Effects of Cyclone Gas Regeneration to the Performance

Of a Wood-Fuelled Oven
JOHN REY D. BARCELONA Member
JOHANNES BRUCE L. DE GUZMAN Member
JONATHAN P. TORTUGO II Member

Abstract: A woodstove with air preheater, fabricated by previous researchers, was improved by the addition of a cyclone
gas separator which regenerates the exhaust gases back to the combustion chamber. The purpose of this study is to reduce
toxic gas emissions specifically carbon monoxide and improve and quantify the improvement on the performance of the
wood-fuelled oven in terms of fuel consumption, time to boil water, cook food and efficiency. Two types of test were
conducted for both with and without the application of the cyclone gas separator: the UCB 2003 revised Water Boiling
Test and the cooking test. For the water boiling test, the blower input voltage was varied (150V, 220V, 250V) by means of
a variac. Three trials for each blower setting for the UCB 2003 revised Water Boiling Test and three trials for the cooking
test. For the cooking test, banana and hanging rice were the food cooked. The CO emissions in PPM for each trial per
minute was also monitored. It was found that the application of cyclone gas regeneration to the set-up improved the
thermal efficiency, reduced the amount of time to boil 5L of water, cook food and reduced the amount of wood fuel used.
The thermal efficiency is at its highest when running at 150V (2528RPM) blower setting with the application of the
cyclone gas separator, obtaining an increase of 38.87% thermal efficiency. Also, the 150V (2528 RPM) blower setting
gives the best improved time in boiling 5L of water, reducing the time duration of the experiment by 39.68%, from 63 min
to 38 min. The most efficient blower setting in terms of wood fuel consumption during the WBT for both with and without
cyclone gas separator was found to be 250V (3310RPM), having a decrease of 15.61% in fuel consumption during the
application of the cyclone gas separator. The cyclone gas separators efficiency in recirculating combustible CO was also
quantified. It was learnt that the CO emissions were mitigated best when the blower was run at 150V (2528RPM) setting,
providing an efficiency of 65.8%.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide, Water Boiling Test, Variac, Thermal efficiency, Blower setting, Cyclone gas separator

1. Introduction

Air pollution imposes significant health risks on humans
in developing countries where the levels of pollution are
often several orders of magnitude higher than those in
developed countries (Chen et al., 2013a, Ebenstein et
al., 2015 and Greenstone and Hanna, 2014). The usual
cause of air pollution is burning, one could claim that it
started when humans began burning fuels (Daly and
Zannetti, 2007).[1] According to Pulkrabek (1997), for
burning or combustion of fuels, fossil fuels, to operate
machines, it is incomplete combustion or in other term
presence of energy losses or inefficiency in the system
that causes more air pollutants to be produced.[2] Chan
(2014) stated that although all home energy use can
impact health in various ways, globally by far the most
important direct health risk is household air pollution
caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel in low-
efficiency stoves and lamps used for cooking, space
1
Student, Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Univ. of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000,
Philippines. E-mail: jrdbarcelona27@gmail.com
heating and lighting.[3]
In the fast pacing world where money is essential to
get by, being efficient with the resources available is
necessary to save cost. According to Merriam-Websters
Learners Dictionary, efficiency means the ability to do
something or produce something without wasting
materials, time, or energy. A system that is efficient in
burning fuel produces less air pollutants making the
system health and environmentally friendly. There are
different methods on reducing air pollution and making
a system more efficient.
According to Pulkrabek (1997), air is roughly
composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1%
argon.[48] To burn fuel in a more efficient way, a great
amount of oxygen, preferably preheated or at high
temperature, is needed to support a close to complete
combustion of the fuel. Since in reality a complete
combustion or a 100% efficient burning of fuel can
never be achieved [4], the exhaust gases produced by the
system will still contain volatile or usable gases which
can be diverted back to be burned again, this is called
the Regenerative method. This method does not only
recycle energy that would have been thrown out or lost,
it also aids in reducing the quantity of released
hazardous air pollutants, which are usually volatile
gases. This method is already being used by big
industries such as power plants to recirculate volatile
matters that may have been drawn by the exhaust and
feed them back to the boiler (Sarunac 2010). [5] This
research aims to apply this method to a smaller scale,
specifically to small business and residences that use
wood-fuelled stoves to cook food or boil water.
According to Richter et.al. (2014), it is estimated that
over three billion people rely on wood and other
traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating.[6] A
survey entitled CEBU: A Demographic &
Socioeconomic Profile Based on the 2000 Census
showed the different fuels used in cooking in the
households of the province of Cebu and this showed that
wood is still the primary source of cooking fuel and is
followed by LPG, as shown in figure 1-1.[7]
material is, the more difficult the reaction process is.
Wood and other kinds of biomass are among the oldest
combustion materials but are also some of the most
problematic. Depending on how the oven is operated,
set up and maintained, and the firewood itself, a wide
range of other combustion products are released besides
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.[8]
Researchers, Pummer et al., developed an improved
wood-fuelled oven, which showed promising results of
reducing the fuel consumption and improving the over-
all thermal efficiency of the fabricated oven. Tests also
showed the difference in the time it takes to boil water.
However, no regenerative method was applied to the
study. This research aims to advance or even more
improve the previous researchers, Pummer et. al.,
developed oven by applying the regenerative method to
reduce the amount of carbon monoxide emission, time
to boil water, cook food, fuel consumption and increase
its efficiency.
2. Experimental Set-up

Cooking Fuel Used in the Household

of Cebu Province
None
2% Electricity
2%

Kerosene
16%
Wood
48%
Fig 2. Regenerative Oven Schematic Diagram
Liquefied
Petroleum
(LPG)
31%
Charcoal
1%

Fig 1. Percentage of each kind of cooking fuel used in

the households of Cebu province (source: CEBU: A
Demographic & Socioeconomic Profile Based on the
2000 Census, 54)

Salthammer et al. (2013) stated the competitiveness

of wood-burning ovens on running costs in times of
increasing energy prices. Combustion of wood as a
renewable resource is also close to climate-neutral in
terms of carbon dioxide (CO2), since in the ideal case,
only the CO2 that was drawn in during the trees growth
and stored in the wood is released into the atmosphere
again. It is, however, natural that combustion takes
place more or less incompletely and causes undesirable Fig 3. Regenerative Oven
by-products to form. The more complex the combustion
 Figure 1 shows the regenerative oven schematic
diagram. The flow is as follows: The wood fuel was
burned inside the combustion chamber. The hot gases
then flowed into the cooking pot where it also heated the
cooking pot and went into the outer surface of the heat
exchanger for the heat exchanging process between the
incoming air blown by the blower. The not so hot flue
gas was then delivered into the gas cyclone separator,
where it experienced a swirling motion and because of
that motion some of the light and heavy gases were
separated, but not fully. The heavy flue gases were
delivered back into the chimney and were sent out to the
atmosphere. The lighter gases on the other hand were
delivered back into heat exchanger through the blower,
where it mixed with the fresh air sucked by the blower.
Both fresh air and regenerated flue gas entered the tubes
of the heat exchanger and absorbed some of the heat of
the hot gases around the heat exchanger. Then the now
pre-heated mixture of flue gas and fresh air were
delivered back the combustion chamber. While Figure 3
shows the complete set-up of the regenerative oven.
Stairmand high-efficiency geometrical patterns were
used in dimensioning the cyclone gas separator
Test Procedure
UCB 2003 revised water boiling test and cooking test
was performed to provide reliable information about the
performance of wood burning stove models. The test
consisted of three phases that determined the ovens
ability to: (1) boil the water from a cold start; (2) boil
the water when the stove is hot; and (3) maintain the
water at simmering temperatures. Aforementioned tests
were performed on both with and without application of
gas cyclone separator.
Data Gathering
(a) Varying of Blower Setting (b) Air Velocity measurement
(c) Temperature Data Logger (d) Carbon monoxide meter
Fig 4. Apparatus Used
Blower voltage input was varied at 2528 RPM (150V),
3288 RPM (220V), 3310 RPM (250V) by means of a
variac (an instrument used for altering the input voltage
to the blower) (see Fig 4a) and velocity was measured
using an instrument called velometer (see Fig 4b) and
from that air flow rate was determined (using Eq1) in
each blower setting.
= (1)
where Q is air flow rate, A is outlet area of the blower,
and V is the measured velocity at different blower
setting.
Proximate analysis of the mahogany wood fuel was
performed, parameters such as moisture, volatile matter,
ash and fixed carbon was determined. Then ultimate
analysis was determined based on the proximate
analysis values. According to Parikh et al., a general
correlation for calculating can be determined by the
following equations:
= 0.637 + 0.455 (2)
= 0.052 + 0.062 (3)
= 0.304 + 0.476 (4)
where FC-4.7-38.4% fixed carbon, VM-57.2-90.6%
volatile matter, C-36.2-53.1% carbon, H-4.36-8.3%
hydrogen, and O-31.37-49.5% oxygen in weight% on a
dry basis. The average absolute error of these
correlations 3.21%, 4.79%, 3.4% with respect to
measured values of C, H, and O, respectively.[9]
In the calculation for theoretical A/F ratio of Mahogany
wood fuel, formula below was used
+ ( + )( + 3.762 ) 2 + 2 + 3.76( + )2
4 2 2 2 4 2 (5)
(5)
Using the temperature data logger (Fig 4), temperatures
at different surfaces of the oven was measured to
establish the energy balance.
+ = + + + + + + + (6)
Where( ), the energy that causes the phase of water to
change ( ), the heat loss in the vertical chimney ( ), the
heat loss in the horizontal chimney ( ), and the heat loss in
the combustion chamber outside surface ( ) , the heat loss
in the outer surface of pot skirt ( ), the heat loss in the
cyclone separator ( ), and the energy that introduced in
the system are the energy of the fuel ( ), the work input
brought by the blower ( ) imparting kinetic energy to
the primary air and the regenerated useful gases ( ).

Based on the energy balance and heat losses calculated,

thermal efficiency of the oven set-up was determined using
the formula:

Efficiency = 100% (7)

Since this study aims to probe the effects of recirculating

part of the flue gases on the overall performance of the
oven and the efficiency of the cyclone in terms of
separating the combustible light gases from the products of
wood combustion (CO in this case), from the relatively
heavy gases, a modification of the cyclone efficiency
equation becomes: Fig. 6. Carbon Monoxide Emissions at
= 1

100% 220V(3288RPM) blower Setting
(8)

3. Results

Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Fig. 7. Carbon Monoxide Emissions at 250V

(3310RPM) blower Setting

Figures 5, 6 and 7 shows the carbon monoxide

Fig. 5. Carbon Monoxide Emissions at 150V
(2528RPM) blower Setting
emissions in parts per million (ppm) with respect to the
time duration of the experiment in minutes (min) at
150V, 220V and 250V blower setting, respectively. The
red lines indicate the C.O. emissions of the oven without
the application cyclone gas regeneration while the black
lines represent the C.O. emissions with the application
of cyclone gas regeneration. It can be seen from all
these three graphs that the black lines are well below the
red lines this means that the C.O. emissions have been
successfully reduced by the application of cyclone gas
regeneration at all blower settings.
 70 2.50

2.25
60
2.00

50 1.75

Fuel Usage (kg)

1.50
Time (mins)

40
1.25
30
1.00

20 0.75

0.50
10
0.25

0 0.00
Without With Without With Without With Witho Witho Witho
Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone Cyclone With With With
ut ut ut
150V 150V 220V 220V 250V 250V Cyclo Cyclo Cyclo
Cyclo Cyclo Cyclo
Simmering Phase 17.33 11.00 14.33 14.00 13.33 12.33 ne ne ne
ne ne ne
150V 220V 250V
Hot Phase 18.67 12.33 14.00 14.00 12.33 12.00 150V 220V 250V
Cold Phase 27.33 15.33 18.00 16.00 17.67 18.00 Simmering Phase 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.15
Boiling Phase of
0.58 0.53 0.66 0.53 0.56 0.38
Simmering
Fig. 8. Comparison of Duration of Time to Boil 5L of
Hot Phase 0.57 0.53 0.66 0.52 0.48 0.48
Water at Different Blower Settings
Cold Phase 0.67 0.60 0.88 0.59 0.58 0.45
Figure 8 shows the time, in minutes (min), needed to
boil 5L of water at different blower settings (150V, Fig. 9. Comparison of Amount of Fuel Used in Water
220V, 250V) and at different phases of the experiment Boiling Test at Different Blower Settings
(simmering, hot, cold). As can be observed from the
Figure 9 shows the amount of fuel used in kilograms
graph with the application of the cyclone gas
regeneration, the shortest time to boil 5L of water was at (kg) in different phases (Simmering, Boiling phase of
150V blower setting with only 11 min for the simmering simmering, Hot, Cold) of the experiment at different
phase, 12.33 min for the hot phase and 15.33 min for the blower settings (150V, 220V, 250V). Figure 9 also
cold phase. Without the application of cyclone gas shows the combined graph of the total amount of fuel
regeneration, the shortest time needed to boil water was used at different blower setting with and without the
at 250V with 13.33 min for the simmering phase, 12.33 application of cyclone gas regeneration. It can be
min for the hot phase and 17.67 min for the cold phase. observed from the graph that the least amount of fuel
It can also be observed that the oven with the used was at 250V blower setting with the application of
application of the cyclone gas regeneration requires cyclone gas regeneration and the highest consumption
lesser time to boil water at all blower settings compared of fuel was at 220V blower setting without the
to the oven set-up without cyclone gas regeneration. application of cyclone gas regeneration.
 Cooking Test - Time to Cook Thermal Efficiency
40 70
35 60
30 50

Efficciency %
25 40
Time (mins)

20 30
15 20
10 10
5 0
150 V 220 V 250 V
0 Without Cyclone 40.30464196 47.1702413 45.74541836
Banana
Banana Hangin Hangin With Cyclone 65.93101653 58.7959 51.6498
-
- With g Rice g Rice
Without
Cyclone With Without Without Cyclone With Cyclone
Cycone
Cyclone Cyclone
Time to Cook 19.33 12.67 15 15
Time to Boil 18.67 19.67 15.67 17.33 Fig. 11. Thermal Efficiencies of set-up with and without
Time to Boil Time to Cook cyclone at different Blower settings

Fig. 10. Comparison of an Oven Set-up with or without
Cyclone in a Cooking Test
Figure 10 shows the comparison of an oven set-up with
and without cyclone gas regeneration in a cooking test
in terms of the amount of time, in minutes (min), needed
to boil 6L of water, used for cooking, and to cook the
food. It can be observed in the banana cooking test that
its takes less time to cook without the application of
cyclone gas regeneration but the time to boil water for
cooking banana was lesser with the application of
cyclone gas regeneration. The reason for this is the
uncontrollable variable on the ripeness of the banana.
For the hanging rice cooking test, it can be observed that
for both with and without the application of cyclone gas
regeneration the amount of time needed to cook was the
same, 15 min. But the time needed to boil the water for
cooking was lesser with the application of the cyclone
gas regeneration.
Figure 11 shows the thermal efficiency of the oven set-
up at different blower settings for both with and without
the application of cyclone gas regeneration. As can be
observed from the graph the thermal efficiencies if the
set-up with the application of cyclone gas regeneration
are higher compared to the set-up without the cyclone
gas regeneration at all blower settings. The highest
recorded thermal efficiency was, 65.93% at 150V
blower setting with the application of cyclone gas
regeneration.
4. Discussion
From figure 5, 6 and 7 it can be clearly seen that the
C.O. emissions trend is spiking. Spiking or high values
of C.O. emissions occurred on or after the minute new
wood fuel was placed inside the combustion chamber.
This was due to the moisture content of the newly
placed wood fuel being liberated. The moisture content
of a fuel greatly affects the C.O. emissions; higher
moisture content means higher C.O. emissions (Chen et
al 2015). Once all the moisture from the wood fuel
being burned in the combustion chamber have vaporized
and exhausted, the C.O emissions starts to decrease until
a new wood fuel is placed and burned inside the
chamber. This is the reason for the graph to go up and
down repeatedly. Comparing the data and graphs of the
150V (2528 RPM), 220V (3288 RPM) and 250V (3310
RPM) blower settings, it can be observed that on the set-
up without cyclone, there were more instances on the
250V (3310 RPM) blower setting where the C.O.
emissions levels were above 700ppm even when the
time duration is shorter than the 150V (2528 RPM) and
220V (3288 RPM) blower settings. Also for the set-up
with cyclone, it can be observed that there were more
instances on the 250V (3310 RPM) blower setting
where the C.O. emissions were above 500ppm
compared to other blower settings. The air flow rate of
air at 250V (3310 RPM) is 36.43 cfm which is the
highest compared to that of the 150V (2528 RPM) and
220V (3288 RPM) blower settings, 33.05 cfm and 35.67
cfm, respectively. These values mean that at 250V
(3310 RPM) blower setting the excess air are much
higher than the 150V (2528 RPM) and 220V (3288
RPM) blower setting. According to Johansson et al.
(2004) and Agenbroad (2010) too much air pulls heat
away from the combustion zone, limiting the amount of
volatile gases released and thus the heat output of the
reaction. High excess air within wood combustion
reactions are linked to increased carbon monoxide
production.
In figure 8, tt can be seen in these bar graphs that for
the majority, the oven with cyclone boiled the 5 litres of
water faster than the oven without cyclone. It can also
be inferred from the figures that the duration of time to
boil 5 litres water is higher if the boiling is done in cold
start, but at hot start and simmering phase the duration
of time to boil the 5 litres of water is faster. This is due
to the heat trapped in the oven that helps the 5 litres of
water to boil faster in cases of hot start. With proper
insulation around the oven, it helps retain the heat inside
the oven. Maclaw Micuta (1989) also cited that
preheating the air can help in maintaining good
combustion and helps the stove to boil the water faster.
Because of the regeneration process, in which part of the
exhaust gases are fed back into the suction side of the
blower that passes through a heat exchanger which was
delivered back into the combustion chamber, that causes
to increase the temperature of the incoming air . It was
clearly shown in blower setting 150 V (2528 RPM) the
big difference of the time required to boil the water
between the oven with cyclone and with no cyclone, in
which the time required to boil 5 litres of water lessens
with the increase in temperature of incoming air. Both
220 V (3288RPM) and 250 V (3310 RPM) have a slight
increase in duration of time to boil in all phases.
According to Larchivoka (2016), too much excess air is
undesirable as it carries the heat away. This is why the
150 V (2528 RPM) blower setting has the least time to
boil, since based from the calculated value of lambda
(), the mixture is already very lean due to the high flow
rate delivered by the blower in its 150 V (2528 RPM)
setting, which means that the higher flow rate 220 V
(3288 RPM) and 250 V (3310 RPM) setting delivers too
much excess air which is not desirable.
In figure 9 It can be seen in fig 5.5 to 5.7 that the
oven with cyclone has a fewer fuel usage that of the
oven without a cyclone, it is evident in all of the three
blower settings. At cold start, fuel usage in all blower
settings are high, this is in relation with the duration of
time to boil. Longer duration of time to boil means more
fuel used. Cold start has the highest fuel consumption,
followed by the hot phase, and the fewest is the
simmering. In simmering phase, less fuel should be used
because the temperature must be maintained 3 below
the boiling temperature. That is why in simmering
phase, almost no fuel is used since the oven itself can
retain the heat and maintain the temperature inside
without using large amount of fuel. This is because of
its proper insulation in the oven. According to
Winiarski, insulation around the fire can help it burn
hotter and a hotter fire burns up more of the combustible
gases, which means that it requires less fuel to maintain
the temperature of the water at simmering phase.
Figure 10 shows bar graphs for the cooking test. Two
bars in the left are for the banana cooking test, and two
bars on the right are the hanging rice test. In the hanging
rice test, the total time to cook is lesser when an oven
set-up with a cyclone is used. While the oven set-up
without a cyclone takes longer time to cook the hanging
rice. Both bars differ only on the boiling test, since
cooking time for hanging rice has the same duration for
both oven set-ups. In banana cooking test, the total time
of cooking has reversed its trend with the hanging rice
test. Due to the overripe banana that was used in
cooking on a without cyclone oven set-up, it needs
lesser time in cooking to a banana that is not yet ripped
which was used in the oven set-up with cyclone. That is
why the cooking test on the oven set-up with cyclone
has longer duration of time to cook the banana. But in
the boiling test, the oven set-up with a cyclone has a
faster time to boil compared to the oven set-up without
cyclone. Maclaw Micuta (1989) cited that preheating the
air can help in maintaining good combustion and helps
the stove to boil the water faster; this is the reason why
the oven set-up with cyclone has lesser duration of time
needed to boil or cook food.
In figure 11 it can be seen that without the cyclone,
the efficiency tend to increase from 150V (2528 RPM)
blower setting to 220V (3288 RPM) blower setting from
40.30% to 47.17% and slightly decreases in the 250V
(3310 RPM) blower setting to 45.75%. In the
application of the cyclone, this is not the case. It can be
seen that the thermal efficiency decreases as the blower
setting is increased. According to Johansson et al., 2004,
too much drawn-in pulls heat away from the combustion
zone, limiting the amount of volatile gases that are
released, and thus the heat output of the combustion
reaction. Although there is a decrease in efficiency
when regenerating gases as the blower setting is
increased, an improvement in thermal efficiency is still
true when contrasted to the efficiencies without gas
regeneration. In the 150V (2528 RPM) blower setting,
thermal efficiency dramatically increases from 40.30%
to 65.90% during the application of the gas
regeneration. The same is true for 220V (3288 RPM)
and 250V (3310 RPM) where the efficiency is also
observed to increase when the cyclone gas regeneration
is applied to the system.
5. Conclusion [3]Chan, M. (2014). WHO indoor air quality
guidelines: Household Fuel combustion. WHO
The cyclone is most efficient in reducing the carbon Document Production Services.
monoxide emissions at 150V (2528RPM) blower setting
with an efficiency of 65.80% and loses its effectiveness [4] Turns, Stephen R. 2000. An Introduction to
as the blower output increases. The application of Combustion. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN
cyclone gas regeneration to the oven set-up reduced the 0071169105
amount of fuel consumption by 40g up to 290g
depending on the initial temperature of the oven and [5]Sarunac N. (2010). Power 101: Flue Gas Heat
blower setting used. The cyclone gas regeneration also Recovery in Power Plants, Part II. Retrieved from:
increased the thermal efficiency of the oven by 5.9% at http://www.powermag.com/power-101-flue-gas-heat-
250V(3310rpm) blower setting, 11.63% at recovery-in-power-plants-part-ii/
220V(3288rpm) blower setting and 25.63% at
150V(2528rpm) blower setting . Although the thermal [6] Richter, J. P., Bojko, B. T., Mollendorf, J. C., &
efficiency of the oven set-up with cyclone decreases as DesJardin, P. E. (2016). Measurements of fuel burn rate,
the blower output increases, its efficiency is still higher emissions and thermal efficiency from a domestic two-
than that of the oven set-up without cyclone at all stage wood-fired hydronic heater. Renewable Energy,
blower settings. The best thermal efficiency recorded 96, 400-409.
was 65.93% with the application of the cyclone, ran at
150V(2528rpm) blower setting, giving an increase of [7]Flieger, W. (2004). Cebu: A Demographic &
25.63% in thermal efficiency. The application of the Socioeconomic profile based on the 2000 census (2nd
cyclone gas regeneration has reduced the amount of ed.). Cebu City: San Carlos Publications.
time needed to boil a certain amount of water by 0.33
min up to 6.33 min depending on the initial temperature [8]Salthammer, T., Schripp, T., Wientzek, S., &
of the oven and blower setting used. It was observed Wensing, M. (2014). Impact of operating wood-burning
that the set-up with the cyclone increases the duration of fireplace ovens on indoor air quality. Chemosphere,
time to boil water as the blower output increases. The 103, 205-211.
blower setting with the least amount of fuel used and [9] Parikh, Jigisha., Channiwala, S.A., & Ghosal, G.A.
least specific fuel consumption for the set-up with (2007). A correlation for calculating
cyclone was at 250V(3310rpm) blower setting, having elemental[55]Salthammer, T., Schripp, T., Wientzek, S.,
less burning rate than 150V(2528rpm) and & Wensing, M. (2014). Impact of operating wood
220V(3288rpm) blower setting. For the cooking test
with hanging rice, it was observed that the time to cook
is not affected with the application of the cyclone but
the total time of the cooking test is reduced because of
the reduced amount of time to boil the water used to
cook. For the cooking test with banana, it was concurred
that this test has many factors affecting its time to be
cooked. One of the most important factor is the ripeness
of the banana. A very ripe banana can be cooked very
fast compared to a still raw banana. This goes both for
the set-up with and without the cyclone. It is difficult to
compare and quantify the ability of each set-up to cook
bananas as this goes beyond the boundaries of
mechanical engineering and goes to the field of
chemistry.

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