MEDICAL

CONSOLIDATED
POINTS
medpgnotes
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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Contents
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
BODIES................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
NAMED CELLS..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
NAMED DEFORMITIES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
DYES..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
EPITHELIUM..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
NAMED FASCIA................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
FORMULA........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
NAMED LINES .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
MARKERS........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
ODOUR ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
OSSIFICATION.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
RADIOLOGICAL SIGNS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
SCIENTISTS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
STAINS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS

DRUG ADVERSE EFFECT
Thalidomide Phocomelia
Peripheral Neuropathy
Constipation
Apraclonidine Lid Lag
Brimonidine Anterior Chamber Uveitis
Methyldopa Hemolytic anemia in pregnant women
Amantidine Ankle edema,Livido reticularis
Pimoline Hepatotoxicity
Phenylpropanolamine Hemorrhagic Stroke
Trastuzumab Cardiomyopathy
Bisphosphonates Osteonecrosis of Jaw
st
1 generation Bisphosphonates Erosive Esophagitis
nd
2 generation Bisphosphonates Thrombophlebitis,Nephrotoxicity
Ceftazidine Neutropenia,Thrombocytopenia
Cefoperazone Disulfiram Like reaction
Colchicine Bloody diarrhea
Cotrimoxazole Kernicterus in Fetus
Tetracycline Teeth & bone deformity in Fetus
Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity in Fetus
Quinolones Arthropathy in Fetus
Clarithromycin Teratogenicity
Chloramphenicol Grey baby syndrome
Chloramphenicol Aplastic anaemia
Foscarnet Penile Ulcer
Renal Shutdown
Acyclovir Nephrotoxixity
Clozapine Sialorrhoea
Agranulocytosis
Orthostatic Hypotension
Myocarditis
Fluoxetine Sexual Dysfuction
Gastrointestinal effects
Anxiety
Anticholinergic effects
Antipsychotics Acute dystonia(7 days)
Tardive dyskinesia(3 months)
Akathisia
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Lithium Leucocytosis
Polyuria/Polydipsia
Hand tremor
Muscle weakness

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 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS 3
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Confusion
Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea
Chloroform Hepatotoxicity
Trilene+Sodalime Phosgene Neurotoxic
Desoflurane + Baralime Carbon Monoxide
Sevoflurane + Sodalime Compound A
Succinyl Choline Masseter spasm,Fasciculation,soreness
Hyperkalemia
Cardiac arrest
Increased ICT,IOP
Malignant Hyperthermia
Mivacurium Histamine Release
Halothane Hepatotoxicity
Methoxyflurane Nephrotoxicity
Nitrous oxide Bone marrow suppression
Megaloblastic anaemia
Agranulocytosis
Warfarin Contradi Syndrome
Purple toe Syndrome
Vancomycin Redman Syndrome
Ototoxixity
Nephrotoxicity
Methicillin Interstitial Nephritis
Ampicillin Diarrhoea
Procaine Penicillin Seizure disorder
Oxacillin Hepatitis
Naphazelin Neutropenia
Carbenicillin Bleeding Problem
L-Asparaginase Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
Tapsoglutide (GLP 1 analogue) Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
Blue Vision defect Sildenafil
Dilutional Hyponatremia Chlorpropamide
Paroxysmal AV tachycardia with AV block Digoxin
Poor Wound healing Nitrogen Mustard (Vesicant)
Hand Foot Mouth syndrome 5 - Fluorouracil
Icthyosis Clofazimine
Pseudolymphoma Phenytoin,Pyrimidine
MC Side Effect of -blocker Fatigue
MC Side Effect of Naltrexone Hepatotoxicity
MC Side Effect of Niacin Flushing
MC Side Effect of Digoxin Nausea & Vomiting
MC Side Effect of Quinidine Diarrhoea
MC Side Effect of Lithium Tremor
MC Side Effect of Direct ECT Fracture T4-T8 Spine
MC Side Effect of Modified ECT Retrograde Amnesia
MC Side Effect of SSRI Sexual Dysfuction
MC Side Effect of Cryotherapy of Ca Cervix Persistent Watery Discharge
insitu
Common side effect after TIPPS Hepatic Encephalopathy
Important adverse effect of Chorionic Villi Oromandibular Limb Hypoplasia
Sampling

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 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND CONTENTS 4
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND CONTENTS

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

MEDIAL (LOWER) INTERMEDIATE LATERAL (UPPER)

Inferior Ophthyalmic Vein Nasociliary Nerve Lacrimal Nerve
Sympathetic Nerves around Internal Occulomotor Nerve Frontal Nerve
Carotid artery Abduscent Nerve Trochlear Nerve
Superior ophthalmic vein
Meningeal branch of Lacrimal artery

INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

Zygomatic branch of Maxillary Nerve

Infraorbital Nerve & Vessels
Rami of Pterygoid Ganglion
Communicating vein between Inferior Ophthalmic Vein & Pterygoid Plexus of veins

INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS Bills Bar

Facial nerve Superior

Vestibular Nerve

Nervus Intermedius
Falciform Crest

Anterior Cochlear Inferior

Vestibular Nerve
Nerve

BETWEEN BASE OF SKULL & SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR (SINUS OF MORGAGNI)

Levator Veli Palatini

Eustachian tube
Ascending Palatine artery

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 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND CONTENTS 5
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

BETWEEN SUPERIOR & MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR

Stylopharyngeus muscle
Glossopharyngeal Nerve

BETWEEN MIDDLE AND INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

Superior Laryngeal Vessels

BETWEEN INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR AND ESOPHAGUS

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Inferior Laryngeal Vessels

OPENINGS IN DIAPHRAGM

VENACAVAL OPENING (T8) ESOPHAHEAL OPENING (T10) AORTIC OPENING (T12)

Central tendon Muscular portion from right crus Osseoaponeurotic between Right &
Lateral Crus
Inferior Vena cava Oesophagus Aorta
Right Phrenic Nerve Gastric/vagus Nerve Thoracic duct
Oesophageal branch of Left gastric Azygous vein
artery

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Carotid Canal
Foramen Rotundum
Pterygoid Canal
Stylomastoid Foramen
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Hypoglossal Canal
Jugular Foramen
Mastoid Canaliculus (Entry)
Tympanomastoid Fissure
(Exit)
Tympanic Canaliculus
Incisive Foramen
Greater Palatine Foramen
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS AND CONTENTS 6
FORAMENS
Mandibular Nerve
Accessory Meningeal artery
Lesser Petrosal Nerve
Emissary vein
Middle Meningeal artery
Nervus spinosus (Meningeal branch of Mandibular Nerve)
Whole Length:
Meningeal branch of Ascending Pharyngeal artery
Emissary Vein
Traversing:
Internal Carotid artery along with Plexus
Formatian of Nerve of Pterygoid canal
Internal carotid artery,Venous &Sympathetic Plexus around it
Maxillary Nerve
Vidian Nerve (Nerve of Pterygoid canal)
Vidian Artery
Facial Nerve
Posterior auricular artery
Facial Nerve
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Nervus Intermedius (Wrisberg)
Labyrinthine Vessels
Hypoglossal Nerve
Meningeal branch of Hypoglossal nerve
Meningeal branch of Ascending Pharyngeal artery
Emissary Vein
Anterior Part:
Inferior Petrosal Sinus
Middle Part:
Junction of Internal Jugular Vein & Sigmoid sinus
Emissary Vein
Occipital artery
Posterior Part:
9,10,11 Cranial Nerve
Meningeal Branch of Ascending Pharyngeal artery
Auricular branch of Vagus nerve
Tympanic branch of Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Greater Palatine Vessels
Nasopalatine Nerves
Greater Palatine Vessels
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 BODIES 7
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Anterior palatine nerves

Lesser Palatine Foramen Middle & Posterior Palatine Nerves

BODIES
INTRA CYTOPLASMIC EOSINOPHILIC VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES

Negri Bodies Rabies

Guarneri Bodies Small Pox
Henderson Peterson Bodies Molluscum Contagiosum

INTRANUCLEAR ACIDOPHILIC VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES

CowdryType A Herpes Simplex

Varicella Zoster
Cowdry type B Polio
Torres Bodies Yellow fever

INTANUCLEAR BASOPHILIC VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES

Cowdry type B Adenovirus

Owl Eyes Cytomegalo virus

BOTH INTRANUCLEAR AND INTRACYTOPLASMIC VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES

Warthin Finkedly Bodies Measles

BODIES CONDITION

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 BODIES 8
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Hirano bodies Alzemiers Disease

Halber Staedter Prowazeki Bodies Chlamydia trachomatis
Levinthal Coles Lille Bodies Psittacosis
Aschoff Bodies Rheumatic Fever
Asteroid Bodies Sporotrichosis
Babes-Ernst Bodies Metachromatic Granules
Balbiani Bodies Yolk Nucleus
Bamboo Bodies Asbestosis
Ferruginous Bodies
Aranitus Bodies Aortic Valve Nodules
Highmore Bodies Mediastinum,Testis
Brassy Body Malaria
Call Exner Bodies Granulosa cell Tumour
Citron Bodies Clostridium septicum
Civatte Bodies Lichen Planus
Councilman Bodies Hepatitis B
Coccoid X Bodies Psittacosis
Creola Bodies Asthma
Cystoid Bodies Cotton wool Spots
Dones Bodies Colostrum corpuscles
Donovan Bodies Lymphogranuloma Venerum
Miyagawa Bodies
Heinz Bodies G6PD deficiency
Gamma Gandy Bodies Congestive Splenomegaly
Herring Bodies Neurohypophysis
Harting Bodies Calcospheritis in cerebral capillaries
Lewy Bodies Parkinsonism
Mallory Bodies Alcoholic Hepatitis
Masson Bodies Rheumatic Pneumonia
Michelis Guttman Bodies Malakoplakia
Mooser Bodies Endemic Typhus
Moot Bodies Multiple Myeloma
Odland Body Keratinosome
Okens Body Mesonephros
Paschen Bodies Small Pox
Reilly Bodies Hurler Syndrome
Psamomma Bodies Papillary Ca Thyroid
Serous Cystadeno Ca Ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
Rokitansky Bodies Teratoma
Ross Bodies Syphilis
Winkler Bodies
Rushton Bodies Odontogenic Cyst
Sclerotic bodies Chromoblastomycosis
Sandstorm Bodies Parathyroid
Schiller Duval Bodies Yolk Sac tumour
Schaurmann Bodies Sarcoidosis
Asteroid Bodies (Giant Cells)
Residual Bodies
Verocay Bodies Schwannoma (Antoni A)

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 NAMED CELLS 9
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Zebra Bodies Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Walthard Bodies Ovarian Cortex
Russel Bodies Multiple myeloma
Rhinoscleroma
Bracht Wachter Bodies Infective Endocarditis

NAMED CELLS
CELL CONDITION
Gitter/Hortega Cell Lipd laden Microglial cell
Clara Cells of Bronchiloe Surfactant Lipoprotein Production
Kulchitsky Cells Bronchi
Brush Cells Type III Alveolar Cells
Kuppfer Cells Liver Macrophages
Mikulicz Cells Rhinoscleroma (Granulomatous stage)
Deiters cells
Pillar Cells Supporting cells of Organ of Corti
Hensons Cells
Haller Cell Anterior Ethmoidal Cell in Orbital Floor
Onodi Cell Posterior Ethmoidal cell related to Optic Nerve in Lateral Wall
Foam Cells Niemann Pick disease (Bone marrow)
Leber cells Trachoma
Gaucher cells Cerebroside Laden Cells & Crumpled Cystoplasm
Positive PAS staining
Bite Cells G6PD Deficiency
Hurthle/Askansky Cells Hashimotos thyroiditis
Oval Cells Stem Cells in canal of herring of LIVER
Satellite Cells Stem cells in Basal lamina of myotubules in Myocytes
Limbus Stem Cells in Canal of Schlemm
Ito Cells Stem Cells in Subendothelial space of Dizze
Paneth Cells Stem Cells in Bottom of Crypts
Dust cells Alveolar/Lung Macrophages
Littoral cells Spleen Macrophages
Haffbauer cells Placental Macrophages
Armani-Ebstein Cell Glycogen Accumulation in Proximal Convolute tubule in Diabetic Nephropathy
Faggot cells Cells with Multiple Auer Rods
M3 Type of AML
Popcorn Cells Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkins Lymphoma
LE Cells Phagocytic Leucocyte engulfed denaturated Nucles of Injured Cell
Tart Cell Monocyte ingested Nucleus of other cell/Other cell
Clue Cells Bacterial Vaginosis
Peg cells Fallopian tube

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 NAMED DEFORMITIES 10
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

NAMED DEFORMITIES
Gunstock deformity (Varus) Supracondylar Fracture of Humerus
Dinner Fork Deformity Colles fracture
Garden spade deformity Reverse Colles fracture
Z deformity Radial deviation of wrist with ulnar deviation of fingers
Swan Neck deformity Hyperextension of PIP
Flexion of DIP
Boutainneir deformity Flexion of PIP
Extension of DIP
MC Chest wall Deformity Pectus excavatum
(Funnel Shaped Chest)

DYES
CONDITION DYE
Myelography, Ventriculography, DSA Iopamidol
Iohexol
Myodil
Metrizamide
Patency of Recent surgical Anastomosis Gastrograffin Enema
Hirschprungs Disease
Oesophageal Atresia Dianosil
Dye used in IV Cholangiography Biligraffin
Dye used in Chromoendoscopy for detection of cancer Methylene Blue > Toluidine Blue
Contrast media for Oral Cholecystography Na/Ca Ioponoic acid
Indicator dye for Soda lime Ethyl Violet
Indicator in Horrocks apparatus Starch Iodide
Areas of carcinoma oral mucosa identified by 2% Toluidine blue

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 EPITHELIUM 11
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

EPITHELIUM
Simple Squamous Glomerulus
Descending Loop of Henle
Thin segement of Ascending Loop of Henle
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Alveoli of Lung
Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium Epidermis
Duct of Sebaceous gland
Non Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium Cornea
Vagina
Mouth,Tongue Pharynx,Tonsil,Esophagus
Simple Columnar Mucous Membrane of Stomach & Large Intestine
Cervical Canal
Columnar with Striated border Small Intestine
(Regularly arranged Microvilli)
Columnar with Brush border Gall Bladder
(Irregularly Placed Microvilli)
Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Respiratory Epithelium (Pseudostratified)
Central Canal of Spinal cord
Ventricles of Brain
Uterus,Fallopian tube
Efferent ductile of Testis
Auditory tube & Parts of middle ear
Secretory Columnar (Goblet cells) Stomach,Intestine
Trachea,Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Olfactory Epithelium
Membranous & Penile urethra
Ductus deferens
Simple Cuboidal PCT
DCT
Collecting Duct
Thick segment of Ascending loop of Henle
Ducts of Glands eg.Bartholins duct
Follicles of thyroid gland
Germinal Epithelium
Choroid Plexus
Inner Surface of Lens
Pigmented Layer of Retina

Transitional Epithelium Urothelium:

Renal Pelvis
Calyces
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Part of Urethra
Gonococci has affinity for Columnar Epithelium
Example for Neuroepithelial receptor Sensory neurons of Olfactory epithelium
MC Histological finding in DUB Normal Secretory Epithelium
nd
2 Hyperplastic Endometrium
MC origin of Ovarian tumours Surface epithelium

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 NAMED FASCIA 12
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

NAMED FASCIA
FASCIA LOCATION
Camper Fascia Superficai Fatty Layer of Superficial Fascia of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Scarpa Fascia Deep Membranous Layer of Superficial Fascia of Anterior Abdominal
Wall
Colles Fascia Deep Membranous layer of Superficial Perineal Fascia
Gallaudet Fascia Investing layer of Deep Perineal Fascia
Dartos Fascia Superficial Penile Fascia (Fundiform Ligament)
Scrotal fascia
Bucks Fascia Deep Penile Fascia (Suspensory Ligament)
Fibrous Capsule of Parotid Superficial Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
Axillary Sheath Prevertebral Fascia
Buccopharyngeal Fascia Pretracheal Fascia
Fascia Lata Deep Fascia of Thigh
Crural Fascia Deep Fascia of Leg
Fascia Gerota Anterior Perirenal Fascia
Fascia of Zuckerkandl Posterior Perirenal Fascia
Conal Fascia Lateral Perirenal Fascia

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 FORMULA 13
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

FORMULA
Incidence among Exposed
Relative Risk =
Incidence among Non Exposed

Proportional Mortality Rate = Number of deaths due to a particular cause per 100 or 1000 of total deaths

Case Fatality Rate = 1- Survival Rate

Annual Growth Rate = Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate

Prevalence = Incidence * Mean duration of disease

Sensitivity
Likelihood Ratio Positive =
1

1 Sensitivity
Likelihood Ratio Negative =

Post Test Odds = Pretest Odds * Likelihood Ratio

Combined SENSITIVITY of two tests in SERIES = Sensitivity A * Sensitivity B

Combined SPECIFICITY of two tests in PARALLEL = Specificity A * Specificity B

Combined SENSITIVITY of 2 tests in PARALLEL={Sensitivity A + SensitivityB} {Sensitivity A *SensitivityB}

Combined SPECIFICITY of 2 tests in SERIES = {Specificity A + Specificity B}-{Specificity A * Specificity B}

Weight in Kg
Body Mass Index =
(Height in cm)

Height in cm
Pondreal Index =
Body Weight in Kg

Broca Index,Ideal Body Weight = Height in cm 100

Height in cm 150
Lorentz Formula = Height in cm 100
2(women)or 4 (men)

Actual Weight
Corpulence Index =
Desirable Weight

(Population < 15 years) + (Population > 65 years)

Dependency Ratio =
Population 15 65 years

Biological Value Digestibility

Net Protein Utilisation =
100

Weight gain in gram

Protein Ratio =
Gram of protein consumed

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 FORMULA 14
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

1000 Under 5 Mortality Rate

Child Survival Rate =
10

Standard Deviation = Variance

(x X)
Standard Devaition =
n

Standard Deviation
Standard Error of Mean =
n

1 2
Standard Error of Difference between Mean = +
n1 n2

pq
Standard Error of Population =
n

q=(1-p)

p1q1 p2q2
Standard Error of Difference between Proportion = +
n1 n2

(Individual Level Mean)

Z Score =
Standard deviation

(Mean Mode)
First Skewness (Pearson Mode) =
Standard Deviation

3(Mean Median)
Second skewness (Pearson Median) =
Standard Deviation

Probability
Odds =
(1 Probability)

Odds
Probability =
(1 Odds)

Degree of Freedom = (C 1)(R 1)

Power = 1

Level = 1

Dose administered iv
Volume of Distribution =
Plasma Concentrartion (Co)

uv
Renal Clearance =
p

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 FORMULA 15
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

0.0693 Vd
Half Life =
Clearance

Median Lethal Dose

Therapeutic Index =
Median Effective Dose

Quantity of Alcohol in Blood a = CPr

3
Quantity of Alcohol in Urine a = QPr
4

(a=Weight of Alcohol in grams,C=Concentration of Alcohol in blood,P=Bodyweight in Kg,q=Concentration of

Alcohol in Urine,r=0.68 in men,r=0.5 in women)

Glucose BUN
Plasma Osmolality = 2 [Na] + +
18 2.8

Glucose
Effective Osmolality = 2 [Na] +
18

k Height in cm
GFR in Children =
Plasma creatinine

Vmax[S]
Vo =
Km + [S]

Formula for estimation of Total Iron Requirement = 4.4 Body Weight Hb

Formula to calculate dose of Iron = 0.3 Wt in Lb Percentage of Hb

Alveolar Ventilation = (Tidal Volume Dead Spce Volume) Respiratory Rate

PaCO2
PAO2 = FiO2 (PB PH2O)
R

Parkland Formula,Fluid Required in first 24 hours =4*Weight*Percentage of body surface burned

Standard Deviation
of Variation = 100
Mean

Incidence among Exposed Incidence among Non Exposed

Attributable Risk = 100
Incidence among exposed

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 FORMULA 16
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Incidence among total Incidence among Non Exposed

Population Attributable risk = 100
Incidence among Total

(New cases + Old cases)in a year

Prevalence = 100
Total Population

No of Deaths from a cause in a year

Death Rate = 100
Mid Year Population

Total no of Deaths due to a disease

Case Fatality Rate = 100
Total no of cases of disease

Total no of patients live after 5 years

Survival rate = 100
Total no of patients diagnosed or treated

Observed deaths
Standardised Mortality Ratio = 100
Expected Deaths

No of New cases of disease in a time interval

Attack Rate = 100
Total Population at risk during same interval

No of Exposed persons developing disease within range of Incubation Period

Second Attack rate = 100
Total No of exposed susceptible contact

True Positive (a)

Sensitivity = 100
True Positive (a) + False Negative(c)

True Negative(d)
= 100
True Negative(d) + False Positive(b)

True Positive(a)
Positive Predictive Value = 100
True Positive(a) + False Positive(b)

True Negative(d)
Negative Predictive value = 100
True Negative(d) + False Negative(c)

BAYERS THEOREM

Sensitivity Prevalence
Positive predictive Value = 100
(Sensitivity Prevalence) + (1 )(1 Prevalence)

Pretest Probability
Post Test Probability = 100
( Pretest Probability) + (1 Specicity)(1 Pretest Probability)

No of Containers showing breeding of Aedes Larva

Container Index = 100
No of Containers surveyed

No of houses showing breeding of Aedes Larva

House Index = 100
No of Houses surveyed

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 FORMULA 17
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

No of Containers showing breeding of Aedes Larva

Berteau Index = 100
No of Houses surveyed

No of Slides examined
Annual Blood Rate = 100

No of Blood smears for parasite

Slide Rate = 100
No of Blood Smears examined

Growth Ratio = Growth Rate * 100 %

Total no of Couples protected by one of 4 methods

Couple Rate = 100
Total no of Eligible couple in Community

Energy from Protein

Protein Energy = 100
Total Energy from Diet

Nitrogen Retained by the body

Net Protein = 100
Nitrogen Intake

Retained N2
Biological Value = 100
Absorbed N2

No of mg of one aminoacid per gm of Protein

Aminoacid Score = 100
No of mg of same aminoacid per gm of egg Protein

Mental Age
Intelligent = 100
Chronological Age

No of Infants death
Infant Mortality Rate = 1000
No of Live Births

No of Females
Sex = 1000
No of Males

Total no of births in a area in a year

Crude Birth Rate = 1000
Total Mid Year

Total no of deaths in a area in year

Crude Death Rate = 1000
Total Mid Year

Conrmed cases during one year

Annual Parasite Incidence = 1000
Under Surveillance

No of deaths in children < 5 years of age

Under 5 Mortality Rate = 1000
No of Live Births in a year

No of deaths of children 1 4 years

Child Death Rate = 1000
Mid Year of Children 1 4 years

No of Deaths between 28 days to 1 year

Post Neonatal Mortality Rate = 1000
Total No of Live Births

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 FORMULA 18
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Late Fetal deaths & Early Neonatal deaths in a year

Perinatal Mortality Rate = 1000
Total No of live Births
Total Accidental Pregnancy
Pearl Index = 1200
Total Months of Exposure

Total Accidental Pregnancy

Pearl Index = 1300
Total no of Menstrual cycles

No of Maternal deaths
Maternal Mortality Rate = 10000
No of Live Births

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 NAMED LINES 19
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

NAMED LINES
LINE CONDITION
Langers Line Eversion of margin of incised wound if across axis of
limb
Aldrich Mees Line Arsenic Poisoning (White transverse line)
Burtonian Line Blue line in gums in Lead Poisoning
Also seen in Mercury,Copper,Silver,Bismuth,Iron
Poisoning.
Blaschko Lines Developmental lines,NOT dermatome,DIFFERENT from
nervous,vascular,lymphatics
Vogt line Keratoconus
Arlt Line Trachoma
Stockers line Pterygium

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Anterior Half of Nasal septum Submandibular Node
rd
Anterior 2/3 of Tongue
Posterior Half of Nasal septum Retropharyngeal Node
Pharynx Deep Cervical Node
rd
Posterior 1/3 of Tongue Juguloomohyoid node
Tip of Tongue Submental node
Parotid Deep Cervical node
Thyroid
Ovary Lateral Aortic node
Fallopian tube Pre Aortic node
Fundus & Upper part of Ovary Para Aortic node
Glans Penis Deep Inguinal node of Cloquet
Clitoris
Penile Urethra
Rest of penis Superficial inguinal Node
Isthumus of Fallopian tube

Lower Part of Uterus External iliac Node

Membranous Urethra
Prostatic Urethra Internal Iliac Node
Female Urethra
External Iliac Node
Cervix Internal Iliac Node
Sacral Node
Testis Preaortic Node
Para Aortic Node
Sentinel node of Gall bladder Lymph node of Lund
Terminal group of Lymph nodes of colon Pre aortic
Lymphatic supply below Pectineal Line Superficial Inguinal
Metastasis from Ca buccal mucosa to Submandibular Lymph nodes
Lymphnodes which can be palpated PR when enlarged Internal Iliac nodes
MC Site of Lymph Node Enlargement in Hodgkins Mediastinal
Lymphoma

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 MARKERS 20
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Upper vagina Nodes Pelvic

Lower Vagina Nodes Inguinal

Lymphatics are absent in Brain, Choroid & Internal ear

Lymphatics directly into blood stream Thyroid
Largest Lymphatic vessel Thoracic duct

MARKERS
ORGANELLE MARKER
Plasma Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase
5-Nucleotidase
Adenyl Cyclase
Cytosol Lactate Dehydrogenase
Mitochondria Glutmate Dehydrogenase
Endoplasmic Reticulum Glucose 6 Phosphatase
Golgi Complex Galactosyl Transferase
Lysosome Acid Phosphatase
Peroxisome Catalase
Uric acid oxidase

Surrogate marker for screening of coronary plaques on Calcium deposition

CT scan
Traditional Marker for HBV Replication HBV DNA Polymerase
Earliest viral marker to appear in blood P24
Earliest marker of acute Hepatitis B HbsAg
Diagnostic marker of acute Hepatitis B IgM anti Hbc
Best marker to differentiate benign & malignant P53
Mesothelioma
Predictive marker for Type I Diabetes Islet cell antibodies
Marker for Ewings sarcoma P30/p32 product of mic-2 gene
Vaccine Vial monitor is a marker of Potency/Efficacy
Marker for Granulosa cell tumour Inhibin
Marker of renal vasculitis in children Increased IgA level
PLAP is a marker of Seminoma
Marker of Pagets disease of Mammary gland CEA

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 ODOUR 21
MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

ODOUR
Sweaty feet Urine Odour Glutaric Acidemia
Isovaleric Acidemia
Musty Urine Odour Phenyl Ketonuria
Cabbage like Urine Odour Tyrosinemia
Methionine Malabsorption
Hops like Urine Odour Oast House Urine Disease
Maple Syrup Burnt sugar Urine Odour Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Swimming pool Odour Hawkinsuria
Tom cat Urine Odour Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
Rotting fish Urine Odour Trimethyaminuria
Garlic Odour Arsenic
Phosphorus
Aluminium Phosphide(Celphos){garlic like}
Bitter almond Odour Hydrocyanic Acid
Fruity odour/ Ketoacidosis
Nail polish Remover Odour
Musty Sweet odour/ Hepatic Encephalopathy
Foetur Hepaticus
Rotten Egg Odour Hydrogen Sulphide
Fishy Odour Red degeneration of Fibroid

OSSIFICATION
Hyoid 2 years
Thyroid & Cricoid Early 20s
Ossification of Arytenoid Late 30s

First Ossification Centre at elbow Capitulum

(2 years)
First bone to start Ossify Clavicle
Only long bone which ossify in membrane

th
Ossification centre at 5 month Manubrium sterni
Calcaneum
th
Ossification centre at 7 month Centre of Talus
th
Ossification centre at 9 month Lower end of femur

RADIOLOGICAL SIGNS
Geographical lytic skull Eosinophilic granuloma
Multiple Punched Out Lesions Multiple Myeloma
Erosion of Dorsum Sella Raised ICT

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Silver Beaten appearance of vault

Hair on end Skull Thalassemia
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Sunray Calcification with spicules Meningioma
Calcification of Intervertebral disc Alkaptonuria
Picture Frame vertebra Pagets Disease
Fish Mouth Vertebra Sickle cell anaemia
Homocystinuria
Cod Fish Vertebra Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Rugger Jersy Spine Renal Osteodystrophy
Osteopetrosis
Enlargement of Epiphysis Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
Widened Physis Rickets
Cupped & Frayed Metaphysis
Epiphyseal Dysgenesis Hypothyroidism
Fragmented/Punctate Epiphysis
Trident Hand Achondroplasia
Champagne Glass Pelvis
Bone in Bone Appearance Osteopetrosis
Scotty Dog wearing a collar Sign Spondylolysis
Beheaded Scotty Dog Sign Spondylolisthesis
Driven Snow Appearance Pindborg Tumor
(Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor)
Sunray Appearance Osteosarcoma
Codman Triangle
Onion Peel appearance Ewings Sarcoma
Soap Bubble Appearance Osteoclastoma
Spickled/Mottling/Patchy Calcification Chondrosarcoma
Wormian Bone Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Trethowan Sign Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Honey Comb Appearance Adamantinoma
Pop corn Calcification Pulmonary Hamartoma
Pop corn Calcification in Mammography Fibroadenoma
Rice Grain Calcification Cysticercosis
Tram Track/Rail Road Calcification Sturge Weber Syndrome
Basal Ganglia Calcification Hyperparathyroidism
Cardiac Calcification Carcinoid Syndrome
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
Pericardial Calcification Constrictive Pericarditis
Square root sign
Egg in cup appearance
Docks sign Coarctation of Aorta
(Inferior Rib Notching)
3 Sign
E Sign
Jug Handle Appearance Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Maladie de Roger Defect Small VSD
Great Hilar Dance(Pulmonary Plethora) ASD
On Fluoroscopy

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Great Box Shaped Heart Tricuspid Atresia

Money Bag/Water Bottle/Pear Shaped Heart Pericardial Effusion
Boot Shaped Heart Tetrology of Fallot
Tubular Heart Emphysema
Snowman Sign TAPVC
Figure of 8 sign (Supracardiac)
Cottage Leaf Sign
Double Contour
Groundglass Appearance TAPVC
Edematous Septal line A>B (Infradiaphragmatic/Obstructive)
Wimberger Sign Scurvy
Frenkel Line
Trummerfield Zone
Pelkar Spur
Sub Periosteal Hematoma
Dense Metaphyseal Band Hypothyroisism
Osteoporosis
Hypervitaminosis D
Lead Poisoning
Narrow Pedicle Uncorrected TGA
Pulmonary Plethora (D loop Transposition)
Egg on Side/Egg on String appearance
Long Smooth curve to left border Physiologically Corrected TGA
(L loop Transposition)
Thumb Print Sign Epiglottitis
Lateral Cervical spine X ray
Single Bubble Sign Pyloric Obstruction/Stenosis
Double Bubble Sign Ladd Bands/Malrotation
Annular Pancreas/Pseudocyst Pancreas/
Duodenal atresia
Multiple Air Fluid Levels Jejunal Atresia
Ileal Atresia
String Sign Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Bulls Eye Lesion Crohns disease
Target Lesion
String Sign of Kantor
Comb Sign(Prominent Vasa Recta)
Lead Pipe Appearance Ulcerative Colitis
Pseudopolyp
Backwash Ileitis
Frothy/Soap Bubble Apple Sauce appearance Meconium Ileus
Medusa Head Colonies on CT Scan Round worm
Claw Appearance Intusussception
Coiled Spring Appearance
Saw tooth Appearance Diverticulosis Colon
On Barium Enema
Coffee Bean sign Sigmoid Volvolus
Fixed Bowel/Persistent Loop Sign Necrotising enterocolitis
Bowel Wall Thickening
Thumb Printing
Pneumatosis Intestinalis
Thumb Printing Ischemic Colitis
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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Seagull/Mercedes Benz/Crow foot sign Radioluscent Gall Stone with Gas

Meniscus sign Impacted Stone in CBD
Colon Cut off Sign Acute Pancreatitis
Chain of Lake appearance Chronic pancreatitis
(ERCP)
Dilated Duodenal c Loop Carcinoma pancreas
Mucosal Irregularity
Central Dot Sign Carolis Disease
Beaded appearance Primary sclerosing Cholangitis
Pruned Tree appearance
Skip Lesions
Sunburst/Stellate pattern of Calcification Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas
Central Fibrotic Scar
Multicystic Mass Bunch of Grape Appearance Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Dilated Pancreatic Duct
Rim/Crescent Sign Hydronephrosis
Soap Bubble Appearance
Flower Vase appearance of Ureter Horse Shoe Kidney
Drooping Flower Appearance Ectopic Ureter
Cobra Head/Adder Head Appearance Ureterocele
Thimble Bladder Tuberculosis Bladder
Sandy Patches Schistosomiasis of Bladder
Fish Hook Bladder Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Bilateral Spider Leg Appearance Polycystic Kidney
Egg in Cup Appearance Papillary Necrosis/Anlagesic Nephropathy
Ring Shadow/Ring Sign
Lobster Claw sign
Calyceal Horn
Diminished Density of contrast in Nephrogram
Antral Sign (Holman Miller Sign) Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
(Anterior Bowing of Posterior Wall of Maxilla)
Phelp Sign Glomus Jugulare
Pad Sign(Widened loop of duodenum in Barium meal) Ca Head of Pancreas
Candle dripping Appearance Supependymal Giant cell Astrocytoma
Inverted T sign Carcinoma Head of Pancreas
Expansion & Ballooning of Sella Pituitary Adenoma
Expansion & Erosion of Internal Acoustic Meatus Acoustic Neuroma
Popcorn in appearance/Mulberry Shaped Lesion Cavernous Angioma
Empty Orbit Neurofibromatosis Type I
Widening of Neural foramina
Diffuse thickening of gall bladder with high amplitude Adenomyomatosis of Gall bladder
reflection & Comet tail Artifact
Round Atelectasis (Folded lung)
Comet Tail Sign Atelectasis Asbestos Pseudotumour
Vacuum Cleaner Sign
Smooth Oblique Indentation on Posterior wall of Aberrant Right Subclavian artery
Barium filled Esophagus
Saccular aneurysm with Pencil thin dystrophic Syphilitic aortitis
Calcification in ascending aorta
Gasless Abdomen Acute Pancreatitis
Solitary Hypoechoic Lesion with out Septa/Debris Simple Cyst

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Hyperechoic Hypervascular Hepatic Metastasis on USG Colorectal Carcinoma

(Mucinous Adenocarcinoma)
Air in Biliary Tract Emphysematous Cholecystitis
Menisceal Cartilage Calcification Pseudogout
Bone in Bone appearance Gaucher disease
Beaded Ribs Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Adrenal & ear pinna Calcification Addisons Disease
Intracerebral Punctate calcification Hypoparathyroidism
Axial Osteoporosis Cushings Syndrome
Rotting Fence Appearance CRF (Due to combination of Rickets &
Hyperparathyroidism)
Biconvex/Lens shaped Hyperdense EDH
Concavoconvex/Crescent shaped Hyperdense SDH
Smooth Tapering in X-Ray Cholangiography Benign Stricture of CBD

SCIENTISTS
DNA Finger Printing Alec J.Jeffrey
Polymerase Chain Reaction Kary Mullis
Boyles Machine Edmund Gaskin Boyle (1917)
Laryngeal Mask Airway Archies Brain
Helium Sir W.Ramsey
Capnography Luft
Xenon William Ramsey (1904)
Used as Anaesthetic 1950
Nitrous oxide Priestly
First Gastrectomy Billroth
First Autologous Renal Transplantation Hardy
First Heart Transplantation Christian Bernard (1967)
First Liver Transplantation Starzl
First Neurosurgery in India Jacob Chandy
Phenomenon of Disease without books is like sail an Sir William Osler
Uncharted Sea
Skin is the Best Dressing Joseph Lister
Catgut John Hunter
Father of Safe Surgery
First Emergency Blood Transfusion
One of the first Operations on Gallstones William Stewart Halsted
Radical Mastectomy
Invention of Gloves
Published Inguinal Hernia Repair at same time as Bassini
Father of Homeopathy Samuel Hahnermann
Germ theory of Disease Louis Pasteur
Multifactorial Causation of Disease Patten Koffer
Vaccine Coined by Louis Pasteur (Rabies & Chicken pox vaccine)
Vaccination Coined by Edward Jenner

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

First Small Pox Vaccine Edward Jenner

First Polio Vaccine Salk
Penicillin Alexander Flemming
Growth Chart David Morley
Blood group types Karl Landsteiner
Citrus fruits in prevention of surgery James Lind
Transmission of Yellow fever Walter Reed
Life cycle of Plasmodium Ronald Ross
Spontaneous generator theory Aristotle
The Canon of medicine Book Aricenna
Antiseptic Principle of Practice of surgery Joseph Lister
Air,Water & Places Hippocrates
Father of Medicine Hippocrates
First true Epidemiologist Hippocrates
Father of Indian Surgery Sushruta
Father of Epidemiology /Modern epidemiology John Snow
Father of Public Health CHOLERA
Father of Indian Medicine Charaka
Father of Bacteriology Louis Pasteur
Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern anatomy Versalius
DDT Synthesised by Othmar Zeidler
DDT Insecticide Property by Paul H Muller (!939 Nobel)
Female Condoms Danish MD Lasse Hessel
Social Security Bismarck (Germany)
Life cycle of Plasmodium Sir Ronald Ross
Discoveries in TB Robert Koch
Immunity Paul Ehrlich
ECG William Einthoven
Insulin FG Banting & JJR McLeod
Human Blood group Karl Landsteiner
Streptomycin (First Antibiotic against TB) S.A.Waksman
Interpretation of Genetic code Har Gobind Khurana
MRI Sir.Peter Mansfield
Organ & Cell Transplantation J.E.Murray & E.D.thomas
HIV Sinnossi & Montagnai
Invitro fertilization Robert G Edwards
Father of Emergency Medicine Peter Safar
Frank Pantridge
Father of Gynaecology Marion sims
Father of Medical Genetics Victor McKusick
Father of Modern Psychology Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Pediatrics Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi
Father of Physiology Claude Bernard
Father of Modern Pathology Rudolf Virchow
Isolation of Helium & Xenon Ramsey
Nitrous oxide Priestly
Capnography Luft
Laryngeal Mask airway Brain
Nerve terminals release chemicals discovered by Loewi

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Nobel Price for sequencing insulin aminoacids Sanger

RESEARCHERS IN PSYCHIATRY

CONTRIBUTION RESEARCHER
Father of Behaviourism Johann Weyer
Father of Modern Psychiatry Emil Kraeplin
Father of Psychosomatic Medicine Franz Alexander
Father of Behaviourism John B Watson
Coined Psychiatry Johann Christian Reil
Coined Psychology Gockel
Coined Schizophrenia Eugene Bleuler
Demonstration of Schizophrenia Emil Kraeplin (Dementia Precox)
Demonstration of Maniac Depressive Disorder Emil Kraeplin
Catatonic Schizophrenia Kalbaum Karl
Heberphrenic Schizophrenia Hecker Ewald
Akinetic Mutism Cairn
Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
Childhood Intellectual Development Jian Paget
Childhood Autistic Disorder Leo Kanner
Introvert & Extrovert Carl Jastav Jung
Superior and Inferior Complexes Alfred Adler
Therapeutic Community Jones Maxwell
Psychaesthenia Pierre Janet
Drugs in Psychiatry Emil Kraeplin
Operant Conditioning Skinner
Ego Defence Mechanisms Anna Freud
Cocaine Carl Koler
8 Stages of Life Erik Erikson
Intelligent Score(Weischlers Scale) Alfred Binet
Hypnosis James Braid
Cognitive Therapy of Depression Aarnon Beck

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

STAINS
Normal Tissue Stain Eosin & Hematoxylin

Carbohydrate Periodic Acid Schiff

Lipid Sudan Black

Mucopolysaccharides - Alcian Blue

Glycogen - Carmine

Calcium - Von Kossa,Alzarine Red

DNA - Acridine Orange (Green)

RNA Acridine Orange (Red)

Collagen Trichrome (Blue)

Smooth Muscle Trichrome (Red)

Amyloid Congo Red

(Light MicroscopyPink Colour

Polarised LightApple Green Bifringence)

Haemodiderin Perls Stain,Prussian Blue

Lymphoblast PAS ,Tat

Myeloblast Sudan Black,Myeloperoxidase,

Non Specific esterase

Pneumocystis carnii Methenamine Blue

H.Pylori (Non-Silver) - Giemsa,Giamenez,Acridine Orange

H.Pylori (Silver) - Warthin Starry,Steiner

Chief cells Phaeochromocytoma - Chromogranin,Synaptophsin

Sustentacular cells Phaeochromocytoma- S- 100

Malignant Melanoma Melanin Stain,S-100

Diff Hepatocellular carcinoma&Dysplastic Nodule - Glypican 3

Yersinia pestis Wayson stain(Bipolar Staining)

Confirmation of Vasectomy Wright Stain

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MEDICAL CONSOLIDATED POINTS

Rapid Examination of Tubercle bacilli Auramine Rhodamine Stain

Reticulocyte Brilliant Cresyl Blue (Supravital Staining)

Gaucher Cells PAS positive

Amniotic Fluid for Maturiy estimation Nile Blue Sulphatase

Demonstration of Fungal Elements in tissues Periodic acid Schiff

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