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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physicsteacher
Mrs. Nidhi Mehra
, for her vital support,guidance and encouragement, without which this projectwould
not have come forth. I would also like to expressmy gratitude to the staff of the
Physics

for their supportduring the making of this project.

INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used forchanging the A.C. voltages.
A transformer is most widelyused device in both low and high current circuit. As
suchtransformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. Inelectronic,
measurement and control circuits,transformer size may be so small that it weight
only afew tens of grams where as in high voltage powercircuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from onecircuit
to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer
. A transformer which decreases theA.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer
.Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatusboth for high and low
current circuits.

PRINCIPLE

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual inductionaccording to this

principle, the amount of magnetic fluxlinked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in theneighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in acircuit
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboringcircuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varyingmagnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboringcircu
it.
CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They areinsulated with each other by
insulated material andwound on acommon core. For operation at lowfrequency, we may
have asoft iron. The soft iron core isinsulating by joining thin ironstrips coated
with varnish toinsulate them to reduce energy losses by eddycurrents.The input
circuit is called primary. Andtheoutput circuit is called secondary.

THEORY AND WORKING OF ATRANSFORMER

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coilp
1
p
2
, an alternating current starts falling in it. Thealtering current in the primary
produces a changingmagnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in theprimary as
well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
withprimary is also linked with the secondary, then theinduced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary isequal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if E
p
and E
s

be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s

induced in the primary and the secondary and N
p
andN
s
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
D / d
t
= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil atthis instant,we haveE
p
= -N
p

d/d
t
----------------- (1) andE
s
= -N
s

d/d
t
----------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so bydividing 2 by 1, we getE
s
/ E
p
= - N
s
/ N
p
----------------(3)As E
p
is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced inthe primary coil p
1
, so the instantaneous current inprimary coil is due to the difference (E

E
p
) in theinstantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.further if R
p
is the resistance o, p
1
p
2
coil, thenthe instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is givenbyI
p
= E

E
p
/ R
p
E

E
p
= I
p
R
p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R
p
I
p
can beneglected so thereforeE

E
p
= 0 or E
p
= EThus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written asE
s
/ E
p
= E
s
/ E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N
s
/ N
p
= KWhere K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
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