Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI

25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta

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VERTICAL HORIZONTAL PERMEABILITY RATIO IN INDONESIAN

SANSTONE AND CARBONATE RESERVOIRS

Oleh :

Bambang Widarsono, Ari Muladi, Indra Jaya

LEMIGAS

ABSTRACT

Geology in the Indonesian archipelago is characterized by high level of complexity. Consequently,

various petrophysical properties of the reservoir-forming rocks also tend to show high level of
complexity and variety. In day-to-day practice this situation is normally called high degree of
heterogeneity. The most important implication of this level of rock heterogeneity is that it affects the
reservoir rocks physical properties immensely. This situation certainly creates additional concerns in any
activities that involve the rock petrophysical properties such as the much required vertical-to-horizontal
permeability ratio. Thorough studies have to be spent for better understanding upon this heterogeneity-
related fact.
This paper presents results of a study on permeability anisotropy - in this case vertical-to-horizontal
anisotropy - in Indonesian reservoirs through the use of core analysis results. The indicator used for
representing the anisotroopy is ratio between vertical and horizontal permeability values. The study
involves 14,634 core samples, of which 6,689 are pairs of vertical and horizontal plug samples and 1,256
are full-diameter core samples. They are taken from 259 wells representing 157 fields in all 15
Indonesias productive sedimentary basins to date. The core samples cover a wide lithology spectrum
from sandstones to various limestones.
The work that is performed through a series of classifications, comparisons, and analysis has indeed
shown the complexity as expected, even though differences can still be distinguished among groups of
classification. Results of the study also show evidence that is on the contrary to the commonly accepted
information such as permeability of unity for most sandstones and larger permeability ratio for carbonate
rocks. This paper offers immediate useful information to practicians who are involved in reservoir
characterization and reservoir modelling related activities.

INTRODUCTION obtain the overall picture of permeability

Permeability variation always draw
attention of any engineer and geoscientists
whenever they come to the task of
characterizing and producing reservoirs as good
and efficiient as they can. In homogeneous
reservoirs, permeability is considered the same
in all directions. On the contrary, in
heterogeneous reservoirs, permeability tends to
differ with direction. The more heterogeneous a
reservoir the higher variation in permeability it
tends to show. In this case, permeability may be
different in all directions making it difficult to
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
distribution in reservoir. In lesser degree of
heterogeneity, the permeability in vertical
direction is still considerably different than the
permeability horizontal direction but with
similar permeability in all horizontall directions
(transversely anisotropic). Nevertheless, the net
impact of such changing permeability in
different directions is especially marked on all
aspects that involve flows of reservoir fluids
such as natural recovery efficiency, well testing,
enhanced oil recovery, and completion scheme.
Many studies have been devoted to
understand the effect of permeability anisotropy
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________
in reservoir. McGuire and Sikora, for example,
studied the effect of high vertical permeability
caused by fractures on well productivity [1].
They concluded that the presence of anisotropy
changes the flow pattern significantly, hence
modifying well productivity previously
estimated under asumption of both radial and
linear flow patterns. Landrum and Crawford
studied the effect of anisotropic horizontal
permeability on sweep effciency in
waterflooding, whereas more recently Datta
Gupta et al conducted simulation modeling to
study the effect of permeability contrast between
layers (i.e. transversely isotropic condition) on
recovery factor of polymer flooding, from which
they concluded that less contrast tends to show
higher recovery factor [2,3]. On more
operational level, Tariq et al [4] studied the
effect of anisotropy on perforation and fluid
flow near wellbore using finite element method
and found that high shot density is required in
anisotropic/laminated formation, while Smith et
al and Gatens et al [5,6] studied effect of
horizontal permeability anisotropy on hydraulic
fracturing and witnessed the its significant
effects on generated fracture dimension and
production gain brought by the fractures.
Furthermore, a simulation study carried out by
Besson suggested that slanted wells show better
production performance than horizontal wells in
anisotropic medium [7]. All these studies
underline the significance of recognizing the
presence and degree of permeability anisotropy
in formations.
Various investigators also spent their
attention to developing techniques to describe
and determine permeability anisotropy. For
instance Culham developed pressure build-up
equations for spherical flow pattern caused by
well partial penetration from which vertical
permebility anisotropy can be estimated,
whereas Odeh presented equations for
calculating skin factor under this flow regime
[8,9].
Permeability anisotropy is often used to
express the degree of heterogeneity in the
formation. Vertical permeability (KV) is usually
different from horizontal permeability (KH),
even for homogeneous rocks. Such vertical
anisotropy effects are generally the result of
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
depositional environment and post-depositional
compaction history of the rock. For sandstones
and other clastic sedimentary rocks, shale
contents and types, grain size, garain shape, and
particle orientation are the most important
factors in KV KH relationship. However,
permeability anisotropy is also likely to be
influenced by the scales of heterogeneity. As
often presented (e.g. [10]), as a part of
evaluation on heterogeneity, scales of
heterogeneity may be classified into a set of
levels: microscopic, macroscopic, mesoscopic,
megascopic, and gigascopic. This implies that
heterogeneity and permeability anisotropy
should be viewed as dependent on size and scale
of the rock mass. Therefore, permeability
anisotropy in formation has ideally to be viewed
through its relevant scale of heterogeneity.
By observing this principle of scale-related
permeability anisotropy, it is implied that
considering reservoirs are normally engineered
and managed at mesoscopic (log) and
megascopic (inter-well) scales then information
regarding the anisotropy should also be derived
at these scales. Many investigators have spent
efforts to derive vertical permeability at its most
appropriate scale. For instance, [11,12] and
later investigators studied the effect of wells
partial penetration on pressure drop around
wellbore and suggested that the smaller the
degree of vertical permeability anisotropy the
larger the pressure drop expected to occur.
Later, other studies suggested analysis of
pressure transient test data as a source of
determining vertical permeability. Moncada,
who showed how to derive vertical permeabilty
from pressure derivative type-curve-matching, is
one example [13].
Despite its importance, measurement of
permeability anisotropy at appropriate scale
cannot always be conducted for various practical
reasons. Instead, most field operators still rely
on the traditional way of obtaining the
information: direct core analysis at smaller level
of macroscopic scale. In core-derived
permeability anisotropy, KV and KH are
determined on regular basis of common depths.
When core samples are of full-diameter type the
KV and KH are simply measured on the same
sample, whereas for plug samples KV and KH are
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
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measured on a pair of vertical and horizontal
plug-samples taken from a common depth point.
Using core-derived information, some
investigators have gone further to provide means
of determining KV through empirical KV -
(KH/ )0.5 relationships [14,15,16].
Permeability anisotropy in Indonesia, with
its complex geological setting, can always be
regarded as an ever-factual issue in reservoir
fluid flow-related matters. In Indonesias case,
the common practise of picking a single
representative KV/KH ratios through assumption
DATA INVENTORY
For the purpose of the study, a large amount
of core analysis data has been used. Since its
first involvement in mid 1970s, LEMIGAS Core
Laboratory has been conducting tens of
thousands of measurements on core samples for
their permeability, as well as porosity and other
basic petrophysical data, values both for
commercial and research purposes. For this
study a data inventory has been set up involving
vertical and horizontal permeability values of
both full-diameter and pairs of plug samples.
With regard to the data inventory, some relevant
notes are worth presenting at this point
Relatively all permeability values
through measurements following the
American Petroleum Institute (API)
Recommended Practice no. 40.
Permeability data is a combined air and
liquid permeability data, and not all air
permeability values are corrected for
slippage effects.
Vertical and horizontal plugs were taken
from common depth points.
From a range of minimum to maximum
horizontal permeability measured on
full-diameter core samples a mid-value
is taken as the representative value to
form KV/KH ratio with the
corresponding KV value.
Data confidentiality is maintained. The
only information to be revealed is
lithology, basin of origin, and field and
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
could be misleading since the ratios may differ
from one reservoir to another and even to one
location within a reservoir to another. In
essence, there may not be a single representative
KV/KH ratio at all for a reservoir of concerned.
It is the purpose of the study therefore to
provide a general view over permeability
vertical anisotropy in Indonesian reservoirs so
that engineers and geoscientists operating in
Indonesia can have a useful source of relevant
information in their day to day professional
activities.
well when required. Important identity
such as reservoir names/codes,
formation, and depths are kept
unrevealed.
A total of 7,945 KV/KH ratio data has been
collected, of which 6,689 (4,276 sandstones and
2413 carbonates) are pairs of vertical and
horizontal plug samples and 1256 (340
sandstone and 916 carbonates) are full-diameter
core samples. They are taken from 259 wells
representing 157 oil and gas fields in all 15
Indonesias productive sedimentary basins to
date (Figure 1). The sandstone samples covered
in the study represent a wide range of types,
from clean sand, laminated shaly sand,
argillaceous sand, conglomeratic sand, to sand
containing special minerals such as micaceous,
glauconitic, and carbonaceous sands, whereas
the carbonates samples covered limestone,
dolomite, and other carbonate rocks.
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
In analysing the KV/KH ratio data some
groupings, classification, and comparisons have
been carried out. Groupings were made based
on some aspects such as sedimentary basins,
porosity ranges, horizontal permeability ranges,
sandstone types, individual well vertical
variation, and field lateral variation. For
sandstones, data is presented in both histogram
and cartesian plots with KV/KH intervals of 0.1.
All values less than 0.1 and greater than 1.5 are
included in cathegories of <0.1 and >1.5,
repectively. Fore carbonates, due to their wider
range of data, data is also presented in both
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
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histogram and cartesian plots but with KV/KH
intervals of 0.3. All values less than 0.3 and
greater than 4.2 are included in cathegories of
<0.3 and >4.2, repectively. Exact values equal
to the range limiting values are treated as to
belong to the lower range. It is also worth
noting that even though, for a practical reason,
all the KV/KH values greater than 1.5 and 4.2 are
included into one class (KV/KH > 1.5 and > 4.2)
they will not make a misinformation problem
since in total they numerically are usually lower
than 10% of the total population.
Sandstones
Observation 1: sedimentary basin
Following the number of productive
sedimentary basins in Indonesia, the first
groupping is based on sedimentary basin of
origin (Figure 1). All data roughly falls below
KV/KH = 1.2. the value of The underlined idea
of having the data based on these sedimentary
basins is the possibility of different
heterogeneity pattern at gigascopic scale
between one basin to another. For instance,
Figures 2 through 5 and Figures 6 through 9
present example KV/KH populations of
sedimentary basins for and plug and whole core
samples, respectively. The plots based on this
basin grouping have shown that distribution for
core plug samples (with large population) is
relatively even for the four basins presented,
with mode within the range of 0 0.1.
However, the small proportion that represents
this mode (mostly between 13 17% of
population, except for South Sumatra basin with
its 26% of population) can be regarded as
preventing the mode as the most representative
values.
In general, the distribution pattern shown by
whole core sample population is different
compared to the pattern shown by core plug
sample population. Distributions shown by the
four basins in Figures 6 through 9 follow
different patterns. This difference is likely
caused by two factors; size difference (i.e. rock
heterogenity) and number of population.
Further investigation on this matter is discussed
later in the Further Discussion.
Observation 2: porosity ranges
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
It is commonly acknowledged that actually
there is no direct relationship between porosity
and permeability, since magnitudes of
permeability are rather directly determined by
size and distribution of pore throat within the
rock pore system. However, common practices
in petrophysical analyses often link the two
parameters from some practical reasons, and for
some cases the relationships prove useful.
Therefore, the study also considers possible
influence of differences in porosity on the
KV/KH anisotropy. Porosity is devided into
three classes; low (< 15%), medium (15 - 25%),
and high (> 25%). Figures 10 through 12
present the KV/KH population for plug samples
whereas Figures 13 through 15 present the same
population for whole core samples.
The plots for the core plug samples exhibit
similarity to the observation on the sedimentary
basin grouping (Observation 1), which also
show larger proportion for lower KV/KH ranges
and mode value within 0 0.1 range but at an
unrepresentatively low number proportionally to
total population. The plots in general show that
the population is relative uniformly distributed
among the KV/KH ranges indicating no unique
single representative KV/KH value. All data falls
roughly below KV/KH = 1.2.
An interesting thing found in Observation 2
is the similarity in distribution patterns of the
whole core samples (Figures 13 through 15) to
the core plug patterns. Obvious similarities are
visible when whole core samples patterns are
compared to the core plug patterns for their
corresponding porosity ranges (e.g. Figure 10
with Figure 13 for low porosity range). Indeed,
local differences are also obvious but
semblances of similarity are also too clear to be
omitted. This can be taken as an indication that,
despite low in number of population, the KV/KH
ratio measured at whole core size is also
influenced by the same causes (e.g. pore
configuration) as in the case of core plug
samples.
From the overall results of Observation 2, it
is almost clear that porosity has no much
influence on KV/KH distribution. This is
indicated by similarity in the distributions for all
porosity ranges especially for the core plug
samples (i.e. large sample number). This is very
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

logical since permeability is actually not directly
influenced by porosity.
Observation 3: horizontal permeability
ranges
Since the magnitude of vertical permeability
is always expressed in a form relative to
horizontal permeability, it is therefore
neccessary to study the KV/KH tendencies with
variations in horizontal permeability values.
Theoretically, there is no direct influence that
might be exerted by horizontal permeability
towards vertical permeability, and the
relationship between the two permeabilities is
likely to be more influenced by rocks pore
types. However, any evidence from analysis on
the influence of horizontal permeability
variations on KV/KH can still be regarded as
useful. Permeability is devided into four classes;
low (< 10 mD), medium (10 200 mD), high
(200 800 mD), and very high (> 800 mD).
Figures 16 through 19 and Figures 20 through
23 present KV/KH populations for plug and
whole core samples, respectively.
In a manner similar to effect of porosity,
there are also similarities in the population
distribution for the four horizontal permeability
ranges, even though a relatively high KV/KH
(frequency = 24%) is observed for medium
permeability range. This can probably be
interpreted as there is no direct influence exerted
by horizontal permeability on vertical
permeability. In other words, vertical
permeability tends to be independent of
horizontal permeability.
Also similar to results of Observation 2,
there are semblances of similarity between core
plug and whole core sample distributions,
despite the presence of local differences.
Again, these differences are likely to be caused
by the small whole cores population.
Observation 4: sandstone types
The 4,616 sandstone plug and whole core
samples used in this study consist essentially of
various types of sandstones based on rock
fabric, clay/shale structure, and presence of
special mineral(s). For this study five types of
sandstones samples were taken for the study.
The five sandstone types are conglomeratic,
glauconitic, argilaceous, micaceous, and
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
laminated shaly sandstones. Not all samples
were used, only plug samples were taken into
analysis, and only samples with distinct
descriptions that belong to the specified
sandstone types were used. Figures 24 through
28 present the KV/KH population for plug
samples. Due to their small number available
for Observation 4, no analysis was made for
whole core.
The plots in the figures show clearly the
effect of sandstone types (i.e. pore system
types). Conglomeratic and glauconitic
sandstones show strong non-preference KV/KH
distribution implying their irregular and
heterogeneous pore network, whereas the
argillaceous sandstone show slight preference
towards smaller KV/KH ranges indicating the
probable influence of fine and very fine grains
present in the pore network on the rock. Strong
preferences towards low KV/KH are shown by
the micaceous and laminated shaly sandstones.
For the two sandstone types more than 30% of
the population are characterized by KV/KH
values within the range of 0 0.1. This
occurence is very logical considering the platty
nature of the mica and laminated clay that are
present in the rocks.
From the results of Observation 5, it is
probably safe to conclude that low KV/KH values
can be used in any relevant reservoir studies for
cases where micaceous or laminated shaly
sandstones are the reservoir forming rocks. For
other sandstone types, more careful analyses
have to be performed.
Observation 5: vertical variation
Most of wells from which the KV/KH data
were taken have sufficient samples that enable
us to observe degree of KV/KH variations in
vertical direction. From the 135 wells,
approximately 90% of the wells (120 wells)
exhibit high degree of KV/KH vertical variation
(i.e. high variance). This is indicated by their
degree of variance of greater than 0.6 (this value
is taken arbitrarilly to distinguish between low
and high degree of variance). For some extreem
cases the degree of variation is as high as 1.6.
Figures 29 and 30 show plots in two wells with
lowest and highest KV/KH vertical variations,
respectively.
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
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The results of Observation 5 are actually

strongly linked to results of Observation 4, of
which it can be seen that vertical variation is by
in large influenced by rock structure. Reservoir
rocks with low KV/KH variation tend to be
associated with groups of micaceous and
laminated shally sandstones as described in the
Observation 4. In the other hand, the reverse is
true for the other types of sandstone. In general,
however, the significant majority shown by the
wells with high variance KV/KH data underlines
the neccessity of not neglecting facts about
vertical KV/KH variations in any relevant
reservoir studies.
Observation 6: lateral variation
Nature of sandstones during their
sedimentation and depotitional process suggests,
depending on various factors, variations in rock
quality in lateral directions. Sandstones with
different depositional environments are likely to
show different lateral variations. For
Observation 6, emphasis was given to observing
lateral KV/KH variations. The analysis was
essentially made by comparing KV/KH mode and
mean values of wells penetrating same
reservoirs or sands.
Of all wells available to the study, as many
as 24 reservoirs (or sand units) were found to
have 2 or more wells with KV/KH data. The data
in general also show that maximum number of
wells having KV/KH data for a single reservoir or
sand unit is 4 except one field in Kutai basin that
was found to have 12 wells with KV/KH data.
(There are many reservoirs or sand unit having
many wells with core analysis data but rarely
with KV/KH data.)
Analysis on mode and mean KV/KH values
has shown that KV/KH varies laterally in
significant manner. Figures 31 and 32 present
mode and mean KV/KH values for T (Barito
basin) and B (Central Sumatra basin) fields
with their three wells, respectively. The plots
show that for the two fields, regardless distances
between the wells, both KV/KH mode and mean
values vary laterally. This is consistently
shown by mode KV/KH values of the T and, at
a lesser degree, B fields. Similar occurences
also prevail in the case of other fields. This
evidence proves that KV/KH values may also
differ laterally.
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
Carbonate Rocks
Observation 1: sedimentary basin
For carbonate rocks, KV/KH groupping
based on sedimentary basin was made in the
manner similar to the one for sandstones.
Figures 33 through 35 and Figures 36 through
38 present KV/KH populations for plug and
whole core samples, respectively, representing
three sedimentary basin: North West Java, South
Sumatera, and North Sumatera. All other basins
were considered as represented by too few data
to yield any reliable information.
The most obvious occurence of the plotted
data from the three basins, both core plugs and
whole cores, is that most data fall in the range of
KV/KH < 1.2 even though their distribution
patterns are not necessarily the same. For
instance, North West Java basins core plugs
show large proportion of KV/KH data within the
range of 0 0.3 while the mode for South
Sumatera basin is the range of 0.6 0.9. This
probably reflects carbonate rocks usual high
degree of heterogeneity. There are also obvious
differences shown when comparisons are made
by the patterns of core plugs and whole core.
While core plugs from North West java and
South Sumatera basins show different modes
whole cores from the two basins show similarity
in patterns indicated by their considerably
similar modes of 0 0.3. However, similarity
between whole cores and core plugs data for
North West Java basin and difference between
the two sets of data for South Sumatera basin
can probably interpreted as the two basins have
different patterns of vertical anisotropy.
Vertical anisotropy in North West Java basin
probably occurs at scale greater than whole core
size, while anisotropy in South Sumatera basin
occurs at scales between the size of plug and
whole core. Other basins may probably show
different scale of vertical anisotropy, but their
modes may still fall between 0 and 1.2.
Other important information that can be
drawn from the plots is the significant presence
of KV/KH data larger than 4.2, indicating
signicantly larger vertical permeability than its
corresponding horizontal permeabily. Analyses
on core visual description indicate that core
samples with very large KV/KH values are
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
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usually associated with presence of cracks or
fissures, their planes most probably lies paralel
to vertical or sub-vertical directions. This
KV/KH of 4.2 can probably and favourably be
used as a clue for minimum KV/KH value for
fractured tight limestone reservoirs.
Observation 2: porosity ranges
Porosity ranges used in the observation for
carbonate rocks are the same as ones used in the
observation for sandstones. Figures 39 through
41and Figures 42 through 44 show present
KV/KH population for plug and whole core
samples, respectively, representing three
porosity ranges: low (0 15%), medium (15
25%), and high (> 25%).
All six plot show remarkably similar
distribution patterns, which are strikingly
characterized by most of the KV/KH data to fall
bellow 1.2. This may in general be interpreted
that porosity does not affect KV/KH significantly.
In a manner similar to sandstone data, similarity
in patterns between core plugs and whole core
data also indicate that porosity does not affect
KV/KH at any scales. Therefore it can be said
that, despite differences in ranges and patterns
between sandstones and carbonate rocks,
porosity is not a major governing factor to the
KV/KH.
Observation 3: horizontal permeability
ranges
Same permeability ranges as ones used on
sandstone data were used in the observation for
carbonate rocks. Figures 45 through 48 and
Figures 49 through 52 show present KV/KH
population for plug and whole core samples,
respectively, representing four permeability
ranges: low (0 10 mD), medium (10 200
mD), high (200 800 mD), and very high (>
800 mD).
Like in the case of other observations, the
classification into ranges of permeability has
shown similar trends in which the bulk majority
of KV/KH data fall below the number of 1.2, both
for plug and whole core samples. However, a
rather obvious difference is observed in the form
of larger population with KV/KH < 0.3 for plug
samples compared to for plug samples.
Permeability ranges for plug samples with large
population, e.g low and medium ranges according to Dunham classification: mudstone-
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
(Figures 45 and 46), tend to show larger
proportion of KV/KH values < 0.3 whereas high
permeability range with its smaller population
(Figure 47) show much lower KV/KH values <
0.3. On the other hand, low permeability
range for whole-core samples, wich is the
largest population for whole-core samples,
shows much lower proportion of KV/KH values <
0.3. The differences in trends between plug and
whole core data population can definitely be
taken as evidence that high level of
heterogeneity is shown the carbonate rocks.
Despite differences shown by both plug and
whole core samples it is still obvious that the
similarity in general trend of having most of
KV/KH values lower than 1.2 can be taken as an
indication that the KV/KH values are not
governed by the horizontal permebility. In other
words, the magnitudes of vertical permeability
are independent of horizontal permeabilty.
Observation 4: carbonate rock types
The carbonate rocks used in this study
covered various limestones (roughly 80% of
total) and dolomitic rocks (roughly 20% of
total). No anhydrites and evaporites were
available to this study. This is understandable
since presence of the two carbonates in
Indonesian reservoirs is almost none. However,
for a simplicity reason the classification in this
observation follows Dunhams classification:
mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone,
boundstone, and, crystalline. For the purpose of
this study, this classification is simplified further
by combining mudstone and packstone into one
class, and grainstone and boundstone into
another. Therefore, the carbonate rock type
classification is: mudstone-wackstone,
packstone, grainstone-bounstone, and
crystalline. This classification is considered
suitable for this study since this study is focused
at anisotropy in rock permeability and
consequently the simplified Dunhams rock
textural classification suits well to it. All data
that are represented by other types of
classifications were all converted into this
classification. Figures 53 through 56 and
Figures 57 through 60 show present KV/KH
population for plug and whole core samples,
respectively, representing four rock types
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
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wackstone, packstone, grainstone-boundstone,
and crystalline.
As in other Observations, similar patterns
are also observed. Considering its nature, the
Dunhams classification is essentially a way of
classifying quality of carbonate rocks in term of
petrophysical properties. This directly relates to
rock permeability. What can obviously be
observed is that there is no significant difference
in pattern among the four rock quality classes.
In a manner similar to the other Observations,
all classes show that most KV/KH data falls
below the value of 1.2 and a portion of total
population in each class fall above KV/KH = 4.2.
Differences in rock texture do not seem to yield
much different correlation between vertical and
horizontal permeabilities. It can probably be
said that improvements in horizontal
permeability due to presence of better rock
texture and pore configuration are always
somewhat acompanied by improvements in
vertical permeability.
Observation 5: vertical variation
Following the approach used in the study on
sandstone samples, observation on vertical
variation was made through searching for core
samples with the lowest degree of vertical
KV/KH (heterogeneous) variation and core
samples with the highest degree of KV/KH
variation (homogeneous). Figures 61 and 62
show two cases that represent two extremes, low
vertical variation (Figure 61) and high vertical
variation (Figure 62), respectively. This
comparison between two extremes is made in
the way similar to sandstone samples population
(Figures 29 and 30).
As in the case of sandstone, carbonates
vertical KV/KH variation also show moderate
case. Plot shown in Figure 61 is a well with the
least variation profile could be found among the
data. By comparing it to its corresponding
counterpart in sandstone population (Figure 29)
it is obvious that the KV/KH vertical variation in
carbonates, even at its lowest variation, is still
more significant than in sandstone. (In Figure
29, the highest KV/KH value for sandstone is
around unity, whereas even the average KV/KH
value for the carbonates in Figure 61 is around
2.)
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
The other extreme case, the maximum
variation, also show significant degree of
difference. The average KV/KH value for the
carbonates persented in Figure 62, around 4 to 5,
is still comparable to the KV/KH maximum
values of around 6 shown by the sandstones
presented in Figure 30. Although the
comparison also suggests that in some cases
there is a possibility that sandstones KV/KH
vertical variation may be more significant that
carbonate rocks KV/KH vertical variation but in
most cases it will be no doubt that KV/KH
vertical variation in carbonate rocks will cause
more problems than in the case of sandstones.
FURTHER DISCUSSION
Observations on both sandstone and
carbonate rocks have revealed that the similarity
in distribution between the two rock groups.
Both populations, using all kinds of
classifications and observations, behave
similarly in the form of most of data falls
roughly below KV/KH = 1.2 except carbonate
rocks tend to have larger proportions of KV/KH
values of greater than 1.2 (even greater than
4.2). Both rock groups do not show specific
tendency in their most representative figures of
KV/KH. Some classifications show modes of
KV/KH = 0.1 but others show different
prefference. The similarity in pattern between
the two groups is somewhat unexpected since it
is commonly acknowledged that the two rock
groups are often characterized by different rock
textures and pore configuration. This can
probably be taken as evidence that there is a
kind of uniformity in the Nature despite
differences in many of its physical aspects.
Investigating deeper, from the six
observations over the sandstones KV/KH data, it
is obvious that there is no single value that can
be regarded as representative for all sandstones
even though 0 0.1 often appears as the mode
of KV/KH range. Indeed by definition mode
represents values or range of values that appear
most frequently, but the data in general show
that the mode values rarely represent a
significant portion of data population at any
groupping scenario. Exceptions are observed
for specific groupping of sandstone types, from
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________

which micaceous and laminated shale by the scatter shown, even though in general the
sandstones show KV/KH mode values of 0 0.1 data fall roughly around the 45o equality line.
at around 30% of population. The remaining This implies that in general the representative
population exhibits no strong preference to any elemental volume (REV), as borrowed from the
particular KV/KH values. definition by Hudson and Cooling (1988) for
rock mechanical properties, of sandstones is
This non-preference tendency is clearly
probably still larger than the size of whole core
shown by core plug population in Observation 1,
samples. Volumes smaller than REV are likely
from which all basins (particularly basins with
to show significantly different permeability
large sample population, say larger than 500)
values, while volumes larger tend to exhibit
exhibit similar general distribution of KV/KH
similar permeability values. In other words,
population. Similar distribution is also shown
rock properties measured at scales of plug and
by core plug population in Observation 2
whole core samples are still much influenced by
(porosity ranges) and Observation 3 (horizontal
rock heterogeneity. With this conclusion, it is
permeability ranges) except for medium
therefore likely that the difference in patterns
permeability range, which shows larger
shown by the plug and whole core samples are
proportion for KV/KH = 0 0.1. Non-preference
likely caused by not only the smaller sizes of the
tendencies are also found in Observation 4
whole core samples population (total number =
except for the micaceous and laminated shale
340) relative to the plug sample population
sandstones.
(total number = 4,276) but also to the intense
For carbonate rocks, indeed some heterogeneity that characterize the core samples.
observations have shown that the KV/KH range
This difference between plug-size and
of 0 0.3 appears to be the most important
whole core-size is even greater for the more
range. This may falsely be taken as the most
complicated carbonate rocks. The plots shown
representative KV/KH range, since this range is
by Figures 65 and 66 have even shown higher
often represented by observation range that is
degree of scatter indicating the more obvious
made by small population only (e.g. Figures 48
absence of agreement between plug-size and
and 52). What is clearly shown by the carbonate
whole core-size, both vertical and horizontal
rocks is that a considerable majority of their
permeability. It is even further shown that
KV/KH values are lower than 1.2, even though
permeabilities measured at whole core-size, both
the observations also show that some data also
vertical and horizontal, are always greater than
fall in the region of KV/KH > 4.2. This value of
values measured at plug-size scale. When REV
1.2 can therefore be safely taken as the most
concept is applied to the carbonate rocks, it is
likely maximum KV/KH value for carbonates in
unarguably considered that whole core-size
Indonesia.
samples are more representative to the reservoir
For sandstone samples, comparisons in general. However, the similarity in patterns
between core plug and whole core sample between two sizes, as well as the inconsistencies
populations have shown differences in their of the patterns when number of population is put
respective general patterns. The general patterns into concern (e.g. large plug sample population
that characterize most core plug sample may have similar pattern to small whole core
populations show smooth and more even sample population, and vice versa) are probably
distributions among KV/KH ranges compared to an indication that the true REV may be obtained
the patterns shown by the whole core at scales larger than both plug and whole core
populations. In order to investigate the cause, a sizes.
separate observation on size effect on
In general, It is also understood that
permeability was also made by comparing
different reservoir may have different REV, but
permeabilities of whole core and plug samples at
from comparisons between sedimentary basins
same depths. The log-log plots for KV and KH
with large population, it can also be shown that
(Figures 63 and 64, respectively) show that there
heterogeneity has its effect at scales smaller than
is some degree of difference between the whole
basin size or more precisely at field or reservoir
core and plug samples permeabilities indicated
scales. This supports the results obtained in
___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________
Observations 5 and 6 for sandstones showing
KV/KH variations in vertical and lateral
directions and Observation 5 for carbonates
showing KV/KH variations in vertical direction.
When put into the concept of REV, which
previously states that it may probably occur at
sizes as small as core plug samples, the KV/KH
vertical and lateral variations taking place at
volumes larger than the REV appear
inconsistent since at volumes larger than REV
KV/KH should remain the same. However, this
can be understood when it is assumed that the
previously stated REV is taken as apparent
REV for a specific sandstone or lithology. The
true REV for a field or reservoir must be in
place at scales larger than both plug and whole
core volumes. At volumes larger than this true
REV and smaller than basin size or reservoir
size, then KV/KH would not vary much anymore.
CONCLUSIONS
From the study, some main conclusions
have been drawn:
Despite differences in rock texture and
pore configuration, there is a striking
similarity in pattern between sandstones
and carbonate rocks. For the two rock
groups, most vertical-to-horizontal
permeability anisotropy (KV/KH) data
falls bellow the value of 1.2, even
though carbonate rocks tend to show
greater portion of data that falls above
1.2 (roughly 5% - 15%).
Within the range of KV/KH = 0 1.2, no
general preference about KV/KH is
shown by both sandstone carbonate rock
samples used in the study. Some results
show KV/KH range of 0 0.1 as the
mode but at proportion too low to be
regarded as the most representative
values.
Sandstones with structural laminaes,
such as in the case of micaceous and
laminated shaly sandstones, tend to have
KV/KH mode within the range of 0 0.1
at significantly high proportion of
population.
___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
Similarity in distribution patterns
between basins with large core sample
population underlines the conclusion
that KV/KH variations are likely to occur
at field or reservoir scales instead of at
basin scales.
Differences in distribution patterns
between core plug and whole core
sample populations are likely caused
more by both difference in sample
number (whole core sample population
is significantly smaller than core plug
sample population.) and size (i.e.
heterogeneity). This probably indicates
that the representative elemental
volume (REV) of the sandstones used
in this study is larger than the size of
whole core samples.
Vertical and lateral variations shown in
the study stresses that KV/KH variations
occur spatially. Therefore, a careful
study has to be carried out before
assigning KV/KH data for any relevant
reservoir studies and modeling.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Mr. Robert
Pasaribu from LEMIGAS Routine Core
Analysis Laboratory for his valuable helps
during the study.
REFERENCES
1. McGuire, W.J. & Sikora, V.J. The Effect of
Vertical Fractures on Wells Productivity.
Trans. AIME, Vol. 219, pp. 401 403,
1960.
2. Landrum, B.L. & Crawford, P.B. Effect of
Directional Permeability on Sweep
Efficiency and Production Capacity. J. Pet.
Technol., 12(11): 67 71, 1960.
3. Datta Gupta, A., Pope, G.A. & Sepehrnoori,
K. Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneity on
Chemically Enhanced Oil Recovery.
SPE/DOE 14889, Proceeding 5th
Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery,
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________
Tulsa Oklahoma, USA, April 20 23,
1986.
4. Tariq, S.M., Ichara, M.J. & Ayestaran, L.
Performance of Perforated Completion in the
Presence of Anisotropy, Laminations, or
Natural Fractures. SPE Paper 14320, 1989.
5. Smith, R.K., Sawyer, W.K., & Esposito, P.R.
The Effect of Anisotropy and Vertical
Fracture Penetration on Production Decline
Curves for Low Permeability Gas Wells.
SPE Paper 10369, presented at the 1981
Eastern Regional Meeting of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in
Columbus Ohio, November 4 6, 1981.
6. Gatens, J.M., Lee, W.J., Hopkins, C.W. &
Lancaster, D.E. The Effect of Permeability
Anisotropy on The Evaluation and Design of
Hydraulic Fracture Treatments and Well
Performance. SPE Paper 21501, presented at
the SPE Gas Technology Symposium, held
in Houston Texas, January 23 25, 1991.
7. Besson, J. Performance of Slanted and
Horizontal Wells on An Anisotropic Medium.
SPE Paper 20965, presented at Europec 90,
The Hague Netherlands, October 22 24,
1990.
8. Culham, W.E. Pressure Buildup Equations
for Spherical Flow Regime Problem. Society
of Pet. Eng. Journal, December, 1974.
9. Odeh, A.S. An Equation for Calculating Skin
Factor Due Restricted Entry. J. of Pet. Tech.,
June, pp. 964 965, 1980.
10. Tiab, D. & Donaldson, E. C. Petrophysics:
Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir
Rock and Fluid Transport Properties. 2nd
___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
edition, Elsevier Gulf Professional
Publishing, 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington,
MA 01803, USA, p: 889, 2004.
11. Nisle, R.G. The Effect of Partial
Penetration on Pressure Build-Up in Oil
Wells. Trans., AIME vol. 213, pp. 85 90,
1958.
12. Brons, F. & Marting, V.E. The Effect of
Restricted Fluid Entry on Well Productivity.
J. Pet. Tech., February, pp. 172 174, 1961.
13.Moncada, K. Application of TDS Technique
To Calculate Vertical and Horizontal
Permeabilities for Vertical Wells With
Partial Completion and Partial Penetration,
M.Sc Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Dec.
2003.
14. Peffer, M.A. & OCallagan, P.J. In-Situ
Determination of Permeability Anisotropy
and Its Vertical Distribution A Case Study,
SPE Paper #38942, Proceeding, SPE ATCE,
San Antonio, Texas, 5 8 October 1997.
15. Manseur, S., Tiab, D., Berkat, A. & Zhu, T.
Horizontal and Vertical Permeability
Determination in Clean and Shally
Reservoirs Using In-Situ Measurement. SPE
Paper 75773, presented at SPE WR/AAPG
Pacific Section Joint Meeting, Anchorage,
Alaska, 20 22 May, 2002.
16. Zahaf, K, & Tiab, D. Vertical Permeability
from In-Situ Horizontal Permeability
Measurements in Shaly-Sand Reservoirs. J.
of Can. Pet. Tech., August, pp. 43 50,
2002.
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

30 30
mode 0.0 - 0.1
mean 0.60 Ss mode 0.0 - 0.1
25 25
population 1340 mean 0.53
population 688
20 20
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
15 15

10 Ss 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 2 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs from Figure 3 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs from
Central Sumatera basin South Sumatera basin

30
30
mode 0.0 - 0.1 mode 0.0 - 0.1
mean 0.60 25 mean 0.56
25 Ss
Ss population 1212 population 528
Frequency, % 20
20
Frequency, %

15
15

10
10

5
5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 4 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs from Figure 5 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs from
Kutai basin West Natuna basin

50 50
mode 0.0 - 0.1 mode 0.1 - 0.2
Ss mean 0.50 Ss mean 0.24
40 population 37 40 population 61
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 6 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core from Figure 7 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core from
West Natuna basin Tarakan basin

50 50
mode 0.6 - 0.7
mode 0.0 - 0.1
Ss mean 0.58
40
mean 0.35
40
Ss
population 120
population 29
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 8 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core from Figure 9 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core from
West Java Sea basin North Sumatera basin
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IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

30 30
mode 0.0 - 0.1
mode 0.0 - 0.1
25 Ss 25 Ss mean 0.59
mean 0.67
population 1644
population 1216
20 20
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 10 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs Figure 11 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs
classified as low porosity (between 0 to 15 %) classified as medium porosity (between 15 to 25 %)

25
30
mode 0.0 - 0.1
modus 0.0 - 0.1
mean 0.62
Ss mean 0.47
25 Ss 20 population 94
population 1452

20
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

15

15
10
10

5
5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 12 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs Figure 13 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core
classified as high porosity (higher than 25%) classified as low porosity (0 to 15%)

25 25
mode 0.1 - 0.2 mode 0.0 - 0.1
Ss mean 0.40 Ss mean 0.56
20 population 172 20 population 70
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 14 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core Figure 15 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core
classified as medium porosity (15 to 25%) classified as high porosity (higher than 25%)

30
30
mode 0.3 - 0.4
mode 0.0 - 0.1
Ss mean 0.69
25 Ss mean 0.52
population 1562 25
population 1311
20
Frequency, %

20
Frequency, %

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 16 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs Figure 17 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs
classified as low permeability (less than 10 mD) classified as medium permeability (10 to 200 mD)
___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________

30 30
mode 0.0 - 0.1 mode 0.0 - 0.1
Ss
25 Ss mean 0.60 mean 0.69
25
population 813 population 527

20 20
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 18 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs Figure 19 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs
classified as high permeability (200 to 800 mD) classified as very high permeability (more than 800 mD)

30 30

mode 0.1 - 0.2

Ss Ss
25 25 mean 0.38
population 195
20 20
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 20 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core Figure 21 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core
classified as low permeability (less than 10 mD) classified as medium permeability (10 to 200 mD)

30 30
mode 0.0 - 0.1 Ss mode 0.6 - 0.7
Ss mean 0.45 25 mean 0.50
25
population 58 population 27

20 20
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 22 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core Figure 23 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone whole core
classified as high permeability (200 to 800 mD) classified asas very high permeability (more than 800 mD)

35 35
mode 0.7 - 0.8
mode 0.2 - 0.3
30 Ss mean 0.88
30 Ss mean 0.76
population 108
population 123
25 25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 24 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs for Figure 25 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs for
conglomeratic sandstone glauconitic sandstone
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 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________

35 35

Ss mode 0.0 - 0.1 mode 0.0 - 0.1

30 Ss
mean 0.47 30 mean 0.39
population 188 population 79
25 25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 26 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs for Figure 27 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs for
argilaceous sandstone micaceous sandstone

35
mode 0.0 - 0.1
Ss mean 0.39
30
population 184
25
Frequency, %

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Kv/Kh
Figure 28 Anisotropy distribution of sandstone core plugs for
laminatic shaly sand

Kv/Kh, Fraction Kv/Kh, Fraction

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
645 260

mean 0.91
Ss variance 1.59
Ss

265

650 270

275
Depth, m

Depth, m

655 280

285

660 290

295

665 300

Figure 29 Low vertical Kv/Kh variation of sandstone Figure 30 High Vertical Kv/Kh variation of sandstone
samples observed in a well of 'B' field (Central samples observed in a well of 'T' field (North Sumatera
Sumatera Basin) Basin)

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IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________

0.8 0.7

0.7 mode mode

0.6
mean mean
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
Kv/Kh

Kv/Kh
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
T-1 T-2 T-3 B-1 B-2 B-3
Well Well
Figure 31 Lateral Kv/Kh variation for sandstone samples in 'T' field Figure 32 Lateral Kv/Kh variation for sandstone samples in 'B'
(Barito Basin) Field (Central Sumatera Basin)

40 35
mode 0.0 - 0.3 mode 0.6 - 0.9
35 Ls mean 1.16 30
Ls
mean 1.75
population 433 population 267
30
25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
25
20
20
15
15
10
10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 33 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs from Figure 34 Anisotropy distribution ofCarbonate core plugs from
North West Java Basin South Sumatera Basin

35 40
mode 0.0 - 0.3
30 Ls 35 mode 0.0 - 0.3
mean 2.57 Ls mean 0.89
population 482
25 30 population 121
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 35 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs Figure 36 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs from
from North Sumatera Basin North West Java Basin

40 35
mode 0.6 - 0.9
mode 0.0 - 0.3 Ls mean 1.56
35 Ls mean 1.12
30
population 426
population 51
30 25
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 > 4.5
4.2

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 37 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs from Figure 38 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs
South Sumatera Basin from North Sumatera Basin

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 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
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___________________________________________________________________________

35 35
mode 0.0 - 0.3 mode 0.0 - 0.3
Ls mean 2.24 30
Ls mean 1.37
30
population 732 population 598

25 25

Frequency, %
Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
> 4.2
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 39 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs classified Figure 40 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs classified
as low porosity (between 0 to 15 %) as medium porosity (between 15 to 25 %)

35 35
Ls mode 0.6 - 0.9
mode 0.0 - 0.3
30 mean 1.49 30 Ls
population 535 mean 1.7
population 303
25 25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 41 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs Figure 42 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core
classified as high porosity (more than 25 %) classified as low porosity (between 0 to 15 %)

35 35
Ls mode 0.0 - 0.3
30
Ls mode 0.3 - 0.6
mean 1.3 30
mean 1.18
population 289
population 120
25 25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 43 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core Figure 44 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core
classified as medium porosity (between 15 to 25 %) classified as high porosity (more than 25 %)

35 35
Ls mode 0.0 - 0.3
Ls mode 0.0 - 0.3
30 mean 1.95 30
mean 1.45
population 1250 population 474
25 25
Frequency, %

Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 45 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs classified
as low permeability (0 to 10 mD) Figure 46 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs classified
as medium permeability (10 to 200 mD)

___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

35 35
mode 0.0 - 0.3
mode 0.6 - 0.9
Ls mean 0.91
Ls mean 0.75
30 30
population 23
population 125
25 25

Frequency, %
Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 47 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate cores plug classified Figure 48 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate core plugs classified
as high permeability (200 to 800 mD) as very high permeability (> 800 mD)

35 45
mode 0.6 - 1.2
Ls mean 1.59 40 mode 0.0 - 0.3
30
population 456 Ls mean 1.32
35
population 187
25
30
Frequency, %

20 Frequency, %
25

15 20

15
10
10
5
5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 49 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core Figure 50 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core
classified as low permeability (0 to 10 mD) classified as medium permeability (10 to 200 mD)

40 35

Ls mode 0.0 - 0.3 mode 0.0 - 0.3

35 30
Ls
mean 1.46 mean 1.89
population 62 population 32
30
25
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

25
20
20
15
15
10
10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 51 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core Figure 52 Anisotropy distribution of Carbonate whole core
classified as high permeability (200 to 800 mD) classified as very high permeability (>800 mD)

35 35
mode 0.0 - 0.3 mode 0.9 - 1.2
30 Ls mean 1.28 30 mean 1.77
population 408 population 570
25 25
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 > 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 > 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 53 Anisotropy distribution of core plugs classified as Figure 54 Anisotropy distribution of core plugs classified as
Mudstone - Wackstone rock type Packstone rock type

___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

35 40
mode 0.6 - 0.9 mode 0.0 - 0.3
30 mean 1.58 35
mean 2.24
population 575 population 570
30
25

Frequency, %
Frequency, %

25
20
20
15
15
10
10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 >4.5
4.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 >4.5
4.2

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 55 Anisotropy distribution of core plugs classified as Figure 56 Anisotropy distribution of core plugs classified as
Grainstone - Boundstone rock type Crystalline rock type

35 35
mode 0.6 - 0.9 mode 0.0 - 0.3
30 mean 1.63 30 mean 1.34
population 81 population 319
25 25
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5

Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 57 Anisotropy distribution of whole core classified as Figure 58 Anisotropy distribution of whole core classified as
Mudstone-Wackstone rock type Packstone rock type

35 35
mode 0.3 - 0.9 mode 0.6 - 0.9
30 mean 1.69 30 mean 1.66
population 131 Ls population 137
25 25
Frequency, %
Frequency, %

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2> 4.2
4.5
Kv/Kh Kv/Kh
Figure 59 Anisotropy distribution of whole core classified as Figure 60 Anisotropy distribution of whole core classified as
Boundstone-Grainstone rock type Crystalline rock type

___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09
 Proceeding Simposium Nasional IATMI
25 - 28 Juli 2007, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
___________________________________________________________________________

Kv/Kh, Fraction Kv/Kh, Fraction

0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
2565 11700
Ls
Ls
2570
11710

2575

11720
2580

2585 11730

2590
11740

2595
Depth, m

Depth, m
11750
2600

11760
2605

2610 11770

2615
11780

2620

11790
2625

2630 11800

Figure 61 Low vertical Kv/Kh variation of Carbonate Figure 62 High vertical Kv/Kh variation of Carbonate
samples observed in a well of 'SS' field (North East Java samples observed in a well of 'A' field (North Sumatera
Basin) Basin)

10000 10000

Ss Ss
Whole Core Permeability, mD

Whole Core Permeability, mD

1000

100
100

10
1

0.01 0.1
0.01 1 100 10000 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Plug Permeability, mD Plug Permeabilty, mD
Figure 63 Comparison between sandstone Core Plug and Whole Figure 64 Comparison between sandstone Core plug and Whole
Core Vertical Permeability Core Horizontal Permeability

10000 10000

Ls Ls
Whole Core Permeability, mD

Whole Core Permeability, mD

1000

100
100

10
1

0.01 0.1
0.01 1 100 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000
Plug Permeability, mD Plug Permeabilty, mD
Figure 65 Comparison between Carbonate Core Plug and Whole Figure 65 Comparison between Carbonate Core plug and Whole
Core Vertical Permeability Core Horizontal Permeability

___________________________________________________________________________________
IATMI 2007-TS-09