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x component rx = 4 m
y component ry = 3 m
z component rz = 2 m
r = || magnitude of a vector is
also the absolute value of
Question: If = <2, -3, 5>, what is ?
2
i 1,0,0
Unit vectors pointing in the
x-, y-, and z-axes are usually j 0,1,0
designated by
k 0,0,1
b=||= 12 + 12 + 12 = .
= || .
<,,>
= =
|| 2+2+2
=< , , >
2+2+2 2+2+2 2+2+2
Example:
<1, 2, 3> + <-4, 5, 6> = <-3, 7, 9>
Adding vectors graphically: Tip to tail
Two vectors
+ means put the tail
of at the tip of
a) s=tr
b) r=ts
c) r+t=s
d) s+t=r
e) r+s=t
1.5 (continue)
Vector addition is commutative:
A+B=B+A
Associative property
(A + B) - C = A + (B - C)
1.X.21 = <3x103, -4x103, -5x103 > and = <-3x103, 4x103, 5x103 >.
Calculate the following:
a) +
b) | + |
c) | |
d) ||
e) ||+ ||
Change in a quantity: The Greek letter
Change of position (displacement)
= -
t = tf - ti
Relative position vector
cos = = = Ax
1
Answer: <0.342,0.940,0>
Example: From unit vector to angle
What are the angles of <-600,0,300>m?
SI Systme International
main system used in this text
also called mks for the first letters in the units of the
fundamental quantities
US Customary
often uses weight, in pounds, instead of mass as a
fundamental quantity
Units
Conversions
When units are not consistent, you may need to
convert to appropriate ones
Example:
2.54 cm
15.0 in 38.1 cm
1 in
The Role of Units in Problem Solving
vavg =
Average Speed is a scalar quantity
The path length and the total time are all that is
important
1.7 Velocity
If a particle moves through a displacement of in t time,
then the average velocity is:
avg = = =< , , >
1.7 Velocity
Example: A bee flight
a) calculate the average velocity of the bee
<10, 5, 0>
avg = = = <0.894, -0.447, 0> m/s
|| 11.18 /
or
rf = ri + vavg t
We can write out its full components form:
< xf, yf, zf > = < xi, yi, zi > + <vavg,x , vavg,y , vavg,z>t
or
xf = xi + vavg,x t
yf = yi + vavg,y t
zf = zi + vavg,z t
1.7 Velocity
Example: Updating the position of a ball
At time ti = 12.18 s after 1:30 pm a balls position vector is
ri = <20, 8, -12> m. The balls velocity at that moment is
= <9, -4, 6> m/s. At time tf = 12.21 s after 1:30 pm, where is
the ball, assuming that its velocity hardly changes during this
short time interval?
= = < , , > = < , , >
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
The instantaneous speed is
defined as the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity
The direction of the instantaneous
velocity of a particle is always
tangent to the particles path at the
particles position.
1.7 Velocity
=
1
The proportionality factor is defined as =
2
1 2
1. when ||
SI Units are kg m / s
Vector quantity, the direction of the momentum is
the same as the velocitys
1.8 Momentum