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Chapter 1 Interactions and motion

1.1 Kinds of matter


1.2 Detecting interactions
1.3 Newtons first law of motion
1.4 Other indicators of interaction
1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors
1.6 SI units
1.7 Velocity
1.8 Momentum
1.9 Change of momentum
1.1 Kinds of matter
Atoms and nuclei The nucleus of an atom is
much smaller the diameter of
the atom
1.1 Kinds of matter
Atoms and nuclei

Two different surfaces of a Our solar system belong to


crystal of pure silicon the Milky Way galaxy
1.1 Kinds of matter
Four Fundamental Interactions in Nature:
Gravitational on the cosmic scale and the electromagnetic, strong,
and weak interactions on the scale of atoms.

1. Gravitational interactions between objects (the weakest


interaction in the Universe)

2. Electromagnetic Interactions between electric charges

3. Strong nuclear interactions between subatomic particles: hold


the nucleus together and acts over very short distance

4. Weak nuclear interactions that arise in certain radioactive


decay processes: act over very short distances
1.2 Detecting interactions
Scalars and Vectors

All physical quantities encountered in this


text will be either a scalar or a vector
A scalar is completely specified by only a
magnitude (size)
temperature, speed, mass
A vector quantity has both magnitude
(size) and direction
velocity, force, displacement
1.2 Detecting interactions
Arrows are used to represent vectors.
The length of the arrow signifies magnitude
The head of the arrow signifies direction

Type equation here.Sometimes the vectors are


represented by bold lettering, such as vector a.
Sometimes they are represented with arrows on the top,
such as
1.2 Detecting interactions
Scalars and Vectors

Example: The car moved a distance of 2 km in a


direction 300 north of east
1.2 Detecting interactions
Change direction of motion
The xs represent the
positions of a proton and an
electron at equal time
Change in direction of the intervals
protons motion:
another object is interacting with
the proton.

Change in speed of an electron:

another object is interacting with


the proton.
1.2 Detecting interactions
Change of direction and speed of motion
Velocity of a particle at each location.
The speed of the particle at location 2 is
less than at location 1

The arrows are the same length


(same speed), but they point in
different directions

A change of velocity (speed or direction


or both) indicates the existence of an
interaction!
1.2 Detecting interactions
Uniform Motion no change in speed or direction

Uniform Motion implies


no net Interaction

Special case: the object remains


at rest (zero speed)

A rock moving along in


outer space
1.3 Newtons first law

Newtons first law:


An object moves in a straight line and at constant
speed except to the extent that it interacts with
other objects.

If there is no net interaction at all, the


direction and the speed dont change
According to Newtons first law, if an object does not
interact with anything or if the effects of its interactions
cancel each other out, then its velocity must be
(a) zero.
(b) constant.
(c) positive.
(d) negative.
(e) equal to the speed of light.
One or more of the following observers might
observe something that appears to violate
Newtons first law of motion. Which one(s)?
Why? Explain briefly.
(a) a person standing still on a street corner
(b) a person riding on a roller coaster
(c) an airplane pilot doing aerobatic loops
(d) a hockey player coasting across the ice
(e) a passenger on a starship travelling at 0.75c
toward the nearby star Alpha Centauri
1.4 Other indicators of interaction
Change of identity
Change of shape or configuration
Change of temperature
Which one of the following is not conclusive
evidence of an interaction?
(a) Change of velocity, either change of direction
or change of speed.
(b) Change of shape or configuration without
change of velocity.
(c) Change of position without change of velocity.
(d) Change of identity without change of velocity.
(e) Change of temperature without change of
velocity.
1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors
Basic properties of vectors:
magnitude and direction (3D coordinates)

3D Cartesian coordinate system


1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors
The position in space can also be
considered to be a vector called a
position vector

A position vector = <4, 3, 2> m and its


x, y, and z components

x component rx = 4 m
y component ry = 3 m
z component rz = 2 m

The length of the arrow represents the distance from


the origin, and the direction of the arrow represents the
direction of the vector
1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors

The arrow represents the position


vector = <4, 3, 2> m drawn with its tail
at location <0, 0, 2>

A position vector = <-3,-1, 0> m and its


rx = -3 , ry = -1, and rz = 0 components
1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors
Magnitude of a vector:

is the square root of the sum of the = <4, 3, 2> m


squares of its components (3D version of
the Pythagorean theorem)

r = || = (rx2 + ry2 + rz2)1/2

r = || magnitude of a vector is
also the absolute value of

|| = [(4m)2 + (3m)2 + (2m)2]1/2 = 5.39 m

The magnitude of a vector is always a


positive number and a scalar

Can a vector be positive or negative?


1.5 Describing the 3D world: vectors
Multiplying a vector by a scalar changes the
magnitude of a vector.

Multiplying a vector by a negative scalar reverses the


direction of a vector

Question: The vector = <0.03, -1.4, 26.0> and the scalar


f = -3.0. What is f?

Answer: <-0.09, 4.2, -78.0>


Question: If = <2, -3, 5>, what is ?
2

Answer: <1, -1.5, 2.5>


Unit vectors
A unit vector has the same A unit vector is written with a hat
direction as the vector, but its over it: called a-hat
magnitude is 1, and has no
physical units.

i 1,0,0
Unit vectors pointing in the
x-, y-, and z-axes are usually j 0,1,0
designated by
k 0,0,1

One way to express a vector is in terms


of these special unit vectors: a a xi a y j a z k

Not all unit vectors


point along an axis
1.5 (continue)
Question: Is the vector = <1, 1, 1> a unit vector?
Answer: No!

The magnitude of is:

b=||= 12 + 12 + 12 = .

When a vector is multiplied


by -1, the magnitude of the
vector remains the same, but
the direction of the vector is
reversed.
1.5 (continue)
Any vector may be represented by:

= || .

Example: a vector of magnitude 5, aligned with the y axis,


could be written as <0, 5 0> = 5 <0, 1 ,0> = 5
Calculating a unit vector = || .

To find a unit vector in the direction of a particular vector, we


just divide the vector by its magnitude

<,,>
= =
|| 2+2+2


=< , , >
2+2+2 2+2+2 2+2+2

Example: if = <-22.3, 0.4, -19.5> m/s, then

<22.3, 0.4 ,19.5> /


=
||
= 2 2 2
= <-0.753, 0.0135, -0.658>
22.3 + 0.4 + 19.5 /
1.5 (continue)
Adding Vectors
When adding vectors, their directions must be taken
into account
Units must be the same

Vector sum is NOT


the usual algebraic
sum!
1.5 (continue)
Vector Addition
The sum of two vectors is another vector, obtained by
adding the components of the to vectors

= <Ax, Ay, Az> = <Bx, By, Bz>

+ = <(Ax + Bx), (Ay + By), (Az + Bz)>

Example:
<1, 2, 3> + <-4, 5, 6> = <-3, 7, 9>
Adding vectors graphically: Tip to tail
Two vectors
+ means put the tail
of at the tip of

The resultant is drawn from the tail


of to the tip of
1.5 (continue)
Vector Subtraction
To subtract one vector from another, we subtract the
components of the second vector from the components of
the first vector

= <Ax, Ay, Az> = <Bx, By, Bz>

+ = <(Ax - Bx), (Ay - By), (Az - Bz)>

Example: <1, 2, 3> - <-4, 5, 6> = <5, -3, -3>


Subtracting vectors graphically: Tail to tail

- means put the tail


of at the tail of

The resultant is drawn from the


tip of to the tip of the
Question: Which of the following statements about the
three vectors are correct?

a) s=tr
b) r=ts
c) r+t=s
d) s+t=r
e) r+s=t
1.5 (continue)
Vector addition is commutative:
A+B=B+A

Vector subtraction is not commutative


A-BB-A

Associative property
(A + B) - C = A + (B - C)
1.X.21 = <3x103, -4x103, -5x103 > and = <-3x103, 4x103, 5x103 >.
Calculate the following:
a) +
b) | + |
c) | |
d) ||
e) ||+ ||
Change in a quantity: The Greek letter
Change of position (displacement)
= -

Change of time interval

t = tf - ti
Relative position vector

Problem: A snail is initially at location 1 = <3, 0, -7> m. At a later


time the snail has crawled to location 2 = <2, 0, -8> m. What is ,
the change in the snails position?

Answer: = <-1, 0, -1> m


Unit Vectors and Angles
What is the x component of the unit vector?


cos = = = Ax
1

Ax = cos x , x < 900, Ax is positive

Bx = cos x , x >900, Bx is negative

For a 3D unit vector:

= <cos qx , cos qy , cos qz>.


If a vector lies in the xy plane,
cos y = sin x
Example: From angle to unit vector
What is the unit
vector pointing up
along the rope?

Answer: <0.342,0.940,0>
Example: From unit vector to angle
What are the angles of <-600,0,300>m?

Look down on xy plane

Answer: (153.40, 900, 63.40)


1.6 Systems of Measurements

SI Systme International
main system used in this text
also called mks for the first letters in the units of the
fundamental quantities

cgs Gaussian system


named for the first letters of the units it uses for fundamental
quantities

US Customary
often uses weight, in pounds, instead of mass as a
fundamental quantity
Units
Conversions
When units are not consistent, you may need to
convert to appropriate ones

Example:

2.54 cm
15.0 in 38.1 cm
1 in
The Role of Units in Problem Solving

Interstate Speed Limit

Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in terms of meters/second.

Use 5280 feet = 1 mile and 3600 seconds = 1 hour and


3.281 feet = 1 meter.

miles miles 5280 feet 1 hour


11 65
feet
Speed 65 95
hour hour mile 3600 s second

feet feet 1 meter


1 95
meters
Speed 95 29
second second 3.281 feet second
1.7 Velocity
Average Speed
The average speed of an object is defined as the total
distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed


vavg =
Average Speed is a scalar quantity

Average speed totally ignores any variations in the


objects actual motion during the trip

The path length and the total time are all that is
important
1.7 Velocity
If a particle moves through a displacement of in t time,
then the average velocity is:


avg = = =< , , >

1.7 Velocity
Example: A bee flight
a) calculate the average velocity of the bee

at ti = 15.0 s, ri = <2, 4, 0> m

at tf = 15.1 s, rf = <3, 3.5, 0> m

rf ri = <3, 3.5, 0> m - <2, 4, 0> m = <1, - 0.5, 0> m

<1, 0.5, 0> <1, 0.5, 0>


avg = = = = <10, -5, 0> m/s
(15.1 15.0) 0.1
1.7 Velocity
b) What is the speed of the bee?

v = |avg| = 102 + 5 2 + 02 m/s = 11.18 m/s

c) What is the direction of the bees motion?

<10, 5, 0>
avg = = = <0.894, -0.447, 0> m/s
|| 11.18 /

1.X.30 A spacecraft is observed to be at a location <200, 300, -400> m


relative to an origin located on a nearby asteroid, and 5 seconds later is
observed at location <325, 25, -550> m
a) What is the average velocity of the spacecraft?
b) What is the average speed of the spacecraft?
c) What is the unit vector in the direction of the spacecrafts velocity?
1.7 Velocity
The position update formula
rf = ri + vavg(tf ti)

or
rf = ri + vavg t
We can write out its full components form:

< xf, yf, zf > = < xi, yi, zi > + <vavg,x , vavg,y , vavg,z>t

or
xf = xi + vavg,x t

yf = yi + vavg,y t

zf = zi + vavg,z t
1.7 Velocity
Example: Updating the position of a ball
At time ti = 12.18 s after 1:30 pm a balls position vector is
ri = <20, 8, -12> m. The balls velocity at that moment is
= <9, -4, 6> m/s. At time tf = 12.21 s after 1:30 pm, where is
the ball, assuming that its velocity hardly changes during this
short time interval?

Answer: <20.27, 7.88, -11.82> m

1.X.32 How long does it take a baseball with velocity


= <30, 20, 25> m/s to travel from location r1 = <3, 7, -9> m to
location r2 = <18, 17, 3.5> m .
1.7 Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity
as the time interval approaches zero, or the derivative of the

position vector with respect to the time t: r
v lim
t 0 t


= = < , , > = < , , >

The instantaneous velocity indicates what is
happening at every point of time
The instantaneous speed is
defined as the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity
The direction of the instantaneous
velocity of a particle is always
tangent to the particles path at the
particles position.
1.7 Velocity

Graphical Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocities are


the blue lines
The green line
(tangent) is the
instantaneous velocity
1.7 (continue)
1.X.34 A comet travels in an elliptical path around a star,
in the direction shown below. Which arrow best indicates
the direction of the comets velocity vector at each of the
numbered locations in the orbit?
Acceleration
Changing velocity means an acceleration is present
Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
2
= =
2
Average acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity

avg =

Units are m/s (SI)

1.X.36 Suppose the position of an object at time t is


<3 + 5t, 4t2, 2t 6t3>. What is the instantaneous velocity at time
t? What is the instantaneous acceleration at time t? What is the
instantaneous velocity at time t = 0? What is the instantaneous
acceleration at time t = 0?
1.8 Momentum
The relativistic momentum of an object of mass m moving
with a velocity is defined as the product of the mass time
velocity, multiplied by a proportionality factor gamma:

=
1
The proportionality factor is defined as =
2
1 2

v is the magnitude of the object (the speed)


c is the speed of light (3x108 m/s)

1. when ||

SI Units are kg m / s
Vector quantity, the direction of the momentum is
the same as the velocitys
1.8 Momentum

1.X.38 What is the momentum of an electron traveling at a


velocity of <0, 0, -2x108> m/s? What is the magnitude of the
momentum of the electron?

1.X.41 At time t1 = 12 s, a car with mass 1300 kg is located at


<94, 0, 30> m and has momentum <4500, 0, -3000> kg.m/s. The
cars momentum is not changing. At time t2 = 17 s, what is the
position of the car?
1.9 Change of momentum
Change of the vector momentum: = f i

f - i means put the tail


of f at the tail of i

The resultant is drawn from the


tip of i to the tip of the f

The momentum of an object


traveling in a circle changes, even if
the magnitude of momentum does
not change.
The object travels
with constant speed
1.9 Change of momentum
Example: Change in Momentum of a ball:
Figure below shows a portion of the trajectory of a ball moving
through the air, subject to gravity and air resistance. At location
B, the balls momentum is B = <3.03, 2.83, 0> kg m/s. At location
C, the ball is C = <2.55, 0.97, 0> kg m/s .
a) Find the change in the balls momentum between these
locations, and show it on the diagram
b) Find the change in the magnitude of the balls momentum.
1.9 Example: Change in momentum and in
magnitude of momentum
Suppose you are driving a 1000kg car at 20m/s in the
+x direction. After making a 180 degree turn, you drive
the car at 20m/s in the x direction.

a) What is the change of magnitude of the momentum


of the car ||?

b) What is the magnitude of the change of momentum


of the car||?
Question:
A ball with momentum <5, 0, 0> kg.m/s rebounds from a wall
with nearly the same speed, so its final momentum is
approximately (-5, 0, 0>. What is ||? What is ||?
1.X.43 The planet Mars has a mass of 6.4x1023 kg, and travels in a nearly
circular orbit around the Sun. When it is at location A, the velocity of
Mars is <0, 0 , -2.5x104> m/s. When it reaches location B, the planets
velocity is <-2.5x104, 0, 0> m/s. We are looking down on the orbit from
above the north poles of the Sun and Mars, with +x to the right and +z
down the page.

A) What is , the change in the momentum of Mars between locations


A and B?
B) Draw two arrows representing the momentum of Mars at locations C
and D, paying attention to both the length and direction of each
arrow.
C) What is the direction of the change in the momentum of Mars
between locations C and D? Draw the vector on your diagram.
1.9 Change of momentum
Average rate of Change of momentum:

This quantity is a vector and points in the direction of


Parallel and perpendicular components of the momentum change,

1.9 Example: Average rate of change of momentum


If the momentum of a ball changes from <1,2,0> kg.m/s to <0.5,0,0.5> kg.m/s in
half a second, what is the average rate of change of momentum of the ball?
<-1,-4,1>k g-m/s2.
1.9 Example: Average rate of change of momentum

If the momentum of a ball changes from <1,2,0> kg.m/s to


<0.5,0,0.5> kg.m/s in half a second, what is the average rate of
change of momentum of the ball? <-1,-4,1>k g-m/s2.

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