Development of Model Equations

The following parameter inter-relationships for water distribution networks was used to develop the

optimization model for the study:

1. Pipe headloss relationship

2. Node flow continuity relationship

3. Loop headloss relationship

1. Pipe headloss relationship

The frictional headloss, hf in a pipe can be expressed by a general headloss formulae:

=
Where;
R = pipe resistance constant (3.1)
n = exponent
Thus, for all pipe in the network,

= =
Where;
hx = headloss in pipe x
Hi = HGL valves at the upstream node i, pipe x
Hj = HGL valves at i downstream node j, pipe x (3.2)
Qx = discharge in pipe x
Rx = resistance constant of pipe x
n = an exponent

2. Node Flow Continuity Relationship

The algebraic sum of the inflows to and outflows from a node must be zero. Thus,

+ = 0, = 1 . . .

Where;
qj = external flow, i.e. supply(inflow) or demand(outflow) at node j (3.3)
Qx = discharge in pipe x
3. Loop Headloss Relationship

= 0