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I 2 Width (mm) 21
Pth = h Req + PEC R FHL + POSL R FHHL STR (2)
Length (mm) 58
h=2
687
2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
L Load +5 V
5 V dc regulator
circuit
Transformer
E R1
voltage
regulator
circuit
N LED
Transformer
Switch 0V
socket
outlet Current Voltage
240V ac Fluke (b)
50Hz Voltage Fluke Fluke
435 Fig. 4. Schematic diagram
435 435 C
Current
a. 5 V regulator circuit b. 5 V output
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the experimental settup
12 V ac
D4
D1 D3
D2 5V
Output
C1 C2 C3
0V
(b)
(a) Fig. 6. Harmonic spectrum
a. Case 2 b. Case 3
688
2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
current (A)
current (A)
power (W)
power (W)
Power loss
Efficiency
THD (%)
THD (%)
Load type
Voltage
Current
voltage
voltage
Output
Output
Output
Cases
Input
Input
Input
(W)
(%)
(V)
(V)
1 Resistor with LED 1.5 0.3 1.2 20.00 244 13.80 0.011 0.036 150.3 1.5
Rectifier bridge and dc
power regulator with
2 Mini metal USB 5.8 4.3 1.5 74.14 244 13.08 0.028 0.405 72.0 6.0
desk fan
3 USB fan type 5.8 4.3 1.5 74.14 243 13.01 0.028 0.410 73.1 6.1
cooling pad
4 USB mini Vacuum 9.1 7.0 2.1 76.92 242 12.45 0.042 0.665 58.8 8.7
5 Load combination 11.7 9.1 2.6 77.78 242 12.05 0.053 0.886 50.2 10.3
of case 3 and 4
The main contribution of THD is third harmonic current as 77.78%, but THD of the current decreased from 150.3% to
can be observed from Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 respectively. The THD 50.2%.
in case 1 was 150.3% with the highest contribution of this
value from third harmonic current of 94.9%. For case 2 and 3,
third harmonic current was 66.8% and 67.6% respectively.
100
80
Efficiency (%)
60
40
20
Fig. 7. Harmonic spectrum in case 4 0
40 90 140
Case 5: Connection of Combination loads of USB cooling pad
and USB mini vacuum to USB hub Current THD (%)
In case 5, load combination was applied to increase the
power consumption of the load and to observe the THD effect Fig. 9. Efficiency versus current THD
on combination of two individual load with THD current of
73.1% and 58.8% respectively when they operating alone. In V. CONCLUSION
this case, the THD current drop to 50.2% instead of
increasing. In this work, a practical engineering study and analysis has
The magnitude of the current harmonic spectra was as been applied for obtain the active power losses windings under
shown in Fig. 8. Magnitude of 5th order and 7th order current nonlinear load conditions. The objective of the experimental
harmonic component had been decreased significantly as setup was to measure the distortion of harmonic current and
compare to other cases, but third harmonic component values calculate efficiency of the transformer under nonlinear load.
still maintain at high value in Fig. 8. The transformer efficiency increased with value of total
As can be observed in Table II and Fig. 9, the efficiency of harmonic distortion decreased. Nonsinusoidal voltage on the
the transformer from case 1 to case 5 increased from 20% to transformers performance is the generation of extra losses in
the core. In this work, effect of total harmonic distortion
689
2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, Malaysia. 3-4 June 2013
voltage on core loss is negligible if compare to effect of total Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003. 25(1): p. 1-
12.
harmonic distortion current load loss. This is because although
[7] M.B.B. Sharifian, J. Faiz, S.A. Fakheri and A. Zraatparvar, Derating of
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The authors wish to thanks Malaysia Ministry of higher transformers under non-sinusoidal loads, in Optimization of Electrical
and Electronic Equipment, 2008. OPTIM 2008. 11th International
Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Centre of
Conference on. 2008.
Electrical Energy System (CEES) for financial support. [10] Faiz, J., B.M. Ebrahimi, and M. Ghofrani, Mixed Derating of
Distribution Transformers Under Unbalanced Supply Voltage and
Nonlinear Load Conditions Using TSFEM, Power Delivery, IEEE
Transactions on, 2010. 25(2): p. 780-789.
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