Qa trnh hnh thnh mt xp Polyurethane

Hnh thnh mt polyurethane

Qa trnh hnh thnh mt
C mt lot cc tin trnh xy ra trong qu trnh to mt polyurethane c tng
hp sau y:
1. Pha ch thnh phn v khuy trn mt. Cc thnh phn ha hc c pha
ch (thng bng thit b nh chun) theo lng v t l thch hp v c
khuy trn vi nhau (trong u trn ca my (mixing head) hoc trong bnh cha
i vi trng hp trn tay (hand-mixing)). Trong qu trnh khuy trn, mt
lng nh bng kh hnh thnh trong khi cht lng. Trong trng hp my
mt, mt lng nh kh c bm vo trong bung trn.
2. Thi gian to kem (Creamtime). Sau mt khong thi gian ngn, cc kh
tr n (CO2 hay cc cht tr n khc) bt u khuch tn vo trong v lm tng
lng bng kh nh trong khi cht, hin tng ging nh khi kem. Thi gian
bt u trn n khi khi cht chuyn thnh kem gi l thi gian to kem, thng
khong 6 15 giy i vi mt mm (mt cng thng thi gian to kem lu
hn).
3. N (Rising). Khi cc kh thi c to ra nhiu hn, hn hp mt tip tc
n v tr nn nht hn khi qu trnh polymer ha cn xy ra trong pha lng.
Tng s bng kh gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh n mt. Gim sc cng
b mt bng silicone hot ng b mt lm cho khi mt n nh hn v ngn
c cc bng kh kt khi li vi nhau.
4. N hon ton (Full rise). Khong 100 200 giy sau khi trn, phn ng
thi dng li cn phn ng gel ha tip tc. Kin trc ca t bo cha y kh
dn dn vng chc hn, thnh mng ca chng c th khng gi p sut kh lu
hn. Khi n hon ton, nhng thnh mng ny v ra v cc kh c gii phng
(x hi) cui cng mt c gel ha ph hp v mnh gi khi mt n
nh. Thi gian t khi bt u n n hon ton (n lc x hi) c gi l thi
gian n rise time.
5. Gel ha (Gelling). Phn ng gel ha (hay polymer ha) tip tc cho n
khi t c thi gian gi l thi gian gel ha Gel time (thng 20 120 giy sau
thi gian n) khi khi mt c gel ha. kim tra khi mt c gel
ha hay cha, dng que g nhng i nhng li su khong 2 4 cm vo khi mt
cho n khi cm thy s n hi. Khi lp da bn ngoi khi mt khng dnh khi
chm u ngn tay vo tc l t n thi gian khng dnh tack free time.
Mc d thi gian gel ha thng xy ra sau thi gian n khi sn xut mt mm,
nhng n c th l ngc li i vi mt cng.
6. Lu ha (Curing). Khi mt sau c chuyn vo khu vc lu ha
khong t nht 24 gi cho phn ng gel ha (hay polymer ha) xy ra hon
ton.

Qa trnh to Polyurethane
Mt v dng pu n hi (elastomer) c lm t nhng thnh phn lng. Do
phn quan trng trong qu trnh to polyurethane l thit b khuy trn. Thit
b ny gm c cc thng cha, b chnh lu lng v u trn.
Qa trnh ca mt khun hay elastomer bao gm bm cc thnh phn t l
cho trc (metering) ln u trn, y chng s c trn u vi nhau v
vo khun hoc bng ti (sn xut mt khi mm). Cht lng polyol c nht
cao hn, c th ln n 20 000mPas (cP). Tri tim ca h thng l u trn. C
bn hin nay c hai loi u trn: u trn p sut cao v u trn p sut thp.
u trn p thp khuy cc thnh phn ha cht bng c hc (dng cnh khuy).
u im ca thit b ny l gi thnh thp hn. Thit b thng c dng cho
nhng sn phm nh, ngoi ra thit b cn cho php khong nht ca ha cht
kh rng. Kt thc qu trnh phun, cn phi s dng dung mi ra u trn.
Nu nht ca polyol s dng khng ln hn 2000mPas khi c th s dng
thit b p sut cao vi cng ngh khuy trn va chm (impingement mixing).
Tt nhin nht c th iu chnh c bng nhit . Vi thit b p sut cao
ny, hai hay nhiu thnh phn c bm vo bung trn tc cao, chng
va chm hn lon vo nhau. u im ca thit b ny l chng cho php nh
chun (t l phi trn) chnh xc, qu trnh thc hin rt nhanh, gim thiu hao
ph v khng cn dng dung mi ra sau khi phun. Hin nay thit b p sut cao
ang thng lnh th trng.

Ty theo ng dng m cc loi ph gia thm vo ph hp.

V nguyn l lm dy, sn xut mt mm hay mt cng c bn ging nhau.
S khc nhau l ph gia, t l Isocyanate/polyol, loi iso, pol...

C ch hnh thnh mt PU

Cc polyol v isocyanate ban u c khi lng, nht thp, dch chuyn qua
li trn cc thnh bng yu hnh thnh trong qu trnh to foam. Nhng thnh
bng nh vy d b v v kh thot ra. V th cn tng tnh n hi v mnh
ca thnh bng, nh s tng khi lng phn t polymer. C ch hnh thnh
bng kh l khoa hc phn giy, v n l bn cht hiu qu trnh. Qa trnh
ny ging nh to kh trong khi un si cht lng. Kh hnh thnh trong qu trnh
phn ng, hoc qu trnh bay hi nh thm tc nhn to mt, tan mt phn trong
khi polymer. Khi t n gii hn tan, tc l khi kh to ra vt qu kh nng
tan (bo ha), kh tha s hnh thnh bng kh. Trng thi ban u khi hnh thnh
bng kh gi l hnh thnh nhn. S bng kh s ty thuc vo s nhn c mt
trong h. S hnh thnh nhn c th l ng nht hoc khng ng nht (trong
trng hp c cc nhn khc). Nhn bng thng l mt lng nh kh trong cc
k nt hoc ch g gh trn b mt cht rn hoc ht cht lng, trong trng hp
nhn khng ng nht. Bt u qu trnh hnh thnh mt c trng bng s hnh
thnh mt lng ln nhn. Chng gy nn hin tng phn x nh sng to cho
khi cht c mu trng (to kem-cream formation) m cha tng th tch ng k.
Trng thi tip theo l bng kh tng ln nh thu c kh thot ra, lm tng th
tch ca hn hp mt. Trng thi ny gi l n mt (foam rise). bn ca qu
trnh bong bng ln ln ph thuc vo sc cng b mt. Nu sc cng b mt qu
ln lm cho khng hnh thnh cc nhn, ch mt lng nh cc bong bng ln
ln, v hnh dng s thon ra theo chiu ln ca bng. Ngi ta khng mong mun
nhng mt nh vy v chng c tnh cht c l bt ng hng. iu chnh bong
bng ln ln bng cch thm cht hot ng b mt (thng dng copolymer
silicone). Chng lm gim sc cng b mt v c th chia cc bng kh ra nh
hn, u hn. Qa trnh ny c tr gip bng vic trn mnh. Mt n (ph
thuc vo s phn tn kh vo cc bng) hon thnh khi qu trnh polymer ha
qu im gel, mng li polymer m rng t u ny ti u kia. Nng kh
trong khi bin i theo thi gian. Hnh 1 m t 3 vng c trng ca ba trng
thi hnh thnh mt; vng I to nhn (phn ng lm trng khi nhng khng tng
th tch, c trng cho thi gian to kem-Cream time); vng 2 v 3 tng ng vi
s n mt.

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Hnh trn c th gii thch nh sau: kh to ra trong qu trnh to mt ha tan vo
trong polymer cho n khi t gii hn bo ha S. Tc hnh thnh nhn Vn =
0. S hnh thnh nhn khng xy ra trng thi qu bo ha thp (Vn 0) nhng
s bt u trng thi qu bo ha cao hn v s tng tc cho n khi t tc
cc i (Vn ). Khi qu trnh to nhn hon thnh, nng kh trong polymer
s gim do s khuch tn kh vo cc bng tng ln. Nng kh trong polymer
s gim theo thi gian cho ti khi t gii hn bo ha S.
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Cc thng s k thut c trng cho qu trnh to mt l thi gian to kem
(Cream time), thi gian n (rise time) v thi gian gel (gel time). Thi gian to
kem bin i trong khong 0,001 n 30 giy, thi gian n trong khong 20 n
120 giy. Thi gian to gel c o bng cch nhng a thy tinh vo trong
khi mt. Trc khi polymer gel ha, n nhy v d dng ko thnh si di