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Fig. 3. Detection and visual localization of the signal with interharmonics.
Fig. 4. Detection and visual localization of the signal with multiple
disturbances.
signal with a 50-Hz fundamental frequency with a high fre-
quency transient and multiple voltage spikes. Fig. 3 shows a
signal with interharmonic components for a small duration.
Fig. 4 shows a practical signal with various power signal
disturbances. Here, the Hilbert energy spectrum is plotted in
a timefrequency plane. These plots clearly detect and local-
ize the occurrences of disturbances. The energy concentration
depends on the instantaneous amplitude.
EMD with HT is a promising tool for signal decomposition.
It serves as an input to the HT to obtain a meaningful IF and am-
plitude which is used for the the detection and classification of
PQ disturbances, respectively. This tool provides a clear visual
detection and localization of the disturbances. For automatic
classification, features are extracted from the timefrequency
representation obtained by EMD and HT. Standard deviation
and entropy were taken as two features for classification. The
feature extraction from the timefrequency matrix is explained
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 61, NO.
Fig. 5. (a) Flowchart of BNT algorithm. (b) Single-layer neural network used
at each node.
in [15]. A supervised BNT classifier is used on the feature
values for the classification of patterns.
V. BNT
An NT is a decision tree [16] with a simple perceptron for
each intermediate or nonterminal node. In this paper, a new
NT architecture called BNT [17] is proposed to reduce the
size of the tree (both in depth and in the number of nodes)
and to improve the classification of PQ events with respect
to a standard NT [18][20]. To achieve this result, two main
improvements are proposed: 1) perceptron substitution and
2) pattern removal. The proposed novelties aim to define a new
training strategy that does not require the definition of complex
network topologies. Two main phases can be distinguished, the
training phase and classification phase.
A. Training Phase
In the training phase, the BNT is constructed by partitioning
a training set consisting of feature vectors and their correspond-
ing class labels to generate the tree in a recursive manner using
the BNT algorithm shown in Fig. 5.
The perceptron is trained with the patterns of the training
set until the variation of a given error e remains in the range