
I think the most
important topic is
leisure.
Why?
05 3. The Bright Idea Awards are given to special people for their
Because we dont contributions to solving societys problems, such as pollution, inefficient
have enough
leisure centers.
means of transport, and lack of leisure centers. Listen to the CD, pay
I understand, but I attention to the m.c. (master of the ceremonies) in the awarding ceremony
dont agree. I think
safety is the most and number the images according to the order in which the awards are given.
important thing...
Fernando Bueno/Pulsar Imagens
akiyoko/Shutterstock/Glow Images
1 3 2
Pollution Transportation Leisure
4. Listen again and choose the right words from the box to complete each
sentence.
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Pea a alguns alunos que
comentem sua resposta,
Another Look at... justificando a imagem
que escolheram para
Look at the pictures below. In your opinion, which of these pictures gives
the best illustration of this little poem? Answers will vary. Several answers are possible.
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A
atitude do velho chins pode ser entendida
simplesmente pelo ngulo objetivo, como um
THINK
desafio que ele props inteligncia dos filhos.
Podemos, tambm, deixar livre a imaginao e explorar
ABOUT IT
essa histria um pouco mais fundo, interpretando-a
como uma metfora. Por esse ngulo, mais potico, o
quarto poderia representar a vida, e o pai pretendia que
os filhos descobrissem o que pode ocupar plenamente a
vida de uma pessoa. Poderamos interpretar a mensagem
dessa histria como uma mostra de que os valores materiais,
representados pela palha e pelas penas trazidas pelos irmos mais velhos,
no so capazes de encher plenamente o espao da nossa vida, misso s
possvel aos valores espirituais, representados pela luz da vela. O jovem mais
inteligente o que tem esse insight. O que voc pensa disso? Na sua opinio,
as pessoas costumam valorizar mais o dinheiro e os bens materiais do que
os valores espirituais, como a amizade, a solidariedade, o amor? O que
realmente importante
para preencher a nossa
vida, para torn-la feliz
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The Creation of the Amazon River
Esclarea aos alunos a diferena entre tales, fables e folktales: tales so contos; fables
so fbulas, histrias curtas que levam a uma lio moral e que em geral, envolvem
A Brazilian folktale animais com caractersticas humanas; folktales so contos populares, lendas que fazem
parte do folclore, que o conjunto de manifestaes culturais e das tradies de um povo.
06
A great collection of tales, fables, myths, and dances was put together by
different Amazonian cultural groups in an attempt to explain the world,
the phenomena of nature, and to understand the mysteries that are
present in the heart of the forest. Most of the time, those magical stories of
the Amazonian peoples were transmitted orally. This is one of them.
Making predictions
Look at the picture, read the title and the opening paragraph. Do you like folktales? How many
Jacques Jangoux/Photoresearchers/Latinstock
Brazilian folktales do you know? What kind of text are we about to read? How do you think the
Amazonian peoples explain the creation of the great river? Make some predictions, read the
text and find out if you were right.
33
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READING
Time to Read
com a disciplina de
Lngua Portuguesa Skimming
para consolidao dos
elementos narrativos
das lendas. Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions. As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation
and Stress, no Manual do Professor.
A
long, long time ago, Jaci, the Jaci the Moon, and the Sun never
silver moon, was wandering did meet again. Whenever one comes
by the Amazon forest. She by, the other immediately retreats.
was going her distracted way when But Jaci was so unhappy that she
she happened to meet the golden couldnt help but cry night and day.
Sun. The sun was a strong, fiery Her tears fell on the forest and filled the
warrior. As he set his eyes on Jaci, the valleys. They rolled on down to the sea.
Sun realized that he had never seen In this way the Great River came to be.
anything so beautiful. They fell in love
immediately and decided to wed.
The Sun was thinking about
his beloved Jaci when he realized
that their passion could never be
consummated. It would mean the end
Jacques Jangoux/Photoresearchers/Latinstock
(ALMEIDA, Livia de and PORTELLA, Ana. Brazilian Folktales, Westport: Libraries Unlimited, 2006, p. 3.)
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General Comprehension
Word Study
Transparent Words Scanning for transparent words
In The Creation of the Amazon River there are many cognates, transparent Old view, Brazil
words. They are words in English that have the same origin and are similar in
form and in meaning to other words in Portuguese.
Match the two columns to find the definitions of some important words
from the text.
a. an attempt ( g ) every time that
b. a tale ( f ) inundate, cover an area of land with water
c. fiery ( e ) burn enough to damage the surface
d. wed ( b ) a story
e. scorch ( d ) marry, get married
f. flood ( a ) a try, an effort to do something
g. whenever ( h ) do something by chance
h. happen to do something ( c ) full of flames
Words in Context
Choose the correct alternative to complete each sentence.
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Detailed Comprehension
Finding Specific Information Scanning
Scan the text and match the beginnings with the endings of the sentences,
according to The Creation of the Amazon River.
a. The silver moon happened ( h ) cried continuously.
b. The Sun and the Moon ( i ) on the forest and valleys.
c. The Sun realized ( a ) to meet the golden Sun.
d. Their love would mean ( b ) fell in love at first sight.
e. Their love was too intense ( e ) for the good of the worlds creatures.
f. They decided not to see ( g ) the other retreats.
g. When one comes by, ( c ) that it was an impossible love.
h. Jaci was very sad and ( d ) the end of the world.
i. Jacis tears fell ( j ) created the Great River.
j. The silver moons tears ( f ) each other again.
a. The Sun realized that he had never seen anything as beautiful as Jaci,
so he fell in love.
b. The Sun realized their passion could never be consummated
because/as/since it would mean the end of the world.
c. They decided to go away, so when one comes by, the other retreats.
d. Jaci was very unhappy because/as/since it was an impossible love.
e. Jaci cried night and day, so her tears caused the creation of the
Johnny Lye/Shutterstock/Glow Images Great River.
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STRUCTURE
Past Progressive
A long, long time ago, Jaci, the silver moon, was wandering by the Amazon
forest.
She was going her distracted way when she happened to meet the golden Sun.
While the Sun was thinking about his beloved Jaci he realized that their
passion could never be consummated.
While the Sun was thinking about his beloved Jaci, the Moon was thinking
about him too. Rogrio Reis/Pulsar Imagens
1. Complete the sentences with the Past Progressive or the Simple Past of
the verbs in the box, according to the text on page 34.
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2. Now complete the following story with the Simple Past or the Past
Progressive of the verbs in parentheses. Read the whole story and try to
answer the question.
In an Indian village in the region of Tup, not far from the city of Manaus,
an old chief was dying (to die). He called his two sons and
said (to say), My sons, I am dying. When I die, I want each
of you to ride your own canoe all the way to Manaus, to where the Rio Negro
meets the Rio Solimes, to form the Amazon River. The one whose canoe
arrives last at what is called the meeting of the waters will be the new chief of
our tribe.
With these words the old chief died (to die). And the two
young men started (to start) on their journey down the Rio Negro
to Manaus. They traveled (to travel) very slowly, as they both
wanted (to want) to be the last to arrive at the meeting of the waters.
After about six months they arrived (to arrive) at a riverside
shack by the forest where they met (to meet) and old Indian who
asked (to ask) them where they were going (to go).
We are going to Manaus. We left (to leave) Tup six months
ago, they said.
Six months ago! exclaimed (to exclaim) the old man. But
Manaus is only a weeks journey from Tup. Why do you travel so slowly?
They then explained (to explain) why they were traveling
(travel) so slowly. The old man thought for a few minutes and then said
Fabio Colombini/Acervo do fotgrafo
two words to them. The two young men immediately jumped up, ran to
* Pergunte aos the river bank and in a few minutes were traveling (to travel) as
alunos se sabem a
resposta pergunta fast as they could toward Manaus.
do texto. Se ningum
acertar, informe que
What did the old man say to them?* To learn more
a resposta : The old about this topic, go to
man said: CHANGE
(Idea from: DRAPER, David. Wise Words, in Lighter English.
CANOES. No incio So Paulo: tica, 1986.) MINIGRAMMAR 28.
cada um dos filhos
do cacique, na
sua prpria canoa, Phrasal Verbs
deixava que o irmo
chegasse primeiro.
Com isso, aquele Phrasal Verbs so locues compostas de um verbo e uma partcula
que chegasse (preposio ou advrbio) que tm um significado prprio.
depois seria o
novo cacique. Mas Observe os phrasal verbs em destaque:
seguindo o conselho
do velho ndio, os
dois irmos trocam
The Suns intense love would scorch all plants and burn up all life on Earth.
de canoas e cada Reluctantly they agreed to go away and never meet each other again.
um faz o mximo
para chegar primeiro Whenever one comes by, []
com a canoa do
outro. Assim, quem
chega primeiro ser burn up: burn completely
o cacique porque
sua canoa ficou com go away: move away from a person or place
quem chegou por
ltimo. come by: go to the place where someone is
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Mas quando o complemento for um pronome e no um substantivo, esse
pronome s pode vir entre o verbo e a partcula verbal.
(it the TV) Turn it on.
(them those books) Pick them up.
1. Observe the meaning of some phrasal verbs with turn, and then
complete the story below using those phrasal verbs in the correct tenses. Instrua os alunos
a usar os verbos
no tempo correto
turn down: refuse, reject para completarem a
histria.
turn in: hand in, submit
turn into: transform into
turn off: stop (a radio, the TV, the light, the gas etc.)
turn on: start (a radio, the TV, the light, the gas etc.)
turn over: turn upside down
turn to: go to, ask for the help of
b. Heres the news. A bus struck a wall and turned over this morning,
killing several people.
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LISTENING & WRITING
Fact File
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico
Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
A fact file
is a collection 07 1. Listen and complete the fact file below.
Ana, a jovem brasileira que mora em San Diego, Estados Unidos, est participando
of significant
Jacques Jangoux/Photoresearchers/Latinstock
Extension:
6,280 kilometers.
Continent:
South America
It is often called The River Sea , because its the largest river by volume .
2. Now choose a landform in your region or state (it may be a river, a mountain,
a beach etc.) and write a fact file about it. The tips below may help you:
do some research from reliable sources: both the Internet and Geography
Pode-se organizar books can be used to get information and you may also ask your
uma exposio na Geography teacher for help;
sala ou mesmo na
escola com os fact take some notes about the most important facts about the landform you
files feitos pelos
alunos. Oriente os
plan to write about;
alunos a pedirem a dont forget to include a picture of the landform;
ajuda do professor
de Geografia na
exchange your fact file with a classmate and ask him or her to make any
pesquisa do lugar. necessary corrections in the text.
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SPEAKING
A Scary Story
Antes de iniciar
a atividade
1. Observe the picture. It shows a fantastic creature of the Brazilian
folklore. Work with a classmate and discuss the questions about the pea aos alunos
que observem
a ilustrao e
picture. Use the words and phrases in the box for reference, if necessary.
pergunte se eles
conhecem esse
a hunter holding a gun theyre turned backwards dark forest personagem do
folclore brasileiro
e o que diz sua
lenda. Se ningum
a. How many characters are there in the picture? Two conhecer, diga
que se trata do
b. What are they? A hunter and the Curupira. Curupira. No entre
em mais detalhes,
c. What is the name of the creature? Curupira. pois os alunos vo
ler um texto sobre o
Curupira na seo
d. What is it? How would you describe it? It's a very tall and strong creature. Another Look at
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2. Now observe the pictures below. Choose one of those characters of
the Brazilian folklore and talk about it with a classmate. Or you may also
choose another character which is popular in your region, if you prefer.
Dont forget to ask / answer:
Headless mule
Saci
Ilustraes: Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
Negrinho do pastoreio
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Another Look at...
Brazilian Folklore
A
mong the most popular and
fantastic creatures in Brazilian
Libraries Unlimited
(ALMEIDA, Livia de; PORTELLA, Ana. Curupira and the Hunter. In: Brazilian Folktales.
Westport: Libraries Unlimited, 2006, p. 41.)
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O
folclore brasileiro reflete a riqueza do pas. No Brasil, as
expresses culturais resultam de uma rede de trocas que
THINK
envolve diversas tradies, uma mistura com origem nos
grupos tnicos que compem o pas e nas suas particularidades
regionais.
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Check Your English 1
1. Check the correct answers to these questions. 2. Write the questions. Use the Past Progressive
form of the verbs in parentheses.
a. One of the paradoxes of our time is that we have
more information, but less knowledge. a. Jaci, the silver moon, met a fiery warrior, the Sun.
Why is that? What was she doing ? (she / do)
Because we have more computers. b. I saw the three sons leaving the rich mans house.
Where were they going ?
x Because we do not digest the information,
(they / go)
we do not think about it, and so we dont fully
understand it. c. The youngest son was buying something at the
market. What was he buying ?
Because we communicate with each other less
(he / buy)
and less.
d. I saw Peggy saying no to a homeless street kid.
b. Another paradox is that we buy more, spend more What was the kid trying to sell her ?
money, but have less. Whats the result? (the kid / try to sell her)
x We have more possessions, but fewer values.
e. I saw you talking on the phone this morning. Who
We are short on quantity, but long on quality. were you talking to ?
(you / talk to)
We have more fun, but less leisure.
c. The old Chinese had a challenge for his three 0.2 point each /1
d. An Amazonian folktale tells the story of the b. The oldest son went to the market, but
magical meeting of Jaci, the silver moon, and the
at first he could not decide whether he
golden Sun. They fell in love with each other but should buy flowers or straw. (at last) (at least)
theirs was an impossible love, so they decided (at first) (at all)
x to part and never meet again. c. Flowers take up less space than straw. And
they are more expensive, thought the man.
to consummate their passion. So he bought straw. (So) (Instead of)
to wed, for the good of the worlds creatures. (Because) (If)
e. According to that folktale, the Amazon River was d. The Moon and the Sun could not consummate
created when Jaci, the silver moon, their passion because that would mean
the end of the worlds creatures. (because) (but)
shed tears of happiness.
(during) (unlike)
flooded the universe.
e. The youngest son showed a candle and
x shed tears of unhappiness. lighted it with a match. (and) (like) (or) (without)
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b. Are females allowed in there? Aproveitando-se de seu status social e da possvel
No, they arent. Nothing female is allowed. influncia sobre seus fs, o famoso msico Jimi
Hendrix associa, em seu texto, os termos love,
c. Can males enter the monastery?
Yes, they can. power e peace para justificar sua opinio de que
a. a paz tem o poder de aumentar o amor entre
d. How is the border patrolled?
os homens.
It is patrolled by armed guards.
b. x o amor pelo poder deve ser menor do que o
e. Why is the border patrolled? poder do amor.
To ensure that nothing feminine passes the gates.
c. o poder deve ser compartilhado entre aqueles
que se amam.
0.2 point each /1 d. o amor pelo poder capaz de desunir cada vez
mais as pessoas.
8. Read the excerpt below and answer the
e. a paz ser alcanada quando a busca pelo
question on it.
poder deixar de existir.
Read, read, read.
1 point /1
www.progressiveboink.com/archive/calvinhobbes.htm
works as an apprentice
and studies the master.
Read! Youll absorb it.
Then write. If its good,
youll find out. If its
not, throw it out of the
window.
(William Faulkner, American writer, won the Nobel Prize
in Literature in 1949.)
9. (Enem-2012)
(Available at: <www.progressiveboink.com/
archive/calvinhobbes.htm>. Access: Feb. 1, 2012.)
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Oriente o aluno a avaliar o seu desempenho no teste e
tambm quanto aos objetivos de ensino deste bimestre.
11. (ITA-SP 2012) As questes referem-se ao texto SELF-EVALUATION (UNITS 1, 2 AND 3)
a seguir:
How did you do? What was your score?
Can
Excellent Good OK
Artist Detained In Growing Crackdown
do better
Test total:
BEIJING
10-9 8-7 6-5 less than 5
Ai Weiwei, Chinas most prominent dissident out of 10
after imprisoned Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo, was How do you evaluate your own progress? Check
detained April 3 at the Beijing airport as he tried to ( ) for Yes, (x) for No, or (R) for Review Units 1,
board a flight to Hong Kong. Perhaps best known 2 and 3 after each of the topics below.
Now I can
for codesigning the 2008 Beijing Olympic stadium
known as the Birds Nest, Ai is an outspoken critic
of the government and has been detained several ( ) use the different reading strategies to be able to
times. During one period in custody, he was understand a text in English.
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You Will Never Feel Lonely
In an interview with Amyr Klink, after the Brazilian navigator had
08
arrived from one of his solitary sea adventures, a reporter asked him if
loneliness had been his biggest obstacle. Amyr answered that although he
had spent one hundred days alone, he had never actually felt lonely, as
he knew that so many of his friends were thinking about him and wishing
him success. And he added, The sea is not an obstacle. It is a way.
Making predictions
Look at the photo, read the title Paul A. Souders/Corbis/Latinstock
49
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READING
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions.
A
fter two months of adventures had gone
by, I started thinking about the meaning
of loneliness. An inner feeling that is not
necessarily caused by distance or isolation, a
sense of emptiness that invades you and that no
human company or presence can ever satisfy.
Loneliness was the only thing I did not
feel after I had left. Never. Not even once.
What I did feel was an overwhelming sense of
homesickness. I felt homesick for everything
and everybody, I missed things and people I had
not seen for so long.
Homesickness, however, is good for your
heart. It enhances feelings, lights up hope, erases
distance.
And then there is friendship. If you have a
As palavras friend, even if just one, no matter where he or
destacadas no udio
so comentadas no she is, you will never be alone. You may die from
tpico Pronunciation
and Stress, no homesickness, but you will not feel lonely.
Manual do Professor.
(KLINK, Amyr. One Hundred Days Between Sea and Sky. London: Bloomsbury, 2002.)
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Ideas Skimming
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
1. Scan the text to find the abstract nouns formed with the suffix -ness,
Loneliness (solido); emptiness (vazio);
homesickness (saudade de casa).
then translate them into Portuguese.
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Ideas Skimming
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
1. Scan the text to find the abstract nouns formed with the suffix -ness,
Loneliness (solido); emptiness (vazio);
homesickness (saudade de casa).
then translate them into Portuguese.
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2. Now complete the sentences with adjectives or nouns from the text.
Top Foto/Keystone
Eduardo Anizelli/Folhapress
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Masterfile/Radius Images/Latinstock
Kenzo Tribouillard/AFP
Goodluz/Shutterstock/Glow Images
a careless person homeless people effortless leisure
Another important suffix is -ship. It is added to nouns referring to people in order to form abstract
nouns that indicate a certain state or condition.
5. Observe the list below and translate the abstract nouns into Portuguese.
6. Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns from the list above.
a. Joe is a partner in a law firm with four other lawyers. They all share in the partnership .
b. Clarice Lispector, whose real name was Chaya*Pinkhasovna Lispector, was born in Ukraine but
she was a Brazilian citizen. She had Brazilian citizenship .
* Chaya uma palavra de origem hebraica e significa vida.
d. A strong leader must have a good education. Education is the mother of leadership .
e. Im so glad you are my friend, I know our friendship will never end.
1. In one of the examples above, the second part of the sentence is introduced by a conjunction
followed by a comma. That conjunction is used in writing, especially in formal language and it
can also come between commas. What is that conjunction? (but however although)
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2. Of the three conjunctions in focus here, which is used in conversation or informal language?
But
a. it was raining, the kids wanted to go to the beach. (But However Although)
b. Mozart was a child prodigy. His life, , was short and unhappy. (but however although)
c. Mozart died a long time ago, he is still famous. (but however although)
The test was easy, but they didnt pass.; The test was easy. However, they didnt pass.; Although the test was easy,
My sister likes music, but she doesnt like classical music.; My sister likes music. However, she doesnt like
classical music; Although my sister likes music, she doesnt like classical music.
Detailed Comprehension
True or False? Scanning
Correct the false statements by replacing just one word with the correct one.
a. ( F ) Amyr Klinks reflections on loneliness started two months before he had left. after
b. ( T ) Klink believes that you can feel lonely even when you have company.
c. ( T ) Amyr Klinks adventures did not make him suffer from loneliness.
e. ( T ) The navigator did not feel lonely but he felt terribly homesick.
g. ( F ) He thinks that if you have a friend, you will never be homesick. lonely
h. ( F ) For the solitary navigator, the sky is not an obstacle, but a way. sea
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Reading Between the Lines Making inferences
What do you think Amyr Klink means when he says, The sea is not an obstacle. It is a way.?
x He sees the voyage as a challenge, an adventure that calls for his best skills, all his energy and
determination.
He does not consider the sea to be a difficulty, for him it is a kind of effortless leisure.
He does not regard the sea as an enemy, he considers it to be a good way of making friends.
STRUCTURE
Ways of Expressing Emphasis Choose the alternatives that have the same
meaning as the phrases in bold.
Em alguns trechos do texto podem ser
observadas diferentes expresses usadas para
a. Santos-Dumont dreamed of conquering the
dar nfase, como estas:
skies and he did conquer them.
did he conquer?
the only thing not even once
actually even if just once
he didnt conquer
x he really conquered
Match the two columns.
( b ) the one thing, there
b. I do believe Brazil will soon be a world
a. actually power.
is nothing else
I hope so
b. the only thing ( d ) never x I really think so
c. even if just one (c) even if it is the I think its possible
only one
d. not even once ( a ) really, in fact c. Mozart said he knew how to compose a
symphony and he did know how to do it.
I had left. Never. Not even once. What I did feel d. Chico Buarque does write beautiful songs.
was an overwhelming sense of homesickness x he really writes
O uso do verbo auxiliar to do (nas formas do/ sometimes he writes
does/did) antes do infinitivo do verbo principal he never writes
em uma frase afirmativa uma forma de
expresso enftica. No exemplo acima foi usado e. Yes, we have bananas!
did por se tratar de uma situao no passado. We have a few
What I did feel corresponde ento a What I really x We do have
felt: o que eu de fato realmente senti. Do we have?
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f. I say I love you, and I do love you, Maria. Nas frases do texto de introduo, quais os
do I love? nmeros que antecedem verbos no Simple
I think I love Past? 2, 4, 7, 10
x
Past Progressive
in fact I love
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1. Nas frases do texto de introduo, quais 4. Complete the text with the Past Perfect
os nmeros que antecedem verbos no Past of the verbs in parentheses.
Perfect? 1, 3, 5, 6
He was an old
man who fished
a. While he was walking along the forty days without a fish the boys parents
beach, he began to see a man in had told (tell) him that the old
the distance. (walk begin) man was now definitely and finally salao,
which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy
b. My daughter had
had gone (go) at their orders in
an accident
last week. She was wearing
another boat which caught three good fish the
her
seat belt, thank God for that. (have wear)
first week. It made the boy sad to see the old
man come in each day with his skiff empty and
c. When you saw me this morning, I
was rubbing
he always went down to help him carry either the
my arm with the
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Scanning
Scan the text and answer the questions. Loneliness was the only thing that I did not feel
a. How did the old man fish? Alone. after I had left.
I missed things and people that I had not seen
for so long.
b. How many days had he gone without taking
a fish? Eighty-four days.
c. How many days had the boy been with him? 1. What is the only thing that Amyr Klink did
Forty days. not feel after he had left? Loneliness.
d. How many fish did the other boat catch the 2. What did he miss? He missed things and people
(that) he had not seen for so long.
first week? Three.
e. Why had the boys parents told him to go in Two Tips
another boat?Because the old man was salao Quando that estiver seguido de um
(very unlucky).
f. How did the old man come in each day? substantivo, nome ou pronome (I, he, we etc.), tem
With his skiff empty. funo de objeto e pode, portanto, ser omitido.
g. When furled, what did the sail look like? Amyr Klink is the Brazilian navigator (that)
The flag of permanent defeat. we all admire.
The Relative Pronoun that Quando that vier seguido de um verbo, ele
tem funo de sujeito e no pode ser omitido.
Observe a palavra trs vezes destacada no Amyr Klink is the Brazilian navigator that went to
trecho:
the two Poles of the Earth between 1989 and 1991.
An inner feeling that is not necessarily
caused by distance or isolation, a sense of Check the sentence in which the word that
emptiness that invades you and that no human cannot be omitted.
company or presence can ever satisfy.
a. One Hundred Days Between Sea and Sky
That um pronome relativo usado em is the book that Amyr Klink wrote after one
referncia a objetos ou pessoas que funcionam of his sea voyages.
como o sujeito da orao. o correspondente em b. x The reporter that interviewed Amyr
portugus a que. Klink worked for a Canadian newspaper.
Em ingls, como j foi visto, quando o pronome c. Loneliness was the only thing that he did
relativo correspondente a que funciona como objeto not feel after he had left.
da orao, ele pode ser omitido. Nas frases a seguir, d. I missed things and people that I had not
o pronome that, omitido no texto, foi recolocado. seen for so long, said the Brazilian navigator.
LISTENING
Role Models
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico
Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
Converse com os alunos 1. Read the following sentences and discuss with a classmate: What is a
sobre o conceito de
role model, fazendo-os role model? Does it represent a good example or a bad one?
refletir sobre que tipo
de qualidades algum
deveria ter para se
a. Marta is a good role model for young players, with her excellent attitude
tornar um exemplo a ser and obvious love for the game.
seguido.
b. Ayrton Senna was more than a racing legend, he was a tremendous role
model: smart, courageous, fast and successful.
c. Does Obama represent a new kind of role model for young African Americans?
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Antes de ouvirem a
09 2. You are going to listen to a group of friends who were hanging out gravao, d um tempo
at a shopping mall. Among them is Ana Gomes, a Brazilian student who para os alunos lerem
todas as frases. Os
alunos, ento, ouvem
earned a scholarship to study in San Diego, California. Listen carefully and
mark the following sentences T (True) or F (False). o udio trs vezes; na
primeira vez apenas
ouvem, na segunda fazem
a. ( T ) They are looking at a picture of Victoria and David Beckham's family. a atividade, e na terceira
confirmam as respostas.
b. ( F ) The girls think that David Beckham is lucky. Victoria
f. Percebe-se que eles no
sabem de quem se trata
c. ( T ) Beckham is Peters role model. pela entonao e espanto
com que perguntam:
d. ( F ) Michael Sanders is a Senator. a future Senator Who?
Retome a discusso da
atividade 1 com os alunos
e. ( T ) Barack Obama is Michaels role model. perguntando a eles se
acham que para ser um
f. ( F ) Ana's American friends know who Amyr Klink is. don't know role model a pessoa deve
ser famosa. Conduza a
discusso de modo que
g. ( T ) Amyr Klink is Anas role model. os alunos percebam que
para ser um modelo a ser
h. ( T ) Ana knows a lot about Amyr Klink's sea adventures. seguido a pessoa no
precisa necessariamente ser
famosa, mas sim ter boas
i. ( T ) Ana wants to have a sea adventure one day. qualidades, praticar boas
aes etc. Um bom exemplo
j. ( F ) One of the boys wants to go with her and she thinks that is a good idea. pode estar bem prximo
is not de ns, como os pais,
professores, amigos.
SPEAKING
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Incentive os alunos 2. Now talk to another student, reporting your classmates answers. The
a usar os discourse
markers vistos at
following examples may help you.
agora ao formularem
suas frases. Although Angelica doesnt admire Amyr Klink, she likes
adventures. She doesnt have many friends. However, she thinks
friendship is the most important thing there is.
Marcos doesnt like to be alone. He prefers to go out with friends. He
also feels homesick sometimes, because he spends a lot of time away.
Amyr Klink had just arrived from one of his sea adventures. I asked him if
loneliness had been his biggest advantage. Amyr said he had spent one
thousand days alone, and he had always felt lonely. He said just a few of
his friends knew about his adventure. Those friends had forgotten about
him and ignored his success. And then he added: The world is not an
obstacle. It is a shortcut.
b. Write down the words or phrases that correctly replace those you
underlined in the text above.
a. obstacle d. never g. wished him
b. hundred e. so many h. sea
c. but f. were thinking i. way
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Another Look at...
Sailing Away
We should start acting on our dreams and goals instead of just talking
about them.
Life can be a great adventure. Dont be afraid to live it.
x Sailing away means leaving a safe harbor, a comfortable place where
you feel at home and moving to the unknown, a risky move involving
the possibility of danger, harm, or failure, which should be avoided.
Stagnant water does not flow and often smells bad. Dont swim in
stagnant waters.
If you lie at anchor you will probably be safe from storms, but you will
never see the world.
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N
estes nossos tempos de vida intensa e acelerada,
cercados de informaes, celular, Internet,
THINK
TV, telemarketing, mensagens publicitrias,
dificilmente encontramos espao para ficarmos sozinhos.
ABOUT IT
E o isolamento, no entanto, nem sempre indesejvel.
Muitas vezes seria bom estarmos ss, para podermos
refletir, serenar a cabea, organizar os pensamentos,
pr a casa em ordem. Muitas pessoas precisam, como
Amyr Klink, estar ss, viajar, explorar novos espaos,
descobrir mundos, sair por a. O isolamento nem sempre faz
o indivduo sentir-se solitrio. Por outro
lado, possvel que a pessoa sinta solido
mesmo quando est no meio de muita
KLINK, Amyr. Cem dias entre cu e mar. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995.
KLINK, Amyr. Paratii: entre dois polos. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1992.
SEMPRE a seu Lado. Direo: Lasse Hallstrom. Produo: Warren T. Goz / Paul Mason, 2009.
AMYR KLINK. Available at: <http://www.amyrklink.com.br>. Access: Mar. 26, 2013.
WHAT'S the difference between being lonely and a loner?. Available at: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/
hi/uk_news/magazine/8703173.stm>. Access: Mar. 26, 2013.
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The Universal Language
Mathematics, like music, can be considered a universal language, shared
10
Making predictions
Look at the image, read the title and the introduction. Do you agree with those statements?
Mike Agliolo/Corbis
What do mathematics and music have in common? In what way can they be considered
universal? Do you use math in your daily life? What other information about that science do you
think the text tells us about? Make some predictions, read the text and find out if you were right.
63
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READING
As palavras
Before You Read Activating background knowledge
destacadas no udio
so comentadas no
tpico Pronunciation The question What is the universal language? may possibly have more
and Stress, no than an answer. What would be your answer? Add others if you like.
Manual do Professor.
Mathematics Love
Music Money
English All of them
Esperanto Art
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General Comprehension
Whats the Main Idea? Skimming
Choose the sentence that contains the most important idea in The
Universal Language.
Mathematics is the only language that uses numbers, and not words.
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
( g ) only, exclusively
j. regardless of gender
In the sentence below, what does the pronoun we refer to? In that same
sentence, what does the pronoun them refer to?
human beings;
First, human beings didnt invent math concepts; we discovered them. math concepts
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Word Families Using grammar for vocabulary expansion
Scan the text and complete the chart with the missing words.
day daily
Scan the text to find the nouns that are missing in the phrases below.
a. planetary motion movimento planetrio
b. everyday tasks tarefas do dia a dia
c. ancient scholars antigos eruditos
d. math concepts conceitos matemticos
e. shared language linguagem compartilhada
f. human beings seres humanos
g. daily decisions decises dirias
h. richer, fuller lives vidas mais ricas, mais completas
i. medieval merchants comerciantes medievais
j. catastrophic diseases doenas catastrficas
Detailed Comprehension
Finding Specific Information Scanning
Scan the text and match the beginnings with the endings of the sentences,
Milagli/Shutterstock/Glow Images
according to The Universal Language.
a. With mathematics we can explain ( c ) is numbers.
b. Human beings didnt invent math ( d ) and transfer information across
concepts; the globe.
c. The language of math ( g ) the forces of planetary motion.
( a ) many of the mysteries of the
d. With math we can build computers
universe.
e
e. Math is not just
( ) for professors and scientists.
f. Math can help us perform ( b ) we discovered them.
g. With math we can understand ( f ) everyday tasks.
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Distinguishing Between Discovery and Invention
Neveshkin Nikolay/Shutterstock/Glow Images
1. Look again at this sentence from the text and observe the meaning of
the words in bold.
(inventions discoveries)
c. The of super-giant oil fields offshore Santos Basin was excellent news for
Brazil. (invention discovery)
STRUCTURE
* Dr. Martin Cooper is credited as the inventor of the modern cell phone (the Motorola) in 1973.
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Quando usados no plural, com sentido genrico, esses substantivos no so precedidos de artigo,
nem indefinido (a/an), nem definido (the):
Mathematics is the language of numbers. (general)
So precedidos de artigo definido (the) quando usados em sentido especfico:
Can you read the numbers on that chart? (specific)
J os substantivos no contveis (uncountable nouns ou mass nouns) no tm forma plural.
So usados com verbos e pronomes no singular. Para expressar quantidade indefinida, podem ser
precedidos de some, mas no de a/an.
Money is used to pay for things. Can you give me some money, Dad?
Esto nesse grupo os substantivos abstratos (courage, patience, education, freedom etc.) e os
concretos que dizem respeito a substncias ou materiais, quando considerados em seu sentido geral
(money, water, sugar, milk, cotton, paper, bread, air etc.).
Bread is made from flour, water and yeast.
Money um substantivo no contvel que em portugus no , em geral, usado no plural nem
precedido de um. No dizemos dinheiros nem comum usarmos a forma um dinheiro. J bread,
flour, water e yeast so exemplos de substantivos no contveis cujos correspondentes em portugus
tm forma plural e podem ser precedidos de artigo indefinido. Podemos dizer um po, uma gua,
farinhas, fermentos.
Observe the nouns in bold in the following sentence. Mark C for countable or U for
uncountable under each of those nouns.
We can build computers and transfer information across the globe.
computers: C; information: U; globe: C
Existe, em ingls, um numeroso grupo de substantivos no contveis que designam coisas que, em
portugus, podem ser contadas, referidas na unidade ou pluralizadas. A diferena entre ingls e portugus
quanto ao uso desse tipo de substantivo um ponto que leva muitas vezes a erro e, por isso, merece
ateno especial. Assim, enquanto computer e globe so claramente contveis, information no .
O substantivo information uncountable, no tem forma plural e nunca vem precedido de an. Assim
informations e an information so formas incorretas. Para dizermos informaes, usamos information
ou some information e para especificarmos uma informao usamos a piece of information.
1. Put a (or an) before the countable nouns and some before the uncountable nouns.
a. a language
b. a
Pixtal/Easypix Brasil
country
c. some sugar
d. some milk
e. a disease
f. some money
g. some oil
h. an astronaut
i. a basket
j. an instrument
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2. Now choose the expressions from the box to complete the sentences below.
an expensive piece of furniture the best piece of advice some information a fantastic piece of news
time a loaf of bread great knowledge an important piece of equipment
Allmaps/Arquivo da editora
CANADA
WASHINGTON
OREGON NORTH
40 N MONTANA DAKOTA
MINNESOTA VERMONT
MAINE
IDAHO MI
CH
I
NEW HAMPSHIRE
G
PACIFIC
AN
LOUISIANA
FLORIDA
0 257 515 miles MEXICO
100 W
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We drove through So Paulo on our way to Curitiba. (entrando, atravessando,
saindo de)
Allmaps/Arquivo da editora
Cuiab DF
Braslia
MATO GROSSO
Goinia MINAS
GERAIS
GOIS
Belo
MATO GROSSO Horizonte ESPRITO
DO SUL SANTO
Vitria
Campo
Grande
SO PAULO RIO DE
JANEIRO
So Paulo Rio de Janeiro
Tropic of C
apricorn
PARAN
PARAGUAY Curitiba
ATLANTIC
SANTA
CATARINA OCEAN
Florianpolis
ARGENTINA
RIO GRANDE N
DO SUL
Porto Alegre W E
URUGUAY
0 111 223 miles
through
1. por meio de
His success came through hard work.
2. de um dia/ms a outro dia/ms, incluindo este
The museum is open Monday through Friday.
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LISTENING
School Subjects
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico
Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
11 2. Ana Gomes and some of her classmates are talking about their
favorite school subjects. Listen to their conversation and check the right
columns according to what you hear.
Listen to the CD again. Pay attention to the way Ana and her
11
classmates talk about their favorite school subjects and their plans for the
future. Then discuss with a classmate about your own favorite subjects
and your own professional plans. The phrases in the box below may be
useful for reference.
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WRITING
Microblogging
Imagine that you have a microblog* and you want to share your opinion
and thoughts about your favorite school subject:
brainstorm some ideas first, such as the reasons why this is your
favorite subject;
remember that your micropost should have up to 200 characters
(about 30 words);
exchange your text with a classmate and discuss about your choice
and his or hers.
Incentive os alunos a trocar o texto com um colega para tirarem eventuais dvidas e conversarem
sobre as escolhas e o texto de cada um.
This example may help you:
Microposts @ 2h
Expand
iderado
g cons
* Microblo e os
o d e b lo g em qu
um tip fazem
r io s , e m geral,
usu ves de
es bre
atualiza
Se for possvel, incentive os alunos a postar suas mensagens
200
o m cerca de em sites de microblog, como o Tweeter, por exemplo.
tex to (c quenas
te re s) . Essas pe
carac as
conhecid
e n s a g ens so
m .
icroposts
como m
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Another Look at...
Math
More than a thousand years ago a Moroccan genius conceived the figures 0 through 9
which we know today as Arabic numerals. He shaped the figures so that each contained
an appropriate number of angles, as shown in the illustration below.
Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
His figure 1 contains one angle, his 2 two angles, 3 three angles etc. Zero,
signifying nothing, had no angles.
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E
m resposta a uma estudante que lhe tinha
confessado ter problemas com uma certa disciplina
THINK
escolar, Albert Einstein disse: Do not worry about
your difficulties in Mathematics; I can assure you that mine
ABOUT IT
are still greater. Einstein estava brincando, of course.
Sabemos que ele no tinha problemas com a Matemtica,
pelo menos no ao nvel da jovem estudante. Mas ela,
como alguns outros estudantes, tinha um certo preconceito
contra a disciplina, considerando-a difcil e s vezes boring.
Na verdade a Matemtica mais do que uma simples
disciplina escolar, um instrumento muito til para a vida, que usamos em nosso
dia a dia, mesmo sem nos dar conta.
A Matemtica no s school subject e no s para professores e
cientistas. para todos ns. Ela est presente na diversidade das formas e
padres dos objetos e da natureza; na simetria das ptalas de uma margarida
ou das asas de uma borboleta; nas linhas retas dos arranha-cus de So Paulo,
nas curvas das montanhas de Minas Gerais ou de
um projeto de Oscar Niemeyer. Ela est presente de
forma prtica, quando fazemos nosso oramento,
STEIN, James D. Como a Matemtica explica o mundo: o poder dos nmeros no cotidiano. Rio de
Janeiro: Elsevier, 2008.
STEWART, Ian. Almanaque das curiosidades matemticas. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2009.
QUEBRANDO A BANCA. Direo: Robert Luketic. Produo: Kevin Spacey, Brett Ratner, 2008.
OLIMPADA Brasileira de Matemtica. Available at: <www.obm.org.br/opencms>. Acess: Mar. 27, 2013.
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Magnets and the
Power of Attraction
12A magnet is an object that attracts
certain metals, such as iron, nickel and
cobalt. All magnets have North-seeking (N)
and South-seeking (S) poles. When magnets
are placed near each other, opposite poles
attract and like poles repel each other.
Making predictions
Look at the picture, read the title and the paragraph above. What do you know about
Comstock Images/Jupiterimages
magnets? How can a magnet attract some metals? How is a magnetic field formed? Did
you know that the Earth itself is a large magnet, the largest in the world? What other
information about that topic do you think the text tells us about? Make some predictions,
read the text and find out if they were correct.
75
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READING
Magnets have a north pole and a south pole. One side has
a negative charge and the other side has a positive charge. The
negative side of a magnet attracts the positive side of another
magnet. This is where the phrase opposites attract comes from.
Two sides that have the same charge will repel each other.
(COLLINS Cobuild Advanced Dictionary of American English, Glasgow:
Harper Collins Publishers, 2007, p. 790.)
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions. As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation and
Stress, no Manual do Professor.
Ivancovlad/Shutterstock/Glow Images
itself and make them cling to it. A horseshoe magnet
pointed at a clip will make it jump up from a table and
cling to the magnet until it is pulled off.
The horseshoe magnet has two poles, or ends a
positive and a negative one. If you put the two positive
poles of two magnets together, there is no attraction. But if
you touch the positive pole of one magnet to the negative of
the other, you feel a strong pull. This is because opposite poles
attract each other.
The reason the magnet attracts iron objects is that it sets up an invisible
atmosphere around itself called a magnetic field. When a pin or nail is in that
field, it becomes a little magnet too. Ordinarily, the billions of atoms in the nail
are packed in a scattered way, but when the nail enters a magnetic field, more
and more of its positive atom poles point in one direction , toward the negative
pole of the big magnet, and more and more of its negative atom poles point the
other way to the big magnets positive pole. Since these opposite poles attract
each other, the nail will now jump up and cling to the magnet.
The largest magnet in the world is the Earth itself, because the hot nickel and
iron at its core pull everything towards it!
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Ideas Skimming
Word Study
Like Poles or Opposite Poles? Synonyms or Antonyms?
Getting meaning from context
Decide if the pairs of words below are like poles (have approximately the
same meaning) or opposite poles (have opposite meanings). Write S (for
synonyms) or A (for antonyms).
Function Words
1. Scan the text and match each word or phrase listed below with its
meaning in Portuguese.
e. together ( b ) perto de
Paragraph 2
f. if ( j ) porque, desde que
h. around ( d ) at que
Paragraph 3
i. more and more ( h ) volta de
j. since ( f ) se
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2. Now complete each of the following sentences with the correct
function word from the box.
Words in Context
Choose the correct alternative to complete each sentence.
a. Attention-seeking children are attention.
x trying to get full of tired of indifferent to
b. All the following nouns are metals, except one. Which one?
iron cobalt nickel x field
Detailed Comprehension
True or False? Scanning
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Em portugus, no fazemos distino entre quantidade e nmero, sendo comum dizer, por exemplo, que h uma grande quantidade de carros na rua. Em
ingls, no entanto, a distino entre amount (quantidade) e number (nmero) clara e observada no uso de much, little e a little para designar a quantidade de
uncountable nouns (nunca usados no plural) e de many, few e a few, para designar o nmero de countable nouns, usados no plural. A distino entre quantidade
(= amount) e nmero (= number) ajuda a esclarecer este aspecto gramatical, que em geral causa dificuldade aos nossos alunos.
STRUCTURE
Ivancovlad/Shutterstock/Glow Images
magnet too. antes de substantivos no contveis, sempre
no singular e que o seu sentido um pouco,
Nesse exemplo, algum(a).
little um adjetivo De fato, a little corresponde a some: um
atributivo que pouco, algum(a), expressando uma quantidade
significa small in moderada, pequena (no chega a much), mas
size (pequeno/a). com sentido positivo.
Little pode aparecer A mesma diferena entre little e a little,
em contextos usados com substantivos no contveis,
que expressam sempre no singular, existe entre few e a few,
afetividade; nesses que expressam nmero e so usados com
casos corresponde ao substantivos contveis, no plural. Compare:
nosso sufixo -inho/a. I have few friends. Maybe one or two. I am not
Compare small e popular.
little no exemplo
Jack is not very popular, but he has a few
seguinte:
friends. Yes, he has some friends.
My house has only two rooms. It is a small
house. But I love my little house.
Qual dessas palavras corresponde a
poucos/as?
few
Qual deles corresponde a uma casa pequena
e qual corresponde a minha casinha?
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Little e few so muitas vezes precedidos por very (muito), sendo assim acentuada a ideia de
escassez ou insuficincia. Veja:
time
very
little That
energy
If you add a little to a
chances bad.
again, soon that little
very will be much.
few
options
Urfin/Shutterstock/Glow Images
c. George is an old man now and he has little patience with kids.
d. The doctor said there is very little hope. The patient is very ill.
2. Now rewrite the following sentences, replacing some with a little or a few. To learn more
b. Molly lives in So Paulo, but she has some friends in Recife. a few
13/14.
d. My cousins arent exactly rich, but they own some land in Minas. a little
a. With the Internet, very few people go to the post office to send a letter nowadays.
E-mail has replaced snail mail.
b. Can I have a little more cake, please? I know Im on a diet, but I simply cant resist
temptation.
c. Id like to go to the mall with you, but I cant. I have very little free time today.
d. I have been working hard and I need a break. A few days at the seaside will be most
welcome.
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4. Complete the extract of the lyrics below with little, a little, few or a few.
a. Regrets, Ive had a few / But then again, too few to mention
(Sinatra)
b. Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings / These are a few of my favorite
things. (Maria, The Sound of Music)
c. Oh I get by with a little help from my friends. (The Beatles)
d. A little less conversation, a little more action, please (Elvis Presley)
e. Very few in life composed a symphony / Very few in life sing loves
melody (Bob Seger)
f. Little by little the night turns around. / Counting the leaves which
tremble at dawn. (Pink Floyd)
Phrasal Verbs
Como j vimos, phrasal verbs so locues compostas de um verbo e
Comstock Images/Jupiterimages
uma partcula (preposio ou advrbio) que tm um significado prprio. Em
muitos casos, o significado dessas locues acompanha o dos elementos
que a formam. Assim, jump significa pular, saltar e up significa para
cima; em jump up a partcula adverbial apenas refora o sentido do verbo.
Muitas outras phrasal verbs, no entanto, tm um sentido no previsvel, que
precisa ser memorizado. Assim, look significa olhar, for significa para
ou por, mas look for significa procurar. As locues verbais vo sendo
Look at that needle! A compass needle
is a permanent magnet. It points to the
memorizadas medida que as encontramos nos textos. Earths magnetic north pole.
Scan the text and complete the sentences below with phrasal verbs, as appropriate.
a. A magnet pointed at a clip will make it jump up from a table and cling to the magnet until
it is pulled off .
b. The reason the magnet attracts iron objects is that it sets up an invisible atmosphere.
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LISTENING
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
13 2. You are going to listen to Mr. Parker, a Science teacher at Ana Gomess
school. He is going to show his students how to build a simple compass. Listen
to the first part of Mr. Parker's class to confirm your answers in activity 1.
14 3. Now listen to the final part and number the images according to
what you hear.
3 5 2
1 4
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15 4. After Mr. Parkers class, Ana Gomes and Michael Sanders were talking
about it. Listen to their conversation and mark the statements True or False.
True False
a. Ana knows that a magnet can attract iron objects.
b. A magnet has two positive poles.
c. When two positive poles of two magnets are together, there is
no attraction.
d. If you touch the positive pole of one magnet to the negative of
other, there is no attraction.
e. Ana knows that opposite poles attract each other.
f. Physics is Anas favorite school subject.
g. Ana does not like Chemistry at all.
h. Ana says she is going to be an astronomer.
i. Michael likes both Physics and Chemistry very much.
j. Michael feels attracted to Ana.
WRITING
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2. Now match each word or phrase from the list below with their
counterparts in Portuguese.
a. pot ( e ) temperatura ambiente
SPEAKING
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Another Look at...
Power of Attraction
ra
ito
ed
poles and the geographic poles are not
da
vo
ui
rq
exactly in the same places.
/A
io
ud
St
J
AM
Responda em portugus:
1. Quantos polos do nosso planeta podemos considerar?
Quatro.
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O
tema o poder do magnetismo. Os ms em
geral, os materiais e as foras magnticas que
THINK
esto presentes, quase sempre de forma pouco
visvel, na nossa vida diria: fazendo funcionar motores
es
Imag
verdadeiros. Voc tambm
low
acredita que, nas relaes
k /G
to c
rs
humanas, os opostos se
t te
hu
/S
atraem?
ia
-L
a
at
N
KING, Andy. Magnetism. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2005. (Early Bird Energy)
SCHUH, Mari. Magnetism. EUA: Scholastic Books, 2011.
MAGNETS. Available at: <www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnets.htm>. Access:
Mar 27, 2013.
MAGNETISMO - Propriedades gerais dos ms. Available at: <http://efisica.if.usp.br/eletricidade/
basico/imas/>. Access: Mar 27, 2013.
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Check Your English 2
1. Mark the correct answers to these questions. within toward)
a. Why is mathematics said to be the universal c. The magnet sets up an invisible atmosphere
language? around itself called a magnetic field.
Because it can help us in our daily lives. (around up away down)
Because we can build computers and transfer d. The train went through the tunnel leaving us
information across the globe. in total darkness. (through across around up)
x Because it is the only language shared by all human e. Math is not just for professors and
beings regardless of culture, religion, or gender. scientists. It is for all of us. (for / for to /
b. Did human beings invent math concepts? to toward / toward by / by)
Yes, we did. Mathematics was one of mans most 0.2 point each /1
important inventions.
x No, we didnt invent them. We discovered them. 3. Complete the sentences, using the Past
Yes, we did. That is why it is so universal. Perfect form of the verbs in parentheses.
c. What is a magnet? a. I couldnt find a taxi and when I finally got to the
station, the train had left . (leave)
x It is a metal that attracts certain other metals,
such as iron, nickel and cobalt. b. The electricity went off last night and I lost
It is an object that can pull pieces of wood toward all my work on the computer because
itself. I had not/hadnt saved it. (not save)
It is a North-seeking pole. c. Those tourists really enjoyed their stay in Rio last
month. They had not/hadnt been there
d. What is the largest magnet in the world?
before. (not be)
The North Pole.
d. Amyr Klink had arrived from one of his
The South Pole.
solitary sea adventures when a reporter asked him
x The Earth.
for an interview. (arrive)
e. What happens when magnets are placed near e. He told the reporter that he had spent
each other? one hundred days alone, but he had
Opposite poles repel each other. never actually felt lonely. (spend / feel)
Like poles attract each other.
0.2 point each /1
x Opposite poles attract each other.
87
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d. Learning a new language is a gradual process. a. O primeiro pargrafo destaca algo que
Little by little you will become uma inveno da espcie humana, a enorme
proficient at it. (Little / little Few / a few A few / importncia
a little) dos genes. da memria.
e. Very few people are literate in all the do crebro. da informao.
worlds languages. (little a little few) x da biblioteca.
Photos.com/jupiterimages
contained in brains. So we learned to stockpile
enormous quantities of information outside our
bodies. We are the only species on the planet, so
far as we know, to have invented a communal
memory stored neither in our genes nor in our
brains. The warehouse of that memory is called
the library.
A book is made from a tree. It is an assemblage
of flat, flexible parts (still called leaves)
imprinted with dark pigmented squiggles. One
glance at it and you hear the voice of another
person perhaps someone dead for thousands
Leisure
of years. Across the millennia, the author is
What is this life if, full of care,
speaking, clearly and silently, inside your head,
We have no time to stand and stare.
directly to you. Writing is perhaps the greatest
No time to stand beneath the boughs
of human inventions, binding together people,
And stare as long as sheep or cows.
citizens of distant epochs, who never knew one
No time to see, when woods we pass,
another. Books break the shackles of time, proof
Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass.
that humans can work magic.
(SAGAN, C. The Persistence of Memory. In: Cosmos. USA: No time to see, in broad daylight,
Random House, 1985) Streams full of stars, like stars at night.
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No time to turn at Beautys glance, 7. Read the text and answer the questions that
And watch her feet, how they can dance. follow.
No time to wait till her mouth can
Dreams
Enrich that smile her eyes began.
Langston Hughes
A poor life this if, full of care,
Hold fast to dreams,
We have no time to stand and stare.
For when dreams go
(DAVIES, William Henry. The Collected Poems of William
H. Davies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1916.) Life is a barren field
a. All these words refer to nature, except Covered with snow.
grass boughs
woods x care
Hold fast to dreams,
streams
For when dreams die,
Life is a broken-winged bird
b. All these words refer to animals, except That cannot fly.
sheep x nuts
cows horses
(HUGHES, Langston. Poetry for Young People. New York:
Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 2006.)
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8. Read the text and answer the questions. a. No dia 6 de novembro de 1455, qual era o livro que
estava sendo impresso na oficina tipogrfica de
Gutenberg? A Bblia.
The Granger Collection, New York/Other Images
few/a few.
wanted the workshop.
The door of the shop burst open, and
Gutenbergs two assistants hurried in with the ( ) listen to dialogues and conversations.
( ) talk to a classmate about favorite activities.
cold air. He had sent them to court to hear the
verdict. As soon as he saw their faces, he knew
( ) write a short text about my favorite school
the news was bad. The judge had ruled in favor of
subject.
Fust. Gutenberg had lost everything.
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The Chemistry
of Making Bread
16Bread is more than just food.
And a good baker is, on a certain
level, a good chemist. Remember that
bread dough is made up of cells and
molecules, and the main ingredients
in a basic recipe flour, water, yeast,
and salt are what a chemist would
call reactants.
Making predictions
Look at the picture, read the title and the paragraph above. What is bread dough
Ablestock.Com/Jupiterimages
composed of? What are the four basic ingredients in the making of bread? A bakers job
can, to a certain extent, be compared with that of a scientist. What kind of science does
a baker deal with, in daily life? What else do you know about the chemistry of making
bread? Make predictions about the text, read it and find out if you were right.
Chame a ateno para uma eventual confuso entre recipe (receita culinria) e prescription (receita prescrita geralmente por um mdico).
91
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READING
1. If you want to make bread, you will probably follow a basic recipe.
There are several recipes for bread making, though. Check the ingredients
considered necessary in the recipe you choose.
flour salt water butter
Dependendo da
yeast milk eggs sugar
receita, todos esses
ingredientes podem
ser necessrios. 2. Complete the following paragraph with words from the box.
No todos juntos,
claro: leite pode
ser usado em vez water making bread pass mixes
de gua; alguma
forma de gordura,
como a manteiga, When a baker mixes flour, sugar, yeast and water , lets
pode ser usada
ou no etc. Os time pass , and adds heat, he is making bread. He is also
quatro ingredientes
essenciais so making science, bread science. Thats the chemistry of making bread .
farinha, lquido,
Time to Read
fermento e sal.
Skimming
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions. As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico
Pronunciation and Stress, no Manual do Professor.
W
each tiny cell swells, and soon the form of bubbles. As the
the swollen part separates dough bakes into bread and
hen we mix those from the main cell. The new cake, the heat causes the
ingredients together tiny cell then goes on to grow alcohol to evaporate and the
flour, yeast, water, and to full size and this process bubbles to break. This leaves
salt , let time pass and continues to repeat itself. the tiny air pockets in the
add heat, they suffer a During this growth final bread or cake, making it
chemical change to form a process, the yeast cells light and fluffy.
new product that warm, produce substances called You dont have to be a
delicious loaf of bread. enzymes. So when the yeast scientist to know that the
Yeasts are living, single- is added to cake or bread proper way to eat freshly
celled organisms. Like all dough, one enzyme goes to baked bread is with plenty of
living things, they eat food work on the flour, changing lipids and fructose. In other
and produce waste. The yeast the starch in it into sugar. words, butter and jam!
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General Comprehension
Whats It All About? Skimming
Skim the text to identify the paragraphs where we can find the answer to
each of these questions:
In Other Words
Match each word or phrase in bold with its meaning.
g. a basic recipe
to make bread
h. single-celled organisms ( j ) assumes control
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Function Words
Give the correct meaning in Portuguese of the words in bold. Choose from
the box.
assim, por isso ento, a quando, enquanto em como, da mesma forma que
bastante do que enquanto logo, em breve durante
Noun Phrases
Scan the text to find the words that are missing in the phrases below.
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Odd Word Out
For each group, mark the word that does not belong.
Beto Chagas/Shutterstock/Glow Images
Food Occupations
jam scientist
cake baker
butter chemist
x bubble x dough
Chemistry Substances
heat starch
enzyme alcohol
reactant yeast
x pocket x level
Match each question with the correct answer. Work with a classmate.
Take turns asking the questions and answering them.
( a ) Sugar.
b. How do yeast cells reproduce?
( b ) Very rapidly.
e. How does carbon dioxide spread in the
dough?
f. What kind of science happens in the ( c ) The tiny air pockets in them.
kitchen while you are making bread?
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STRUCTURE
expressar um desejo ou
oferecer algo:
Id like to have
something to eat.
Would you like a piece
of cake?
What would you like
for birthday?
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Would you? expressa um pedido feito com polidez.
Would you come here, please?
Would usado no discurso indireto como a forma de passado de will. Veja:
John: I will call you tomorrow.
John said that he would call me the next day.
ges
Ima
Complete the following answers. The first one is done for you. st
o ck
/G l
ow
r
te
ut
h
a. John: I will think about it.
/S
en
m
Oz
What did John say? He said he would think about it.
Without women,
b. Without flour, ( b ) there would be no bread. babies would not
be born.
Without flour, there
c. Without the movies, ( f ) we could not make a cake. would be no
bread.
Without the movies,
d. Without water, ( d ) we would all be dead. there would be no
popcorn.
( e ) there would be no e-mail. Without water, we
would all be dead.
e. Without the net,
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StockLite/Shutterstock/Glow Images
2. Now answer these questions according to Joes love message.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs, como j sabemos, so locues compostas de um verbo e uma
partcula (geralmente preposio ou advrbio) que tm um significado prprio. Em
muitos casos, o significado dessas locues acompanha o dos elementos que a
formam. A maioria das locues verbais em ingls, no entanto, tem um sentido no
previsvel. Elas vo sendo memorizadas medida que as encontramos nos textos.
Observe as locues verbais em destaque nestas frases:
Remember that bread dough is made up of cells and molecules.
The new tiny cell then goes on to grow to full size.
Another enzyme then takes over and changes the sugar into alcohol.
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Read the sentences on page 98, observe the context and match the phrasal Oriente os alunos a
prestar ateno no
verbs in bold with their meanings. contexto das frases
para descobrir o
significado dos
a. make up ( b ) continue doing something as before phrasal verbs.
Observe the meaning of some phrasal verbs with take, and then complete
the story below using those phrasal verbs in the correct tenses.
b. I am going on vacation next week, but another teacher will take over .
c. Who will take care of your plants while you are on vacation?
d. Its hot in here. Can I take off my jacket and have a glass of water?
e. The man was about to take out a gun from his pocket when I saw him.
f. Every father feels proud when someone says his son takes after him.
* last but not least: expression used to mention the final person or thing in a list, to say that they are equally important.
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LISTENING
At a Diner
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico
Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
2. Listen again and write the name of each person under the pictures,
according to what they ordered.
Eduardo Santaliestra/Arquivo da editora
Michael Ana
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LISTENING & SPEAKING
17 1. Listen to the dialogue again and pay attention to the expressions Se achar
conveniente,
organize um caf ou
used by Ana, her friends and the waitress. Then take turns with a
classmate and act out the dialogue. um pequeno lanche
com os alunos de
modo que cada
um leve alguma
coisa para comer
Yes, I am. No, not yet. Id like Id like a chicken sandwich.
Id like a ham sandwich. Id like a small pizza. ou beber. uma
boa oportunidade
para trabalhar
Id like rice and beans with meat. Id like a steak and French fries.
Yes, please. No, thanks. o vocabulrio
relacionado
comida tambm.
2. Now in groups imagine that you are at a diner and have a similar Faa-os participar
do dilogo de modo
que possam trocar
conversation. One member of the group is the waiter or the waitress and
the others are the customers. Then switch places. os papis.
Making a Complaint
como ingredientes, quantidade de gros, se contm ou no glten, se o po orgnico, diettico,
light, nmero de calorias por fatia etc. A inteno aqui fazer com que eles observem as
informaes que seriam necessrias para alguns grupos de pessoas e que nem sempre esto
disponveis nas embalagens.
1. Ana is buying a loaf of sliced bread as she wants to make some light
sandwiches. Working with a classmate, read the information on the
package below and write down at least three things you think are missing
in the label information. For example, is the nutrition information totally
visible and complete?
Rex Features/Keystone
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Oriente os alunos a perceber algumas frases e expresses mais comuns em um e-mail formal de reclamao como este (Dear Sir or Madam,
I would like to complain..., I am complaining because..., I hope you can, I look forward to hearing from you soon.; Best regards), assim como no
desenvolvimento do texto (saudao, reclamao, justificativa da reclamao, sugesto de melhoria, despedida, saudao de despedida).
2. Ana was reading the label but she couldnt find the specific information
she considers important. So, she decided to write an e-mail to the
company complaining about it. Read the e-mail and answer the questions.
Inbox
(2) From: anag@mailme.com
Sent
Drafts To: customers@happyday.com
Trash
Subject: missing information
I would like to complain about the loaf of Super Sliced Bread that I
bought on July 31st at Green Supermarket, in San Diego, CA.
I am complaining because there is no information about the amount
of gluten contained in the bread. I believe this kind of information
is very important to people who, like me, suffer from gluten
intolerance. I hope you can change your label to make it more
informative.
Best regards,
Ana Gomes
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Another Look at...
b. Quem foi o primeiro a usar fermento para fazer po? Os antigos egpcios.
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T
he best things in life are nearest: Breath in your
nostrils, light in your eyes, flowers at your feet, duties
THINK
at your hand, the path of right just before you. Then
do not grasp at the stars, but do lifes plain, common work
ABOUT IT
as it comes, certain that daily duties and daily bread are
the sweetest things in life.
Robert Louis Stevenson
Mika/Corbis
The word companion comes from the Latin com, together, and panis, bread, or with bread.
In other words, a companion is someone with whom you share bread.
Discuss this issue with your classmates and teachers, especially your
Biology, Chemistry, Philosophy, Sociology, and History teachers.
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A NASA
Invention for
Daily Life
18In its 55-year history,
NASA* has not only developed
space exploration but also
produced inventions that have
brought great benefit to all
humanity. It is true that most
people today will never set foot
on the moon, but we all probably
come in contact with a NASA
by-product every day.
Making predictions
Pacemakers, exercise machines, communication satellites, smoke detectors, and water
Chepko Danil Vitalevich/
Shutterstock/Glow Images
filters are just a few research by-products that have been made possible thanks to a NASA
idea or innovation. How do they affect us in daily life? Which of those NASA inventions will
the text be about? Make some predictions, read the text and find out if you were right.
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READING
Comente com Do you know what a by-product is? Check the correct definition.
os alunos que
a traduo de
by-product para
A by-product is
o portugus seria x something produced in the process of making something else.
subproduto. A
segunda definio
an unprocessed natural product used in manufacture.
refere-se a matria- a product made for space research.
-prima, em ingls,
Time to Read
raw material: Pig
iron is the raw Skimming
material needed to
make steel (Ferro
fundido a matria-
-prima para a Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
fabricao do ao). predictions.
Reproduo/<http://dsc.discovery.com/>
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General Comprehension Skimming
Word Study
Noun Phrases Scanning
Scan the text to find the missing nouns that complete these phrases:
Words in Context
Choose the correct word to complete each of the following sentences. stockyimages/Shutterstock/Glow Images
a. English has many words that have been from other languages.
trickled down x borrowed ensured cleansed contaminated
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Detailed Comprehension
Wheres the Mistake? Scanning
All the following statements are false. Correct the mistakes in each
statement.
developing
a. NASA was created with the goal of avoiding space exploration.
never
b. Most people today will often set foot on the moon.
c. Tap water filters originated from NASAs need to cleanse water on short
space flights. long
contaminated
d. Water that has been cleansed by bacteria is highly dangerous.
charcoal
e. Activated silver does a great job filtering water for human consumption.
f. There are no pathogens in contaminated water.
clean/pure
STRUCTURE
As pode ser usado como preposio, mas a palavra tem outros usos, mais
comuns, como conjuno e como advrbio:
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as (conjuno)
1. como, do mesmo modo que: Please look at me and do as I say.
2. quando (= when); enquanto (= while): The telephone rang as I was leaving.
3. quando era (= when was/were): Einstein was not a bright student as a child.
4. medida que: As we grow older, we should grow wiser.
5. como, porque, visto que (= because): As it was Monday, the museum was closed.
as (em expresses)
como: as you can see/as you know/as they say
as (advrbio)
to quanto: George is a rich man, but he is not as rich as Bill Gates.
Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
A girl thinks she is in love when she considers her boyfriend as handsome
as Robert Pattinson, as athletic as Csar Cielo, as funny as Ben Stiller, as
clever as Einstein, and as fast as Usain Bolt.
Now read the next paragraph and fill in the blanks with the same names
mentioned above, but in a different order. Use your previous knowledge
about those personalities and your creativity, and have fun!
She is sure that she is really in love when she realizes that her
boyfriend is in fact as handsome as Usain Bolt , as athletic
as Robert Pattinson , as funny as Csar Cielo , as clever as
Ben Stiller , and as fast as Einstein , but she
loves him anyway.
(Idea from The Meaning of Life, Judith Viorst.)
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Like outra palavra com vrios usos e significados.
Observe:
like (verbo)
gostar de: I like most kinds of sports.
like (preposio)
1. como, tais como (usado para introduzir exemplos): We all admire leaders like
Mandela and Gandhi.
2. como, como se fosse (mas no ): He is an old man but he was crying like a baby.
In its 55-year history, NASA has not only fulfilled that role
2QB6WDJHB9ROB31/'BDB8LQGG $0
Complete the following phrases: *A four-letter word
uma expresso
correspondente a
a. A four-mile walk uma caminhada de quatro milhas . palavro (alguns
dos palavres
mais comuns
b. A three-hour movie um filme de trs horas . so palavras, por
coincidncia, com
quatro letras).
c. A two-bathroom house uma casa com dois banheiros .
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Complete the sentences with some or any.
a. Do you need any money? Im sorry, but I cant give you any .
d. They got married some time ago, but they dont have any children.
h. I cant find any butter in the fridge, but theres some margarine.
Para dizer nenhum(a) de forma mais enftica, em vez de (not) any, usamos
no, sempre seguido de um substantivo no contvel ou contvel no plural, e sem
o uso de not.
* Se julgar
There is no water in the fridge.
conveniente, alerte There are no bottles in the fridge.
o aluno para uma
eventual confuso
entre none e no one, Veja este exemplo do texto:
que um pronome
indefinido composto, Along with killing bacteria in the water, the filters also ensure that there is no
o mesmo que
nobody. further bacterial growth.
There is no E para dizer nenhum(a), tambm de forma enftica, sem o uso de not,
usa-se none*. Nesse caso, pronome substantivo e, portanto, no seguido de
water in the
substantivo.
fridge, but there
is some in the
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Complete the sentences with some, any, no or none.
LISTENING
1. Do you know when World Water Day is celebrated? Check the date you
Pergunte aos alunos se j ouviram falar no World Water Day e se sabem em que dia
comemorado. Mas no d a resposta, eles vo confirmar ao ouvir a gravao.
think is correct.
May, 12 th* O World Water Day uma celebrao promovida pelas * Se achar
conveniente,
x March, 22 nd Naes Unidas para chamar a ateno do mundo aproveite a
March, 20 th inteiro para a importncia da gua limpa e da gesto oportunidade e
retome com os
sustentvel dos recursos hdricos, essencial para uma alunos a forma de
escrever as datas
vida saudvel. Embora seja celebrado desde 1993, o em ingls: Nos
World Water Day ganhou maior evidncia nos ltimos Estados Unidos
mais comum o ms
anos. A cada ano a data vinculada a um tema. vir antes do dia:
May, 12; March, 22
etc. J em ingls
192. You are going to listen to a podcast about World Water Day. britnico, o ms vem
depois: 12 May, 22
Listen to the first part of the program and check your answer to activity 1. March etc.
Pause a gravao aps a apresentao do World Water Day e confira a resposta da atividade 1 com a turma.
3. Listen to the whole podcast and match each theme of World Water Day Lembre sempre aos
alunos que eles no
with the corresponding year. devem se preocupar
com palavras
ou expresses
a. Water for Cities ( d ) 2010 desconhecidas.
O objetivo desta
b. Shared Water, Shared Opportunities ( e ) 2007 atividade
compreender o
texto como um todo
c. Water and Food Security ( f ) 2008 e as informaes
especficas
d. Clean Water for a Healthy World ( a ) 2011 necessrias para
fazer o exerccio.
e. Coping with Water Scarcity ( c ) 2012
f. Sanitation ( b ) 2009
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SPEAKING
Water Consumption
1. How do people manage water use in your home? Do you think it is used
responsibly and wisely? Or, quite frankly, are you wasting water? Think of
your daily habits and brainstorm some ideas. The table below may help you.
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READING & WRITING
You can play your part in saving water with these simple tips
Laundry
20%
Showers and baths
35%
Toilet flushing
30%
Repair Leaks
Repair leaks and
dripping taps
immediately to
Ilustraes: Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
prevent water
Reuse wastage.
Collect the water from
the washing machine
for flushing the toilet
or cleaning the floor.
(Based on: START with the Little Things. Available at: <www.pub.gov.sg/conserve/Households/PublishingImages/PUB-7water%20English.jpg>
and INDOOR Water Conservation. Available at: <www.ourwatermatters.ca/Indoor-Water-Conservation>. Access: Mar. 28, 2013.)
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a. According to the infographic we spend more water on:
watering plants
x personal hygiene and household tasks
eating and drinking
c. Can you think of any other tips that could be followed in your school or
home? List at least 3:
Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock/
Glow Images
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Another Look at...
Clean Water
Search
NASA Home | Missions | Space Science & Technology
Feature
Text size + -
Dercilio/Arquivo da editora
turn the tap or run the shower? Probably not. We dont have to.
How about our astronauts in space? Where does clean
water come from when they are away from Earth for months at
a time? NASA technology makes that possible.
Imagine being very thirsty where the only water you had
to drink was full of bacteria and chemicals. More than 1 billion
people on our planet dont have the luxury of clean water.
Space Shuttle technology is now being used to purify
municipal water systems in developing nations and a larger
system has been developed to cleanse drinking water for thousands of people.
As NASAs vision continues to become a reality, methods for water and air
purification systems are in development for its Moon base and Mars missions.
Clean water is a necessity none of us can live without, no matter where we are in
the universe.
(Adapted from: MARCONI M., Elaine. Water, Water, Everywhere!. Available at:
<www.nasa.gov/missions/science/f_water.html>. Access: Mar.28, 2013).
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T
odos os dias, no mundo inteiro, a qualidade
de vida de um grande nmero de pessoas
THINK
beneficiada pela cincia e, neste caso especfico,
pela tecnologia espacial. Desde 1976, mais de 1 400
Nasa/Arquivo da editora
vimos nesta Unit, a Nasa continua desenvolvendo
projetos de reciclagem da gua para viagens
espaciais e tambm para uso aqui na Terra.
Em um noticirio da TV brasileira, um
reprter entrevistava um sertanejo sobre qual o
seu maior sonho, aquilo que ele mais desejava.
Com um sorriso franco e largo, ele respondeu que
o que ele mais queria era um dia poder, em sua
humilde casa de pau a pique, abrir uma tal de
torneira e tomar um banho. Emocionante. Para
no esquecer.
Clean water is a necessity none of us can live
without, no matter where we are in the universe.
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Eureka!
20Archimedes, the ancient Greek
mathematician, would have been at most
22 when the alleged eureka event took
place roughly the same age as Newton
when he made his discovery of gravity.
Making predictions
Observe the title, the image, read the lead and answer: Who was Archimedes? What about Isaac
Universal History Archive/UIG/
Bridgeman Art/Keystone
Newton, who was he? What do you know about them? What was one of Newtons discoveries?
Where was Archimedes when he allegedly exclaimed Eureka!? Is that a fact or fiction? What do
you think the text is about? Make some predictions, read the text and check if they were correct.
119
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READING
*Esta pode ser uma Before you Read Activating background knowledge
boa oportunidade para
esclarecer a diferena
entre: to meet: 1. 1. Eureka! is an exclamation of Greek origin meaning
encontrar-se com algum,
conforme combinado 2. x Ive lost it!*
encontrar algum por
Ive met him! Ive missed it! Ive found it!
acaso 3. conhecer, ser
apresentado a algum; to
find: 1. encontrar, achar,
2. People use that exclamation when they are happy because
descobrir algo 2. achar,
ter uma certa opinio they have performed a difficult task.
sobre; to lose: 1. perder, x they have found the answer to a difficult problem.
no ter mais (o que se
tinha) 2. perder, no they have met a long-lost friend.
vencer; to miss: 1. perder
(por no chegar a ter
they have lost an important document.
Time to Read
uma aula, um filme, uma
chance, o nibus, o avio
Skimming
etc.) 2. errar, no acertar
(o alvo, a bola etc.) 3.
sentir falta, saudade de.
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions. As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation
and Stress, no Manual do Professor.
Lets begin with the story: the local tyrant contracts the conjectures of Henri Poincar, Einsteins theory
ancient Greek polymath Archimedes to detect fraud of relativity, Newton getting hit on the head with
in the manufacture of a golden crown. Said tyrant, an apple and discovering gravity all have been
name of Hiero, suspects his goldsmith of leaving out described as eureka moments.
some measure of gold and replacing it with silver in Too bad, then, that Archimedes probably never
a wreath dedicated to the gods. Archimedes accepts uttered the phrase in that way.
the challenge and, during a subsequent trip to the
First and foremost, Archimedes himself never wrote
public baths, realizes that the more his body sinks
about this episode, although he spent plenty of
into the water, the more water is displaced making
time detailing the laws of buoyancy and the lever
the displaced water an exact measure of his volume.
(prompting him to reputedly pronounce: Give me a
Because gold weighs more than silver, he reasons that
place to stand and I will move the earth), calculating
a crown mixed with silver would have to be bulkier to
the ratio of circles we know as pi, and starting along
reach the same weight as one composed only of gold;
the path to the integral calculus that would not
therefore it would displace more water than its pure be invented for another 2,000 years, among other
gold counterpart. Realizing he has hit upon a solution, mathematical, engineering and physical feats.
the young Greek math whiz leaps out of the bath [...] Much like Newtons apple, the exclamation
and rushes home naked crying Eureka! Eureka! Or, persists because of the enduring power of the
translated: Ive found it! Ive found it!. story: a golden crown, a life in the balance, a naked
Several millennia later, the scientific world is mathematician. The suspect foundations of the eureka
replete with the exclamation, and many people have moment take nothing away from the words ability to
received inspiration in the shower. The mathematical uniquely and concisely convey the flash of inspiration.
(BIELLO, David. Fact or Fiction?: Archimedes Coined the Term Eureka! in the Bath. Scientific American.
Available at: <www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-archimede>. Access at: Mar. 28, 2013.)
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General Comprehension Skimming
2. What about you? In your view, did that eureka moment really
*Comente com os
happen or is it just a legend?* alunos que legend
um falso cognato,
Its a fact. Its a legend. que significa
lenda.
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
Scan the text to find the words or phrases that mean the same as those in bold:
took place
b. when the alleged eureka
Introduction
moment happened.
c. the ancient Greek person who
had a lot of knowledge about polymath
leaving out
d. Hiero suspected his goldsmith of not
including some measure of gold.
bulkier
e. it would have to be bigger, take
up more space
Paragraph 1
f. Consequently it would displace
more water than its pure gold Therefore
counterpart.
g. He had suddenly found a solution. hit upon
uttered
j. Archimedes probably never said
the phrase.
enduring
m. The exclamation persists because of
Paragraph 4
the everlasting power of the story.
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Words in Context
Choose the appropriate word to complete each sentence.
a. Hiero, king of Syracuse was a .
polymath x tyrant wreath god measure
b. The king his goldsmith had adulterated his golden crown with silver.
contracted detected x suspected replaced dedicated
c. Archimedes accepted the and tried to find the answer to the problem.
fraud bath shower x challenge trip
d. Gold is heavier than silver. It more than silver.
x weighs rushes hits conveys leaps
e. When a body into water, it displaces some of the liquid.
x sinks reasons mixes leaves out realizes
f. The eureka moment occurred when Archimedes entered the bath.
uniquely x allegedly roughly concisely really
g. The more I read about Archimedes, I admire that scientist.
x the more first and foremost much like the same therefore
h. Newtons scientific discovery was perhaps as important as Archimedes .
x counterpart law god age shower
i. When Archimedes said, Give me a place to stand, and I will move the
earth, he was referring to the principle of the .
x lever ratio path circle crown
Detailed Comprehension
Finding the Main Themes Scanning
There are five paragraphs in the article. Find which paragraphs deal with
the following main themes:
c. Examples of
important scientific
contributions made
by Archimedes
Paragraph 4
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d. The story of the golden crown and the eureka moment of Archimedes
discovery Paragraph 1
Bettmann/Corbis/Latinstock
a. King Hiero contracted Archimedes to detect fraud in the making of a
golden crown, possibly adulterated with silver by a dishonest goldsmith /
math whiz.
b. Archimedes accepted the measure / challenge and dedicated time and
thought to the problem.
c. The solution came later, while / before the young man was getting into a
bathtub in the public baths.
d. Archimedes saw the water level rise / move down as he entered the bath,
showing that you could measure volume by putting an object completely
under water.
e. The more Archimedes body sank into the water, the more water was
displaced / replaced.
f. Archimedes knew that silver is bulkier than gold, it occupies more space,
therefore / although it causes more water to overflow.
g. He reasoned that a golden crown adulterated with silver, being bulkier,
would displace more water than a pure gold counterpart / lever.
h. The young mathematician just had to test King Hieros crown against an
equal weight of pure gold / silver.
i. When placed in the water, the crown would cause more fraud / overflow,
indicating that it contained other metal than gold.
j. The young man leaped out of the bathtub and ran naked / mixed through
the streets of Syracuse, shouting Eureka!.
STRUCTURE
Formao
O Present Perfect um tempo verbal composto pelo presente do verbo auxiliar
have: have/has (ou as formas contractas ve/s, comuns na linguagem falada)
seguido do particpio passado do verbo principal. A forma do particpio passado
dos verbos regulares igual do passado: work worked worked; finish
finished finished etc. A grande maioria dos verbos cognatos ao portugus (forma
semelhante, geralmente de origem latina) regular: invent invented invented;
dedicate dedicated dedicated. Quanto aos verbos irregulares, as formas do
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particpio passado so especficas de cada um e precisam ser memorizadas (be
was/were been; see saw seen; go went gone; do did done; find found
found etc.). H uma lista desses verbos para consulta na p. 209.
A forma negativa feita com o acrscimo de not (e nunca com dont/doesnt) +
particpio passado do verbo principal.
Na forma interrogativa, usa-se have ou has no incio da pergunta + sujeito +
particpio passado do verbo principal.
Observe:
Usos
O Present Perfect tem vrios usos importantes, alguns dos quais no tm
correspondncia na nossa lngua, o que exige de ns, falantes de portugus, um
estudo mais atento e detalhado. Vamos estudar o primeiro uso, para falar de:
ao praticada recentemente, num passado indeterminado, com reflexos
importantes no presente.
O tempo verbal em Ive found it!
no pode ser traduzido palavra por
palavra, e sim pelo pretrito perfeito,
em portugus. Pelo contexto est claro
que Ive found it! expressa o mesmo
que Achei!, e no Eu tenho achado.
Esse tempo verbal fala de uma ao
que ocorreu num passado recente,
mas indeterminado. O importante no
comunicar quando algo aconteceu,
mas sim que aconteceu. uma
espcie de ponte entre o passado e o
presente, uma ao que aconteceu e
tem importantes reflexos no momento
presente. Em portugus no existe um
tempo verbal correspondente a esse
uso do Present Perfect, o que exige
bastante ateno ao seu estudo e
sua prtica.
Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
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Youve broken
What have my plates!
you done?
Altrendo Images/Getty Images
Eddie Keogh/Reuters/Latinstock
x Usain Bolt ganhou de novo! E ele estabeleceu um novo
recorde mundial!
O Present Perfect comunica a ao em si e seus reflexos no
presente.
Sempre que o tempo passado for determinado, usa-se o Simple
Past, que fala de uma ao completa, terminada, sem ligaes
com o presente:
Usain Bolt set a new world record in 2009.
Usa-se tambm o Simple Past quando, pelo contexto, estiver
claro que a ao ocorreu num passado remoto. Nesse caso, no
necessria nenhuma palavra ou locuo de tempo passado.
Archimedes lived in Syracuse, an independent Greek city-
state on the island of Sicily, from 287 B.C. to 212 B.C.
Archimedes invented several different kinds of machines.
Usain Bolt has won again! And he
has set a new world record!
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Observe agora dois esquemas em que registramos duas aes diferentes.
Numa delas, o relgio parou. Em outra, a guerra acabou. Veja:
When? When?
parou acabou
When? When?
2. Now complete the sentences with the Present Perfect. Check the past
participle of irregular verbs on page 209.
3. Now choose between the Present Perfect or the Simple Past of the
verbs in parentheses to complete these sentences.
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d. I studied French when I was in school. (study)
e. Thank you! You have/ve given me a great idea! (give)
f. Archimedes made many important scientific contributions. (make)
4. Complete the story below, filling the blanks with the correct form of
the verbs in parentheses: Present Perfect or Simple Past.
The young lady approached the President and began to chat gaily,
a. ( ) but he wasnt listening. d. ( ) but he told her to stop.
b. ( ) but he didnt even notice her. e. ( X ) while he just listened.
c. ( ) but he didnt answer her questions.
The young lady asked the President for his help. She wanted him
a. ( ) to listen to her.
b. ( X ) to prove he was not a man of very few words.
c. ( ) to win the bet.
d. ( ) to make a bet with his friends.
e. ( ) to make her say at least five words.
The President shook his head. That means that he moved his head from
side to side
a. ( ) to answer yes. d. ( ) to show his approval.
b. ( ) to show he would help her. e. ( ) because he liked the
c. ( X ) to answer no.
pretty young lady.
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In Madam, you have lost, the verb to lose was used in the Present
Perfect because
a. ( ) the time of the action is definite.
b. ( ) it is important to say when the action took place.
c. ( X ) the time of the action is indefinite what is important is the fact
(losing the bet) and its results at the present time.
d. ( ) it is not the first time that this action happens.
e. ( ) it is a definite past action.
SPEAKING
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LISTENING
Promoting a Book
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico Audio Scripts,
no Manual do Professor.
2. Ted Wilkins, the (fictitious) American writer, is being interviewed Os alunos devem
21
on TV. Ted is highly respected as a biographer and he is promoting his ouvir a gravao
trs vezes: na
latest book. This time he has written about Archimedes, his inventions primeira vez,
apenas escutam;
na segunda, fazem
and his contribution to science. Listen to the interview and check the
columns True or False? in the table below, according to what you hear. o exerccio; na
terceira, verificam
suas respostas.
Lembre sempre aos
True False alunos que eles no
devem se preocupar
com palavras
ou expresses
desconhecidas.
1. Ted Wilkins has written a new book.
O objetivo desta
atividade
2. The title of Teds new book is The First Astronomer. compreender o
texto como um todo
e as informaes
especficas
necessrias para
3. The author has given an interview on TV.
fazer o exerccio.
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WRITING
Dear Diary
Leia com os alunos o texto 1. Read a passage of a teenagers diary and complete it with the words and
abaixo, faa algumas
perguntas para verificar a phrases from the box.
compreenso e esclarea
dvidas de vocabulrio se not a good day right now not fair got failed started
necessrio. was not allowed much harder ve found
April 25th
Not a good day at school and Does she know I probably
definitely not a good day won't get a passing grade? Is she
at home! a fortune-teller?!
I started the Why can' I go to the party?",
day with a math test! It I asked.
was horrible... I think I Because I 've found
failed ! My dad is this T-shirt and these socks
gonna be mad... I know, I under your bed! Your room is a
should have studied more. But mess... You have to clean it up...
the problem is that I'll have to right now !"
study much harder now I can't believe she is grounding
to get a passing grade. me because of a dirty T-shirt
Then, when I got and a pair of socks! !
home, my mother said that I This is not fair !!
was not allowed
2. Now its your turn. Write a page of a diary: make comments about any
event of your day, week, month or even year. Here are some tips:
you can write about an event you have discussed in the Speaking activity.
before you start writing, note down some words and phrases you think you
might use in your text. Look them up in the dictionary if necessary.
exchange texts with your classmate and check for grammar or spelling mistakes.
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Another Look at...
The Present Perfect in Historic Moments
O Present Perfect aparece em muitas frases clebres, que registram grandes momentos
da Histria. Quatro desses momentos esto ilustrados abaixo, com as frases incompletas.
1. Entre as formas verbais dadas no quadro, escolha aquelas que completam corretamente
cada uma dessas frases.
has come
became the first man to set foot on the Change to America.
Moon. With those words he informed
the NASA Houston headquarters that
the Eagle (Apollos landing module)
had landed on the Moon. Houston, Tranquility
has landed
b. On the night of April 14, 1912, the Base here. The Eagle .
Titanic hit an iceberg and began to
sink. The ship, which was considered
unsinkable, sank completely in less
than three hours.
Stan Honda/AFP PHOTO
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A
rquimedes morreu no ano de 212 a.C., em Siracusa,
uma cidade-estado grega, enquanto a cidade
THINK
estava sendo saqueada por um exrcito romano.
Ele foi morto por um soldado romano que desconhecia
ABOUT IT alguns quem ele era. O matemtico estava concentrado em
nmeros e crculos que tinha acabado de traar.
Suas ltimas palavras foram No perturbe os meus
crculos.
Arquimedes morreu h mais de dois mil anos. A espada
de um frio e insensvel soldado ps fim vida de uma das maiores inteligncias
de todos os tempos.
Ao longo da histria, a
brutalidade da guerra, o
fanatismo, a insanidade e
a ignorncia tm produzido
inmeras tragdias
The Granger Collection/Other Images
ASSIS, Andre Koch Torres. Arquimedes, o centro da gravidade e a lei da alavanca. So Paulo:
Livraria da Fsica, 2011.
ARCHIMEDES. Available at: <http://math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.html>.
Access: Mar. 28, 2013.
ARCHIMEDES Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Test. Available at: <http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/
experiments/deathray/10_ArchimedesResult.html>. Access: Mar. 28, 2013.
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Check Your English 3
1. Mark the correct answers to these questions. e. That water is very refreshing. Ive got some
in my fridge. It tastes like fresh water to me. (any
a. What are yeasts?
none some no)
x They are living, single-celled organisms.
They are the main ingredients in a basic recipe. 0.1 point each /0.5
c. Archimedes allegedly said, Eureka! b. Isaac Newton was 22 when he made his
as he was getting into the bath. discovery of gravity. (has made made)
before he had hit upon a solution to the problem. c. Father has turned off the TV. Good
x after he leaped out of the bath. idea. Now we can talk. (turns off has turned off)
d. The famed mathematician realized that the more d. Several millennia after Archimedes and
his body sank into the water the more water it the eureka-moment, many scientists
placed.
have received inspiration in the
shower. (receive have received)
x displaced.
playing soccer.
4. For each of the following sentences find
x exploring the surface of Mars.
another sentence in the box, a comment
that makes sense and shows the logical
0.2 point each /1
consequence of the first one.
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct quantifiers in
Hes going to buy a farm in Mato Grosso. You must
parentheses, as adequate.
study harder. How can we get into the house now?
a. Archimedes made many important Have you got a candle? Hes in the hospital now.
scientific contributions. (much little many) I need a bandage. So I can watch TV now. They
should take a shower. She wants all her friends to
b. Archimedes himself never wrote about the
go for a ride. Then we can eat now.
eureka-moment, although he spent much
time detailing the laws of buoyancy and the lever.
(much many few) a. I have done my homework.
So I can watch TV now.
c. The proper way to eat freshly baked bread is with
plenty of butter and jam. (plenty of a few b. Father has made some sandwiches.
few many) Then we can eat now.
133
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d. Jack has won the lottery. 6. Read Text I and answer the question that
Hes going to buy a farm in Mato Grosso. follows it.
e. Jane has passed her driving test. Text I
She wants all her friends to go for a ride.
Im free of
hypochondria
although Ive got
everything else.
A gua
a. constitui 3/4 dos nossos msculos.
b. umedece o oxignio para a respirao.
Ilustraes: Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
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Hypochondria is a mental condition in which 9. The Carib Indians had brought the enemy
someone worries a lot about their health and thinks tribes parrots back home with them,
they are sick when they are not. Judging by what
a. x and those parrots spoke the language of the
Keith Richards said about himself in the statement
murdered Indians.
above, would you say he is indeed a hypochondriac?
a. Yes. b. and that had been the reason for the war
between those tribes.
b. No.
c. Maybe. c. but Humboldt realized the parrots could not
d. Hard to say. speak their language.
e. Impossible to say. d. and there were still some human speakers of
0.5 point /0.5 that language left.
10. About two centuries later, Rachel Berwick
Read the text and answer the questions 8, 9
and 10. a. experimented with the same parrots.
Choose the correct alternative. 11. Choose the item that best completes each
sentence.
8. In 1801 Alexander von Humdoldt was in South
America a. The money that has been spent in war...
a. when he met some Indians at the source of the x is more than enough to provide everyone with fine
Orinoco river. clothes.
b. exploring the mouth of the Orinoco river. should be spent on fine clothes for proud people.
c. when he met some Carib Indians that were could be used to clothe kings and queens instead.
going to kill their neighbors. has been sufficient to find peace.
d. x trying to find the beginning of a local river. has been well spent.
2QB6WDJHB9ROB31/'BDB&<(LQGG $0
b. Two other values that Sumner considers very J. K. Rowling tornou-se famosa por seus livros
important are... sobre o bruxo Harry Potter e suas aventuras,
adaptados para o cinema. Esse texto, que aborda
valleys and hillsides.
a trajetria da escritora britnica, tem por objetivo
x education and peace.
a. informar que a famosa srie Harry Potter ser
crown and worship. adaptada para o pblico adulto.
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13. No contexto em que se insere external stuff, (Mack-SP 2013) The following text refers to
no quarto quadro da tirinha, foi interpretado, questions 17 and 18.
pelo entrevistado, como
a. funcionrios terceirizados.
BABY ITS YOU
Hal David & Burt Bacharach
b. exames de rotina para contratao. Barney Williams
pessoais.
MACKENZIE/2013
b. a empresa contratante exige uma srie de
exames clnicos que atestem a sade do
candidato.
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Oriente o aluno a avaliar o seu desempenho no teste e tambm
quanto aos objetivos de ensino deste bimestre.
(Mack-SP 2012) The following advertisement SELF-EVALUATION (UNITS 7, 8 AND 9)
refers to questions 19 and 20.
How did you do? What was your score?
Can
MACKENZIE/2012
Excellent Good OK
do better
Test total:
10-9 8-7 6-5 less than 5
out of 10
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The Interpretation
of Dreams
22 In 1900,
Sigmund Freud, after
years of research
as a neurologist,
published The
Interpretation of
Dreams. The book
began Freuds
exploration of the
human mind and
his development of
psychoanalysis.
Making predictions
Who was Sigmund Freud? What do you know about him? When did he publish The
Science Source/PHOTO RESEARCHERS, Inc.
Interpretation of Dreams? Why do you think Freud is considered one of the most influential
people of the 20th century? What else do you expect to learn about the father of
psychoanalysis from reading the text? Make some predictions and check if you were correct.
139
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READING
Choose four words from the list below that you think you will find in the text.
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions.
Health & Mind & Plants & Earth & Space & Matter & Computers Fossil &
Medicine Brain Animals Climate Time Energy & Math Ruins
Science News
100 Years of Freuds Interpretation of Dreams 100 Years of Study of the Human Mind
In 1900, more than one hundred years ago, Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams.
Since then, people have learned that dreams can lead us to a better understanding of human nature.
Before Freud, before The Interpretation of Dreams, doctors studied the brain as an object.
Since the publication of Dreams, they have studied the connection between the nebulous and
hard-to-define mind and the physical, gray brain. What they have discovered, and what they are
still discovering, is the incredible complexity of both brain and mind.
The line where the brain and behavior meet is the focus of much of modern neuroscience.
And dreams have proved to be a foundation for much of that research. After a brief period when
dreams were considered to be little more than mental fireworks, scientists have found out that
they provide many insights into the minds workings. Freud called dreams the royal road to
the unconscious. Modern scientists, using technology such as PET scans, are discovering that
Freuds road is indeed royal.
Without The Interpretation of Dreams, psychology might still be the study of ill humors and
their effects on the brain. Without that book, modern scientific study might not be finding the
insights into the mind that have saved millions from the horrors and darkness of mental illness.
Freuds work has led to everything from drug treatments for depression and psychosis to a better
understanding of learning, memory, and mental development. In his effort to understand the
meaning of dreams Freud developed psychoanalysis and began a revolution. That revolution has
been alive and well for more than one hundred years and it is still going on.
(Adapted from: 100 YEARS of Freuds Interpretation of Dreams 100 Years of Study of the Human Mind. Science Daily.
Available at: <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/09/990914081827.htm>. Access: Mar. 28, 2013.)
As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation and
140 UNIT 10 The Interpretation of Dreams Stress, no Manual do Professor.
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General Comprehension Skimming
Complete the file with the missing information about a very important book.
Jnos Kalmr/Akg-images/Latinstock
a. Title (in English)
The Interpretation of Dreams
b. Author
Sigmund Freud
c. Published in
1900
d. Study of
the human mind
e. Development of
psychoanalysis
Word Study
Noun or Verb? Using grammar for vocabulary expansion
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In Other Words Getting meaning from context
Match the columns and find the correct meaning of some of the words
from the text.
Choose the alternative that shows the word(s) to which each pronoun in
bold refers to.
b. After a brief period when dreams were considered to be little more than
mental fireworks, scientists have found out that they provide many
insights into the minds workings.
d. That revolution has been alive and well for more than one hundred years
and it is still going on.
x that revolution one hundred years alive
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Word Formation Suffixes Using grammar for vocabulary expansion
Scan the text and complete the following boxes with the missing words
and their counterparts in Portuguese.
Detailed Comprehension
Comprehension Check Scanning
Choose the alternative that best completes each sentence, according to the text.
Dreams are
the royal
road to the Im
ag
es
ow
unconscious. to
ck
/G
l
rs
te
(Sigmund Freud) Sh
ut
e/
en
m
po
el
M
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True or False? Scanning
Mark T (for True) or F (for False) and correct the false statements.
a. Dreams can serve as a basis for the study of brain and behavior. T
b. The Interpretation of Dreams was discovered more than a century ago. F/published
c. There is a link between brain and mind, which are both incredibly complex. T
d. Scientists now know that dreams can help them understand how the mind
works. T
e. The development of psychoanalysis has saved millions of people from the
humors of mental illness. F/horrors
f. The revolution that Freud began a century ago is still alive and well. T
STRUCTURE
Em que tempo foi usado o verbo to publish, Simple Past ou Present Perfect?
Simple Past
comeou nesse ponto do passado e desde ento (since then) ela acontece.
Nesse caso o verbo usado em que tempo: Simple Past ou Present
Perfect? Present Perfect
Observe os trechos em destaque nesta frase:
In his effort to understand the meaning of dreams, Freud developed
psychoanalysis and began a revolution.
Em que tempo verbal foram usados os verbos to develop e to begin
nessa frase? Por qu? Simple Past. Porque expressam aes praticadas por
Freud, portanto, feitas, terminadas no passado.
Agora, observe:
That revolution has been alive and well for one hundred years and it is
still going on.
Em que tempo verbal foi usado o verbo to be na frase acima? Por qu?
Present Perfect. Porque a ao no acabou, a revoluo est viva e continua.
144 UNIT 10 The Interpretation of Dreams
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Present Perfect usado com:
1. Complete the sentences with the Simple Past or the Present Perfect of
the verbs in parentheses.
Phrasal Verbs*
* Se achar conveniente, retome a explicao
couch in the
Phrasal Verbs presente na seo "Structure"
Freud's museum
da Unit 7, p. 98.
in London.
Observe as locues verbais em
Bjanka Kadic/Alamy/Glow Images
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1. Observe the meaning of some phrasal verbs with put, and then
complete the story below using those phrasal verbs in the correct tenses.
Oriente os alunos a observarem os tempos verbais em cada frase.
low Images
with phrasal verbs with put.
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SPEAKING
2. Now ask one of your classmates the same questions and use column B to
write down his or her answers. Example:
How long have you lived at your present home?
Since 2009. What about you?
For 10 years. How long have you studied English?
Dreamland
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico Audio Scripts,
no Manual do Professor.
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23 2. Ana and her friends are talking about a dream she had last night.
Listen and check the columns next to the statements below.
True False
a. Ana had a terrible dream the night before.
b. She dreamed she was swimming in the ocean.
c. Ana didnt give that dream a second thought.
d. She looked in a book to discover the meaning of that dream.
e. Michael believes that all dreams have a meaning.
f. Kate believes that some dreams have a meaning.
g. Ana has had the same dream for two weeks now.
h. Kate and Michael believe Ana is going to be a pop star.
D
reams have always fascinated me. I have tried to understand
their mysteries and interpret their meanings, but in vain. I
Se achar necessrio,
know dreams are mysterious. We all dream, every night,
d exemplos dessas but I can never remember my dreams. In fact, I can remember
etapas da narrativa
localizando no texto
the dream I just had only when I wake up, then I forget about it.
ao lado, com os Today Ive just got out of bed, so let me write about the dream I had
alunos, os trechos:
introduction last night. I was playing in an orchestra. I was playing the violin
(Dreams have always and I was playing very well. It was a great orchestra, the music
fascinated me
etc.); background was beautiful, the audience was enjoying a great concert. Then
(We all dream, every
night, but I can
something horrible happened. My violin strings were all broken, I
never remember wasnt making any sound. The conductor looked furiously at me.
my dreams);
topic sentences
I was so embarrassed I didnt know what to do. Then, fortunately,
( let me write I woke up. Phew! What a relief! Now, what does that dream mean?
about the dream
I had last night. I
Does it have any meaning at all? I dont think so. To be quite honest,
was playing in an I cant play the violin, I cant play any musical instrument
orchestra etc.);
development (Then
something horrible
happened);
solution (Then,
fortunately, I 2. Use your notebook to write a short text about a dream you have had.
woke up.); final
comments (To be
Pay attention to the sequence of the story:
quite honest, I cant
play the violin, I cant
introduction development
play any musical background conclusion
instrument.).
topic sentence final comments
Incentive o aluno a usar o vocabulrio e as estruturas que j conhece para criar
seu prprio texto, que pode ser mais simples e mais curto do que o trecho do
148 UNIT 10 The Interpretation of Dreams livro de Ted Wilkins.
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Another Look at...
Sweet Dreams
1. Read Van Goghs quotation and the definition of the word dream.
Vincent van Gogh/Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA (Noite estrelada, 1889)
I dream my
painting and then
I paint my dream.
(Vincent van Gogh)
VAN GOGH, Vincent. Starry Night, 1889. Oil on canvas, 73.7 cm x 92.1 cm.
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
dream
noun
1 a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a persons mind
during sleep
2 cherished aspiration, ambition, or ideal
verb (past and past participle dreamed / dreamt)
1 experience dreams during sleep
2 indulge in daydreams or fantasies about something greatly desired
3 [with negative] contemplate the possibility of doing something or
that something might be the case
Leia com os alunos o
verbete e esclarea
(OXFORD Dictionaries. Available at: <http://oxforddictionaries.com/ eventuais dvidas.
definition/english/dream?q=dream>. Access: Mar. 29, 2013.) Depois, reproduza na
lousa a citao do
artista e incentive a
participao da turma
Now identify the nouns and the verbs in the quotation.
I dream my painting / and then I paint my dream. na identificao dos
dream: verb paint: verb elementos nas frases.
painting: noun dream: noun
2. Observe the painting and discuss it with a classmate. What elements are similar to
reality or different from it? Have you ever had a dream that could be a painting?
Incentive os alunos a observar a imagem e identificar elementos que reflitam a imaginao do artista. A discusso pode ser
em ingls ou portugus dependendo do nvel de proficincia da turma. Se houver disponibilidade, trabalhe com a disciplina
de Arte as principais caractersticas de Van Gogh e do impressionismo, movimento artstico a que ele pertenceu.
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S
egundo Freud, o homem nem sempre o senhor
em sua prpria casa. Muitas das nossas aes
THINK
so ditadas pelo inconsciente, uma parte da
nossa mente sobre a qual no temos controle e que tem
COSTA, Ana Maria Medeiros da. Sonhos. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2006.
UM MTODO perigoso. Direo: David Cronenberg. Produo: Jeremy Thomas, 2011.
FREUD, Sigmund. Dream Psychology. Available at: <http://archive.org/details/dream_
psychology_librivox>. Access: Mar. 29, 2013.
FREUD Museum. Available at: <www.freud.org.uk/>. Access: Mar. 29, 2013.
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A Science
Odyssey
One Hundred
Years of
Discovery
24The more we come to
know, the more we realize
how little we know. The more
we understand, the more
clear it is that everything
we have learned is nothing
compared to what we still
have to learn. Behind each
locked door we have managed
to open are still more doors
and more locks, and so on ad
infinitum.
Making predictions
Observe the title, the image and the text above. It is about an odyssey, a long journey, full of adventures
and discoveries. How long did that odyssey last? What kind of discoveries does it talk about? What
NASA/Science Photo Library
happens every time science makes a new discovery? Is it final, the last in a series, or does it lead to new
discoveries? Why is that so? Make some predictions and check them as you read the text.
Comente com os alunos que a expresso latina ad infinitum significa literalmente at o infinito e geralmente usada
para designar situaes que se perpetuam ou, ento, processos que se repetem indefinidamente.
151
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READING
escritor ingls
(nascido em
Bombaim, atual Read the poem and then answer the question.
Mumbai, ndia),
escreveu este
poema como
introduo ao conto
I keep six honest serving-men,
The Elephants They taught me all I knew.
Their names are What, and Why, and When
Child, em seu livro
Just So Stories, de
1902. Este conjunto And How, and Where, and Who.
de perguntas
considerado bsico Rudyard Kipling
para a obteno
de informaes
e usado em Which is the best way to further human knowledge, according to the
jornalismo, pesquisa
ou qualquer tipo
poem: knowing the right answers or asking the right questions?
de investigao. Asking the right questions.
Time to Read
Nenhuma dessas
palavras leva Skimming
resposta Sim ou
No, mas oferece a
quem pergunta uma
base de informaes Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
quase completa predictions. As palavras destacadas no udio so comentadas no tpico Pronunciation and Stress, no
sobre um certo Manual do Professor.
acontecimento.
(OSGOOD, Charles. Foreword. In: FLOWERS, Charles. A Science Odyssey. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1998. p. xi)
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Idea Skimming
Choose the alternative that contains the main idea of the text.
Word Study
Word Families Using grammar for vocabulary expansion
Scan the text and complete the chart with the missing words.
b. ( P ) brilliant j. ( N ) disease
c. ( N ) misconception k. ( N ) distrust
d. ( N ) mistake l. ( N ) fear
e. ( N ) failure m. ( P ) benefit
f. ( P ) insight n. ( N ) destructive
g. ( P ) laugh o. ( P ) wonderful
h. ( P ) miracle p. ( N ) terrible
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Word Formation Prefixes Using grammar for vocabulary expansion
1. Scan the text and find the missing words to complete these phrases:
2. Prefixes un-, in-, im-, mis- and dis- have a negative meaning or express the opposite idea of
some words. Complete the sentences below by using the correct prefix with the words in bold.
Scan the text and find the words or phrases that have the same meaning as:
Paragraph 1 d. those who have tried to find those who have sought
a dizzying speed
Paragraph 2
f. a very fast movement, too fast
g. we ourselves cannot understand yet we ourselves cannot yet comprehend
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Detailed Comprehension
Expressing It in a Different Way Getting meaning from context
Choose the alternative that keeps the same meaning as the sentences.
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Reading Between the Lines Making inferences
Pode-se esperar,
entre as vrias
respostas: a Read the final part of the text again:
aplicao da
cincia para fins [] Yet we distrust and fear science and technology too, and it is not
blicos, como o da
energia nuclear unreasonable that we should. For all its benefits, we have seen its destructive
para a fabricao side as well. We understand that it can be a wonderful servant but a terrible
da bomba atmica,
o uso da aviao master.
para bombardeios, a
fabricao de armas
como granadas, Based on what you know of history, what do you think the author means
minas terrestres
etc., ou, em outra by the destructive side of science? And what does he mean when
rea, o perigo da he says that science and technology can be a wonderful servant but a
clonagem humana
indiscriminada. terrible master? The author suggests that science and technology (as everything in life, for that
matter) have a dark destructive side. The author does not say how that happens,
he does not make it clear what destructive side of science he is talking about, he
leaves it to the reader to find out.
LISTENING
25 1. You are going to listen to five people voting for the best and the
worst inventions of the twentieth century. As you listen to the dialogue,
check the inventions they talk about.
The light bulb x The internet The microscope
x Television x The airplane x The computer
x Antibiotics x The automobile x The nuclear bomb
The bicycle The electric fan The flush toilet
2. Listen to those people again and check the columns in the table below.
She/he She/he
Name Inventions they talked about likes it/ dislikes it/
them them
Sam Antibiotics x
The television x
Rad
u Ra
z va n
/Shu
t ter
s to c
Nick
k /Glo
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STRUCTURE
2 (adv.) ainda (no) Have you already eaten? I can see that. (Voc
Usado em oraes negativas, acompanhado j comeu, no ? Estou vendo isso.)
de not. O uso de already em perguntas com j
No, I havent eaten yet. expressa ideias suplementares, em contraste com
No, the show hasnt begun yet. yet, que o usado como j em perguntas gerais.
Alm desses dois usos, claramente distintos, Has the bus arrived yet?
yet pode ainda ser usado como conjuno, muitas O nibus j chegou? simples pedido de
vezes no incio de uma orao afirmativa, com o informao
significado de no entanto, contudo, todavia.
Has the bus already arrived?
I havent eaten yet.
O nibus j chegou, no ? (Acho que sim.)
Yet, Im not hungry.
Yet foi usado em duas frases do texto, Has the bus arrived already?
reproduzidas abaixo. Com que sentido? O nibus J chegou? (No possvel, no
acredito!)
a. Yet we trust and fear science and technology
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c. Have you finished your homework already ? I cant believe it!
f. Have the kids arrived yet ? Yes, they are already here.
ever: alm de j, alguma vez, em perguntas, como j vimos (as we have already seen...), ever
pode aparecer tambm como:
a. sempre: em afirmaes ou palavras compostas
I will remember that meal for ever. (Eu sempre me lembrarei daquela refeio.)
b. j: com superlativos
The best vatap I have ever eaten. (O melhor vatap que eu j comi.)
c. nunca: com comparativos
As a cook, she is better than ever. (Na condio de cozinheira, ela est melhor do que nunca.)
never: nunca. usado em oraes negativas que dispensam o not, j que never fortemente negativa.
I have never eaten raw fish. (Eu nunca comi peixe cru.)
just: uma palavra que no tem traduo prpria, mas aparece com muita frequncia com o Present Perfect,
entre have/has e o particpio passado do verbo principal, para indicar que a ao acabou de acontecer.
I have just said that. (Acabei de dizer isso.)
Complete the sentences with already, yet, ever, just or never. In some cases more than one
may be correct.
a. I have just/already seen Clare. She was here a moment ago. To learn more
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Indefinite Pronouns and Adverbs Compound Forms
Observe os pronomes em destaque nesta frase:
The more we understand, the more clear it is that everything we have learned is nothing compared to
what we still have to learn.
Os indefinite pronouns e adverbs compostos seguem as mesmas regras de uso das suas formas
simples. Veja:
Observe que no, nothing, nobody, no one, nowhere, e none so palavras fortemente negativas
e, assim como never, no so usadas com not. Em contraste com o portugus, no h o uso de duas
palavras fortemente negativas na mesma frase.
Ningum me disse nada sobre isso. No one told me anything about that.
about this topic, go to
MINIGRAMMAR 17.
a. came to the meeting. There wasnt there. (nobody everything somewhere none anybody)
b. They are looking for the robbers . (everything anybody nowhere everywhere)
c. I dont know how Crazy Joe passed the test, but he did. (something anybody somehow nobody)
d. Im sure there was in the room when I arrived. (no one none somewhere anything)
e. Listen! There is making a speech. (anyone anything someone none)
f. Dont touch , the detective told . (nothing anything no one everybody nobody none)
g. Did you see when you came in? (anyone everywhere no one none)
h. Do you know about computers? (somehow anywhere anything anybody)
i. I tried to see if there was any food in the fridge, but there was . (no one none someone anything)
j. They try to imitate he does. (everyone anybody everything nothing)
* somebody = someone; anybody = anyone; nobody = no one; everybody = everyone
** No confundir none: How many pens do you need? None. com no one = nobody: There was no one in the room except me.
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*Theodor Seuss
Geisel (1904-1991)
The the with Comparatives (Parallel Increase)
foi um escritor e
cartunista norte- Observe os trechos em destaque nestas frases:
-americano, mais
conhecido por seu
pseudnimo, Dr. The more we come to know, the more we realize how little we know.
Seuss. Publicou mais
de 60 livros infantis, The more we understand, the more clear it is that
dentre eles Tonho
choca o ovo, Como Usa-se o artigo definido antes de comparativos em expresses repetidas,
o Grinch roubou o quando falamos de situaes que se alteram, uma em funo da outra.
Natal e O gatola da
cartola. Foi roteirista
do filme Design to
Death, vencedor do
Complete this quotation with the missing words.
Oscar de melhor
documentrio The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you
de 1947, escrito learn, the more places youll go. (Dr. Seuss*)
enquanto servia ao
Exrcito dos EUA
durante a Segunda Nos exemplos acima foi usado more, que o comparativo de much. Mas as
Guerra Mundial.
(Fonte: Wikipedia. expresses podem ser formadas com outros adjetivos, no grau comparativo.
Disponvel em:
<http://pt.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Theodor_ Observe the context and complete the sentences with the phrases in the
seuss_geisel>.
Acesso: Mar. 30,
box, as appropriate.
2013.)
the taller the wiser the older the harder the better the more tired
c. Volleyball is a sport for tall young men and women. The taller, the better .
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock/Glow Images
The more we
become experts
about all kinds of
things, the less
we know about
ourselves.
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SPEAKING
We use the Present Perfect with the adverb ever to ask about personal
experiences (something a person might or might not have done in his
life). Have you ever seen a white tiger? (ever = in your life).
Ask questions about the experiences suggested in the box and then give
Incentive os alunos
a usar as perguntas
appropriate answers. Remember: in the present perfect structure, the
main verbs are to be used in the past participle. e respostas como
pontos de partida
para falar de outras
situaes, escolha
deles.
make a speech in English eat octopus try windsurfing
see a dinosaur kiss a frog dance the tango
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WRITING
Clean my room
Do my homework
Ive done a lot of things this week, but there are some things I
havent done yet. Ive cooked some
food, Ive bought a new pair of jeans, and Ive
phoned Granny Nina, but I havent sent
a copy of my ID to the school office
yet. Ive done some research about electric cars
with Kate , but I haven't cleaned my room
yet, so its a mess (Thats bad!). Ive watched the new video , and
I think its amazing! I haven't done my homework yet
Oriente os alunos a
usar os advrbios
(Thats terrible!).
que j aprenderam
e outros discourse
markers de unidades
2. Now use your notebook and write a similar paragraph about the things
anteriores para you have already done and those you havent done yet. Start by preparing
dar mais fluidez ao
texto. a similar to-do list, then write down the paragraph.
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Another Look at...
A science odyssey takes you on a journey through the 20th century, the most
spectacular 100 years in the history of science and technology.
For example
MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH
stefanolunardi/Shutterstock/Glow Images
Bettmann/Corbis/Latinstock
1900 NOW
The era of scientific medicine is only just Today life expectancy has risen
beginning. If you become sick or injured youll dramatically. Antibiotics have proven
need a strong constitution, and plenty of luck, an indispensable tool in battling illness.
to survive. It has been a few decades since the Organ transplants and high-tech
French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered the medicine give thousands of people each
microscopic creatures we call bacteria and year a second chance of life.
demonstrated that these germs could cause
many illnesses. The scientific community
knows that germs cause disease, but they
dont know how to destroy them.
From the beginning of the 20th century to these days, our knowledge in some
scientific areas has grown in a spectacular way. Which of those areas is being
highlighted on this page?
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B
ehind each locked door we have managed to open
are still more doors and more locks, and so on ad
THINK
infinitum.
O autor dessas palavras usou um tom modesto,
BRYSON, Bill. A Really Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Corgi, 2008.
DAWKINS, Richard. The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing. USA: Oxford University Press, 2008.
A EVOLUO DA HUMANIDADE armas, germes e ao, vols. 1 e 2. (Documentrio da National
Geographic). Direo: Tim Lambert. Distribuio: PlayArt Pictures, 2005.
MEDICINE Through Time. Available at: <http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/medicine/chance.
html>. Access: Mar. 11, 2013.
MUSEUM of Science. Available at: <http://www.mos.org/>. Access: Mar. 11, 2013.
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Biopiracy
26 bi.o.pi.ra.cy / /
n. the appropriation of plants or
seeds and biological information
from developing nations with
great biodiversity without paying
compensation to local people.
Making predictions
Look at the photo, read
the title and the definition
of the word. Biopiracy is
not a new phenomenon,
it has been around since
colonial times. In 1876, a
British botanist smuggled
seventy thousand (!!!)
rubber seeds out of Brazil
so that they could be
cultivated in the British
colonies in Asia and thus
control the global rubber
trade. Thats biopiracy.
What else do you know
Delfim Martins/Pulsar Imagens
165
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READING
Time to Read
Pronunciation and Stress, no
Manual do Professor. Skimming Estdio 1+2/Arquivo da editora
Now read the text quickly to understand the main idea and check your
predictions.
Biopiracy is the appropriation and monopolization of biological materials (like plants and seeds)
taken from developing nations with great biodiversity, without paying compensation to local people.
Brazil is the world leader in endemic species and champion in biodiversity.* For many years, Brazil
has been a victim of biopiracy.
Perhaps the most infamous case of historic biopiracy is that of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, a
tropical tree native to the Amazon basin. In 1876 Henry Alexander Wickman, a British botanist, stole
rubber tree seeds from the Amazonian jungle (some say he hid them between banana leaves) and took
them to a new plantation of Hevea brasiliensis in the British colonies of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and
Malaya (now Malaysia). In a few decades those colonies were able to produce much more latex than the
Amazon region. That was the end of the Amazonian rubber business.
Today, biopiracy takes a more subtle form. For years, researchers from pharmaceutical companies
have been extracting chemicals from plants found in Brazil, in many cases plants whose medical
properties have been traditionally known among indigenous peoples. The pharmaceutical company
then patents the chemical and commercializes it without paying any sort of compensation to the
local people.
Roughly of all pharmaceutical products in the market today use substances from the rainforest.
Hundreds of rainforest plants, like jaborandi, guaran, quebra-pedra are already known, others hold
their secrets and are known only by local people. The indigenous peoples have been passing that
oral knowledge from generation to generation. The profits from new medicines derived from the
forest should be returned to the native populations.
(Adapted from: BIOPIRACY in the Amazon. Available at: <www.amazonlink.org/biopiracy/biopiracy_history.htm>. Access: Mar. 30, 2013)
* Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Indonesia are the four most biodiverse countries in the world. Brazil, with 200,000 registered
species, holds 15 to 20 per cent of the Earths total.
166 UNIT 12 Biopiracy
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General Comprehension
Finding the Main Idea
Word Study
In Other Words Getting meaning from context
Scan the text and find the words or phrases that have the same meaning as:
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Words in Context
Complete the sentences with the correct words, as adequate.
Detailed Comprehension
Comprehension Check Getting meaning from context
Complete the sentences with words from the box, as appropriate. Some of
those words will not be necessary.
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LISTENING
A transcrio do udio destas atividades encontra-se no tpico Audio Scripts, no Manual do Professor.
more lipids Euterpe oleracea Mart. the Amazon 118 times more
free radicals compared with cholesterol juice
27 2. The topic of Ms. Gamboas class for today is a popular Amazonian Os alunos devem
ouvir a gravao trs
vezes: na primeira,
fruit. She has brought a video about that fruit and she asked her students
to watch the video, take notes and be ready to answer questions about apenas escutam;
na segunda, fazem
it. Listen to the audio and check the columns True or False in the table o exerccio; e na
terceira, verificam
suas respostas.
below, according to what you hear.
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STRUCTURE
The indigenous peoples have been passing that oral knowledge from generation
to generation.
Neste segundo exemplo, o que vem acontecendo?
Os povos indgenas vm passando o conhecimento, oralmente, de gerao em gerao.
It has been raining since yesterday. The streets are already flooded.
Andiroba seeds. Note que, em portugus, nesses casos usa-se o mesmo tempo verbal quando
apenas se menciona a ao ou quando tambm se diz h quanto tempo essa
ao vem acontecendo. Compare:
Indigenous
peoples of
Amazonia use
andiroba oil for Its raining. Est chovendo.
wound cleaning
I have been waiting since 3 oclock. Eu estou esperando desde as trs horas.
1. Complete the sentences and say what they have been doing. Use the
Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in parentheses.
a. Charles has been driving for hours. Its time to stop and
take a rest. (drive)
b. Jane has been working for ten hours. She must be very
tired. (work)
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c. Lia Luft has been writing a new book. She hopes to
finish it soon. (write)
d. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have been living in that house since
they got married. (live)
f. The ice in the Arctic has been melting and the level of
the oceans has been rising , but some of the world
leaders continue to ignore those facts. (melt) (rise)
Bill Varie/Corbis/Latinstock
a. That senator has been talking for the last two hours. Isnt he tired?
(talk)
b. What happened to your clothes? I have been playing with the dog.
(play)
c. I need a shower. I have been trying to fix the car all afternoon. (try)
d. I have been doing research on biopiracy for the last two weeks. My
report is almost finished. (do)
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Prepositions Between and Among
Observe o sentido das preposies em destaque nestas frases:
[] Some say he hid them between banana leaves
[] in many cases plants whose medical properties have been traditionally
known among indigenous peoples.
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b. The peoples of the former Soviet Union speak different
languages. (speak) (speaks)
c. She wrote that book especially for people who are getting
old. (is) (are)
d. The American people are opposed to war. (is) (are)
e. The Brazilian people share a common language. (share)
(shares)
f. The peoples of the world are represented at the United Nations.
(people) (peoples)
g. The people of Brazil are cheerful and friendly. (is) (are)
SPEAKING
Lets imagine (just for the sake of this exercise) that you are not feeling well
and you happen to find a herb shop on your way home, so you decide to get
in and ask the herbalist about a medicinal herb that could bring you some relief.
In pairs, work with a classmate asking and answering questions about
which plants could be used for each problem. Use the information from
the table and follow the example.
Example:
Herbalist: Can I help you?
Customer: Sure, Im looking for something that fights fatigue.
Herbalist: You could use some Guaran.
Customer: What kind of plant is it?
Herbalist: Its a stimulant.
Customer: Ok, Ill take some Guaran.
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READING & WRITING
Sarahs Blog
1. Read the blog below and answer the questions.
Biodiversity
married to a Brazilian
Queen Victoria, but now the name doctor from Belm, I
of this giant water lily is Victoria have been studying
amazonica. Its flowers are white the and doing research
first night they are open and become on Amazonian
biodiversity for the
pink the second night. Amazing! last two years.
Guaran Yes! Its guaran fruit! Its Weve come to
3
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Another Look at...
Biopiracy
Home News Commentary Business Investing Sports Life Arts Technology Drive
SEARCH
Brazil plans to expand a crackdown on companies that patent products made from rare
plants and animals without adequately compensating the South American country or
its indigenous communities.
The fight against biopiracy has won the support of indigenous communities and
defenders of the Amazon rainforest who say corporations unfairly benefit from
medicine and other products derived from Brazils exotic plants, poisonous snakes or
brightly colored frogs.
Brazil has levied more than 100 million reais ($ 59-million) in fines since July on
companies charged with not paying fair compensation for the use of genetic material
native to Brazil, said Bruno Barbosa, who heads inspection for the environmental
oversight agency Ibama.
Mr. Barbosa says examples of biopiracy abound, such as the development in the 1970s
of the hypertension medication captopril from a snake venom that indigenous groups
used on arrowhead tips.
The government this year stepped up the anti-biopiracy effort with a campaign known
as Operation New Direction that aims to crack down on what it calls profiteering.
The law should reflect the difficulty of determining how to compensate local populations
from collective knowledge passed down over generations, Mr. Barbosa said.
(ELLSWORTH, Brian. Brazil to boost crackdown on biopiracy. In: The Globe and Mail. Available at:
<www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/brazil-to-boost-crackdown-on-biopiracy/article1320884>. Access: Apr. 5, 2013.)
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B
Cinco dos principais produtos agrcolas brasileiros: caf, acar, soja, arroz e laranjas, no so nativos. O caf originrio da
Etipia, mas em 1727 foi trazido para o Brasil via Guiana Francesa, por obra e graa de Francisco de Melo Palheta. A cana-de-
-acar originria da Nova Guin e foi introduzida no Brasil pelo portugus Martim Afonso de Sousa. Em meados do sculo XX,
imigrantes japoneses trouxeram a soja para o Brasil. O arroz tem origem na sia e foi trazido para o Brasil na frota de Pedro
lvares Cabral. A laranja, tambm originria da sia, foi introduzida no Brasil pelos colonizadores.
razil is the world leader in endemic species and champion in
biodiversity. Its 3,000 species of fresh water fish are triple the
THINK
total of any other country. Its main farm products coffee,
sugar, soybeans, rice and oranges originated in other places,
but many other economically important plants are native, including
ABOUT IT
peanuts, pineapple, manioc, cashews, and Brazil nuts.
(OSAVA, Mario. Environment: Who Has Access to Biodiversity?. Available at:
<http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32616>. Access: Apr. 5, 2013.)
ROBINSON, Daniel F. Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. London:
Earthscan, 2010.
SHIVA, Vandana. Biopirataria: Pilhagem da natureza e do conhecimento. Petrpolis: Vozes, 2001.
O BICHO d, o bicho toma (Documentrio). Direo: Beatriz Thielmann. Produo: Guapuruvu Filmes, 2005.
RENCTAS. Available at: <www.renctas.org.br/pt/home/>. Access: Mar. 30, 2013.
OPEN Seeds: Biopiracy and the Patenting of Life. Available at: <http://tv.globalresearch.ca/2012/02/open-
seeds-biopiracy-and-patenting-life>. Access: Mar. 30, 2013.
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Check Your English 4
1. Mark the correct answers to these questions. x Compensate the local people for that
appropriation.
a. Who was Sigmund Freud?
Share the profits with the biopirates.
x He was the Austrian neurologist who studied the
human mind and developed psychoanalysis. 0.2 point each /1
c. The more we understand about the world around Bia: Oh, Paul, dont be so cruel! I ve been writing
us, the more clear it is that everything we have an article for the school newspaper. (ve been
learned is nothing compared to what we still have writing wrote)
to learn. What should our attitude be, then? Paul: Really? What is it about?
We should be proud of our achievements. Bia: Amazonian fruits, among them aa and
cupuau. Both have great economic potential.
x We should be humble about that. (among between)
We should admit we have been wrong about Paul: Oh, I love cupuau, but I didnt know it comes
everything. from the forest.
d. Science and technology can be a wonderful Bia: Oh yes, it does. Indigenous peoples along the
servant but a terrible master. Give an example of Amazon River have been cultivating
science and technology as a terrible master. cupuau for generations. (have been cultivating
Tsunamis. are cultivating)
Nuclear power stations. And did you know that cupuau seeds
can be used to make chocolate? (did you know
x Nuclear weapons.
have you known)
e. Many pharmaceutical companies have been
Paul: Wow! I didnt know about that.
extracting biological resources from the
Well, live and learn, I guess! (didnt know havent
rainforests for years. What should they do?
known)
Patent the chemicals and commercialize the
0.1 point each /1
products.
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3. Complete the sentences with the correct Leia o texto e responda questo 5.
indefinite pronouns, as adequate. I Will Build A Motor Car
a. Everything we have learned is nothing
compared to what we still have to learn.
(Everything / nothing Nothing / everything
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6. Leia o Text I e responda s questes a seguir em portugus.
Text I
GE /
MA MY
S
Debate
A
HE /A L
Cash for
OT S O N
RI
IN
ILK
BW
Good Grades?
RO
NEWS FACT: Students at 15 middle
schools in Washington, D.C., have an
unusual incentive to get good grades.
They are being paid! The schools are
participating in D.C.s Capital Gains
Program, which is the brainchild of a
Harvard University professor.
U
nder the program, teachers award Programs similar to Capital Gains are in
students points for how well they schools in New York City and elsewhere.
do with schoolwork, behavior, Critics are skeptical. Once kids
and attendance. Students can earn become accustomed to this, they
as much as $ 200 a month. Its good become dependent, psychologist Barry
because every two weeks you get paid Schwartz told the Associated Press.
and put money in the bank, Anthony Theyll want someone walking behind
Chavis, a ninth-grader from Washington, them the rest of their lives with an
D.C., told a local reporter. M&M to make sure they are rewarded
Roland Fryer, the economics profes- for everything they do.
sor who came up with the idea, hopes to What Do You Think?
scientifically evaluate how well cash Pay kids who earn good grades?
and other rewards motivate students.
Vote Now Pay kids for goods grades? VOTE ONLINE at scholastic.com/juniorscholastic.
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a. Qual o assunto em debate? Se os estudantes de less physically active you are. And the less exercise
Ensino Mdio norte-americanos devem receber you get, the more likely you are to develop
dinheiro como incentivo para tirar boas notas. diseases such as diabetes or heart problems.
ideia ou esse programa boa/bom. 7. Aps coletarem informaes sobre adultos que
tm o hbito de assistir TV, pesquisadores
e. Transcreva uma das justificativas daqueles que
australianos concluram que esse hbito, se
discordam. Isso ensina valores errados garotada como se
exagerado, pode causar srios problemas
o dinheiro fosse a chave para o sucesso.
sade.
f. E voc, qual a sua opinio a respeito disso? a. Quantos anos de vida a menos tm as pessoas
Resposta pessoal. que assistem a uma mdia de seis horas dirias
de TV em relao a quem no tem esse hbito?
0.2 point each /1
4,8 anos a menos.
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Cartuns so produzidos com o intuito de Ao optar por ler a reportagem completa sobre
satirizar comportamentos humanos e assim o assunto anunciado, tem-se acesso a duas
oportunizam a reflexo sobre nossos prprios palavras que Bill Gates no quer que o leitor
comportamentos e atitudes. Nesse cartum, a conhea e que se referem
linguagem utilizada pelos personagens em uma a. aos responsveis pela divulgao desta
conversa em ingls evidencia a informao na internet.
a. predominncia do uso da linguagem informal b. s marcas mais importantes de
sobre a lngua padro. microcomputadores do mercado.
b. dificuldade de reconhecer a existncia de c. aos nomes dos americanos que inventaram a
diferentes usos da linguagem. suposta tecnologia.
d. aos sites da Internet pelos quais o produto j pode
c. aceitao dos regionalismos utilizados por
ser conhecido.
pessoas de diferentes lugares.
e. s empresas que levam vantagem para serem
d. necessidade de estudo da lngua inglesa por parte
suas concorrentes.
dos personagens.
0.5 point /0.5
e. facilidade de compreenso entre falantes com
sotaques distintos.
(FGV-SP 2013) Leia o texto para responder s
0.5 point /0.5 questes de nmeros 10 a 14.
9. (Enem 2010)
Money Talks
Is money a good medium to spread messages?
At first Alexei Navalny, a Russian opposition
activist and noted blogger, was skeptical. But
then he did the maths: if 5,000 Russians stamped
100 bills each, every citizen would encounter at
least one of the altered notes as they passed from
person to person.
Members of Irans Green Movement used this
tactic in 2009, writing slogans on banknotes
during their antigovernment protests. This
prompted a ruling that defaced notes would
no longer be accepted by banks. Similarly,
supporters of the Occupy movement had added
slogans and infographics about income inequality
to dollar bills. And members of Chinas Falun
Gong movement wrote messages on banknotes
attacking government persecution.
The use of money as a communications
medium, distributing words and images as it
passes from hand to hand, is ancient. The earliest
coins, minted in Lydia (now part of Turkey) in
the 7th century BC, depicted the head of a lion,
thought to have been a royal symbol. Later rulers
had their names and images inscribed on coins,
along with symbolic images of various kinds. In
the era before printing, this was a very efficient
way to project their image directly to the people.
But their subjects were also aware of the
messaging power of money, as the recently
(Available at: <www.fool.com>. Access: Jul. 21, 2010.) revamped exhibit on the history of money at the
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British Museum in London reveals. It includes a d. prevented dollar bills from circulating in Iran for
Roman coin from 215 AD, on which the Christian some time.
e. prohibited slogans from being written on public
chi-rho symbol has been scratched behind
areas by activists.
the emperors head; a French coin from 1855
overstamped with an advertisement for Pear Soap;
and a 1903 British penny on which Edward VIIs 13. The money exhibit at the British Museum
a. depicts royal and religious symbols from different
face has been stamped with Votes for women
ages of history.
by suffragettes. Mr. Navalnys call for Russians
Harris S/Cartoonstock
at the British Museum.
c. didnt believe in the beginning that his plan would
succeed.
d. was a pioneer in what eventually became a new
social media.
e. helped the Falun Gong movement in China to
write messages on banknotes.
12. The Iranian governments response to the
Green Movements action in 2009
a. tried to curb the movements political propaganda.
b. ensured that the activists would spread their
message.
c. prompted Iranian activists to join the Occupy
movement for help. (Available at: <www.cartoonstock.com/directory/m/
matures.asp>. Access: June 3, 2012.)
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15. De acordo com o Text II, pode-se afirmar que 25 regional words. If it has become harder to find
os tempos verbais utilizados many different terms for outdated expressions,
atividades cotidianas.
to be talking about fast food or traffic. In fact, in
the age of Twitter and Facebook, linguists say,
b. apresentam aes que demonstram 30 the interactions that most powerfully shape our
atividades que aconteceram no passado. speech are still local and face to face. In sum,
experiment.
10 the end of the alphabet. But to scholars and language
lovers the work he set in motion is an invaluable
guide to the way Americans not only speak but also b. The Dictionary of American Regional English is
a text printed in the mass media about people
live. The dictionary includes nearly 60,000 terms,
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Oriente o aluno a avaliar o seu desempenho no teste e
tambm quanto aos objetivos de ensino deste bimestre.
SELF-EVALUATION (UNITS 10, 11 AND 12) ( ) learn the meaning and use of numerals in
compound adjectives.
How did you do? What was your score?
( ) understand the meaning and use of the Present
Can
Excellent Good OK Perfect Continuous.
do better
Test total: ( ) identify and use indefinite pronouns and
10-9 8-7 6-5 less than 5
out of 10 adverbs: compound forms.
How do you evaluate your own progress? Check ( ) identify the meaning and use of quantifiers:
( ) for Yes, (x) for No, or (R) for Review Units 10, 11 much, many, little, few.
and 12 after each of the topics below.
( ) distinguish between the use of prepositions:
Now I can between, among.
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Minigrammar
Simple Present forma afirmativa Water covers about seventy per cent of the Earths surface.
(A gua cobre cerca de setenta por cento da superfcie
Veja a seguir alguns exemplos de conjugao no terrestre.)
Simple Present, forma afirmativa: Aes habituais, repetidas, no presente:
terminados em:
4. The Curupira those who damage the trees or hunt
more than they can eat. punishes
to go he/she/it goes small amounts of three drugs. contains
o
5. Chocolate
to do he/she/it does 6. Plants carbon from the air. absorb
ss to pass he/she/it passes 7. Winter in Antarctica in March. arrives
ch to teach he/she/it teaches 8.
explains
Mathematics many of the mysteries of the Universe.
sh to wash he/she/it washes 9. One of the paradoxes of our time is that we more
possessions, but fewer values. have
x to fix he/she/it fixes
10. Ann to the office by subway every day. goes
Quando o verbo termina em -y precedido de vogal,
185
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Na forma negativa do Simple Present dos verbos Turtles move slowly.
principais, como o exemplo de to know, usa-se o verbo (As tartarugas movem-se lentamente.)
auxiliar do + not antes da forma bsica (infinitivo sem to)
Quando o verbo acompanhado de objeto, o advrbio
do verbo principal. Na terceira pessoa do singular (he/
vem depois dele, e no entre o verbo e o objeto, como pode
she/it), usa-se does em vez de do. Na linguagem
acontecer em portugus:
coloquial, do e does (sem traduo nesse uso)
geralmente so contrados com not, formando dont Turtles generally move their bodies slowly.
e doesnt. (As tartarugas geralmente movem lentamente o corpo.)
Do they play the piano? Does she play the guitar? shy shyly coy coyly sly slyly
(Eles tocam piano? Ela toca violo?)
Quando o adjetivo termina em -e, essa letra
geralmente omitida antes do acrscimo de -ly:
MINITEST probable probably simple simply true truly
186 Minigrammar
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late: ltimo/a; tarde a. One of the paradoxes of our time is that we work too
slowly and drive too . fast
I never get the late train. I never arrive late.
(Eu nunca tomo o ltimo trem. Eu nunca chego tarde.) b. The magnetic poles and the geographic poles of the
in the same places. exactly
Existe o advrbio lately, que significa ultimamente,
Earth are not
Outra palavra terminada em -ly, mas que no d. Mozart managed and was in debt when he died, at
advrbio de modo, e sim um adjetivo, deadly (mortal).
the age of 35. (badly his money) (his money badly) (his
money well)
Cancer is a potentially deadly disease.
4. Advrbios de frequncia
(O cncer uma doena potencialmente mortal.)
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Jane never takes a cold shower. 2. My robot is an excellent worker. It makes the beds
(Jane nunca toma um banho frio.) and forgets to clean the floor. (often; seldom)
o Present Progressive quando se quer expressar uma 3. The negative side of a magnet will attract the positive
crtica a respeito da frequncia com que a ao acontece.
side of another magnet. (never) (always) (rarely)
depois do verbo auxiliar, no caso dos tempos 10. Migrating birds the Earths magnetic field to guide
compostos, ou dos modal auxiliary verbs: them. (use always) (use rarely) (always use)
1. It is true that most people today set foot on the Lets walk.
Moon. (will always) (never will) (will never) (Vamos caminhar.)
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MINITEST MINITEST
Observe o contexto e complete as frases Complete com have, has, dont have ou
doesnt have.
escolhendo as formas de imperativo do quadro.
1. The type of banana that we eat no seeds. has
please close lets save dont drive shut 2. Worldwide, more than 500 million people
lets take care of lets walk! dont forget
access to
the Internet. have
3. Come in! And the door. shut 5. I say I any enemies, and I mean it. dont have
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Quando usados no plural, com sentido genrico, esses
substantivos no so precedidos de artigo, nem indefinido
I I do not I
have. Do have? (a/an), nem definido (the):
You You have. you
Are girls smarter than boys?
He He he
does not (Garotas [em geral] so mais inteligentes do que garotos?)
She has. She Does she have?
have.
It It it So precedidos de artigo definido (the) quando usados
We We we em sentido especfico:
do not
You have. You Do you have? Are the girls in your class smarter than the boys?
have.
They They they (As garotas da sua classe so mais inteligentes do que os
garotos?)
Na linguagem informal, e principalmente em ingls
J os substantivos no contveis no tm forma
britnico, bastante comum o uso de formas com got
plural, concordam sempre com verbos no singular.
(sem traduo, neste caso). Compare: Quando expressam uma quantidade indefinida, podem ser
precedidos de some, mas no de a/an.
You have a car. You dont have a bike. Do you have a boat? (EUA)
Esto nesse grupo os substantivos abstratos (courage,
Youve got a car. You havent got a bike. Have you got a boat? (GB)
patience, love, life, freedom etc.) e os concretos, que
Alm do sentido de ter, possuir, have tambm dizem respeito a substncias ou materiais, quando
considerados em seu sentido geral (water, sugar, money,
usado para expressar vrias aes, como:
paper, air, bread etc.).
Have breakfast, lunch, dinner, coffee, a pizza, etc. Bread is made from flour, water, and yeast.
(Tomar o caf da manh, almoar, jantar, tomar caf, comer (O po feito de farinha, gua e fermento.)
uma pizza etc.) Amyr Klink has shown immense courage.
(Amyr Klink tem mostrado uma coragem imensa.)
Have a bath/shower ([GB] = take a bath/shower [EUA])
(Tomar banho de imerso/chuveiro) Muitos substantivos no contveis referem-se a coisas
que, em portugus, podem ser contadas, referidas como
Have a good time, a nice day uma unidade. Veja como se expressa nmero, em ingls,
(Divertir-se, ter um dia agradvel) no caso desses substantivos:
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bread a loaf of bread (um po)
7. Please hand me paper. I want to write down your
(um pedao/uma
8. I wanted to buy bread, but I had money. (a loaf of;
paper a piece of paper
folha de papel)
no) (a; not a) (a; some)
a piece/word of
9. One of the paradoxes of our time is that we have
advice (um conselho)
advice
information, but knowledge. (many; few) (an; no)
a piece/bit of
(more; less)
information (uma informao)
information 10. Will you lend me money, please? Ive got to pay some
(seus
knowledge your knowledge
bills. (a) (some) (the)
conhecimentos)
furniture
a piece of
(um mvel) 8. Substantivos formao do plural
furniture
news a piece of news (uma notcia) 1. Em geral, acrescenta-se -s ao singular:
(uma pea * Dobra-se a consoante final
a word two words
a piece of musical/uma antes do acrscimo de -es.
music a problem two problems ** H a exceo ox, que oxen.
music/a song msica, uma
cano) 2. Acrescenta-se -es quando o substantivo termina em:
a piece of s a bus two buses
equipment (um equipamento)
equipment
ss a class two classes
z* a quiz two quizzes
No se esquea de que os substantivos no contveis
sh a dish two dishes
no tm forma plural e concordam com verbos no singular.
ch a church two churches
There is some interesting news
x** a box two boxes
(H notcias interessantes)
Sublinhe as alternativas entre parnteses que 4. Acrescenta-se -es a alguns substantivos terminados
completam adequadamente cada frase. em -o:
1. The best way to eat is with and . (a bread; a a potato two potatoes
butter; a jam) (bread; butter; jam) (a loaf of bread; a lot a tomato two tomatoes
a hero two heroes
of butter; plenty jam)
3. Albert Einstein said that imagination is more important photos kilos videos
than . (knowledge) (know) (known) pianos radios avocados
4. some interesting news about the next Olympic E existem outros em que as duas formas de plural so
Games. (There is) (There are) (There were) possveis:
5. For breakfast I always have (a bread with a butter mosquitoes/mosquitos
and an orange juice) (a slice of bread with cheese and volcanoes/volcanos
a glass of orange juice) (a bread with jam and a coffee mangoes/mangos
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5. Existem dez substantivos bem comuns, terminados 2. Mozart wrote more than 600 , including that and
em -f ou -fe, cujo plural feito com a troca dessas letras continue to love after his death. (composition
por -ves:
compositions; symphonies; adults; children; centuries
symphony adult child century)
a life two lives 3. Mars and Earth have many and the idea of having
a knife two knives
on the red planet, born in science-fiction , is now
a calf two calves happy all the time! (video banana illness monkey)
videos; bananas; illnesses; monkeys
MINITEST The peoples of the world are represented at the United Nations.
(Os povos do mundo esto representados nas Naes Unidas.)
Complete as frases com a forma plural dos Alguns substantivos so sempre usados no singular,
substantivos entre parnteses. concordando com verbo e pronomes no singular, mesmo
1. are already a part of our , using their to do that quando o sentido plural. Esses substantivos no so
are too boring for or . (Robot life ability job imediatamente precedidos do artigo indefinido a/an.
man woman) Robots; lives; abilities; jobs; men; women Assim, para dizer:
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possivel dizer a cloth, mas isso significa um pano.
uma a piece of information
informao (nunca an information) I need a cloth to clean the table.
(Preciso de um pano para limpar a mesa.)
a piece/word of advice
um conselho Quando se pretende falar de uma pea de vesturio
(nunca an advice)
usa-se (formalmente) an article of clothing, ou fala-se
a piece of furniture
um mvel de forma indefinida em something to wear, ou ento
(nunca a furniture)
especifica-se o tipo de roupa:
a piece of news
uma notcia A dress is an article of clothing. (formal)
(nunca a news)
(Um vestido uma pea de vesturio.) Mary wants to buy
um a piece of equipment something to wear. She is looking for a blue dress.
equipamento (nunca an equipment) (Mary quer comprar uma roupa. Ela est procurando um
vestido azul.)
Can you give me some information/advice?
(Voc pode me dar umas informaes/uns conselhos?) Glasses
Here is the news. I hope the news is good. My glasses are broken. I have to buy a new pair of glasses.
(Aqui esto as notcias. Espero que as notcias sejam boas.) (Meus culos esto quebrados. Tenho de comprar uns culos
novos.)
That old bookcase is a beautiful piece of furniture.)
Police e cattle concordam com verbo no plural.
(Aquela velha estante um belo mvel.)
Policeman/policewoman concordam, naturalmente, com
A computer is a very useful piece of equipment. verbo no singular.
(Um computador um equipamento muito til.)
The police in that city are very efficient.
Outros substantivos s so usados no plural, com (A polcia daquela cidade muito eficiente.)
verbo e pronomes tambm no plural. Esses substantivos
That policewoman is a friend of mine.
no so usados com o artigo a/an. Esse uso contrasta com
(Aquela policial minha amiga.)
o portugus e abrange algumas peas de vesturio, como
pants, trousers, jeans e pajamas * * pajamas (EUA) = Cattle are raised for meat.
pyjamas (GB)
(O gado criado para corte.)
Those pants/trousers/jeans/pajamas are old.
(Aquela cala/aquele jeans/pijama est velha/o.)
MINITEST
Seria incorreto, portanto, dizer that trouser ou a jeans,
por exemplo.
Sublinhe o item que completa corretamente
Quando se especifica a unidade, essas palavras so cada lacuna.
usadas com a expresso a pair of. E, quando se fala de
mais de uma cala, pijama etc., o plural feito na palavra
1. There are 290,000 species of beetles on Earth, but
pair. Assim:
there is only one human . (specie kinds species)
2. The people
I want to buy a pair of pants/trousers/jeans/pajamas.
happy because the news excellent. (is;
are are; is is; is)
(Eu quero comprar uma cala/uma cala jeans/um pijama.)
3. I cant read without my glasses. Where ? (is it are
She bought a pair/two pairs of pants. they was it)
(Ela comprou uma cala/duas calas.) 4. I bought a T-shirt and jeans. (some pair of a pair of
Seria incorreto dizer a pant, two jeans, three pajamas, two pair of)
por exemplo. 5. The latest is that the police looking for him
Clothes
everywhere. (information; is news; are advice; was)
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2. Acrescentando-se apenas um apstrofo ao
two dozen eggs (duas dzias de ovos)
substantivo/possuidor, quando ele estiver no plural e
three hundred cars (trs centenas de carros) terminar em -s.
four thousand trees (quatro mil rvores)
the girls school (a escola das garotas)
five million stars (cinco milhes de estrelas)
the teachers room (a sala dos professores)
six billion people (seis bilhes de pessoas)
the Simpsons adventures (as aventuras dos Simpsons)
seven trillion dollars (sete trilhes de dlares)
billions of stars (bilhes de estrelas) substantivo/possuidor que tem sentido nobre. o caso dos
correspondentes a mundo, Sol, mar, nomes de planetas,
trillions of atoms (trilhes de tomos) pases, cidades etc.
11. Substantivos caso possessivo Homer and Marges (os problemas que os
problems dois tm em comum)
Quando o substantivo/possuidor designa um ser
vivo (pessoa ou animal), as expresses possessivas so Mas acrescenta-se s a cada possuidor, no caso de
formadas assim: haver posse em separado:
The oxens horns (os chifres dos bois) Yesterdays news (As notcias de ontem)
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Pode-se deixar de expressar o substantivo/a coisa
possuda quando, pelo contexto, ele for bvio. Isso muito climate change (mudana climtica)
research center (centro de pesquisas)
comum com o nome de marcas ou estabelecimentos
soccer game (jogo de futebol)
comerciais:
She bought those clothes at Lucys. O primeiro desses substantivos (modificador) qualifica
(Ela comprou aquela roupa na [loja] Lucys.) o segundo (ncleo), informando de que tipo se trata.
We live in a mans world, but apparently we dont live in a boys. Para entender claramente a expresso, importante
(Ns vivemos num mundo de homens, mas aparentemente lembrar que o principal substantivo (o ncleo) o que
no num [mundo] de garotos.) aparece por ltimo, sendo por ele que devemos iniciar a
traduo. O substantivo que aparece primeiro funciona
Cuidado para no confundir as vrias possibilidades de
como se fosse um adjetivo, qualificando aquele que o
sentido de s:
mais importante na expresso. H expresses em que as
1. Caso possessivo: duas palavras podem aparecer em posies diferentes e
Marys hair is too long. expressando sentidos diferentes.
(O cabelo da Mary est comprido demais.) Compare:
2. Forma contrata de is: A horse race uma corrida de cavalos. [um tipo de corrida]
A race horse um cavalo de corridas. [um tipo de cavalo]
Shes washing it now.
* Pode parecer redundncia
(Ela o est lavando agora.) Ou ento: falarmos de um jardim com
flores, mas, alm de flower
3. Forma contrata de has: A flower garden (um jardim com flores).* garden, h tambm vegetable
A garden flower (uma flor de jardim). garden (horta), expresso
Shes got beautiful hair. comum no ingls britnico.
(Ela tem cabelo bonito.)
MINITEST
correspondentes s definies a seguir.
Modificadores Ncleos
Sublinhe as alternativas que completam cada cable winter organ heat TV tool research
frase corretamente. stem-cell building wave months donor
1. paintings are beautiful and send a powerful message. a. o perodo do ano em que faz muito frio. winter months
(Portinaris) (Portinaris) (Portinariss)
stem-cell research
b. So estudos feitos por cientistas sobre clulas-tronco.
2. MASP is one of most famous museums. (So Paulos) c. um moderno meio de entretenimento. cable TV
(So Paulo) (So Paulo)
d. uma pessoa que potencialmente doa parte(s) de seu
3. Dreams provide many insights into workings. (the corpo. organ donor
5. To terraform means to alter a surface until life 2. Agora complete as frases com a expresso
forms can survive there. (planets; Earths) (planets; nominal adequada ao contexto.
Earth) (planets; Earth)
a. Global warming is synonymous with . (heat wave)
nominais
b. You need a ball to play a . (video game) (card game)
(soccer game)
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d. The large areas of ice that cover the land around the Few comum quando precedido de very (muito).
Compare:
North or South Pole are called . (ice cubes) (ice caps)
(ice skates)
I have few books on that subject. (formal)
Pelos exemplos do quadro acima, podemos concluir 2. You should eat fruit and vegetables. (much lots of
que usamos como expresses de grande quantidade little)
ou nmero: 3. Some people are good at math, others dont know
Much (+ substantivo no contvel, sempre no
about it. (many much little)
singular): muito/a. Much usado em perguntas e 4. thousands of bees live and work together in what is
negaes. Nas frases afirmativas s usado na linguagem called a hive. (Many Much Little)
formal, sendo em geral substitudo por a lot of ou lots of. 5. Very people really understand modern art. (much
Many (+ substantivo contvel, no plural): muitos/as. little few)
Many usado em perguntas e negaes. Nas frases 6. That rich old man lived in China
afirmativas um tanto formal, podendo ser substitudo por
years ago. (much a
lot many)
a lot of ou lots of.
7. We know about the Moon and Mars, but avoid
Alm de a lot of ou lots of, outras expresses de crossing the street to meet a new neighbor. (much
quantidade ou nmero podem substituir much ou many few many)
nas frases afirmativas: 8. people are literate in all the worlds languages. (Very
A great deal of (muito/a; expressa grande quantidade much Very little Very few)
e pode substituir much): 9. The proper way to eat freshly baked bread is with
John D. Rockefeller made a great deal of money on oil.
plenty of lipids and fructose. In other words, butter
(John D. Rockefeller ganhou muito dinheiro com petrleo.) and jam! (many few a lot of)
Few (+ substantivo contvel, no plural): poucos/as. Compare com little (pouco/a) e few (poucos/as),
Few o oposto de many e tambm prprio da linguagem vistos no tpico anterior, os quais indicam escassez e tm,
formal. Informalmente mais comum o uso de not many. portanto, sentido negativo. Veja:
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I have little money. Its not enough. I need more. Much: muito/a
(Eu tenho pouco dinheiro. No suficiente. Preciso de mais.)
antes de substantivo no contvel, sempre no singular:
I have few friends. Maybe one or two. much water, rain, food, etc.
(Eu tenho poucos amigos. Talvez um ou dois.) (muita gua, chuva, comida etc.)
Agora compare less e fewer: antes de adjetivo no grau comparativo, acentuando a
Less (+ substantivo no contvel, no singular): menos. diferena na comparao:
They used to be quite rich, but they have less money now. much easier, better, worse, etc.
(Eles eram bastante ricos, mas tm menos dinheiro agora.) (muito mais fcil, melhor, pior etc.)
Many, antes de substantivos contveis, no plural
Fewer (+ substantivo contvel, no plural): menos.
(muitos/as).
They have fewer problems now.
many rivers, books, people, etc.
(Eles tm menos problemas agora.)
(muitos rios, livros, muitas pessoas etc.)
Less (menos) o comparativo de little (pouco/a);
Very, antes de adjetivo ou outro advrbio, no grau
fewer (menos) o comparativo de few (poucos/as). O
normal (muito).
oposto, tanto de less como de fewer, more (mais). Existe
a tendncia, em linguagem informal, a abandonar o uso very easy, cold, late, well, etc.
de fewer, utilizando-se less para os dois casos. Apesar (muito fcil, frio, tarde, bem etc.)
de isso ser bastante comum, considerado incorreto por Very much, depois do verbo e seu complemento, em
muitas pessoas e deve ser evitado em situaes formais, posio diferente da que ocorre em portugus (muito).
como em provas e exames.
I like her very much.
There are fewer cars on the roads at night. (Eu gosto muito dela.)
(H menos carros nas estradas noite.)
So, antes de adjetivo ou advrbio, no grau normal (to).
She is so lovely! She sings so well!
MINITEST (Ela to linda! Ela canta to bem!)
So much, antes de substantivo no contvel,
no singular (tanto/a); so many, antes de substantivo
Marque a opo que contm os pronomes
contvel, no plural (tantos/as).
indefinidos adequados para completar as frases.
Too: demais
little; little
few; few a few; a few
2. The king asked Archimedes to investigate and days antes de adjetivo ou outro advrbio, no grau normal,
em posio diferente da que ocorre em portugus:
x a few
later the mathematician had the answer.
too easy, cold, late, well etc.
little a little few
3. When we asked for Grannys help, she could offer very , (fcil, frio, tarde, bem demais etc.)
antes de much, many, little, em posio diferente da
x little
but what she had was valuable: the light from her soul.
x few
produce much more latex than the Amazon region.
a few fewer a little antes de substantivo:
There is not enough opportunity in their lives.
very much; so/so much/so many; depois de adjetivo ou advrbio, no grau normal, em
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MINITEST 1. Any (+ substantivo singular ou plural) usado em
perguntas gerais.
Sublinhe os itens que completam as lacunas 2. Some (+ substantivo singular ou plural) usado em
corretamente. perguntas quando se espera uma resposta afirmativa ou
se oferece algo.
1. There are
Can you give me some money?
bees in a hive that a system of air-
conditioning is needed. (so much too much very
much so many) (Voc poderia me dar algum dinheiro?)
2. Is there fresh water to supply the needs of over seven Would you like some coffee?
billion people? (enough very so many too) (Voc gostaria de um pouco de caf?)
3. Pluto was considered a strange object, small, 3. Some (+ substantivo singular ou plural) usado em
distant. (so/ so so many/ so much enough/enough afirmaes.
7. Amyr Klink had never actually felt lonely, as he knew comeadas por n, como not, never, no, none, nothing etc.
16. Quantifiers some, any, no, Any (+ substantivo singular ou plural): qualquer,
none, every
quaisquer. Em frases afirmativas:
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{
2. I say to myself I dont have enemies, and I mean it. pessoas: nobody/no one (ningum)
{
5. She asked me if I had money, but I had . (some;
none any; no every; any any; some) There is nobody out there.
(No h ningum l fora.)
{
pessoas: anybody/anyone (qualquer pessoa)
Os adjetivos, pronomes e tambm os advrbios que coisas: anything (qualquer coisa)
expressam quantidade ou nmero de modo indefinido para lugares: anywhere (qualquer lugar)
seguem, quando compostos, os usos de suas formas
modo: anyhow/anyway (de qualquer forma,
simples. Assim, usamos:
de qualquer jeito)
pessoas: somebody/someone (algum)
Como acontece com any, esses compostos so usados
coisas: something (alguma coisa, algo)
em frases afirmativas:
para lugares: somewhere (em algum lugar)
Anybody can do that. Its easy.
{
modo: somehow/someway (de alguma
(Qualquer pessoa pode fazer isso. fcil.)
forma/de algum jeito)
Its hard to get a taxi here. Anyway, weve got plenty of time.
Como acontece com some, esses compostos so
( difcil pegar um txi aqui. De qualquer forma, ns temos
usados em frases afirmativas ou em perguntas em que se
bastante tempo.)
espera resposta afirmativa, como quando se oferece algo:
pessoas: everybody/everyone (todos/as)
A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and
para coisas: everything (tudo)
touches your heart.
{
(O verdadeiro amigo algum que pega sua mo e toca lugares: everywhere (em toda parte)
seu corao.)
Como acontece com every, esses compostos so
Would you like something to drink? usados em afirmaes e perguntas, com sentido de
(Gostaria de algo para beber?) totalidade.
pessoas: anybody/anyone (algum)
Everybody knows the value of education.
para coisas: anything (alguma coisa, algo)
(Todos sabem o valor da educao.)
lugares: anywhere (em/a algum lugar)
Ive lost my glasses. Ive looked everywhere, but I couldnt
Como acontece com any, esses compostos so usados find them.
em perguntas gerais: (Perdi meus culos. Procurei em toda parte, mas no
{
consegui encontr-los.)
Did anyone call me while I was out?
(Algum ligou na minha ausncia?)
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Afirmao: The President lives in the Alvorada Palace.
5. I felt homesick for and , Amyr Klink said.
Resposta:
something; somebody anything; anybody)
10. The rich old man called his sons and said, Each of What happened to the The writer died in 2001.
writer in 2001?
sujeito
(O que aconteceu com
you take one coin and buy that will fill my room.
18. Question Words: what, which, Which e how many tambm so usados neste tipo
who, whom, whose, when, where, de perguntas:
why, how, how often, how much, Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
A estrutura da pergunta abaixo, comum maioria dos What did those people think of him?
interrogativos, usada quando se pergunta sobre o objeto (O que essas pessoas pensavam sobre ele?)
do verbo: Those people loved him.
interrogativo sujeito (Essas pessoas o amavam.)
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whom: quem 8. was that new plantation? In the British colonies of
Ceylon and Malaya. Where
Whom/Who did you see there?
(Quem voc viu l?) 9. happened then? In a few decades those colonies
were able to produce a lot of latex. What
A rigor, whom o pronome a ser usado quando
perguntamos sobre pessoas, no caso do objeto, mas isso 10. did that affect the Amazonian rubber business.? It
s acontece na linguagem formal. Informalmente, usa-se was the end of it. How
who em lugar de whom, mas, quando o interrogativo
igualdade e de inferioridade
To whom did you give the book?
(A/Para quem voc deu o livro?)
Em linguagem informal, a pergunta acima seria feita com Para formar o comparativo de igualdade, usamos:
who afastado da preposio:
as + adjetivo + as
Who did you give the book to?
(A/Para quem voc deu o livro?) She is as tall as Gisele.
(Ela to alta quanto Gisele.)
whose: de quem. Pode vir seguido de substantivo ou
ento como pronome, separado do substantivo. not so + adjetivo + as ou not as + adjetivo + as
Whose car is that?/Whose is that car? She is not so/as old as Gisele.
(De quem aquele carro?) (Ela no to velha quanto Gisele.)
how much: quanto (dinheiro); quanto (+ substantivo Nas frases com pronomes pessoais, depois de as as
no contvel, sempre singular) possvel usar:
How much is that shirt? pronomes retos (I/he/she etc.), seguidos de verbo ou
(Quanto aquela camisa?) no. Essa construo um tanto formal.
How much sugar do you take in your coffee? Gisele is not so/as nice as she (is).
(Quanto acar voc pe no seu caf?) (Gisele no to simptica quanto ela []).
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He is the least strong of the boys. os dissilbicos em geral e os que terminam em sufixo
(Ele o menos forte dos garotos.) (-ful, -less, -ing, -ed) fazem o comparativo com more e o
[frase possvel, mas forada, incomum] superlativo com most.
He is not so strong as the other boys. modern more modern most modern
(Ele no to forte quanto os outros garotos.) famous more famous most famous
[frase natural, comum] careful more careful most careful
He is the weakest of the boys. careless more careless most careless
(Ele o mais fraco dos garotos.)
charming more charming most charming
[frase mais enftica]
surprised more surprised most surprised
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Em contrapartida, em alguns desses dissilbicos Uso dos graus dos adjetivos
a forma com more e most uma tendncia atual. Isso e advrbios
acontece, por exemplo, com os dissilbicos mais longos,
como pleasant e handsome. Comparativo de superioridade
Living in the country is also more pleasant than in a big city, Usa-se -er ou more nas comparaes que expressam
superioridade de uma pessoa, lugar ou coisa em relao a
so I think.
outra:
(A vida no campo tambm mais agradvel do que em uma
cidade grande, penso eu.) The Amazon River is longer than the San Francisco.
(O rio Amazonas mais comprido do que o So Francisco.)
[mais comum do que pleasanter]
Superlativo de superioridade
Most women would agree that George Clooney is one of the
Usa-se -est ou most para destacar uma pessoa, lugar
most handsome men in the world. ou coisa em relao a todas as outras:
(A maioria das mulheres concordaria que George Clooney
The Amazon is one of the longest rivers in the world.
um dos homens mais bonitos do mundo.)
(O Amazonas um dos rios mais compridos do mundo.)
[mais comum do que handsomest] Comparativo e superlativo de inferioridade
hot hotter hottest Para expressar uma relao entre duas aes ou
acontecimentos paralelos, equivalendo em portugus
thin thinner thinnest
a quanto mais mais , usam-se dois comparativos
big bigger biggest
precedidos de the:
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MINITEST She is not singing a Brazilian song.
Negativa (Ela no est cantando uma msica
Geography & Physics brasileira.)
4. The point on the Earths surface is Mount Everest Thats not true. You are lying.
at 8,850 m (29,035 ft) above sea level. (high) (higher) (Isso no verdade. Voc est mentindo.)
run running
to pinpoint, but the Nile (6,690 km or 4,160 miles) is
generally considered to be than the Amazon (6,570
stop stopping
km or 4,080 miles). (long) (longer) (longest)
swim swimming
crustaceans. (large) (larger) (largest)
9. Atoms are the basic units of matter, and many bond begin beginning
together to form particles called molecules. (large)
(larger) (largest) omit omitting
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2. Para expressar uma ao que est ocorrendo na 22. Stative Verbs
atualidade, mas no necessariamente no momento em
que se fala:
Os stative verbs, tambm chamados non-
I am taking a course in American literature. progressive verbs, so verbos que expressam no uma
(Eu estou fazendo um curso de literatura norte-americana.) ao temporria, mas um estado, condio ou situao
3. Alm de indicar aes no presente, pode tambm ser permanente. Em geral, esses verbos no so usados nos
usado em frases que denotam futuro, para indicar aes que tempos progressivos (ou contnuos). Know e understand
temos inteno de praticar ou certeza de que vo acontecer. so dois dos mais comuns. Para dizer, por exemplo, Eu
On Monday the USA is commemorating the life and dream estou sabendo, usamos a forma simples de know: I know.
of Martin Luther King, Jr. Para dizer No estou entendendo, usamos a forma
(Na prxima segunda-feira, os EUA vo comemorar/ simples: I dont understand.
comemoram a vida e o sonho de Martin Luther King, Jr.) Entre os stative verbs mais comuns, nunca usados nas
formas progressivas, esto:
Casos especiais
know: saber; conhecer
Alguns verbos, chamados stative verbs ou non- I know the answer to that problem.
progressive verbs, expressam no uma ao, mas um
prefer: preferir
estado ou uma situao. Em geral, eles no so usados
nas formas contnuas ou progressivas: Mary prefers jazz to pop music.
seem: parecer
I dont like this situation.
(Eu no estou gostando desta situao.) That movie seems to be excellent.
What do you want?
understand: entender, compreender
(O que voc est querendo?)
I dont understand a word she says.
Esses verbos sero estudados no tpico 22, a seguir.
Outros no so geralmente usados nas formas
progressivas:
MINITEST agree: concordar
I dont agree with what youre saying.
Complete as frases com o Present Progressive
dos verbos que voc encontra no boxe abaixo. like: gostar (de)
Escolha cada verbo pelo contexto e observe a I dont like this situation.
formao desse tempo verbal: am/are/is + need: precisar (de)
She needs our help.
ing form do verbo principal.
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8. Eles esto precisando de ajuda. They need help.
State Action
(Non-progressive) (Progressive) 9. O que ele est querendo? What does he want?
10. Ela est pensando em voc. Shes thinking about you.
1 estar tendo 2 comer,
beber
ter, possuir Im having trouble with
23. Tempos verbais: Simple Past
verbos regulares
have They have a lot of the car.
money. We are having
breakfast now. Call me
A maioria dos verbos em ingls faz o passado e o
later, please.
particpio passado de forma regular, pelo acrscimo de
-ed sua forma bsica:
entender o que algum
ouvir
diz
hear I cant hear a word hes to work worked worked
Youre not hearing me.
saying.
I said No!
to wash washed washed
estar amando,
amar, ter amor por to call called called
love achando timo
She loves children.
Im loving this book.
Esta forma nica para todas as pessoas, no
1 encontrar com, estar variando na terceira pessoa do singular:
1 ver 2 entender
com 2 ter consulta com
I see my mother every I/ you/ he/ she/
Im seeing my worked, washed, called
see day. it/ we/ you/ they
girlfriend tonight.
Now I see what you
Jane is seeing the
mean. Os verbos que tm formas semelhantes s dos verbos
dentist tomorrow.
em portugus, em geral de origem latina, so regulares:
cheirar, experimentar o
cheirar, ter cheiro cheiro de to protest protested protested
smell This cheese smells Im smelling the
to construct constructed constructed
bad/awful. cheese and I think we
should not eat it.
Mas muitos dos verbos mais comuns no so de
origem latina e so irregulares, com formas prprias de
provar, experimentar o
ter gosto ou sabor de passado e particpio passado:
gosto ou sabor de
This pineapple tastes
taste Im tasting the best
good/sweet/delicious/ to see saw seen
pineapple in the world.
like sugar.
Delicious! to go went gone
achar, ter certa opinio pensar, meditar Duas listas com as formas de passado e particpio
think (= feel) What are you thinking passado dos verbos irregulares so dadas nos tpicos
I think youre wrong. about?
25 e 26.
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To decide decided
to go went to do did
Quando o verbo terminar em -y precedido de
consoante, troca-se o y por i e acrescenta-se -ed: to see saw to come came
To stop stopped
Regular to help helped helped
O mesmo acontece com verbos de mais de uma slaba,
Irregular to buy bought bought
desde que a ltima seja a slaba tnica:
Irregular to eat ate eaten
to prefer preferred to occur occurred
O particpio passado necessrio para a formao dos
to permit permitted to refer referred
tempos perfeitos (Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future
Perfect etc.) e tambm da voz passiva, assuntos que
MINITEST
1. Oscar Niemeyer
worked
hard all his life, and died at age 104.
2. Freud the human mind. studied Complete as frases com o Simple Past dos
3. Freud to dreams as the royal road to the verbos irregulares entre parnteses.
unconscious. referred
1. I keep six honest serving-men, they me all I . (to
4. Archimedes in Syracuse, on the island of Sicily, teach; to know) taught; knew
when it was a colony of Greece. lived
2. In 1876 Henry Alexander Wickman rubber tree seeds
from the Amazonian jungle. (to steal) stole
5. Edwin Hubble that galaxies are moving away from
each other. discovered
3. Archimedes himself probably never about the eureka
episode. (to write) wrote
6. NASA to know how to clean water in more extreme
situations. wanted
4. I homesick for everything and everybody, Amyr
Klink . (to feel; to say) felt; said
7. Astronauts a way to cleanse the water they take up
into space. needed
8. The old Chinese 5. The youngest son and after a few seconds he the
called; presented answer. (to think; to find) thought; found
his sons and them a challenge.
9. The youngest son of the rich old man a candle and
a match. showed; lighted 6. The oldest son to the market and some straw. (to
go; to buy) went; bought
10. The whole dark room with a warm glow. filled
7. Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa the new capital of
verbos irregulares
8. I a movie about Freuds work and how it to a better
saw; led
understanding of the human mind. (to see; to lead)
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25. Verbos irregulares
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
go went gone ir
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
1
As duas formas so possveis. 6
As duas formas (learned ou learnt) pronunciam-se /l nt/, rimando com burned/burnt.
2
A forma dreamt pronuncia-se /dremt/. 7
No confundir com as formas regulares lie lied lied: mentir.
3
A forma gotten usada em ingls norte-americano. 8
No presente, read rima com need; no passado e no particpio passado rima com bed.
4
No confundir com as formas regulares hang hanged hanged: 9
Sew pronuncia-se /s /, rimando com go.
enforcar. 10
No confundir com as formas regulares shine shined shined: polir, lustrar.
5
A forma leapt pronuncia-se /lept/ e rima com kept. 11
As duas formas so possveis.
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
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Presente Passado Particpio passado Traduo
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27. Tempos verbais: Simple Past
formas negativa e interrogativa
d. A horseshoe magnet has one pole. (two poles)
A horseshoe magnet doesnt have one pole. It has two
poles.
A forma interrogativa dos verbos (regulares ou
e. We read too much. (too little)
irregulares) no passado feita com a colocao de did We dont read too much. We read too little.
(passado do verbo auxiliar do) no incio da pergunta para
todas as pessoas, ficando o verbo principal na forma bsica.
f. Henry Wickman smuggled coffee seeds out of Brazil.
(rubber tree seeds)
Exemplo com verbo regular (to work):
Henry Wickman didnt smuggle coffee seeds out of
Did I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they work yesterday? Brazil. He smuggled rubber tree seeds out of Brazil.
I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they did not/didnt work The man was walking along the beach at sunrise.
yesterday. (O homem estava caminhando pela praia ao nascer do sol.)
I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they did not/didnt go there Para obter a forma negativa, basta acrescentar not
depois de was/were:
yesterday.
He was not/wasnt running along the beach.
(Ele no estava correndo pela praia.)
MINITESTS
Para obter a forma interrogativa, coloca-se was/were
1. Complete as perguntas com do, does ou did: no incio da pergunta:
a. NASA send a robotic spacecraft to Mars in 2012? Did Was the man walking along the beach at sunrise?
(O homem estava caminhando pela praia ao nascer do sol?)
b. Amyr Klink think the sea is an obstacle? Does
c. Archimedes find the answer to the problem of the Usos do Past Progressive
kings crown? Did
d. opposite poles attract each other? Do O Past Progressive Tense usado para indicar:
e. the yeast in bread dough consume sugar? Does ao que estava se desenvolvendo em determinado
momento no passado:
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MINITEST Para obter a forma negativa, basta acrescentar not
depois de will/shall:
Great Moments In the History of Science I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they will not/wont go to school
tomorrow.
Will I/ you/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they see that tomorrow?
1. Archimedes a tricky problem concerning the kings
2. Alexander Fleming the antibiotic penicillin when he Uso das formas do futuro
the bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases.
(to discover; to study) discovered; was studying Will indica uma ao, um acontecimento ou uma
3. Wilhem Rntgen the properties of various types of previso quanto ao futuro:
vacuum tube when he X-rays. (to investigate; to The future will bring wonderful things.
discover) was investigating; discovered (O futuro trar coisas maravilhosas.)
4. Isaac Newton under an apple tree when he an apple Who will win the next World Cup?
fall and a flash of inspiration about universal gravity. (Quem ganhar a prxima Copa do Mundo?)
(to sit; to see; to have) was sitting; saw; had
Will tambm usado para fazer pedidos, na forma
interrogativa, com you:
2. am/are/is + going to + forma bsica do verbo Ive opened the box. What shall I do now?
principal: (Eu j abri a caixa. O que farei/devo fazer agora?)
We shall overcome someday. [estilo potico ou formal] Were having a barbecue in the park.
(Venceremos um dia.) (Vamos fazer um churrasco no parque.)
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MINITEST Forma interrogativa: o verbo vai para o incio da
pergunta, dispensando o uso de do/does/did.
4. I have a challenge for you, said the rich old man. I So verbos defectivos, sem infinitivo, sem particpio
the son who is the most intelligent. (will reward) (am passado, sem forma em -ing e sem futuro. Nesses casos,
rewarding) (am going to reward) so substitudos por verbos ou locues verbais com o
5. do me a favor? get me a glass of water? (Shall I; mesmo sentido. Assim, para dizer, por exemplo:
6. Im getting tired. have a break now? (Will you) (Shall Eu tive de: I had to (como passado de must)
we) (Will I) Ele poder, ter permisso de: he will be allowed to (como
7. A magnet pointed at a clip it jump up from a table futuro de may)
MINITEST
9. That knife is sharp. If youre not careful, you
yourself. (will cut) (are cutting) (youre going to cut)
30. Verbos auxiliares Modal por cada modal verb em destaque nas frases
Auxiliary Verbs
a seguir.
1. Amyr Klink can speak several foreign languages.
Alm dos verbos auxiliares be, have e do, usados na (capacidade) (permisso) (possibilidade)
formao dos tempos progressivos, perfeitos, voz passiva,
negaes e interrogaes, existe o grupo dos modal
2. Without The Interpretation of Dreams, Psychology
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7. One of the greatest lessons we learn from history is No, Im sorry but you cant.
that the world will change more in the 21st century (No, sinto muito, mas no pode.)
8. A magnet is a metal that can pull pieces of iron toward linguagem mais formal.
10. You must eat to live. You must not live to eat. incrivelmente rpido.)
31. Modal Auxiliary Verbs conseguiu fazer algo, nas frases afirmativas no se usa
can, could
could. Nesse caso, em lugar de could, usa-se was/were
able to, managed to ou succeeded in.
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1. But Charlie, I never knew you sing so beautifully, Outro uso de may, prprio da linguagem formal, para
someone exclaimed. (will could should may) pedir permisso. Compare-o com can:
3.
Yes, you may. No, you may not.* (Sim, pode. No, no pode.)
you live without the Internet? (Can Does Have
6. give me a kiss? the same boy asked the same girl. Might pouco usado para indicar permisso, a no ser
(Could I Can you Should I Will I) em relatos do discurso indireto.
7. Of course I , Ive got lips, answered the clever I asked Mr. Smith if I might borrow his dictionary.
little girl. But I , I dont want to. Youre just a kid. (Eu perguntei ao sr. Smith se eu podia pegar emprestado seu
(could; couldnt wont; will can; wont could; dicionrio.)
alguma.)
the statue of Christ the Redeemer on top of Corcovado
mountain. (could were able to can
will be able to)
(Pode at nevar.)
May Would Cant)
6. How
Veja mais exemplos:
Math be so universal? With the language of
numbers we explain many of the mysteries of the
Com boa possibilidade de acontecer: universe. (may; may can; can might; might will;
dinheiro.)
from homesickness, but you not feel lonely, said
Amyr Klink to the reporter. (can; can; can will; will;
Possibilidade mais remota: may will; may; will might; might; may)
He is a rich man. He might even give you the money. 8. John has been acting strangely these days. I think he
(Ele um homem rico. Pode ser at que ele te d o dinheiro.) be depressed. (can will wont might)
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9. Without Freuds work, modern scientific study not MINITEST
be finding the insights about mental illness. (can
could will might)
Sublinhe o modal verb que completa
10. Im not sure but I go to the mall after class. Would you adequadamente cada frase abaixo.
like to come with me? (will wont may would)
1. Within 50 years the computer probably be a thing of
shall, would
2. you like a cup of coffee? (Will Shall Would May)
Will/Would you come here, please? 7. The tears shed by the Moon flood the universe. (will
(Voc quer/poderia vir aqui, por favor?)
may would shall)
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Uma ordem: 5. She knows everything about biotechnology. She be
The doctor: You must stop smoking immediately.
wrong. (must cant mustnt)
(O mdico: Voc deve/tem de parar de fumar 6. You
imediatamente.)
be a scientist to know that the proper way to eat
freshly baked bread is with plenty of butter and jam.
Um conselho:
(must mustnt dont have to should)
A friend: You should stop smoking. Cigarettes are bad for you.
7. You go on a diet. Remember, you eat to live. You
(Um amigo: Voc devia/deveria parar de fumar. Cigarros
live to eat. (should; must; mustnt) (ought to; could;
fazem mal a voc.)
should) (must; shouldnt; might) (can; could; should)
Proibio:
preposies e de certas conjunes
You mustnt talk loud in a library.
(Voc no deve/pode falar alto em uma biblioteca.) Em contraste com o que acontece em portugus, os
verbos depois de preposio (for, of, by, with, without
Ausncia de necessidade:
etc.) no so usados no infinitivo, mas no gerndio:
You dont have to rent a car. Ill lend you mine.
(Voc no tem de/precisa alugar um carro. Eu te empresto o You should not expose yourself to the suns rays without
meu.) using some sunscreen.
(Voc no deve se expor aos raios do sol sem usar filtro solar.)
Must tambm usado para expressar uma concluso
lgica, uma deduo, algo que deve ser verdade, em face O mesmo acontece com verbos usados depois de certas
das evidncias: conjunes, como when, before, after, while etc.
My sister is a basketball player. The elderly man fell down while getting off the bus.
She must be very tall. Or you must be a big liar. (O idoso caiu quando descia/ao descer do nibus.)
( Minha irm jogadora de basquete.
Quando usada depois da preposio by (sem traduo,
Ela deve ser muito alta. Ou voc deve ser um grande
neste caso), a forma verbal terminada em -ing expressa a
mentiroso.)
maneira como a ao praticada:
O sentido contrrio ao de must, neste caso, dado por
The gases trap heat by forming a blanket around the Earth
cant:
like the glass of a greenhouse.
She cant be short. (Os gases prendem o calor formando um cobertor em volta
(Ela no pode ser baixa.)
da Terra como o vidro de uma estufa.)
MINITEST
MINITEST
Sublinhe os modal auxiliary verbs que
Complete as frases com os verbos adequados,
completam as frases adequadamente.
escolhendo-os do quadro.
1. Jodie can speak several foreign languages. She be
spending wandering reading helping working
clever. (shouldnt ought must)
2. You know you talk in a loud voice inside a church. surfing taking leaving becoming paying
(dont have to must mustnt)
3. You 1. You should not go to the beach without a beach
umbrella. taking
repeat the question. Its very clear now. (dont
have to must mustnt)
4. Sunlight can be dangerous, so those people to be 2. Instead of all your money on silly things, you should
careful. (ought should must) try to save some of it. spending
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3. Polar bears run the risk of extinct. becoming MINITEST
4. Dont forget to turn off the lights before
leaving
the room.
10. While by the Amazon forest, Jaci, the silver moon, 4. Our knowledge of the Universe constantly . (to
expand Present Progressive) is; expanding
happened to meet the golden Sun. wandering
5. In the last hundred years, we
I am finishing the report now. 9. When we finally got to the airport, the plane . So we
(Eu estou terminando o relatrio agora.)
was taking off
missed our flight. (to take off Past Progressive)
Past Progressive: 10. Mary showed me a copy of the poem she . (to write
Past Perfect) had written
I was finishing the report when you called.
(Eu estava terminando o relatrio quando voc ligou.)
Future Progressive:
37. Tempos verbais Past Perfect
I will be finishing the report when you come tomorrow. O Past Perfect (had + particpio passado do verbo
(Eu estarei terminando o relatrio quando voc vier amanh.) principal) usado para expressar a primeira de duas aes
ocorridas em ocasies diferentes, ambas no passado. Para
Para a formao dos tempos perfeitos, usa-se o verbo
indicar a que aconteceu antes, usa-se o verbo no Past
auxiliar to have + particpio passado do verbo principal.
Perfect. Para indicar a ao que ocorreu depois, usa-se o
Assim:
verbo no Simple Past.
Present Perfect:
I was late and when I got to the office the meeting had begun.
I have finished the report. Here it is. (Eu estava atrasado e, quando cheguei ao escritrio, a
(Eu terminei o relatrio. Aqui est ele.) reunio tinha comeado.)
Past Perfect:
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2. 2012 was not the first time Madonna performed in Nesse caso, o Present Perfect pode corresponder ao
Brazil. She here before. (to be) had been presente do indicativo em portugus:
3. Jack showed me a copy of the letter he to the A equipe brasileira de futebol vencedora desde 1958./h
President. (to send) had sent mais de 50 anos.
Nesse caso, o Present Perfect no apresenta 1 Clint Eastwood has made several movies about violent
dificuldade, podendo ser traduzido palavra por palavra:
heroes.
A equipe brasileira de futebol tem ganhado muitas copas e 2 Ive lost my keys! How can I get home now?
ttulos.
1 The Rolling Stones have been to Brazil more than once.
Muitas vezes, porm, esse tempo verbal expressa uma
ao praticada em um passado recente, indeterminado, 3 That teacher has worked with teenagers since she was
com importantes reflexos no presente: young.
Brazil has won the game! Brazil is the world champion! 3 Ive had my old car for over ten years.
Nesse caso, o Present Perfect deve ser traduzido pelo 2 Ive made some coffee. Would you like a cup?
pretrito perfeito em portugus:
O Brasil ganhou o jogo! O Brasil o campeo mundial! 39. Usos do Present Perfect (I)
Aqui o importante no quando a ao ocorreu, mas
a ao em si e seus reflexos no presente: Como vimos, o Present Perfect usado para
expressar uma ao praticada vrias vezes num passado
O Brasil o campeo do mundo!
no determinado e que ainda acontece no presente.
Sempre que o tempo passado for determinado, usa-se
I have seen Roberto Carlos on TV several times.
o Simple Past, que indica uma ao completa, terminada,
(Eu tenho visto Roberto Carlos na TV vrias vezes.)
sem ligaes com o presente.
Se, entretanto, a ao tiver acontecido num passado
Brazil won its first World Cup in Sweden in 1958.
determinado, usa-se o verbo no Simple Past:
(O Brasil ganhou sua primeira Copa do Mundo na Sucia em
1958.) I saw Roberto Carlos on TV last month.
O Present Perfect tambm usado para indicar (Eu vi Roberto Carlos na TV no ms passado.)
uma ao iniciada num certo ponto do passado e em
desenvolvimento no presente. Nesse caso, usam-se as
MINITEST
preposies since (desde) ou for (h, faz tempo), a
primeira indicando o ponto de incio da ao e a segunda
quanto tempo transcorreu desde o incio da ao at o
Complete as frases com o Present Perfect ou o
presente.
Simple Past dos verbos entre parnteses.
two or three cups of coffee today. (to have) have had
The Brazilian soccer team has been a winner since 1958./for
1. I
over 50 years. 2. I four cups of coffee yesterday. (to have) had
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3. Columbus She is an actress. She has been an actress since the 1950s/
for over 60 years.
more than one voyage from Spain to the
New World. (to make) made
(Ela atriz. Ela atriz desde os anos 50/h mais de 60
any good movies recently? (to see) Have; seen
anos.)
4. you
5. Crime and violence in the news almost every day
these days. (to be) have been
MINITESTS
40. Usos do Present Perfect (II) 1. Complete com o Present Perfect ou o Simple
Como j vimos, o Present Perfect usado para
Past dos verbos entre parnteses.
expressar uma ao que aconteceu em um passado a. Columbus the New World in 1492. (to reach) reached
indeterminado, destacando o fato em si e suas b. The Indians to the American continent some twenty-
consequncias para o momento presente. five thousand years ago. (to migrate) migrated
My watch has stopped. I dont know what time it is now. c. They on the continent for about twenty-five
(Meu relgio parou. Eu no sei que horas so agora.) thousand years. (to be) have been
presente:
web of roads, highways, shipping lanes, flight paths,
and fiber-optic cables. We are on the verge of being
Fernanda Montenegro has been an actress since the 1950s/ able to reengineer ourselves.
for over 60 years. (From: TOLER, Pamela D. Mankind: The Story of All of Us.
60 anos.)
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1. Already: j. I havent eaten, yet Im not hungry.
(Eu no comi, no entanto no estou com fome.)
Im not hungry. I have already eaten.
(No estou com fome. Eu j comi.) 4. Just: no tem traduo prpria. usado entre have/
has e o particpio passado do verbo principal para indicar
Normalmente, esse advrbio usado em contexto
uma ao que acabou de acontecer.
afirmativo, mas pode aparecer tambm em algumas
perguntas, quando, alm do sentido de j, houver outro I have just eaten.
implcito: (Acabei de comer.)
quando a pergunta revela espanto, surpresa; nesses 5. Never: nunca. usado em oraes negativas que
casos o advrbio aparece no final: dispensam o not. uma palavra essencialmente negativa:
Have you eaten already? Its only 6 oclock! I have never eaten raw fish.
(Voc j comeu? Mas ainda so 6 horas!) (Eu nunca comi peixe cru.)
yet; already
crianas j chegaram? Sim, elas j esto aqui.)
Outros usos (menos comuns) de ever e. Have you seen that great movie ? (Voc j viu aquele
grande filme?) yet
Em afirmaes ou palavras compostas (sempre):
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Present, Present Progressive ou Present Como gerndio, aps certos verbos, equivalendo ao
Perfect. O primeiro para falar de aes que infinitivo, em portugus.
acontecem em um presente amplo ou em um You should avoid swimming after eating.
futuro imediato, o segundo para falar do que (Voc deve evitar nadar aps as refeies/comer.)
Jane is swimming now. H ainda outros verbos que podem ser seguidos de
(Jane est nadando agora.) gerndio ou de infinitivo, mas com sentidos diferentes.
Compare:
Como gerndio, para expressar o sujeito da orao,
equivalendo a um substantivo em portugus, mas sendo forget + gerund: esquecer-se de (algo que j passou)
geralmente traduzido pelo infinitivo. Ill never forget going to school for the first time.
Swimming is good for your health. forget + infinitive: esquecer-se de (algo que ainda vir)
(Nadar/Natao faz bem sade.) You must not forget to call Mr. Smith. He is expecting your
Como gerndio, para expressar o objeto da orao, call.
tambm podendo equivaler a um substantivo ou a um remember + gerund: lembrar-se de (algo que j passou)
infinitivo. I still remember sailing into Guanabara Bay for the first time.
I love swimming. How can anyone forget that?
(Eu adoro nadar/natao.)
remember + infinitive: lembrar-se de (algo que
Como gerndio, depois de preposies (before, ainda vir)
after, for, of, without etc.), equivalendo ao infinitivo, em Please remember to answer that letter. Its urgent.
portugus.
stop + gerund: parar de, deixar de
Jane always washes her hair after swimming. You know you must stop smoking. Its bad for you.
(Jane sempre lava os cabelos depois de nadar.)
stop + infinitive: parar (uma certa atividade) para
Como adjetivo, qualificando o substantivo seguinte. fazer outra
That campground has a swimming area. He was working hard, then he stopped for a minute to have
(Aquele camping tem uma rea para nadar.) a cup of tea.
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try + gerund: experimentar, fazer uma experincia 2. Para expressar acrscimo de ideias:
If you dont like mat, try adding some lime drops to it.
and: e; as well as: bem como, assim como
try + infinitive: tentar, fazer um esforo
They visited Ouro Preto and/as well as Mariana.
You must try to get to work on time. The boss is not happy
about it. both and: tanto quanto
Not only the restaurants but also the hotels were full.
Sublinhe as formas entre parnteses que
3. Para expressar alternativa:
substituem adequadamente os .
either or: ou ou
1. I still remember her for the first time. How could I
ever forget that? (to kiss kissing) I think Sean Connery is either American or English, Im not
2. I must remember those bills. Please remind me to sure which.
pay them, OK? (to pay paying) or: ou
3. is my uncles favorite hobby. (To fish Fishing) Call me tonight or tomorrow.
4. I tried you yesterday but I couldnt. The line was 4. Para expressar negao:
6. Do you mind the window, please? Its cold in here. 5. Para expressar condio:
if: se
(closing to close)
9. Kids enjoy video games. (playing to play) Jane will pass, as long as/provided (that) she studies hard.
10. We much about the Moon and Mars, but avoid unless: a menos que, a no ser que
the street to meet a new neighbor. (know knowing) Paul wont work for them unless they sign that contract.
after: depois que Amyr Klink spent one hundred days alone, but/yet he didnt
feel lonely.
After I finish my homework, Im going straight to bed.
even though: mais enftico, mas com o mesmo
as/when/while: quando; enquanto sentido de although ou though: muito embora
Jack called as/when/while I was leaving. Even though Amyr Klink spent one hundred days alone, he
didnt feel lonely.
before: antes que
* Compare com in spite of ou despite (apesar
Joe lived in London before he came to Brazil.
de, a despeito de), que so preposies seguidas de
until/till: at que substantivo:
We will wait here until/till the rain stops. In spite of/Despite Janes efforts, she didnt pass.
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however/in spite of that*/nevertheless: contudo, 8. The largest magnet in the world is the Earth itself,
todavia, apesar disso the hot nickel and iron at its core pull everything
10. Para expressar propsito, finalidade: actual: verdadeiro, real atual: present
so that/so: de modo que, para que, a fim de que actuality: realidade, fato atualidade: present, present
time
He killed the deer so that/so he could have something to eat.
actually: na verdade, realmente atualmente: at
11. Para expressar modo: present, today
as: como addiction: dependncia, vcio adio, soma, acrscimo:
Do exactly as I say. addition
as if/as though: como se advice: conselho(s) aviso (por escrito): notice; (oral):
announcement; advertncia: warning
He looked as if/as though he had seen a ghost.
advise: 1. aconselhar, recomendar; 2. avisar
1. Science is not an arrival, a journey. (after) anthem: hino antena: aerial; antenna
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beef: carne bovina bife: steak, beefsteak inhabit: habitar habit existe como substantivo (hbito),
mas no como verbo (habitar) ilha inabitada: desert
candid: franco, sincero, direto cndido: pure, innocent
island, uninhabited island
cigar: charuto cigarro: cigarette
inhabitant: habitante o substantivo habitant no existe
collar: 1. colarinho; 2. coleira colar (substantivo):
injure: machucar, ferir injuriar, insultar: insult
necklace; passar cola em (verbo): paste, glue; copiar na
escola (verbo): crib injury: ferimento, leso injria, insulto: insult
college: faculdade colgio: high school intend: pretender, tencionar entender: understand
comprehensive: completo, abrangente, no resumido lamp: luminria lmpada eltrica: light bulb
compreensivo: understanding
large: grande largo: wide; broad
compromise: acordo (com concesses mtuas)
lecture: conferncia, palestra leitura: reading
compromisso, obrigao assumida: commitment;
compromisso com hora marcada: appointment library: biblioteca livraria: bookstore, bookshop
costume: roupa especial, como clown costume: roupa de magazine: revista magazine, loja: store, shop,
palhao; witch costume: fantasia de bruxa; national department store
costume: traje nacional costumes, hbitos (coletivos):
malice: mal, maldade, rancor malcia, marotice: mischief
customs; costumes, hbitos (individuais): habits
malicious: maldoso, mal-intencionado malicioso
customs: 1. alfndega; 2. impostos alfandegrios
(maroto): mischievous; (picante) naughty
costumes, hbitos (coletivos): customs; costumes,
hbitos (individuais): habits mayor: prefeito maior: bigger; larger; greater
disgust: nojo, repugnncia desgosto: grief miserable: 1. muito infeliz; muito triste; 2. horrvel, muito
desagradvel miservel, avaro, mesquinho: stingy,
educated: instrudo, culto bem-educado, de boas
mean, cheap; Seu miservel!: You bastard!
maneiras: polite, well-bred
misery: 1. extrema infelicidade; grande sofrimento; 2. misria,
education: educao, instruo, formao acadmica
extrema pobreza misria, avareza: stinginess, meanness
educao, boas maneiras: politeness, good manners
notice (substantivo): 1. ateno, observao; 2. aviso
epidemic (substantivo e adjetivo): epidemia o
(por escrito) notcia: news
substantivo epidemy no existe
notice (verbo): notar, perceber noticiar: report, inform
eventually: por fim, finalmente eventualmente:
accidentally, occasionally novel: romance novela: soap (opera)
exit: sada xito: success ordinary: comum ordinrio, grosseiro: vulgar, coarse
expert: perito, especialista esperto: smart, clever ore: minrio ouro: gold
formidable: impressionante, respeitvel, assustador petrol: (GB) gasolina (= gas ou gasoline, nos EUA)
formidvel, fantstico: fantastic, awesome petrleo: oil, petroleum
genial: 1. (pessoa) jovial, cordial, bem-disposta; 2. (tempo, physician: mdico fsico: physicist
clima) ameno genial: brilliant
plant: 1. planta (botnica); 2. usina, fbrica planta
hazard: risco, perigo azar: bad luck (arquitetura): plan
influenza (abreviatura: flu): gripe influncia: influence policy: poltica, linha de ao, norma de conduta
polcia: police; poltica (cincia): politics
ingenious: engenhoso, criativo, inventivo ingnuo:
nave, ingenuous prejudice: preconceito prejuzo: harm; damage
(financeiro): loss
ingenuity: engenhosidade, criatividade, inventividade
ingenuidade: navety, navet presently: 1. logo, daqui a pouco; 2. (EUA) presentemente
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pretend: fingir pretender, tencionar: intend 1. He has amassed a lot of information about other
principal: 1. (adjetivo) principal; 2. (substantivo, EUA)
politicians.
diretor de escola
acumulou
Ele muitas informaes sobre outros polticos.
private: 1. (adjetivo) particular; 2. (adjetivo) privado; 3.
(substantivo) soldado raso privada: toilet
2. Penlope Cruz speaks English with a slight Spanish
accent.
prospect: perspectiva, possibilidade prospecto: leaflet,
flyer/flier
Penlope Cruz fala ingls com um leve espanhol.
sotaque
push: empurrar puxar: pull
3. Actuality can be stranger than fiction.
realize: 1. perceber, compreender; dar-se conta de; 2. A pode ser mais estranha do que a fico. realidade
realizar, concretizar 4. My parents never argue. They live in harmony.
resume: recomear, retomar resumir: summarize, sum up
pais; discutem
Os meus nunca . Eles vivem em harmonia.
scholar: erudito, letrado, estudioso escolar: (adjetivo)
school; (substantivo) schoolboy/schoolgirl
5. That library has a large collection of rare books.
sensible: 1. sensato, ajuizado; 2. sensvel, perceptvel Aquela tem uma coleo de livros raros.
biblioteca; grande
sensvel, delicado, melindroso: sensitive 6. He is not strong enough to push that truck.
silicon: silcio silicone: silicone
Ele no forte o suficiente para aquele caminho.
sort: tipo, espcie sorte: good luck empurrar
7.
subject: 1. assunto, matria; 2. (gramtica) sujeito
What was the actual reason for that meeting?
sujeito, pessoa: fellow; (GB) chap, bloke; (EUA) guy Qual foi a razo para aquela reunio? verdadeira
succeed: 1. conseguir, ter sucesso; 2. suceder (a), vir 8. Professor Dawkins gave a series of lectures last week.
depois (de)
O Professor Dawkins deu uma de na semana passada.
support: 1. (peso) suportar, sustentar; 2. sustentar srie; palestras
(financeiramente); 3. apoiar (uma pessoa); 4. torcer
9. I intended to attend one of those lectures, but I
(por um time) suportar, aguentar, tolerar: stand,
couldnt come.
tutor: professor(a) particular tutor(a) (responsvel por 14. Einstein was not a physician. He was a physicist.
menor): guardian
Einstein no era . Ele era fsico. mdico
ultimately: em ltima anlise ultimamente: lately, recently
15. No physician would ever advise anyone to smoke a
TESTS
cigar.
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17. There are some notices on the board. I advise all of 32. Racial prejudice is still a problem in many countries.
you to read them.
preconceito
O racial ainda um problema em muitos pases.
avisos; aconselho
H alguns no quadro. Eu todos vocs a l-los.
33. The boss wants a comprehensive report of the
18. We had a private conversation and he gave me some situation.
good advice.
completo/abrangente
O patro quer um relatrio da situao.
Ns tivemos uma conversa e ele me deu alguns bons .
particular; conselhos 34. Pride and Prejudice is a great novel by Jane Austen.
19. The principal has an appointment with a renowned
Orgulho e um grande de autoria de Jane Austen.
preconceito; romance
physician at 9.
21. His appointment was well received by all. 36. Honesty is the best policy.
A dele foi bem recebida por todos. nomeao A honestidade a melhor . poltica
22. When they realized their mistake, it was too late. 37. They had to face hazards of all sorts in that mission.
Quando eles seu erro, era tarde demais. perceberam Eles tiveram de enfrentar de todos os naquela
misso. riscos/perigos; tipos
23. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem.
nacional britnico. hino
38. The boy was excited at the prospect of getting a bike
Deus Salve a Rainha o
for Christmas.
24. A sensible person would never do such a foolish thing.
O garoto estava com a de ganhar uma bicicleta no
Uma pessoa nunca faria tamanha tolice. sensata Natal. empolgado; perspectiva
25. Dont worry. The thieves will be arrested presently. 39. Minas Gerais is rich in iron ore.
No se preocupe. Os ladres sero . presos; logo Minas Gerais rico em de ferro. minrio
26. They wanted to leave the theater, but they couldnt 40. Actually we dont own a house. We pay rent. We are
find the exit. tenants.
27. The new nuclear plant will be on operation presently. 41. Mrs. Todds tenant was injured in a car accident.
28. We stopped our work at 7 oclock and resumed it an 42. He suffered several injuries and is now in a private clinic.
hour later.
Ele sofreu diversos e agora est em uma clnica .
Ns paramos o nosso trabalho s 7 horas e o uma ferimentos/leses; particular
hora depois. recomeamos 43. You will be trying to get into college next year. I hope
youll succeed.
29. Jack and Judie eventually reached a compromise: he
Vocs tentaro entrar na no prximo ano. Espero
que vocs . faculdade; consigam
washed the dishes and she dried them.
31. Blankets are generally made of woollen fabric. 45. I know how you feel. I sympathize.
de l. tecido
estou do seu lado/estou com voc
Os cobertores so geralmente feitos de Eu sei como voc se sente. Eu .
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46. The explorers were lost in the desert. They had no 59. When you are seasick you get to know what misery is.
compass.
Quando voc est nauseado, fica sabendo o que .
Os exploradores estavam perdidos no deserto. Eles infelicidade/grande sofrimento
no tinham . bssola 60. The principal is a genial person, always smiling and
pleasant and she has some brilliant ideas.
47. My sympathies (on the death of your brother).
(pela morte do seu irmo). psames
A uma pessoa , sempre sorridente e agradvel, e
tem algumas ideias geniais. diretora; simptica
Meus
48. Men wear collars on their shirts; dogs wear collars, too.
61. He thinks I hate him, but actually I bear him no
Os homens usam nas camisas; os cachorros usam malice.
tambm. colarinhos; coleiras
Ele pensa que eu o odeio, mas
na verdade; mal
eu no lhe quero .
49. Teachers are ordinary people.
62. That is not true. Its a malicious lie.
Os professores so pessoas . comuns
maldosa/mal-intencionada
Isso no verdade. uma mentira .
50. My son is an apt student. He learns quickly.
63. Silicon Valley, California, is the worlds
Meu filho um aluno . Ele aprende rapidamente.
habilidoso/ inteligente
semiconductor center. Silicon chips are used in
electronic systems.
51. I dont know much about petrol, but my uncle is an
expert on the subject.
O Vale do , na Califrnia, o centro mundial
Eu no sei muito sobre , mas meu tio um no . de semicondutores. As pastilhas de (ou
gasolina; especialista; assunto semicondutores) so usadas em sistemas eletrnicos.
52. A careless driver is apt to have accidents. Silcio; silcio
64. Wheat, rice, coffee, soya, and sugar are agricultural
propenso
Um motorista descuidado est a sofrer acidentes. commodities.
53. He turned on the lamp and started reading a
mercadorias agrcolas/bens de consumo
Trigo, arroz, caf, soja e acar so .
magazine he had borrowed from the library.
65. My aunt used to be a tutor in Math but she retired last
Ele ligou a e comeou a ler uma que ele tinha
pegado emprestado na . luminria; revista; biblioteca
year.
muito infelizes
Estava chovendo muito e as crianas estavam . O daquela cidade lanou um novo programa para
57. We noticed with disgust that the men were eating combater a de . prefeito; epidemia; gripe
grasshoppers.
68. I assume well have to go through customs when we
Ns com que os homens estavam comendo get to New York.
gafanhotos. notamos/percebemos; nojo/repugnncia
Eu que teremos de passar pela quando chegarmos
58. There will be no strike. The employers and the a Nova York. suponho; alfndega
employees have reached a compromise.
69. I think Paulo Coelhos latest novel is quite ordinary.
No haver greve. Os empregadores e os empregados
chegaram a um . acordo
romance; comum/sem nada de extraordinrio
Eu acho que o ltimo de Paulo Coelho bastante .
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Vocabulary
A
Aqui esto registrados apenas os significados que as palavras tm nos textos desta obra.
among: entre (vrios) bake: (p. e pp. baked) assar (no forno)
B
already: j
born: nascido; be born: nascer
although: embora, apesar de que
borrow: (p. e pp. borrowed) tomar/
amazing: incrvel backwards: (adv.) para trs pedir emprestado
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both: ambos; both ... and: tanto ... candle: vela (para luz) community: (pl. communities)
quanto comunidade
canoe: canoa
bought: (p. de buy) comprou companion: companheiro
caption: legenda (de foto, ilustrao)
bowl: tigela; vasilha carbon dioxide: dixido de carbono, compass: bssola
gs carbnico
brain: crebro compensation: compensao
careless: descuidado
Brazil nut: castanha-do-par complain: (p. e pp. complained)
cashew: caju reclamar
bread: po; a loaf of bread: um po
cause: (s.) causa; (v.) (p. e pp. caused) complaint: reclamao
break: (p. broke; pp. broken) quebrar(-se) causar
complexity: (pl. complexities)
breath: respirao; flego cell: clula; cell phone: telefone celular complexidade
bridge: ponte century: (pl. centuries): sculo
computer: computador
challenge: (s.) desafio; (v.) (p. e pp.
brief: breve, curto concept: conceito
challenged) desafiar
bright: brilhante; claro champion: campeo conceive: (p. e pp. conceived)
conceber, criar
brilliant: brilhante change: (s.) mudana; (v.) (p. e pp.
changed) mudar connect: (p. e pp. connected)
bring: (p. e pp. brought) trazer
conectar(-se)
character: 1 carter 2 personagem
broad-minded: liberal, que aceita e
charcoal: carvo vegetal connection: conexo, ligao
respeita as diferenas
charge: carga (eltrica) consciousness: conscincia
broken: quebrado; partido; desfeito
chart: grfico; tabela; quadro consume: (p. e pp. consumed)
brought: (p. de bring) trouxeram
consumir
cheap: barato; cheaper than: mais
brush: (p. e pp. brushed) escovar; barato do que consummate: (p. e pp. consummated)
brush your teeth: escovar os dentes
consumar, completar
chemical: (adj.) qumico;
bubble: bolha (s.) substncia qumica consumption: consumo
bulky: volumoso; bulkier than: mais chemist: (s.) (pessoa) qumico
volumoso do que container: recipiente
chemistry: (s.) (a cincia) Qumica
buoyancy: flutuabilidade cope: (p. e pp. coped) (with) lidar
choose: (p. chose; pp. chosen) escolher com, dar conta de
burn: (p. e pp. burned/burnt) queimar; chosen: escolhido
burn up: queimar totalmente core: centro, ncleo
chunk: pedao
business: negcio cork: rolha; cortia
circle: crculo
busy: ocupado corner: 1 canto 2 esquina
clean: (adj.) limpo; (v.) (p. e pp.
but: (conj.) mas; (prep.) exceto cleaned) (up) limpar cost: (s.) custo; (v.) (p. e pp. cost)
custar
butter: manteiga cleanse: (p. e pp. cleansed) limpar
could: (v. aux.) podia; poderia;
buy: (p. e pp. bought) comprar clever: 1 inteligente 2 esperto, vivo sabia (capacidade, possibilidade,
cling: (p. e pp. clung) aderir, grudar permisso passado ou
by-product: subproduto condicional)
cloud: nuvem
C
counterpart: pessoa ou coisa
coin: (s.) moeda; (v.) (p. e pp. coined) congnere, que corresponde a outra
cunhar; coin a term: criar uma (em funo, cargo etc.)
cake: bolo palavra ou expresso
couple: par; casal
call: (p. e pp. called) chamar; call for: collect: (p. e pp. collected) coletar,
requerer, exigir recolher cover: (p. e pp. covered) cobrir
came to be: nasceu, foi criado
come: (p. came; pp. come) 1 vir crackdown: controle rigoroso,
campaign: campanha 2 chegar; come by: passar por inspeo
can: (v. aux.) 1 poder, ter capacidade common: comum crazy: maluco
para 2 saber 3 poder, ter permisso
para 4 poder, ser possvel commonplace: comum, banal creature: criatura
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cross out: riscar, eliminar dishes: pratos, loua engineering: engenharia
crowd: multido displace: (p. e pp. displaced) deslocar enhance: (p. e pp. enhanced)
melhorar; realar
crown: coroa distracted: distrado
enjoy: (p. e pp. enjoyed) gostar;
cry: (p. e pp. cried) 1 chorar 2 gritar distrust: (p. e pp. distrusted) apreciar; desfrutar
desconfiar (de)
cure: (s.) cura; (v.) (p. e pp. cured) curar enough: (adj. e pron.) suficiente(s);
discovery: (pl. discoveries) descoberta (adv.) suficientemente, o bastante
customer: cliente, fregus
ensure: (p. e pp. ensured) assegurar,
dizzying: estonteante
D
garantir
door: porta enzyme: enzima
doubt: (s.) dvida; (v.) equal: igual
daily: (adj.) dirio
(p. e pp. doubted) duvidar
erase: (p. e pp. erased) apagar
damage: (s.) dano, estrago; (v.) (p. e dough: massa (de po)
pp. damaged) danificar, estragar eureka event/moment: momento da
dozen: dzia descoberta
danger: perigo
dream: (s.) sonho; (v.) even: at, at mesmo; not even: nem
dark: escuro (p. e pp. dreamed/dreamt) sonhar mesmo
darkness: escurido drink: (p. drank; pp. drunk) beber ever: 1 (com for) sempre 2 (com not,
nothing) nunca; than ever before:
dead: morto drive: (p. drove; pp. driven) dirigir do que nunca 3 (em perguntas) j,
(carro, caminho etc.) alguma vez
deal: (p. e pp. dealt) (with) lidar com
drown: (p. e pp. drowned) afogar-se everyday: cotidiano, de todo dia
deep: profundo
expensive: caro
drug: 1 remdio, medicamento 2 droga
defeat: (s.) derrota; (v.)
experiment: experimento
(p. e pp. defeated) derrotar dry: seco
explain: (p. e pp. explained) explicar
delete: (p. e pp. deleted) deletar, during: durante
apagar, eliminar exploration: explorao (para
duty: (pl. duties) (s.) dever conhecer mais)
depression: depresso
dying: morrendo explore: (p. e pp. explored) explorar
derive: (p. e pp. derived) derivar, (para conhecer mais)
E
originar-se
extract: (p. e pp. extracted) extrair
describe: (p. e pp. described) descrever
detect: (p. e pp. detected) detectar, eagle: guia face: (s.) face; rosto; (v.) (p. e pp.
encontrar ear: orelha faced) enfrentar
develop: (p. e pp. developed) earth: 1 (tb. Earth) (planeta) Terra fail: (p. e pp. failed) falhar, fracassar
desenvolver 2 (Geologia) terra
failure: fracasso
developing: em desenvolvimento effect: efeito
fair: (s.) feira; (adj.) justo
development: desenvolvimento effort: esforo
either... or...: ou... ou... fairy tale: conto de fadas
die: (p. e pp. died) morrer
emptiness: (s.) vazio fall: (p. fell; pp. fallen) cair
dirty: sujo
empty: (adj.) vazio famed: afamado, famoso
discover: (p. e pp. discovered)
descobrir end: (s.) fim; (v.) (p. e pp. ended) fast: (adj.) rpido; (adv.) rapidamente
terminar
discovery: (pl. discoveries) fear: (s.) medo, receio; (v.) (p. e pp.
endemic: endmico, restrito a uma
descoberta feared) temer, recear
certa regio
disease: doena endless: sem fim feat: feito, faanha, grande obra
Vocabulary 235
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feature: caracterstica forest: floresta government: governo
feel: (p. e pp. felt) sentir(-se) fortune-teller: adivinho, cartomante grade: nota; passing grade: nota
suficiente para passar de ano
feeling: 1 sentimento 2 sensao forward: para a frente, para diante
grain: gro
feet: (pl. de foot) ps found: (p. de find) achou, encontrou;
encontrado grasp: (p. e pp. grasped) agarrar
fell: (p. de fall) caiu; fell in love:
apaixonou-se foundation: fundao, base grasshopper: gafanhoto
field: campo free: (adj.) livre; (v.) (p. e pp. freed) great: grande; (the) greatest: (o) maior
libertar
fiery: de fogo, ardente groceries: produtos alimentcios
freeway: via expressa
fight: (s.) luta; briga; (v.) (p. e pp. ground: (s.) cho; solo; (v.) (p. e pp.
fought) lutar; combater (contra) French fries: batatas fritas grounded) pr de castigo
figure: algarismo fresh: fresco; fresh water: gua doce grow: (p. grew; pp. grown) crescer
file: (s.) arquivo; (v.) (p. e pp. filed) fridge: geladeira growth: crescimento
arquivar
friendship: amizade guess: (p. e pp. guessed) adivinhar
fill: (p. e pp. filled) encher
H
frightened: assustado
find: (p. e pp. found) achar, encontrar;
find out: descobrir frog: r
hair: cabelo
fine: (s.) multa; (v.) (p. e pp. fined) multar full: 1 cheio 2 total; inteiro
haircut: corte de cabelo
finger: dedo (da mo) fun: divertimento; diverso
hairy: cabeludo, peludo
fireworks: fogos de artifcio funny: divertido, engraado
haltingly: hesitantemente
first: primeiro; at first: a princpio; first further: (adj.) mais, adicional; (v.) (p.
and foremost: antes de tudo e pp. furthered) fomentar, promover ham and cheese: presunto e queijo
G
flag: bandeira hammer: martelo
flow: (p. e pp. flowed) fluir, (rio) correr gift: presente harm: mal, dano, prejuzo
flower: flor glance: (s.) olhada rpida; (v.) (p. e headless: sem cabea
pp. glanced) olhar rapidamente
fluffy: fofo health: sade
glow: brilho
fly: (p. flew; pp. flown) voar healthful: salutar
go: (p. went; pp. gone) ir; go away: ir
follow: (p. e pp. followed) seguir embora; go on: continuar healthy: sadio, saudvel
food: comida, alimento; food for goal: meta hear: (p. e pp. heard) ouvir; hear from:
thought: matria para reflexo ter notcias de
god: (pl. gods) deus; God: Deus
foot: (pl. feet) p heart: corao
golden: 1 dourado 2 de ouro
for: (prep.) 1 para 2 por; (conj.) porque heat: calor
goldsmith: ourives
for all its benefits: apesar de todos heavy: pesado; heavier than: mais
os seus benefcios good: (s.) bem; (adj.) bom pesado do que
236 Vocabulary
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heel: calcanhar information: informao; informaes landscape: paisagem
(nunca usado com s final; a piece of
help: (s.) ajuda; (v.) (p. e pp. helped) information: uma informao) language: 1 lngua, idioma 2 linguagem
ajudar
inner: interior large: grande; (the) largest: (o) maior
hero: (pl. heroes) heri
insight: (Psicologia) sbita percepo last: (adj.) ltimo
hide: (p. hid; pp. hidden) esconder
instead: em vez disso; instead of: em laugh: (p. e pp. laughed) (at) rir (de)
highlight: (p. e pp. highlighted) vez de
destacar, realar launch: (p. e pp. launched) lanar
iron: ferro
hit: (p. e pp. hit) 1 bater 2 pressionar (a laundry: lavanderia; roupa para lavar
tecla); hit upon: descobrir de repente island: ilha
law: lei
hold: (p. e pp. held) 1 segurar 2 guardar issue: assunto, questo
3 realizar lead: (s.) (jornalismo) abertura de um
J
artigo; (v.) (p. e pp. led) levar (a),
hole: buraco conduzir (a); lead a life: levar uma vida
K
human being: ser humano
leave: (p. e pp. left) 1 deixar 2 sair de,
humanity: humanidade partir; leave out: omitir, no incluir
hunt: (p. e pp. hunted) caar kidney: rim; kidney stone: pedra no rim led: (p. de lead) levou, conduziu
hunter: caador kill: (p. e pp. killed) matar left: (s. e adj.) esquerda; (p. e pp. de
leave) deixou; saiu; partiu
I
kind: (s.) tipo, espcie; (adj.) bom,
bondoso legend: lenda
Vocabulary 237
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light bulb: lmpada eltrica Mars: Marte motion: movimento
like: (v.) (p. e pp. liked) gostar de; marry: (p. e pp. married) casar(-se) motorbike: motocicleta
(prep.) 1 como 2 como, igual a
3 como se fosse 4 tal/tais como, por master: (s.) mestre; (v.) (p. e pp. mountain: montanha
exemplo; (adj.) semelhante mastered) dominar
mouth: 1 boca 2 (de rio) foz
link: (s.) elo; ligao; (v.) (p. e pp. match: (s.) fsforo; (v.) (p. e pp.
linked) ligar; relacionar matched) combinar com, fazer much like: do mesmo modo que
jogo com
literate: alfabetizado mud: lama
Math, Mathematics: Matemtica
little: (adj.) pequeno; (pron. indef.) mule: mula
pouco/a; a little: um pouco; little by mathematician: matemtico
myth: mito
little: pouco a pouco
N
matter: 1 (fs.) matria 2 assunto,
live: (p. e pp. lived) 1 viver 2 morar questo; no matter: no importa
M
apontando para o Norte
miss: (p. e pp. missed) 1 perder (o
nibus, uma aula etc.) 2 sentir nostril: narina
made up: composto, constitudo saudades de
notice: (p. e pp. noticed) notar,
magnet: magneto, m missing: que est faltando perceber
O
main: principal mistake: erro
make: (p. e pp. made) fazer; make mix: (p. e pp. mixed) misturar
sure: certificar-se, garantir que; obstacle: obstculo
make the best of: aproveitar ao mixed: misturado
mximo; make up: compor occur: (p. e pp. occurred) ocorrer,
molecule: molcula acontecer
man: (pl. men) homem
Moon: Lua octopus: polvo
manage: (p. e pp. managed)
conseguir more: mais odd word out: palavra que destoa do
grupo semntico
manioc: mandioca, aipim most: (adj. e pron.) 1 mais, a maior
parte de 2 a maioria de; (adv.) mais often: frequentemente
manufacture: (s.) fabricao; (v.) (p.
e pp. manufactured) fabricar moth: mariposa olive oil: azeite
238 Vocabulary
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only: s, apenas; the only: o nico piece: pedao (usado com alguns punish: (p. e pp. punished) punir,
substantivos no contveis, castigar
opposite: oposto especificando a unidade); a piece
of news/information/advice/music: purpose: propsito, finalidade
outer: exterior uma notcia, uma informao, um
conselho, uma msica push: (p. e pp. pushed) empurrar
outside: do lado de fora compare com pull
pill: plula
overflow: transbordamento put: (p. e pp. put) pr; put forward:
pin: alfinete apresentar, propor; put on: vestir,
overweight: acima do peso pr no corpo
pineapple: abacaxi
Q
overwhelming: avassalador; irresistvel
place: (s.) lugar; (v.) (p. e pp. placed)
P pr, colocar
quaint: 1 pitoresco, com um charme
planetary: planetrio antigo 2 antigo, fora de moda
pack: (p. e pp. packed) amontoar
plenty of: 1 muito, muitos question: pergunta; questo
package: pacote, embalagem 2 suficiente(s); mais do que
suficiente(s) quick: rpido
painting: pintura; quadro
R
pocket: bolso
palm tree: palmeira
point: (p e pp. pointed) apontar
parents: pais, pai e me compare
rabbit: coelho
com relatives poisonous: venenoso
rain: (s.) chuva; (v.) (p. e pp. rained)
parrot: papagaio pole: polo
chover
pass it on: passar adiante polymath: grande conhecedor de
rainforest: floresta tropical
vrios assuntos
passion: paixo
ran: (p. de run) correram
possess: (p. e pp. possessed) possuir
patent: (s.) patente; (v.) (p. e pp.
ratio: (Matemtica) razo, proporo
patented) patentear possession: objeto, coisa (que se
possui) reach: (s.) alcance; (v.) (p. e pp.
path: trilha, caminho
reached) alcanar; reach for: tentar
power: fora; poder pegar, alcanar
pathogens: bactrias, vrus
powerful: poderoso reactant: (Qumica) reagente
pattern: 1 padro 2 modelo
predictable: previsvel read: (p. e pp. read) ler
pay: (p. e pp. paid) pagar; pay
attention (to): prestar ateno (em/a) prediction: previso ready: pronto, preparado
peace: paz pretty: bonita; pretty soon: logo, logo realize: (p. e pp. realized) perceber,
dar-se conta de (que)
peanut: amendoim prevent: (p. e pp. prevented) prevenir,
impedir reason: (s.) razo; (v.) (p. e pp.
peasant: campons
reasoned) raciocinar
produce: (p. e pp. produced) produzir
people: 1 pessoas 2 (pl. peoples) povo recipe: receita (culinria)
professor: professor universitrio
perform: (p. e pp. performed) refreshing: refrescante
desempenhar, realizar, executar profit: lucro
regardless of: independentemente de
perhaps: talvez proper: prprio, adequado
relationship: relacionamento
PET scan: tomografia computadorizada property: (pl. properties) propriedade
relatives: parentes
phrase: 1 frase incompleta 2 locuo; proud: orgulhoso
expresso reliable: confivel
proven: comprovado
physical: (adj.) fsico relief: alvio
provide: (p. e pp. provided) prover,
physicist: (s.) fsico fornecer relieve: (p. e pp. relieved) aliviar
pick (up): (p. e pp. picked) pegar (do pull: (s.) atrao (gravitacional); remember: (p. e pp. remembered)
cho, da areia) puxo; (v.) (p. e pp. pulled) puxar lembrar-se de (que)
Vocabulary 239
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repair: (p. e pp. repaired) consertar safe: seguro; safe harbor: porto seguro set: (p. e pp. set) pr; set foot on:
pr o p em; set up: armar, montar,
repeat: (p. e pp. repeated) repetir safety: segurana estabelecer
repel: (p. e pp. repelled) repelir sail: (s.) vela; (v.) (p. e pp. sailed) several: diversos, vrios
velejar; sail away: zarpar, partir
replace: (p. e pp. replaced) substituir shack: barraco
salt: sal
reproduce: (p. e pp. reproduced) shallow: raso
reproduzir(-se) same: (the ~ as) (o) mesmo (que)
shape: (s.) forma; (v.) (p. e pp.
research: (s.) pesquisa; (v.) (p. e pp. sank: (p. de sink) afundou shaped) moldar, dar forma a
researched) pesquisar
satisfy: (p. e pp. satisfied) satisfazer share: (p. e pp. shared) compartilhar
researcher: pesquisador
save: (p. e pp. saved) 1 salvar 2 poupar, shed: (p. e pp. shed) derramar
resource: recurso economizar
shelf: (pl. shelves) prateleira
responsibility: responsabilidade say: (p. e pp. said) dizer
shirt: camisa
rest: (p. e pp. rested) descansar scan: (p. e pp. scanned) passar
os olhos em, ler em busca de short: 1 curto 2 baixo; in short: em
retreat: (p. e pp. retreated) retirar-se informaes especficas resumo
return: (p. e pp. returned) 1 retornar, scarcity: escassez
voltar 2 devolver shot: (s.) tiro
scary: assustador shown: mostrado
reveal: (p. e pp. revealed) revelar
scatter: (p. e pp. scattered) espalhar, sickness: doena
reward: (s.) recompensa; (v.) (p. e pp. dispersar
rewarded) recompensar
side: lado
scholar: erudito
rice and beans: arroz e feijo
silver: prata
school subject: disciplina escolar
rise: (p. rose; pp. risen) 1 subir
2 (sol) nascer similarity: (pl. similarities) semelhana
scorch: (p. e pp. scorched) queimar
risky: arriscado since: 1 desde 2 desde que, visto que,
search: (s.) busca; (v.) (p. e pp. porque
searched) (tb. search for) buscar,
river: rio; river bank: margem de rio
procurar single: 1 um s, nico 2 solteiro;
riverside: ribeirinho single-celled: unicelular
seasoning: tempero
road: estrada sink: (p. sank; pp. sunk) afundar
seat belt: cinto de segurana
role: papel, funo; role model: size: tamanho
secret: segredo
(pessoa) modelo a ser imitado
skill: habilidade
security: segurana
roll: (p. e pp. rolled) rolar
skim: (p. e pp. skimmed): ler
see: (p. saw; pp. seen) ver
room: 1 cmodo, quarto 2 espao superficialmente
seed: semente
roughly: aproximadamente slave: escravo
royal: real, rgio, do rei seek: (p. e pp. sought) buscar, procurar
slice: fatia; sliced bread: po fatiado
S
separate: (p. e pp. separated)
separar(-se) so: 1 to 2 por isso, portanto 3 para
que, de modo que (= so that); so
sad: triste servant: servo much: tanto/a; so many: tantos/as
sadness: tristeza serving-men: criados, empregados so that: para que, de modo que
240 Vocabulary
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society: (pl. societies) sociedade succeed: (p. e pp. succeeded) (in) thank: (p. e pp. thanked) agradecer;
conseguir, ter sucesso (em) thank God: graas a Deus; thanks to:
soft: 1 macio, mole 2 suave graas a
successful: bem-sucedido
solve: (p. e pp. solved) resolver therefore: portanto, por isso
such: tal, tais; such an object: tal
son: filho objeto; such a good movie: um filme think: (p. e pp. thought) pensar
sort: tipo to bom; such as: tal/tais como
thirsty: com sede
so that: de modo que, para que suffer: (p. e pp. suffered) sofrer
thought: (s.) pensamento; (v.) (p. e
sought: (p. e pp. de seek) buscaram, sugar: acar pp. de think) pensou
procuraram
suitable: 1 adequado 2 conveniente through: atravs de
soul: alma
Sun: Sol thus: assim, consequentemente
source: fonte (origem)
surname: sobrenome times: 1 tempos 2 vezes
South-seeking: buscando o/
apontando para o Sul survival: sobrevivncia tiny: minsculo, diminuto
space shuttle: nibus espacial suspect: (adj.) suspeito; (v.) (p. e pp. title: ttulo
suspected) suspeitar
speak: (p. spoke; pp. spoken) falar toe: dedo (do p)
swap: (p. e pp. swapped) trocar,
species: espcie (biolgica) fazer permuta together: juntos
T
pp. touched) tocar
starch: amido
tough: duro; difcil
starve: (p. e pp. starved) passar fome take: (p. took; pp. taken) 1 tomar
2 pegar 3 levar 4 tirar; take over: toward: em direo a
statement: afirmao
assumir o controle de; take turns:
trade: comrcio
steak: bife revezar; take up: ocupar
travel: (p. e pp. travel(l)ed) viajar
steal: (p. stole; pp. stolen) roubar tale: conto, histria
treatment: tratamento
step: 1 passo 2 medida, providncia tall: alto; taller than: mais alto do que
tree: rvore
still: ainda tap water: gua da torneira
tributary: (pl. tributaries) afluente
stole: (p. de steal) roubou task: tarefa
trip: viagem
stone: pedra taste: (s.) gosto, sabor; (v.) (p. e pp.
tasted) 1 ter um certo sabor 2 provar triple: triplo
storm: temporal, tempestade (comida, bebida)
truck driver: motorista de caminho
straight: reto
tasty: gostoso, saboroso
turn: (p. e pp. turned) virar; turn on/
straw: palha
taught: (p. de teach) ensinaram turn off: ligar/desligar
strawberry: (pl. strawberries) morango
tear: lgrima twentieth century: sculo vinte
strength: fora
teeth: (pl. de tooth) dentes twice: duas vezes
strong: forte
temper: temperamento; short temper: tyrant: tirano, dspota, rei que
subtle: sutil temperamento irascvel domina arbitrariamente seu povo
Vocabulary 241
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U W wild: selvagem
understand: (p. e pp. understood) warm: (adj.) (agradavelmente) quente; wisdom: sabedoria
entender, compreender (v.) (p. e pp. warmed) aquecer
wise: sbio
understanding: compreenso, warrior: guerreiro
entendimento wisely: sabiamente
washing machine: mquina de
understood: entendido, lavar roupa wish: (s.) desejo; (v.) (p. e pp. wished)
compreendido desejar
wastage: desperdcio
unhappy: infeliz within: dentro de (tempo ou espao)
waste: (s.) 1 desperdcio
unknown: desconhecido 2 resduo; lixo; (v.) (p. e pp. wasted) without: sem
desperdiar
unlucky: infeliz woman: (pl. women) mulher
water: (s.) gua; (v.) (p. e pp.
unreasonable: incompreensvel, watered) regar; water filter: filtro de wonderful: maravilhoso
absurdo gua; water lily: (Botnica) nenfar
work: (s.) trabalho; (v.) (p. e pp.
unscramble: (p. e pp. unscrambled) way: 1 caminho 2 direo 3 modo, worked) 1 trabalhar 2 funcionar
desembaralhar maneira
workings: funcionamento
unsinkable: impossvel de afundar wed: (p. e pp. wedded) casar(-se)
until: (prep.) at; (conj.) at que workout: treino, malhao
weigh: (p. e pp. weighed) pesar
up to: at worried: preocupado
weight: peso
used to: costumava; used to be: era worry: (p. e pp. worried) preocupar-se
went: (p. de go) foi
useful: til wet: molhado worth: valor; worth considering: que
vale a pena considerar
useless: intil whenever: sempre que
wreath: coroa
usually: usualmente, geralmente whereas: ao passo que, enquanto que
write: (p. wrote; pp. written) escrever
V
wherever: em todo lugar que
village: aldeia; vilarejo wider: mais largo, mais amplo youth: 1 juventude 2 jovem
242 Vocabulary
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Index
Este ndice remissivo aponta os tpicos gramaticais trabalhados nos trs volumes da coleo. Os
tpicos trabalhados no Book 2 so indicados pelo nmero da pgina; os trabalhados no Book 1 e no
Book 3 apenas so remetidos a esses volumes.
243
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Locues nominais, B1 / 12, 66, Plural dos substantivos, B1 Quantifiers (some, any, no,
94, 107 / B3 Plural dos substantivos every e seus compostos), 200
Lose and miss, B3 casos especiais, B1 Quantifiers (some, any, no,
Many, 15, 198 Possessive adjectives and none, every), 111, 199
May and might, B1 pronouns, B1 Question words (what, which,
Miss and lose, B3 Possessive case of nouns, B1 who, whom, whose, when,
where, why, how, how often,
Modal (auxiliary) verbs, B1 Pour and spill, B3
how much, how many, what
review, B1 / 26 Prefixes, 154 time), B1
shall, will, B1
used to express advice, Preposies, B3 Reference words, B1 / 142 / B3
obligation, necessity, B1 Preposies dificuldades, B3 Reflexive pronouns and
used to express certainty or Present Perfect, 225 / B3 reciprocal pronouns, B1
possibility, B1
adverbs used with the Present Relative clauses
used to express deduction, B1
Perfect, 157, 226 / B3 I Defining clauses, B3
Much, 15, 198 indefinite past action, 123, 226 II Non-defining clauses, B3
Must used to express / B3
Relative pronouns, B3
deduction, B1 repeated action in indefinite
that, B1 / 58
Must used to express past, 225 / B3
with since and for, 144, 225 / B3 what, B1
necessity, B1
what and which, B3
Never, 157, 227 Present Perfect Progressive
who, whom, which, that, B3
(Continuous), 170
No, none indefinite pronoun, whose, B3
111, 199 Present Progressive
Remember and remind, B3
(Continuous), B1 / 218
No longer and anymore, B3 Remind and remember, B3
Noun phrases, B1 / 12, 66, 94, Present Progressive
(Continuous) to express Reported speech, see Indirect
107 / B3 speech
future time, B1
Numerals in compound
Pronomes Say and tell, B3
adjectives, 110
demonstrativos, B1 Say, speak, talk and tell, B3
One/ones pronome, B1
indefinidos, 111, 199 Shall, B1
Oraes condicionais, B3
interrogativos, B1
Should, B1
Ought to, B1 pessoais, B1
possessivos, B1 Simple Past
Parallel increase (the the
with comparatives), 160 reflexivos, B1 adverbs and finished-time
relativos usados em oraes expressions, B1
Passive voice, B3
explicativas, B3 affirmative form, B1 / B3
Past Perfect, 56, 224 / B3 relativos usados em oraes negative and interrogative
Past Progressive restritivas, B3 forms, B1 / B3
(Continuous), 37, 217 Pronoun reference, B1 / Simple Present
Pattern verb + object pronoun 142 / B3 affirmative form, B1
(or noun) + infinitive with to, Quantifiers (much, little/a interrogative form, B1
B3 little, many, few/a few), 79, interrogative form using
People: a very important word, 198 question words, B1
172 Quantifiers (much, many, negative form, B1
Personal pronouns subject little, few), 15, 197 Since and for Present Perfect,
pronouns and object 144, 226
Quantifiers (much/many; very/
pronouns, B1 very much; so/so much/ So and such, B3
Phrasal verbs, B1 / 38, 81, 98, so many; too/too much/too So much/so many, 15,
145 many; enough), 15, 198 198
244 Index
2QB6WDJHB9ROB31/'BDB,1'(;LQGG $0
Some indefinite pronoun, 111, Present Perfect usos I, 124, Unless, B3
199 225 / B3 Used to hbito no passado,
Speak, say, talk and tell, B3 Present Perfect usos II, 144, B3
226 / B3
Spill and pour, B3 Verb + object pronoun (or
Present Perfect usos III, 157,
Stative verbs, 206 noun) + infinitive with to, B3
226 / B3
Still and yet, B3 Verbo haver presente,
Present Perfect Progressive
Substantivos passado, futuro, B1
(Continuous), 170
caso possessivo, B1 Present Progressive Verbo to be presente e
casos especiais na formao do (Continuous), B1 / 205 passado, B1
plural, B1 Simple Past formas negativa Verbo to have Simple Present
contveis e no contveis, B1 / e interrogativa, B1 / B3 Tense, B1
67, 191 Simple Past verbos Voz passiva, B3
expresses nominais, B1 / 12, irregulares, B1 / B3
66, 94, 107 / B3 What relative pronoun, B1
Simple Past verbos regulares,
formao do plural, B1 B1 / B3 What and which, B3
Such and so, B3 Simple Present forma Who, whom, which, that, B3
Suffixes, B1 / 51, 143 / B3 afirmativa, B1 Whose, B3
Superlative adjectives, B1 / 27, Simple Present formas Will to express certainty, B1 /
202 negativa e interrogativa, B1 218
Talk, say, speak and tell, B3 Tempos verbais compostos Will to express future time, B1
Tell, say, speak and talk, B3 introduo, B1 / 224 / B3
Will to express predictable
Tempos verbais That invisvel, B1 behavior, 81
Future, Future Progressive The the with comparatives Word formation
(Continuous), Future Perfect, B3 (parallel increase), 160 prefixes, 154
Past Perfect, 56, 224 / B3 Through and across, 69 / B3 suffixes, B1 / 51, 143 / B3
Past Progressive (Continuous),
Too many/too much, 15, 198 Would, 96 / B3
37, 217
Present Perfect introduo, Uncountable and countable Yet, 157, 227
225 / B3 nouns, B1 / 67, 191 Yet and still, B3
Index 245
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Bibliography
Nesta seo indicamos as obras e os documentos que fundamentaram a proposta didtico-
-pedaggica desta obra e/ou foram utilizadas, de alguma forma, em sua produo.
BAKHTIN, M. M. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.
. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1981.
BLOCK, D.; CAMERON, D. (Ed.). Globalization and Language Teaching. Londres: Routledge,
2002.
BRASIL. Ministrio da Educao. Secretaria de Educao Bsica. Orientaes Curriculares para o
Ensino Mdio. Linguagens, cdigos e suas tecnologias. Braslia: MEC/SEB, 2006.
. Ministrio da Educao. Secretaria de Educao Bsica. Parmetros Curriculares
Nacionais: Ensino Mdio. Linguagens, cdigos e suas tecnologias. Braslia: MEC/SEMTEC, 2000.
. Ministrio da Educao. Secretaria de Educao Bsica. PCN + Ensino Mdio:
Orientaes educacionais complementares aos Parmetros Curriculares Nacionais. Linguagens,
cdigos e suas tecnologias. Braslia: MEC/SEMTEC, 2002.
BRYSON, B. The Mother Tongue. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1990.
CRYSTAL, D. A Little Book of Language. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010.
.Discover Grammar. Londres: Longman, 1996.
. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995.
DAWKINS, R. The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing. New York: Oxford University Press,
2008.
ECKERSLEY, C. E.; ECKERSLEY, J. M. A Comprehensive English Grammar for Foreign Students.
Londres: Longman, 1960.
EDWARDS, D.; MERCER, N. Common Knowledge: The Development of Understanding in the
Classroom. Londres: Methuen, 1987.
FAIRCLOUGH, N. Language and Power. Londres: Longman, 1989.
FLOWERS, C. A Science Odyssey 100 Years of Discovery. New York: William Morrow and
Company, Inc., 1998.
FREIRE, P. Educao como prtica da liberdade. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987.
. Pedagogia do oprimido. 9. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1981.
GODINHO, J. D. Once Upon a Time um Ingls. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumar, 2001.
GOWER, R.; PEARSON, M. Reading Literature. Londres: Longman, 1986.
HART-DAVIS, A. Science The Definitive Visual Guide. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2012.
246
2QB6WDJHB9ROB31/'BDB,1'(;LQGG $0
LANGAN, J. Ten Steps to Improving Reading Skills. Marlton: Townsend Press, 1988.
LAVE, J.; WENGER, E. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1991.
LEDERER, R. The Miracle of Language. New York: Pocket Books, 1991.
PACKER, T. Tales from Shakespeare. New York: Scholastic Press, 2004.
PARROT, M. Grammar for English Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2000.
QUIRK, R.; GREENBAUM, S. A University Grammar of English. Londres: Longman, 1973.
RAIMES, A. How English Works A grammar handbook with readings. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1998.
SAGAN, C. Billions & Billions. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997.
. The Varieties of Scientific Experience. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.
SHAKESPEARE, W. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions,
1986.
SWAN, M. Practical English Usage new edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
.; WALTER, C. How English Works A grammar practice book. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
THOMSON, A. J.; MARTINET, A. V. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1985.
TOLER, P. D. Mankind The Story of All of Us. Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers,
2012.
VYGOTSKY, L. S. A formao social da mente. So Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1994.
WELLS, G.; CHANG-WELLS, G. L. Constructing Knowledge Together: Classrooms as Centers of
Inquiry and Literacy. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1992.
WIDDOWSON, H. G. Defining Issues in English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2003.
Bibliography 247
2QB6WDJHB9ROB31/'BDB,1'(;LQGG $0
Contedo do CD de udio
Faixa 1 Apresentao
Faixa 17 At a Diner
Faixa 23 Dreamland
248
Sumrio
1. APRESENTAO 2 12. ROTEIRO DE TRABALHO
POR UNIDADE 15
2. PRESSUPOSTOS TERICOS
E METODOLGICOS 3 13. AVALIAO 16
3. OBJETIVOS GERAIS 4 14. PROJETOS INTERDISCIPLINARES 18
4. O NOVO ENEM 4 15. AUDIO SCRIPTS 22
5. AS QUATRO HABILIDADES
16. PRONUNCIATION AND STRESS
LINGUSTICAS E O CONCEITO
(Atividades adicionais
DE LETRAMENTO 5
de listening) 25
A leitura 6
A compreenso oral 7 17. ATIVIDADES ADICIONAIS DE
A produo oral 8 READING 29
A produo escrita 8
18. CULTURAL NOTES,
6. ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA 9 LANGUAGE IN USE
7. O VOCABULRIO E OS ASPECTOS AND EXPLORING THE THEME 34
GRAMATICAIS 10
19. TRADUO DOS TEXTOS
8. A INTERDISCIPLINARIDADE 11 PRINCIPAIS 39
Manual do Professor 1
You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him discover it
in himself.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Passados mais de trs sculos da poca de Galileu, uma das estrelas mais
brilhantes no universo da descoberta cientfica, Richard Bach, autor de
Jonathan Livingstone Seagull (Ferno Capelo Gaivota, 1970), reafirma,
em bela prosa potica, a verdade que a principal misso do professor fa-
zer aflorar em seus alunos o conhecimento que eles j tm. No podemos
ensinar nada a ningum, mas sim ajudar cada um a descobrir por si pr-
prio. No somos os protagonistas desse espetculo da descoberta, mas
apenas ajudantes nessa construo.
assim que vemos a educao e com esse fundamento que esta obra
foi escrita. Ela adota uma viso sociointeracional e interdisciplinar para o
estudo da lngua inglesa. Alm dos contedos lingusticos e discursivos, a
coleo vale-se intensamente da oportunidade de abordar contedos de
relevncia sociocultural, destacando valores que consideramos importan-
tes para os nossos alunos.
Visando educao para a cidadania, esperamos que esta obra sirva de
apoio e instrumento de ensino no apenas da lngua inglesa, mas que, so-
bretudo, leve reflexo, ao debate e ao posicionamento crtico. Neste Ma-
nual, oferecemos ao professor uma grande quantidade de material de
apoio, esperando com isso contribuir para o enriquecimento de suas aulas,
visando ao desenvolvimento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e
conquista dos objetivos propostos.
Estamos juntos nessa misso.
Acreditamos, sim, que we are all learners, doers, teachers.
2 Manual do Professor
Esta coleo didtica tambm se guia por uma concep- O ensino da lngua inglesa nesta coleo tambm se in-
o sociointeracional da aprendizagem de lnguas, em que sere nas funes do Ensino Mdio de preparar o aluno tanto
os alunos aprendem ao interagir com os colegas, com o para o ingresso no mercado de trabalho quanto para a con-
professor e com outros membros da comunidade. Desta- tinuidade dos estudos no ensino superior. Como a lngua
cam-se, portanto, atividades que privilegiam o trabalho inglesa utilizada amplamente para a divulgao cientfica
conjunto, seja pela discusso em classe (por exemplo: na e a comunicao internacional, seja em contatos pessoais
fase de pr-leitura, com a estratgia de leitura Making ou mediados pela Internet, saber us-la (para ler, escrever,
predictions, e nas atividades da subseo Before You Read, ouvir e falar) abre ao indivduo maiores possibilidades de
em que os alunos se preparam para a leitura do texto prin- qualificao profissional e insero no mundo do trabalho,
cipal; no momento da correo coletiva de exerccios; e na assim como de acesso universidade, onde parte dos textos
seo Think About It, fechamento de cada unidade), tarefas a serem lidos pelos alunos tambm escrita em ingls.
em duplas ou em pequenos grupos (propostas em vrios Assim, esta coleo prope-se levar o aluno a conhe-
exerccios ao longo da coleo) ou projetos interdiscipli- cer e usar a lngua estrangeira moderna como instrumen-
nares em grupos (sugeridos neste Manual). to de acesso a informaes e a outras culturas e grupos
Nessa abordagem, o professor no visto como aquele sociais, conforme indicado pelos PCNEM (p. 11), em
que tem conhecimentos a transmitir aos alunos que, por consonncia com as finalidades atribudas ao Ensino M-
sua vez, devem reproduzir fielmente o que lhes foi apre- dio pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educao Nacional
sentado. O professor aquele que orienta e incentiva o (LDBEN, art. 35) e ratificadas pelas OCEM (p. 7) de apri-
aluno a assumir o papel de sujeito de sua prpria aprendi- moramento do educando como ser humano, sua formao
zagem, a planej-la e avali-la continuamente (como se tica, desenvolvimento de sua autonomia intelectual e de
pode ver, por exemplo, na seo Check Your English e em seu pensamento crtico, sua preparao para o mundo do
diversas sugestes dadas neste Manual). O aluno, por sua trabalho e o desenvolvimento de competncias para con-
vez, no espera receber passivamente contedos prontos, tinuar seu aprendizado.
Manual do Professor 3
Os objetivos gerais desta obra, listados a seguir, foram nos Eixos cognitivos comuns a todas as reas de
estabelecidos com base nos pressupostos terico-meto- conhecimento
dolgicos j apresentados e nas orientaes dos diversos
Dominar linguagens (DL): dominar a norma culta da
documentos organizadores e norteadores do Ensino M- Lngua Portuguesa e fazer uso das linguagens matemtica,
dio no Brasil, como os PCNEM, as OCEM e a Matriz de artstica e cientfica e das lnguas espanhola e inglesa.
Referncia de Linguagens, Cdigos e suas Tecnologias
Compreender fenmenos (CF): construir e aplicar
do Exame Nacional do Ensino Mdio (Enem). conceitos das vrias reas de conhecimento para a
Os objetivos especficos relativos a cada seo sero compreenso de fenmenos naturais, de processos
histrico-geogrficos, da produo tecnolgica e das
apresentados mais adiante neste Manual, no tpico Des- manifestaes artsticas.
crio das unidades.
Enfrentar situaes-problema (SP): selecionar, organizar,
So objetivos gerais: interpretar dados e informaes representados de
Desenvolver no aluno competncias que o tornem apto diferentes formas, para tomar decises e enfrentar
situaes-problema.
a, atravs do engajamento em atividades de uso da lin-
guagem, construir sentidos, compreender melhor o Construir argumentao (CA): relacionar informaes,
representadas em diferentes formas, e conhecimentos
mundo em que vive e participar dele criticamente, for-
disponveis em situaes concretas, para construir
talecendo a noo de cidadania. argumentao consistente.
Desenvolver no aluno, de modo integrado, habilidades
Elaborar propostas (EP): recorrer aos conhecimentos
lingusticas (compreenso oral e escrita, produo oral desenvolvidos na escola para elaborao de propostas de
e escrita), compreendidas como prticas sociais e interveno solidria na realidade, respeitando os valores
humanos e considerando a diversidade sociocultural.
contextualizadas.
Promover, atravs de um trabalho interdisciplinar e
contextualizado, a articulao entre a lngua inglesa e na Competncia de rea 2
outras reas do conhecimento na constituio de um Conhecer e usar lngua(s) estrangeira(s) moderna(s) como
currculo mais amplo, inserido na vida social. instrumento de acesso a informaes e a outras culturas e
grupos sociais.
Fortalecer o esprito de colaborao do aluno em seu
processo de aprendizagem. Habilidade 5 Associar vocbulos e expresses em um
texto em LEM ao seu tema.
Desenvolver estratgias de aprendizagem de leitura,
possibilitando a formao de leitores autnomos. Habilidade 6 Utilizar os conhecimentos da LEM e de
seus mecanismos como meio de ampliar as possibilidades
Levar o aluno a conhecer e usar a lngua inglesa como de acesso a informaes, tecnologias e culturas.
instrumento de acesso a informaes e a outras culturas
e grupos sociais. Habilidade 7 Relacionar um texto em LEM, as estruturas
lingusticas, sua funo e uso social.
Incentivar o reconhecimento da importncia da pro-
duo cultural em ingls como representao da diver- Habilidade 8 Reconhecer a importncia da produo
cultural em LEM como representao da diversidade
sidade cultural e lingustica. cultural e lingustica.
4 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 5
6 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 7
8 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 9
10 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 11
12 Manual do Professor
Considerando as unidades que compem cada livro e Nesse planejamento, devem-se incluir ainda, a critrio
a distribuio das aulas por bimestres, tradicionalmente do professor, as atividades de avaliao (para as quais
adotada pelas escolas, prope-se a seguinte diviso de apresentamos sugestes no tpico Avaliao, neste Ma-
contedos ao longo do ano letivo: nual) e a elaborao de Projetos interdisciplinares em
grupos (tambm sugeridos neste Manual).
Unidades 4 a 6
J em relao distribuio das sees de cada unidade
2o bimestre por aula, consulte o tpico Roteiro de trabalho por
Check Your English 2
unidade.
Unidades 7 a 9
3o bimestre
Check Your English 3
Unidades 10 a 12
4o bimestre
Check Your English 4
As unidades desta obra esto divididas nas sees descritas no quadro a seguir, que informa os objetivos especficos
de cada uma.
SEO/
CONTEDOS OBJETIVOS
SUBSEO
Breve texto introdutrio ao texto Ativar o conhecimento prvio do aluno sobre o assunto e o
Abertura da tipo do texto a ser lido.
principal, acompanhado de imagem
unidade
relacionada. Levar o aluno a levantar hipteses sobre o texto a ser lido.
Perguntas sobre o texto a ser lido. Explorar a linguagem no verbal (fotos, ilustraes) que
Atividade proposta imediatamente acompanha o texto.
Before You Read
antes da primeira leitura. Levar o aluno a prever o campo semntico do texto a ser lido.
Questes contextualizadas e de
variados formatos para apresentao
e ampliao de vocabulrio, Apresentar vocabulrio e oferecer oportunidades de prtica
envolvendo sinonmia, antonmia, do uso desse vocabulrio.
palavras transparentes, campos Ampliar o vocabulrio e desenvolver estratgias de estudo
Word Study
semnticos, afixos, marcadores sistemtico.
discursivos, grupos nominais, Desenvolver estratgias de deduo do significado de
referenciais, deduo, pelo contexto, palavras desconhecidas em seu contexto de uso.
do significado de palavras
desconhecidas.
Manual do Professor 13
Listening* Diferentes tipos de textos orais Oferecer oportunidades de compreenso oral da lngua inglesa
(dilogos, entrevistas, programas de e de contato com diferentes gneros discursivos orais.
rdio e TV, poemas, conversas Desenvolver a habilidade de compreenso global de um texto
telefnicas, trechos de palestras etc.) oral (compreenso extensiva).
e tarefas variadas de compreenso Desenvolver a habilidade de compreenso de estruturas
oral (compreenso intensiva, lingusticas, sons, palavras, frases, em texto oral (compreenso
extensiva e seletiva), integrados ao intensiva).
tema da unidade. Desenvolver a habilidade de compreenso de informaes
especficas em um texto oral (compreenso seletiva).
Trabalhar diferentes estratgias de audio, dependendo do
foco da tarefa.
Abordar assuntos relacionados ao tema da unidade a partir
da compreenso oral.
Speaking* Atividades de produo oral em Proporcionar oportunidades de produo oral da lngua inglesa
diferentes contextos de uso, em diferentes contextos de uso relevantes ao aluno e seu
envolvendo o tema da unidade, com entorno, com diferentes graus de complexidade e interao.
diferentes graus de complexidade e Trabalhar diferentes estratgias de fala, dependendo do
interao. objetivo da tarefa e do contexto de uso.
Oferecer oportunidades de emprego do vocabulrio
relacionado ao tema da unidade dentro de um determinado
contexto de uso.
Abordar assuntos relacionados ao tema da unidade a partir
da produo oral.
Writing* Atividades de produo escrita em Propiciar oportunidades de prtica e reflexo sobre o uso da
gneros textuais relevantes para o lngua inglesa para comunicao escrita, utilizando gneros
aluno, associados ao tema da textuais relevantes para o aluno.
unidade. Oferecer oportunidades de emprego de vocabulrio
relacionado ao tema da unidade dentro de um determinado
contexto de uso.
Levar o aluno a entender a escrita como prtica social e
como um processo contnuo de avaliao e reescritura.
Another Look at Textos curtos de diversos gneros Oferecer contato com textos de diversos gneros.
sobre assuntos relacionados ao tema Possibilitar o estabelecimento de relaes de
central do texto principal da unidade e intertextualidade com o texto principal da unidade.
questes de compreenso escrita. Desenvolver a compreenso escrita e o uso de estratgias de
leitura para a compreenso de ideias principais e de
informaes especficas.
Abordar e discutir questes relativas ao tema da unidade a
partir da compreenso textual.
Think About It Reflexo e debate sobre questes Estabelecer conexes entre o tema da unidade e o mundo do
relevantes para o mundo do aluno e aluno.
para a sociedade com base nos textos Incentivar o aluno a refletir e a se posicionar sobre questes
e atividades desenvolvidos ao longo socioculturais.
da unidade, oportunidade em que a Desenvolver o senso crtico, a capacidade de anlise e as
disciplina Lngua Estrangeira Moderna noes de cidadania.
Ingls se oferece como instrumento
de dilogo interdisciplinar.
* Em algumas unidades, h sees de Listening, Speaking e/ou Writing, que integram duas habilidades: Listening & Speaking; Listening &
Reading; Reading & Speaking; ou Reading & Writing.
14 Manual do Professor
Conforme j foi mencionado na seo sobre a habili- abertura da unidade e a seo Reading (subsees Before
dade de compreenso oral, atividades adicionais de You Read, Time to Read, General Comprehension, Word
listening so propostas neste Manual, para que o professor Study, Detailed Comprehension), atividades extras de
as utilize a seu critrio. Essas atividades referem-se a pos- listening relacionadas ao texto principal da unidade
sveis exerccios (j exemplificados na seo sobre com- e iniciar o trabalho das estruturas gramaticais (seo
preenso oral), com a gravao do texto principal de Structure). Nesse momento, exerccios gramaticais da
cada unidade (disponvel no CD que acompanha o livro), seo Structure e em especial os da Minigrammar podem
e a exerccios de compreenso intensiva, que permitem ser passados como trabalho de casa. Na semana seguinte,
ao aluno ouvir, observar e repetir algumas palavras, utilizam-se duas aulas para corrigir esses exerccios, con-
selecionadas do texto principal, cuja pronncia ou cluir a parte referente gramtica e desenvolver as ativi-
acentuao costuma causar dificuldades para brasilei- dades de compreenso oral e produo oral e escrita
ros. Tais sugestes de exerccios se encontram no tpico (sees de Listening, Speaking, Writing). A atividade de
Pronunciation and Stress deste Manual. produo escrita pode ser realizada em casa. Na aula se-
Ainda sobre a descrio das unidades dos livros, cum- guinte, corrige-se a atividade de Writing, trabalha-se a
pre destacar que as trs ltimas do terceiro volume apre- seo Another Look at, promove-se um debate a partir
da seo Think About It e incentivam-se os alunos a ex-
sentam uma organizao diferente. Essas unidades, cujo
plorar novas fontes de informao (Exploring Other
ttulo Exploring a Bit More, apresentam textos autnticos
Sources).
de diferentes gneros com variados tipos de questes de
compreenso, nos moldes dos exames que exigem com- Desse modo, sugerimos o desenvolvimento de cada
petncia na compreenso textual, especialmente o Enem, unidade ao longo de cinco aulas, conforme resume o
a fim de alcanar os objetivos referentes a Reading, General quadro a seguir:
Comprehension e Detailed Comprehension, j expressos
Before You Read
no quadro de descrio geral das unidades, alm de buscar
Time to Read
levar o aluno a refletir e discutir sobre os temas propostos
Aula 1 Pronunciation and Stress (atividade adicional
nos textos. A opo por utilizar uma estrutura diferenciada de listening, que consta deste Manual)
nessas trs unidades se pautou na expectativa das OCEM de General Comprehension
que as escolas de algumas regies possam interessar-se em
intensificar o desenvolvimento de leitura no terceiro ano, Word Study
Aula 2 Detailed Comprehension
com vistas a ajudar os alunos na preparao para o vestibu-
Structure
lar (p. 111). Essa opo, entretanto, no desconsidera o
carter da leitura como prtica cultural e crtica de lingua- Structure
gem, conforme recomendado pelo mesmo documento. Aula 3
Minigrammar
Listening
Aula 4
Speaking
Writing
12. ROTEIRO DE TRABALHO Another Look at
Aula 5
POR UNIDADE Think About It
Exploring Other Sources
Considerando a carga horria de duas aulas por semana,
para o desenvolvimento de cada unidade sugerimos que se Assim, em cada bimestre, quinze aulas seriam desti-
utilize uma semana (ou duas aulas) para trabalhar a parte nadas ao desenvolvimento das trs unidades previstas e
de compreenso escrita e de vocabulrio (incluindo a as restantes seriam dedicadas reviso e autoavaliao
Manual do Professor 15
16 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 17
18 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 19
20 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 21
22 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 23
24 Manual do Professor
Conforme mencionado anteriormente, quando tratamos de compreenso oral, no CD que acompanha cada livro da
coleo, logo aps o udio do texto principal de cada unidade so destacadas algumas palavras cuja pronncia ou
acentuao costumam causar dificuldades para os falantes do portugus. Para explorar essas palavras, aps a leitura
do texto, escreva-as na lousa, uma de cada vez. Em seguida, a seu critrio, destaque os aspectos de pronncia e acen-
tuao com base nos exemplos de rima, nos comentrios relacionados ao som de algumas letras em particular e na
indicao da slaba tnica dados abaixo. Para finalizar, os alunos podem ouvir o udio mais uma vez, repetindo o final
da faixa correspondente do CD.
Unit 1 (faixa 2)
comfort pronunciam-se duas slabas; a primeira a tnica: COMFort
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira a tnica: HISTory; o h aspirado; numa emisso mais rpida
history
pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas, omitindo-se o som do o
possession rima com expression; o primeiro ss soa /z/; o segundo soa //, como show
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a segunda, que rima com chess, a tnica: diGEStion; a primeira slaba soa como die;
digestion
rima com suggestion
pronunciam-se duas slabas; a primeira a tnica: LEIsure; o s soa //; na pronncia britnica, o ei soa /e/ e a
leisure
palavra rima com measure e pleasure; na pronncia norte-americana o ei soa /i:/ e a palavra rima com seizure
technology rima com Biology; pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda a tnica: techNOLogy
Manual do Professor 25
reward rima com aboard e afford; pronunciam-se duas slabas; a segunda a tnica: reWARD
rima com bill; o i soa // (compare com feel, em que o ee tem som longo /i:/); aproveite a oportunidade
fill
para mostrar a diferena de pronncia dos minimal pairs hill/heal, mill/meal, will/wheel
Unit 3 (faixa 6)
myths o y tem o som breve de // e o s final /s/; no singular rima com with; no plural rima com The Smiths
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira a tnica: FIery, rimando com by; numa emisso mais rpida
fiery
pronunciam-se duas slabas, omitindo-se o som do e; rima com wiry
pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda a tnica: iMMEdiately, que soa como (a forma forte do
immediately
pronome) me, o e com som /i:/; o segundo e no pronunciado
reluctantly pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda a tnica: reLUCtantly, que soa como luck
pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas: a primeira a tnica: CREAtures, que rima com tea; na segunda e
creatures
ltima slaba o t soa // como em church, e a terminao -ures soa /rz/; rima com features e teachers
Unit 4 (faixa 8)
rima com secretary; pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a primeira a tnica: SOLitary; na pronncia
solitary
norte-americana o a soa /e/; na pronncia britnica o a soa como vogal neutra //
lonely rima com only; pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas; a primeira a tnica: LONEly; o e mudo
rima com excess ou express; pronunciam-se duas slabas; a segunda a tnica: sucCESS; a primeira
success
slaba soa como suck
isolation rima com operation; pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a terceira a tnica: isoLAtion; o s soa /s/ e no /z/
enhance rima com advance; pronunciam-se duas slabas, sendo a segunda a tnica: enHANCE; o h aspirado
pronunciam-se duas slabas; a segunda a tnica: eRASE; o s soa /s/ na pronncia norte-americana e
erase
/z/ na britnica
no rima com rate; pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira a tnica: LITerate; numa emisso mais
literate
rpida, pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas, omitindo-se o som do a
rima com excess ou express; pronunciam-se duas slabas, com primary stress na segunda: poSSESS; o
possess
primeiro ss soa /z/
pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a terceira a tnica: mediEVal; o e pode soar /i:/ (pronncia
medieval
norte-americana) ou /e/ (pronncia britnica); a terminao soa como evil
planetary rima com secretary; pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a terceira a tnica: planeTARy
catastrophic pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a terceira, que rima com off, a tnica: catasTROPHic
26 Manual do Professor
professor rima com processor; pronunciam-se trs slabas; a segunda a tnica: proFESSor
packed pronuncia-se apenas uma slaba; o ed soa /t/; packed soa como pact
ingredient pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda a tnica, que soa como greed: inGREDient
recipe no rima com type; pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira, que rima com less, a tnica: RECipe
alcohol rima com shopping mall; pronunciam-se trs slabas; o h aspirado, como em hall
enzyme rima com sometime; pronunciam-se duas slabas; a primeira a tnica: ENzyme
rima com beat ou meat; o ea soa /i:/; aproveite a oportunidade para mostrar a diferena de pronncia
heat
dos minimal pairs, heat/hit, beat/bit, seat/sit e feet/fit
baked rima com faked; pronuncia-se apenas uma slaba, o ed soa /t/
benefit pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira, que rima com ten, a tnica: BENefit
apesar de parecida (na grafia e no significado) com clean, aqui o ea soa /e/ e no /i:/; pronuncia-se
cleanse
uma slaba s, com som final /z/, rimando com tens e lens
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a segunda a tnica: eSSENtial; o t soa //, como em show; rima com
essential
potential
incredibly pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda a tnica: inCREDibly, que rima com bread
pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas; a segunda, que rima com dream, a tnica: exTREME; o primeiro e
extreme
soa /i:/, o segundo no pronunciado; rima com esteem e com ice cream
pronunciam-se duas slabas; a primeira, que rima com by, a tnica: Ions; o i tem som /a/; rima com
ions
lions
Manual do Professor 27
pronunciam-se duas slabas; a primeira, que rima com edge, a tnica: MEASure; o ea soa /e/, e o s
measure //; na segunda e ltima slaba, o -ure como um schwa, uma vogal fraca, tona, seguida de /r/ na
pronncia norte-americana; measure rima com pleasure e treasure
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira, que soa sub e rima com pub, a tnica: SUBsequent; o primeiro
subsequent
e soa // e a segunda slaba (subSEQuent) soa como sick
replete pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas; a segunda a tnica: rePLETE; rima com repeat
pronunciam-se apenas trs slabas; a segunda a tnica: conJECtures; o j tem som de //; na ltima
conjectures
slaba o t soa // como em church
em ingls britnico, o primeiro e soa /i:/ e a palavra rima com fever (febre) ou beaver (castor); nos EUA
lever essa forma tambm existe, mas mais comum a pronncia desse e como /e/ mesmo, rimando com
never (nunca) ou clever (esperto, inteligente)
locked rima com rocked e knocked; pronuncia-se uma slaba s, o ed soa /t/
progressed pronunciam-se apenas duas slabas; a segunda a tnica: proGRESSED; o ed soa /t/
destructive rima com productive; pronunciam-se trs slabas; a segunda a tnica: deSTRUCTive
biological pronunciam-se cinco slabas; a terceira, que soa como lodge, a tnica: bioLOGical
pronunciam-se trs slabas; a primeira a tnica: INfamous; o a soa //, diferentemente do que
infamous
acontece na mesma vogal em famous
indigenous pronunciam-se quatro slabas; a segunda, que rima com bridge, a tnica: inDIGenous
28 Manual do Professor
Apresentamos a seguir textos autnticos de diferentes gneros, acompanhados de questes de compreenso, que
podem ser reproduzidos e utilizados como atividades adicionais para o desenvolvimento da habilidade de leitura. As
respostas dos exerccios encontram-se aps o ltimo texto.
1. life
Responda em portugus.
a. Se a vida um sonho, o que se deve fazer?
b. Se a vida uma promessa, o que se deve fazer?
c. Se a vida uma cano, o que se deve fazer?
d. Se a vida tristeza, o que se deve fazer?
e. Se a vida uma aventura, o que se deve fazer?
f. E porque a vida vida, o que se deve fazer?
Responda em portugus.
a. Para onde a pessoa est querendo comprar uma passagem?
b. Em que direo fica esse local?
c. Ainda h passagens para esse destino?
Manual do Professor 29
Choose the item that best completes each sentence to answer questions 2 to 5.
2. The poet was not able to follow the flight of the arrow he had shot because .
a. he was not wearing his glasses
b. arrows fly slowly enough for the eyes to see
c. arrows fly too fast for the human sight to watch
d. it fell to earth
e. he could not see very well
30 Manual do Professor
4. An arrow is a dangerous weapon. It can hurt and it can kill. The arrow in Longfellows poem could be a
metaphor for that we sometimes say to another person.
a. negative or destructive words d. simple, basic words
b. kind or constructive words e. images, not words.
c. beautiful, peaceful words
Manual do Professor 31
3. Scan the text and choose the idea in the box expressed by each of the discourse markers in bold. The same
idea may be used more than once.
a. We do not choose the family, the social class or the nation in which we are born.
b. Yet the greed of profit and property ()
c. () so that tomorrow they can speak for themselves.
d. But today a significant share of humanity ()
e. Eating, raising a family, and having shelter are necessities ()
f. We are all children of a biological lottery. However, the extreme inequality in the world ()
Mark t (for true) or F (for false), according to the text. Correct the false statements.
a. Both the Queen of England and Bill Gates live below the poverty line.
b. In the lottery we can either win or lose.
c. Social injustice is neither ethical nor acceptable.
d. Human beings have a right both to equality and justice.
e. We are all children of a biological lottery. We can be both rich and poor.
f. People can either be lucky or unlucky.
g. We are composed of atoms of the 92 elements that make up both the Atlantic ocean and the trees in the
Amazon.
h. Extreme inequality is neither shocking nor immoral.
i. Many poor people have neither food nor shelter.
j. We should neither be arrogant nor indifferent to that issue.
5. in the Garden
Standing there in the garden, she saw him running toward her.
Tina! My flower! The love of my life!
He had said it at last.
Oh, Tom!
Tina, my flower!
Oh, Tom! I love you, too!
Tom reached her, knelt down, and quickly pushed her aside.
My flower! You were standing on my prize-winning rose!
(TORRES, Hope A. In: MOSS, Steve (Ed.). The Worlds Shortest Stories. Philadelphia: Running Press, 1998.)
32 Manual do Professor
2. Responda em portugus:
a. Onde a cena se passa?
e. Era a primeira vez que ele dizia aquilo? Como possvel comprovar isso?
Manual do Professor 33
34 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 35
36 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 37
1. Um objeto segue se movendo em linha reta na mes- balho com o filme Quando Nietzsche chorou (2007). Com
ma direo (ou fica parado se j estiver parado), a menos uma mistura de realidade e fico, so apresentados con-
que uma fora seja exercida sobre ele. Exemplo: Uma nave ceitos que fundamentariam os primeiros estudos de
espacial entrando no espao exterior continuar seguindo Freud. Com base na histria dos personagens e seus con-
em linha reta, a menos que seja afetada pela gravidade de flitos, pode-se fazer um debate com os alunos sobre a
um planeta ou de uma estrela e seja a eles atrada. importncia da prtica psicanaltica para o autoconheci-
2. Uma fora faz um objeto mudar seu movimento na mento do ser humano.
direo dessa fora, com uma acelerao (aumento de
velocidade) que depende do tamanho dessa fora. Exem- Unit 11
plo: Quando voc chuta uma bola de futebol, ela muda
de sua posio esttica para se mover na direo em que
foi chutada. Se voc aplicar mais fora, chutando mais Charles Osgood
forte, a bola ganha velocidade mais rapidamente, vai Charles Osgood, o autor do prefcio de A Science
mais longe. Odyssey, de Charles Flowers, texto que reproduzimos
3. A cada ao causada por uma fora corresponde nesta Unit, comentarista norte-americano de rdio e
uma reao igual e contrria. Exemplo: Os motores de um TV, com um programa dirio na CBS Radio Network
avio a jato provocam a exploso de gases quentes que vo chamado The Osgood Files. Na televiso, Osgood o
em direo retaguarda, essa a ao. A reao impelir apresentador do programa CBS Sunday Morning News
o avio para a frente.
desde 1994. Com sua gravata borboleta, sua frase final
Na abadia de Westminter, em Londres, em um monu- no programa de TV, Until then, Ill see you on the
mento a Isaac Newton, podem ser lidas as palavras que o radio, seus comentrios sempre bem-humorados e
poeta Alexander Pope escreveu sobre o cientista: criativos, Osgood uma figura popular nos meios de
Nature and Natures laws lay hid in night; comunicao dos Estados Unidos. Uma de suas inven-
es pronunciar os anos 2008, 2009, 2010 etc. assim:
God said, Let Newton be and all was light.
twenty oh eight, twenty oh nine..., em contraste com
Sugerimos a leitura do site http://ircamera.as.arizona. a forma tradicional two thousand eight, two thousand
edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/newton.htm. nine etc.
38 Manual do Professor
divulgado e combatido por todos. A aranha-carangue- O paradoxo do nosso tempo que gastamos mais, mas
jeira, por exemplo, vendida por 1 real pelos nativos e, temos menos; compramos mais, mas apreciamos menos.
se chegar viva a seu destino (colecionadores ou labora- Temos casas maiores e famlias menores, mais conforto,
trios nos Estados Unidos ou na Europa), pode valer at mas menos tempo. Temos mais informaes, mas menos
500 dlares. conhecimento; mais perguntas, mas menos respostas. Ns
construmos mais computadores para armazenar mais in-
Recomendamos que seja exibido o vdeo que apa- formaes, mas nos comunicamos cada vez menos. Possu-
mos mais coisas, mas menos valores. Temos agora um
rece em http://www.cienciamao.usp.br/tudo/exibir.
excesso de quantidade, mas escassez de qualidade.
php?midia=von&cod=_biologiaecossistemabiopi&
Ns comemos demais, rimos de menos, dirigimos rpi-
action=print.
do demais, nos zangamos demais, lemos de menos, assisti-
mos tempo demais televiso.
Nesse vdeo, l-se:
Conhecemos muito sobre a Lua e Marte, mas evitamos
Quando a ltima rvore cair, atravessar a rua para nos apresentarmos a um novo vizinho.
Quando o ltimo rio secar, Somos senhores do espao exterior, mas no do nosso espa-
E o ltimo peixe for pescado, o interior. Dizemos sim a um carro maior na vitrine da
concessionria, mas no a uma criana de rua que tenta
O homem vai entender
nos vender um pacote de biscoitos.
Que dinheiro no se come! Estamos na poca de comidas rpidas e digesto lenta,
homem altos e pouco carter, grandes lucros e relaciona-
Esse trecho faz referncia a uma mensagem dos Cree, mentos superficiais. Na poca de casas luxuosas, mas lares
um dos grupos indgenas da Amrica do Norte, o maior destrudos. Esta uma poca de mais lazer, mas menos di-
grupo das chamadas First Nations, do Canad. esta a verso; corpos acima do peso, mas almas egostas.
mensagem original: uma poca em que a tecnologia traz esta mensagem a
voc, e uma poca em que voc pode escolher entre fazer a
When all the trees have been cut
diferena e passar a mensagem adiante, ou simplesmente
down, apertar a tecla deletar.
When all the animals have been
hunted, Unit 2 Uma ideia brilhante
When all the waters are polluted, Ideias so como coelhos. Voc pega um par, aprende a
When all the air is unsafe to breathe, lidar com eles, e logo, logo voc tem uma dzia deles.
Manual do Professor 39
40 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 41
Vamos comear pela histria: o tirano local contrata Ar- Antes de Freud, antes de A interpretao dos sonhos,
quimedes, o grande matemtico da antiga Grcia, para de- os mdicos estudavam o crebro como um objeto. Desde a
tectar se havia fraude na confeco de uma coroa de ouro. O publicao de Sonhos, eles tm estudado a conexo entre a
tal tirano, cujo nome era Hiero, desconfia que o seu ourives mente, nebulosa e de difcil definio, e o crebro, cinzento
tenha deixado de fora uma certa quantidade de ouro, usan- e fsico. O que eles descobriram, e o que eles ainda esto
do prata em seu lugar, em uma coroa dedicada aos deuses. descobrindo, a incrvel complexidade tanto do crebro
Arquimedes aceita o desafio e, durante uma ida posterior quanto da mente.
aos banhos pblicos, percebe que quanto mais seu corpo A linha onde o crebro e o comportamento se encon-
entra na gua, mais gua deslocada fazendo com que a tram o foco de grande parte da moderna neurocincia. E
quantidade de gua deslocada seja uma exata medida do vo- os sonhos provaram ser a base de muitas dessas pesquisas.
lume dele. Devido ao fato de o ouro pesar mais do que a pra- Aps um breve perodo em que os sonhos eram considera-
ta, ele conclui que uma coroa misturada com prata teria de dos pouco mais do que fogos de artifcio mentais, os cien-
ser mais volumosa para atingir o mesmo peso do que uma tistas descobriram que eles oferecem muitas percepes
composta s de ouro; portanto ela deslocaria mais gua do sobre o funcionamento da mente. Freud chamava os so-
que sua equivalente de ouro puro. Percebendo que acabou nhos de a estrada rgia para o inconsciente. Cientistas
de encontrar uma soluo, o jovem gnio da Matemtica modernos, usando tecnologias como a tomografia compu-
salta para fora da banheira e corre para casa, nu, gritando tadorizada, esto descobrindo que a estrada de Freud
Eureca! Eureca! ou, traduzindo: Achei! Achei!. de fato rgia.
Passados vrios milnios, o mundo cientfico est reple-
Sem A interpretao dos sonhos, a psicologia poderia
to de exemplos de uso dessa exclamao, e muitas pessoas
ainda ser o estudo dos maus humores e seus efeitos sobre
receberam inspirao no banheiro. As conjeturas matem-
o crebro. Sem esse livro, o estudo cientfico moderno
ticas de Henri Poincar, a teoria da relatividade de Einstein,
talvez no chegasse compreenso da mente, o que tem
Newton sendo atingido por uma ma na cabea e desco-
conseguido salvar milhes de pessoas dos horrores e da
brindo a gravidade tudo isso tem sido descrito como
escurido das doenas mentais. O trabalho de Freud le-
momentos-eureca.
vou a tudo, desde os tratamentos com drogas para de-
de lamentar, portanto, que Arquimedes nunca tenha presso e psicose a um melhor entendimento do processo
dito a frase desse jeito. de aprendizado, da memria e do desenvolvimento men-
Em primeiro lugar, Arquimedes nunca escreveu sobre tal. Em seu esforo para compreender o significado dos
esse episdio, embora tivesse dedicado bastante tempo sonhos, Freud desenvolveu a psicanlise e iniciou uma
para explicar em detalhe as leis da flutuao e a alavanca (o revoluo. Essa revoluo est viva, firme e forte h cem
que o levou a dizer Deem-me um ponto de apoio e eu le- anos e ainda continua.
vantarei a Terra), calculando a razo do crculo a que cha-
mamos de pi, e comeando o caminho que levou ao clculo
integral, algo que seria inventado somente 2 mil anos de-
Unit 11 Uma odisseia da cincia cem anos
pois, entre outras grandes realizaes no campo da Mate- de descoberta
mtica, Engenharia e Fsica. Quanto mais sabemos, mais percebemos que sabemos
[...] Muito semelhante ma de Newton, a exclamao muito pouco. Quanto mais compreendemos, mais claro
persiste por causa do poder duradouro da histria: uma co- fica que tudo aquilo que aprendemos nada comparado
roa de ouro, uma vida em jogo, um matemtico sem roupa. com aquilo que ainda temos de aprender. Por trs de
A base suspeita do momento-eureca no diminui em cada porta trancada que conseguimos abrir esto ainda
nada a capacidade da palavra de transmitir, de forma nica mais portas e mais fechaduras, sempre mais,
e concisa, um sbito momento de inspirao. infinitamente.
42 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 43
44 Manual do Professor
Short Stories
Rogets Thesaurus
www.short-stories.co.uk
www.thesaurus.com/Roget-Alpha-Index.html
Para quem busca textos narrativos em ingls, o site
Site do conhecido dicionrio monolngue (ingls-
rene, organiza e classifica contos por tipo (infantil,
-ingls) de sinnimos e antnimos. Para fazer uma
humor, co cientca, terror etc.), autor, avaliao
consulta, digite um vocbulo no campo da parte
de leitores, faixa etria e tamanho do texto. Pode ser
superior e clique no boto OK ou ento apenas clique
usado tanto pelo aluno quanto pelo professor para o
na letra inicial do vocbulo na parte inferior da pgina.
desenvolvimento de atividades de leitura. O site tambm
Ainda que seu uso exija um conhecimento maior da
oferece jogos e guias de leitura, entre outros recursos.
lngua inglesa, ele pode ser apresentado aos alunos
como uma ferramenta til.
ESL Notes
www.eslnotes.com Para o professor
Apresenta uma relao de filmes em ingls com
sinopses, perfis e caractersticas das personagens, COLLINS, H.; FERREIRA, A. (Org.). Relatos de ensino
glossrios, aspectos culturais e sugestes de questes e a aprendizagem de lnguas na Internet. Campinas:
para debate sobre cada filme listado. Interessante para Mercado de Letras, 2004.
professores que queiram utilizar filmes como recurso Este livro dedicado a professores de lnguas e a
didtico e como fonte de pesquisa para alunos. formadores de professores que queiram utilizar
Manual do Professor 45
46 Manual do Professor
Manual do Professor 47
48 Manual do Professor