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I ts' the ,e,. 'Transactions of the Ro)a'i I: nstitution or Great Britain," o:r date ,i\,:ht'fICh, 13" 1,882', is printed an epitome or ,ao lecture, gh~',ell b)" 'I he au:thor of the present work, on uhe Science at _ nimal Loco motio n :~ nits, relation to' Desilgn i:n '_ rt~ which is fhuSQ,Uud"ed 'to in a,n article 'b) 'the, late 'Gc!ol:r"e '\ ", S,[[IJ!,a~ published in the Illlis''/rt:!ed Lenztl'o]/. l'lrdJ'S', ,01: the 1,8dl o,r the same month-«

,( On :llondar ~:.IS,t,~,i'll, 'Ibe Ilbeatf:e' ,of 'he R!o)'td Institut~on~ ~ ~lect and ~:pn~:'sen:tat,i\"e ,~uldi,cn,eeass~mbled, '~O l\il'neSS 3" 'ser.i,es ,or most 'i,:I"t,el~Ung tiemQn:st'mt~!Oll ,of l'tnimaJ, loc(n'1u)lt,:~"nl gi\rell, b)~ l\,[r~ I\'['II,)1'-

brid, . 'L;, '. ,. '. ~_ bo e~h,iJ),i,t'ed a large n,um,her or :Ilho~,o,gmphs [iUUS1,mth;g

eonseeuttve ,hases in the :lliC),lion,] or the horse. ,\:va,lking'; ambling" pUo'pi:ng'" .and '~,ea,pill,g. . • '" D)~ th.e a~d o,r ani as'tonishjpg ap'pamlus caned a xoopnlJii.isco,pe" "·bien the ~ecUJ,er descrlbed es an ~ml:p,ro~lllemen't 'O,D, the' old, Z'Ot:;'I'fO,pe ,~ '. • the animals su,ddenty became mobile ,~Ul.d beauU'ru~~ ,and \If,niUtoo,, cantered, aUlb)'cd, gan()p~d" a.nd ~'eaped, C1IV'e'r hutdJcs i'n the fi,eld (!Ir \fisioft in 31 perfect]), :oalur-al a~nd, Uf~l:i'k,e m~ln,n,cr~ . ,. '"

~, AJter the horses, d,o;,s, OX~D~ w~~d bulls, :u:ld deer~ ~r~'fC shown 'lUl(!:er aoaJo'gQtlS eO:DldiUon:s of\~,at,i:ed 11love:m,e:Zll,l and filn,3U, ,llUUl a'Plle:m:rcd

~in in··.tan.'tan,e(.HJS, photogra,ph,) '0'11 the screen, and. walked, CUll ~ea~~d :lnd turned, back-somersaults to .ad,ln~r;:},tio'n. ~ '. 0'

,~~ On the (o,~ lO~\\ii D g Th'Ursdla)~ :~~I':r.,~~1 uylbridlg'c rcpea'ted h, t'S d: c'nlOflisl rodODS at 'I'he Roy.al Aleadem)· :o,l,Arts."

The transparent photographs used during these lectures were some or the f'CSU hs of an investigation commenced by the, author at Saerameato, 'Cnl~fon]l'I,~ ~n, l\:laY'11 m 8i'2~, and continued, '\\'ilh numerous periods o,f;'(],tcl~'ml'iss~,ol1~, a;t

Palo ,l~,t'of in the S81:ne State, until 18 i'9,.

The z,oloprax:iscope was dey ised by the author, on the principle initiated in the early part of the n.iu'etet.::nth century by the Bc]gian p'h)rsicist Plateau ....... fQlr the purpo,se of demonstrating the persistency of '\fi~don-and is br~e',Jy described In 3,11 essay b)1 the lare Professor Richard ,A., Proctor; u l'hotOgRp,hs of a G'a,Ulop~ng Horse," print,cd. in ,the ,Gell,tlelllal,'ts~liJlga~-i"e (or' December, ,I: 88~: ~ detailed description of the apparatus is, g~ _':'c:n in ,a, r'le'Ci€H1Jt '\yo:rk by the author, l~'~ nimals in i\,'[od,on n (,Chaprnan

'& Hall, Limited, I 81g8"," It "U)'I' therefore, be urU1JCCeS$3:ry'

in this place, tOI repeat '~i,bat is there said hl, regard to its consrructioa. It :lnaY"1 however, as, a mattee of reeord be admissible to say that, as photographic analyses of cba,'rll,gcs, incid.cnL.1,'1 to :~,Tnodon of ,any kind commenced with this inl'v'cst,'i:g,at'ion, by the author so was the z,oopr,a,x~ .. s'cope the :firs,t instrument lever' constructed Of' de''ii~'s _d fO'1;" demonstrating, 'by s'yn'lh,cti~cal reconstruction, movements ori'gill:aU)l~'photo'gra:phcd lir--o~n llfe, and for' n~a,r)l' yc,3l'rs it was the 0111,), ,;~p',par,t tus in use for dn~t purpose, In. 'l'he progress of :phY'f'd:'~1:~ science and mechanical ccnstructicn i't has, as :nlJ'i',g]n n.atura-U)' be supposed, had to n::I,iinquish to its, yO'lullgle:r rjvals its former u niq ue posi'd,onl;; but, ,it was not until 189',31, lor more tban ,th."i':rtc!cn ')~'ea'rs, after h: was 'fir.s,t used, thar any jmprovement ~n its construction or in its effect's. on the screen were made public, The impro 'ements in the modern instruments are due to the invention of cenu~oid" as a substitute for' glass, 'orrcoe~'\1i:n,g and e:~d:l~bitii:ng the pbotogr,ap,ld:c :i:nlages.,

'\'t 'the present d,al~ when the many ,;1Il1\d :hnpO'l'ita:n.t chemical diseove les and 11,le\V ,appUanlces enable ,a.n).)I·'Outh

- - ~I· -

or ordinary lntelli ·c:niCc~, by 'the expenditure of a, ~e\\"

s'hUl~ ngs, and 3, liule attention to pri nted jnstructions, to become 3111 amateur pb~O'I!o:gra,~)lhe,:r:j' it is not ea,sy to realize the d,i:fficui"tiles,~,hich had, '~O be surmounted-e-c- CUI 5:0 [ate as, 't\"cnt), reaf':s, ,ago~inl the pr'Oducdon or a satis .. :ractor,)~ photograph of a rapidly nlo'\d:n~ objeC't., \\nld:ch. the 'W ritec of the 'essay ,i n 'the GeJ,tl.let1UZ"/,$' Maraz£tl'e before mentioned, states he ~I- was assured by' one of the ablest EngHsh photographers was absolutely olllt~dd,e: the bounds, 'ofposs,tbUi"ty'; ,." i,t n11)" not beaut of plac,e. therefore,

to reprint a :~~\V p,ar,agr3phson the subjec.'t. \~r~'ttlen by the editor of J"luxo'icag,e [London], \wh~lc'h appeared ;:01 that journal . pril 1,4-, 188.2.,

'~,,'\ :~elw' 1~e3;rs, ago the news o,r the s,uOCICss'ftd photogurphin,g or a g.aUo'pi,'IlS' horse '\~3S rec'chred jlh :inc((du:l:it". '. ~ .' '''I.~hat, a. horse' m$bing ::dong 3t th,c rate ,or 3l 'n1Ii'lc in ,one' ,30d '~,wo.lh;rds of 3 minut'~ [more than 'SlC'\'eIl1J:'ll€:en ,Ya\rds, in ,~t s:ccon,d], and. M,oy,ing its limbs, Ironnrd in p..'" 0" each suide wh,h, l1~ad,r 'b\Tiee tha", lI"'elocit)"~! shotd.d 'be' Sct~0d 'bY' photw,;raphic 9l..J1 so' 3.S 'to sho,\\r-,t\r'e,v).f ~'i:mb well ,~nd c:l~il."," de1IilliJ,e.ated:" \\~o\dd have seemed wond:~rfllJl ~ndeed te tbe' ear1y' 'pro'ressor 'of' 'th~t ,an., ,~,t.iU In,ore' 3nl3zil~g i'i it 'to fiJld, ten, 'o'r 't,'weh"e' dis~,inct pi:ct,u:res Ilak'C'1l dU'r~nl' ,a\ sing'I'e su'id,et '~,be IOOI'lDp3.rison of' which" ill'U' ,1'.1" tlna,blG 'the 'moot rapid of a.U equine movements to be ,a.n:d)'zed !3S thoughJ tbe horse eeuld be made to 10 thro'Ulh all the '1,11:0tioAo lor the s~\'if\es;t :" nOm,) ata rU[I;efal [""'loc'. Then, by,tombhdng th,em, in, a, tl'n'u:ch-ilnprov,ed 'k.f:nd or zocu.ope-the .z;Ooplmx:iocope 'the' heese can be mad,e 'to' gOI 'Ih'rolilgh. lbl!;!' aetion as: per:rect'I,)7' as 'though he \\1rfIC' ac'l.uaU, ,ll1,Uop&ng; before the tCl"'CS !or t.he aud i.eo.oc'. '. OJ • Th lS, has been done - for the 'horse'I' and other animal&J ,o;tbletes" mf.m:llasll~, and eveDI f,o'r birds~

'~"~ Mo't !(ul1"1 tb~· ,ch.1r.alcteristi.c mo'\r1e't1rl,t:nts 'of 'tb'e di,ft:er,e"t ~!lA:·ti,ons" bgt 'even !~'hO:5e: il~sh't, ,3;n.d ~Qr,te defina'ble petuUarhies 'fifJil,c:h. dis'lhll _Dish the' ~'ncnren1e:l\~ ·of ,onc' a.thletc' fr'om ,3no'ther In :iHl'r form i:ng' 't,he same f(:a,~'1) lor 'one 'horse' ~rom, 'I,Dot'her in :moii'I,lg ,!l't 'Ib.c same ia'it~ 3 lid, ·01 :ror~'h~ 8"fcperfecaJy :reoogni'=tble :il'IJ the co'mbi'~'lal,:i'o:n of Ili!ctuf1tS, \' bi:cb~1 sep"rate~y see:n~ 'hu,pl:r sL"lI:nlc us b,J' tbe new U,g'ht, __ hleb 'the,' Ilhrl'orv on, the '1ie'a.1 nat'u1e o'f the'se m.pi\d. 1~11.01'N:mleD't&'~

I:n loo,nfiirmat:ilon 'of those f~ sUgbt and scarcely d.elfln,a"b'le peculiarities ",~ recogntzed, b), the edltor of KIIbZU/"t(KC inthe synthetic rc.3.,IWZ.3,tl,ons ,of the' zool,p.m)d:sco,pe'., the ;UJ,ihor' ~,-;i:U not r'eadn)1 forget the complete F'lefu,ta,don or' an assertion made b:)r him the firs,t time the apparatus was ,put in'to practical Qiper-a't~,o'n". The anecdote may '0011 be: wi thou I:

/\ l"RO,D~C,TOll J"

Interest, _S' eciany to the eonstraetors of the ma,n) d.,i fferent inst ruments which I ,at the present day, have ta -,en the ptace of their prcrotype,

I" pan the completion ,or a, series lot 't'\~rlenty-rour Icon .. secutlve 'Phases" iUus,'n~a,t[ng a single stride of a noted hoc r.,o,J,n the stables of I' ,- overnor (. fterwards ' enator]

tauford th- t g,cndC'[1l,Jl,- OIn _ ev 3lin'('r in the autumn I, r 18'7'9,; 'invit -d a rC\~, rriend 'to witn ss, b) projection ,,·jth the oxy .. bldilo,r':en light and 'the: zoolpraxi'slc'OPC .. the primitive synthetical reproduction of an animal's movement, ,~- Ther '-'o'~r,c'nlo'r/' said the author" 3S he put ihe appan ,~US' in motion, .f :)fIOU have (I, :r 'p', sentation '011 = I; "l,\l'lhor_~_ ,,' I'UO ,j,n at a, ' ne forty .. ,u, '01 g, It,' that ho:r~ e - cln'; O'[1e or several ",rifh lvbie, ,I. be ha.d x rimcnt d,",

, ,

After a :~_ {~~ seconds' attention, hi's host cxclai~nletJ u I,

',hh~k)~ou must make ,3, mistake i'nthe name of the animal : thnt is certainly not the g. it of 1 awthorn, 'but thae r ,", .nd r 'on " i. noth 'r ,h rse on dl P' ,,1,'0' . - .lro ranch, The . uthor disputed this eorr ction, ,and reassert th . aceurac "of the cD'lr), in h~ record-book. The I" 0\, erne r was equally positive or ~,t error, Upon refcrenco, 'Ih next day 'to the trainer 11 die author wa informed, very much to his sur rise that the horse sent to him for th 't particular experim n. I( Vti,thoU't th cc- k nowledg 'Of its ',\\'U 'I). was .. \,ndcron · and at the moment he relit more disappointed at the inalccu~. It) of hoi. ,rlccrist:r,Y than ,g:~,ad .. , S,ed \'Il'i'ththe perfect manner :in l~rhi:d,lI the zoup:nudscope bad, performed its duties"

In :181 the author ,PIU "Ii,shed,~, un '-I,I,,,r the gen r '~ title

of JU The Horse in _ II'QljonJ'- some '0'_ _J_jIC: r sults of his

1

labour in I ~e\v' sheets or pl\ol't,ogr. phs, each lone ,or' whlch illustrated severn consecutive phas S lot a horse while 'tr,ottin,g-, g,a:nop:i:n,g', au .- so forl'h; \,~hlch '\~, er . du'~y deposited I 'the same year'~ in the Library' of Congress at \,,',as,bi'ngton,., ~"'onlC: or these pbo,~:,og:raphs quieklj found jbclr \~l"_)1 'to v rlous parts of t'l ' world, and were commented UP'OIl by' numerous journ sls f th _' d.a} ,. Ref renees 'to ,,~ ~-~¥ cad~,-' r'c~ iews of the e demonstrations nla'y' be found I'll the ~,\I'pcnd.ix~

, ,

The publications of 18: 7'8 were ro:no\~·Ctlt in 18,g ;~' I 'by'

a 'qunr 0' volume of seme two hundrec pages of photo, ... g --_pJ,S, illustrating \-~ rious movements by horses, do,-s~ and. oth r an il113 - s and feats ,of the nl nas] um and the held by SOR1,'C Can rorntan athletes,

The ~a\rlo'Ur' ""ym:th 'whi:ch these demonstration c, were received convinced 't,II0 author tb - ,t a nlo'r'e comprehen ... sive i:ll\ estlgatlon carried out in "I, nlorecxa!cti'l1~ and systemauc manner th ~ n wasat tha in), possible a, 1),10

lto, ,0'- with the advt ntaoes offi 'r - b) the then nc_v'l, discovered dr) -plat process ~ T\'DUld result in ;_hrou~:ing nl,u:ch add,i't,i'onal Hn"h,t on the h'i:du~rto' ~,~uJ!e kno',\; n but important problem or, _nihn,al movemen s. This new enter .. prise-c-if conducted 011 till' contemph ted scale ........ promi cd

I to in' '01, e such a" Iar ~e expenditur _' tht. ,itolue H'lde: thne elapsed efore the I1CCC' $J rl arrangemems for its cxccetlon could be made,

The author was, however, (or unate enough 'to, obtain the CO~OI- eration of the .. "ni versity of Pennsylvania, then. under ",_1 able administration of' the late r, \ -un 01, Pe ~ ,:, er, an wa instrueted by he trustees ,0£ tba.t,

u

8

inst.itu,tion to continu chi's research 5 un, er its, ,3, rspices, The "o:rk \\1·,315, reeom m eneed in 'the, su mmer 0':£ I 884'1' and eomr lete in th " autumn of th, foUo",',in~ year,

'T']I sy~ tem dopted and the apparatus employed difrer,ed in 11.,0 material respect from that used ,~n CaUrorl1i!~. which lun in l en ~lllUy described in ",..: nlmals i,11 l\[oti:,on -" it '\',\ UI JlI~rc be ' ,:o'ly necessary 0 say,~ that b mean air three batt ·ri:cs of cam ras electrically operated I 'Y ,a mot r , .. clock t \\. _ n I,) ''''~ - 'U r - u ,e:" si v -' i, 110,to,,- r:a _ hie

xnosures could be made in a q,u .. irter of a second of ,:i III ,~. :. nd h\ elve U!C,C'C -, ive 'ex po u re , sim u ltanecusf

mad from C,t C h of three liffircnt point of vi -\Y C It ld be complete '_ ln the one .. '6nb ot a second. The time-ietervals betwe -n I ach con cutiv e exposure of a S,(H"'j'S, were recor lee -Y' a ehronoor ph in on -thous n rh 0,( second, and are, ,:\thh a :fe", exceptions, reprinted under ',' ach : ieri is If illustr ti I1S,.

) 1- r'" ~ . ,. ,., ,. r 8

-_Ie resu t - 01" - us U1X, suoatron ---con -l-t,ln~ 0':' 'i'l

phoeo-mexzorint en 'r wing- ,,\'i:th, sxamplee of more than t\V, nty thousand acts f rna. ion "Y ,i1n~nllal '" bi,rd_land human be:in s-e-wer in 18 7'~, published in eleven !~H, volume , und r the title of ,I, .. nimal L'OC0r110,imon~' I _'ol),ies of tb\\fO',ork \v re secured by' th ' :~r:;:nc"ipc: I libraric and institutions or scienc - and or nrt i,1] 't-'urope' nd merica, wher - ,t,hc) may be consulted by those inter ested in, the subj ct, - ~ -e'lian of the ,en,'~- __ i:n~~_:, w _r, . alsc i'.=,ucd 'in po:rtfo'lioSII and some hundreds, or such 's'elec't~oinS,\\\~cre subscribed 'for their indh -,idu-II use by - rtists, cientist and oth n on bo h sides '0'£ the ~;~dandc., In the .ppendix 'olay be: seen ,:1 ,Ce:", ra.,CS,i'lllih: autographs, selecte -,'-110t

t~ri'thout d,i cu'lty,-trom, t,b subseri ~ d,o.n in -, of he ,3ut'hor" \~iho, 3V'3,'i:)-', hh115,elJ or ,this ,opp ortun i,t)-, '10 express hi" sincere thanks to jhe many eli ,tin,uished men who thu

endorsed the value Ilf hi ' I, bour I

It bein" so universallj recoenleed 't'ha'l :I, s,tud~- of the

recisc func I ion -, of the lim 'J\~dlcther r m 11 or or th low r animal • D, made known 'br :P lot "r. '_ h) - is or ~~,r at importance 'to the physiolo i ,t-, a:n ~ to the natur 'I sclenrist " ',cnt.'raJly, and that a kn,. \,_ ledve of the 'uC'C isiv ,!ppe .r .. 3I1C,-S \:\~'h:i,ch those Unl'b assume whil exceutimr ,an) specific movement is 'of absolute u cc 1t)~ 't the. artist, th.'t be 111~), obtain a corr 'ct in, pression or t 1 =_, _ 1110" I ~ .. .Dt, nt as a whole, and be thus enab cd to g'i e a sari Jac'to()'

and truthful intcrpren tion I ~ it ~~il ha been decided 'to

r publish ~'~ num I r' If '111· mo ,'- ,nCr,IU,) useful serintes ,in a, more convenient and popula,r manner than \\\"a' adopted in th -, public uion of 'lh - , ,riu inal work, ln jhe 11.0- Ol:f 'Ihu _ more wideh lssemin tin", '_ kn t,\\·I·,' Ig"C of

, ,

'lin: facts revealed b) 'the author's res .archcs.

,,- "'ith hi', obj'lect in vie'\~ ~I a numb ,r' r mov IEl1 n _ " of horse . and ther quad:rup,cd ~ a.n' bit - s ha . , ,3 ' I r viou '~) stated, been already republished l,vith the title or ' '\nhn3'~s in ,'O'lion.i' ,-- h - I res MI't ~~(JI)U n . a ' its title implies, is ,I,cl oted exelusi '_ elv 'to, the human our ,.

IJ,I I I

\;\-ith recard 'to the me - els, . he :<,reater n'ullu'be:r' or

men wer ' students or craduates of ,the'l 'nivc --ity ,( Penn yh,~ nla, each one of whom had a \trcU .. earned record in the particular Ieat select -d for illustr nlon, -"~'O' el ' ,6 W ' the professor ,or :p'h)l'sical cUI'h'Ure ~ 3, i'~, the ICh. mpion runner, and 21 good jumper; 0'9'" the best an~r,ound cricketer,

I' T""O'D'IU"C'-T" O'R'-; ,t-

'" ,'.n;,' ,,' '," I ,',' ,1m OJ

and ,30 was equally no't,ed in the galne or base-ball, I 21, 64" 6s~ 66~, and 61 'were ins ',rIJ,lctor,s at the, - encin " and

, p~rril1g I-'iub': and 22 \ ras a ·\v'[eU .. known pug[i:n - t, The mechanic were experts i'n. their particular 'trades and the labourer were accustomed 'tOI the work th,e)" are represent- -: ,- doing,

f the ,~rlnl' 11,,[ 5". 11 [~[il' 9,~ ~'O'. and 13, \V sre artlsi [-, :n1,', ~dels[-[ and I ,2 was a "'I~e'I:/iere t/(l1tS'(1t.sC' fr'OUl 'O'IJC: of the _)hi~ad lphiantheatres.

., I n d - ition t thngra,\[ in, which :rnu trate sue ..

I" ~ ive pha 'e ' or a contjnuou - O'f of _ completed action, i't was 'Ihough,t, de sirable, hl consideranon of the 8,111,3-) di'nl ms ions of th 6,~ure [ to :SC] ect :801(11 10 of th phase and fl , .. ~nfl,r,a ~[ th 11:1 'ih .. S III ' • ize a ' that in, whieh thej \\T,-rc ori'~i,na:Uy publi he I,. For thi sel etion, ,anti ~ r the omission of Juan) pha es necessary 'to properly iiIIUlst'r,a[t i, th contiuuity [J an action -[ the i. uthor dls claim 'aU resuon -ibihty_

I n his, examination or the cont nit, Qr thi velum ~ th ~ ,c:rni;cal 0',· rver will d '\\"[--U t' ' remember thar th '

negath.,.e :froln '\vhi,ch th ph 0 to-meazo ti'n ts a" copied w re made rnon:l:h,an 6rtec~n, years ,ago ~ they are reproduced without the sllghte ,t nttempt b ,in", mad , to impr "'C them: und are presented with ' II thelr f~ll~lt , pr c'is,c~) a [', k n in tbe camera,

It cannot be too forcibly impre sed on the mind of'the student, i hat th I h ,to r _, hed phas .s ' ,f 1111 tion in [I ith .r [of the volumes .:- re not intended for use as a substitute ~ ':r ersonal observ arion, '-"h-ir\,'a,lu[c consists, no,t as in Jli _!Pj' lual '_ 110't., ,r(~phs made at E [ rticular in t. n' in the I rformanee J;. 'UU! muscul, r " c't-\~ -l[~ch any on ' \[\~ith ii hand camera could d [' qu 11)'" as \i\'l!U-bu , as seri .. it - ,or phas 's. demon 'tratil'l~ th various chances which take plac - in the dispo ition of' th _ limb nd 0" ):. durinn the

volution lor some act of motion trom us inc ptic n '~, it completion. Studi .,'- in thL manner the aut'lll'O[1;" is not without hope that th artist ,~[·;II'I realize a, just ppreciation

of d11C m , 11'1 nt i', elf an '_ u, hI -d

sion 'to i't in nn ace ~ table and at the c· une time rna 1.1 n er,

T'UE consecntive phases of ncn,r'~y' aU the serial U'I,'Ustlradons I or movement were sy'ncbronou"sl), photographed from each of '(\\10 lor '(ron I three points of vi:'enr'I' \\'hcre:v,er' convenicnt, the foreshortened ohases are placed Immedlately u'nde'rt1:1c corresponding phases or the lateral series, In ' SOUle of 'I'he seriates, 't\\~'OI lines 'of :figu res are required for the laterals, and one l~ ne on),Y' ror the foreshorten i:ngs ;' in lh:is event ,tbec-or,r'csponcUng phases ,ca.:n be readHy' ,rlsce:I!" .. , la,~:n,ed by ,coundng the ,figures.,

I'R all the seriates the sequence of phases is indieated by an arrow,

The classi hcation IO,r t hefignr,cs, into lat,crais:" fl'lant~

rureshortenings'I' and, rear-Ioreshostenings, is, 'in some of the seriates, purely arbitrary, These designations are usuaU), giv'en to the n,;rs,t phase from each of 'the, respective points or v;:e,'\y'~

'The: intervals ,of time between t'be, successive phases-« 'when, d:u~: chronograph was used-c-are recorded, under each

s,e'ries"intho'!l]Sal1Jdths, of a second, If i't 'is, required to ascertain 'the time in which die complete movement, or allY po,rtio:n of 2, movement, was eijected~ it. \\,:iU be merely necessary to multiply the number of thousandths 'of a second by the number of intervals. For nearly all pur .. posies, however, the calculation of in tervals in hundredths, or perhaps even tenths, of a second n'lla), be found :su.ffi .. ,c:ien,tl,) accurate ..

As a gelu:!'ral rule, the polnts or vie \,~ of each lateral series were at an elevation of' about, one-half the height of the model while slanli'ing on the g:r,ounlL In seriates

I and 4., the lateral points of \,~'iC\~f were on a level "\',Ith the platform on \,"hi'ch the model 'vas, walki ng" and so also "\i~ih the In,rgc'f' fi,gures of the same action as series I," The poi nts of' view of the fo:r1es'h ortened series '\\~'c:re'-,~~ hen 3,'t an angle of 1909 to the Iaterals-s-

0'( 'varling heights lor a verrlcal line ; either DHicendi:na: or descending 3 inches for each successive exposure,

'II

I, '

THE IIUJIA'j, FIG - RE./,,; 'r&-IOTIO~\".

Th points of view fr'ORl other angles \, ere' u uany' on one horieental line, and about the level of the lateral

'.' 1-

sena s,

The Iine 011 th - back :round, were 5 c·· ntlmetres, r all 'ut :2 inches, apart, \\:'idl broader lines 501 centimetres,

,I 2'

J;

'9' 10

~ r

11

~'J 1-4,

:~ I

: '1

llodc~.

46 461 46

Ji ,"',

3'7' 40' .);

"Ii"! ,J "

3'"

Number fFi,:;:tu ~ .

\'\ at ing. 'ordinary' speed

id JI

'u rapt' SIlCe1CJi •.•

~,~ (auyin, a oulder ,on ,. 'hou.Mer

,,, car:ryinn ,:1 -_'d 1m

,in one b:Ulld ••. . 1·

Iit1 up :an ,mc me .' ••

't' up stairs . n d,O~~D stairs ~"

" and turaine

round

R oDni:n,"- til - st rt •..

, ~ half-mil·_- gami

run oed ~ ••

"" and p,ickin up

= b:dl -

Jumpinr"sl,andin ".brDad 12

- stan din jI high

u Inli' ,h'tJ, hi,g'h

renn m- tr igh'l

~~

'hih

I: 2' :u

112'

))0

12'

1!!!jj,1.'

II

F rc-

,

7 9'

9

9

9 9

)..;'

12

1,2 ]I 1:0

I .. ,

1

" 8

8

12:

10

:·1 ",6

33 lu,

1,6

2.

20 I

"', - '"'

2'3,

," ·6 I

31

, "

-'.:l

,3'"' lj'

'9 41

43

-5

or about .2'0 inches, apart. The usual distance 10Ir .'be m el from the bac:k.ground\vasl for the I.: tle'~a'ls" about, 75 centimetres (3,0 in,c'hes);: the distance or th model fro'in rhe ~ntlcr,a.~ r~ arnera 1 _sua.Uy approxim ued ,15 metre ~ or

nearly 5;0 f t:t~

TO'laL 1.

28 ,J umpin leap",r:roq ,.~.

U:1ck c'om sersault .,.,.

1:13 cbaU catc M n ' I( erte r

3Jchin afi~1

throw inor ...

Cricket, ho'- ]'ing

bO'~ lin 0\ er ..

arm •.

Uca.vin' ' a ooulder ....

ti (tin, f and heavine a

bou lder ,OJ. • • ••

[l1seb ,111, baJ,ting •..

'Crick,el , bauin

18 27 an

U) .. r~

10 30

:U 30

2~' 69

".'" 1691

~4, ,Ij,

"") '"2

JJ ,64 and 6J,~ J'; 64, ,:lnd 65 35 S2nd 53, ,36 52' 31nd. 53, 3'1 ,59 an 61

38 ,4'

.~

Rowin' (ll113.chineJI

\ _~rtHn' •••

Il'!'ac'kmln'hin •.. , 1 ho\~eninlg

•••

8

8

8

10

10

...

12

•••

.l'", 12

::4 10.

2~ 2t 2'

:1

,

...

8 12 12

8

16

",lOr

... ,.' I

,I Z' IX 16 .,6 % -,

~, '"

2' ,32' 48 48

2' ,

ai,

..... ,

57' 59

.....

,

''''in

, ~'

51

8'l

,5 s~ .,

3'9 I 40

I

- 'II""' "",'-

,3

49

~o

~: I

6

.. ,

i l'

l'\u rof W ur

riiii

-

~I .,

12' :10

12

I I

I - 12 II

9 9

,.l

... ,,,"

9- :s'

J 30

66

9')

101 101 '10·,

101 '109

4,

l' 13 'IJ ~ .l

9 .. mJ 10

l'~an;jDs

, 'on re tones

umin and nscendin ~ stairs :1 .. , -rurni'll and ;l~cendipJ:' stairs \,r:i'lh a bucket ,of ~·=Her

'"1111 ill I d'-

. urnm jj ant, ,:uoen In

us ',ith I' 0' cket

of ""a'ter " ..

,,\, aUd:ng { 0 - n :tn, Incline

, .

n uO'l,.'rIn t Irs ..•

Kickin 3. h:.11 ., ••

RenlO'\·.ing ma.n~]c' "~

, \\' cr-j31" from

shoulder to ,ound .. ,,' " to - in and eed'infif a.

"I:. - -

d !III Ii t

n.;Uhi n;:

i\ shock to, the nen

''I''"

J,'nOUI" tno1,'cnlc:nt, ..,0

10

'9

,I 9

111'1

II,"" U'"

u~ UCJI

8 ,8,

I: and S

I' .

I ...

RmUlin'D \~··'th sk; lPin .~

rope ... U' 12

Jum, in r from s~,cJ ... stcne re Ricoeh nin on one ~oot 's' do 'on on the

Ii iii

ill

10

10

110

10

36 30

2';11

I z'~:

Ill,

§

.C u:

,60 61

G- 6 G ·9

"0 ,I

, I

Iode .'

I -

I '

'I 13'

I ...

- uin f up ro'm ~be

S,ro ntl ...

C.'uf)'in jar of ". ater up

LiI! ~ -

513ns •• ,. ui

, 8

\\":11, in -,~ and J~:i:[tin"jOa

(3ft •.• • ••

Runnin ~ "',.

. toopin - ~uld puumg Ion

a:hawl h.

8

a

'1

'I

'lnrn,in

"iuiTlg down en

eh u· ... • ••

Tumin(~l1I'ound (~cmi~,

recumbent) • 0 • "'" •

,/\ hi h ste,p and a

jump - ...

Geuin - QR ~n , ,orr a

I table; ..,. ...

,Sum

9

I ~,

- ,.

9

Tal I, ' a ... e.,

I .. ,

1,0

10

s

s

I ..

J ...

10

10

10

10

10

9

I .. '1' • \91 I m'

"Ii ~

, .. II'

.., .

,2: I

30

~Iodd'.

7':2
7'J "I'
74 '1
is 3
'"'16 S
"
'i'7 15
,,8, 15
l Ca,Tf),'ing a, basket on head, ,:uld lu:rni'['IIG, :ER1I)'ty~ng a. basin ,or

\V:li:t'ef .... • ••

:1 .'i~~jn~ .. and car,ryirrg' a I

ooik,cl ... ' ...

'\\,~'anans :tnd stloo[ling ., ..

n ad j usti 01 tr,a] iii,

311il tumlng

t:i1 dcnm stairs, a

laru,p in hand :1 ~

I I.:!wn-Icnnis •• - ::: I s

--~--~--~--~~--~~--~~--

Ii -I
83 70
,30 1)9 84 '7 ,,'
!-j-
r!f 11:1 :;1"0'
3,0 ~ 6,1 86 7°
8'1 iO'
!7 ';6'3
24 16S
2.~ U)7
12 U)9
:3 .17 ~ I

~"" I~
, ..
~o re
9 ~
I' 2 ,I, ;!
1:2 :~.I and ,'a. I Child ~rce'i'n~: 3 :$tr.J~lgcr I..; and 710' u beinG! i ,~ttid, (f'()11li

the gr@und,..... "' ..

I:: and ,,'0, IChild being: placed on I

Ih,c ~ound' .. ~ ...

J 2' and 7'01 Running 0.'. • •.

TO'L'a1 i

:24 24 Q'3
,14, 2~ 24, '7= I rs
1,8 1,8 18 5, ,I,','
16 16 U;I 4)8, 17'91 AClioD.,

C'ra,\,r'ling Oil tbe ground

\\~ au.: inC' ,0 ••

Rwn~1:ing

~raJ\r]i'Hg "IP' st3.irs }\u,enli'i"Ung to "Ialk oJ)

stalrs ... "."

~ 2' ~2 I: 2 ,16 181
u: :I ~ ~:: l,g'3
12' 12' 18'5,
8, 8 uS !I ,I",
I ~ ..- :u; 24 189' ...

Me'l (nude' Of g,HghUy '\Va~king ,... h. ..~ ~.,.

,. [dr'!,I~~l) ,~~ rt)'i Dg boulder ()in' houl~der

n :I!~ I ~~, ellTy;ng '\~eights ~n~h!,od ~ •• ,

",., ~I~ under t,'ari,OUs ,co'lubUons. •• "

u ttl I R'Iluuling •.• ,.'

t~ u ]'unrpio,g .. .,~ ..

1- I.".'

n

9 1'~.3
II ;z 19,5
II ... 197
111,:11 19'
8 2101
s 2,0.]
I I 2'0'3
" ::1::'07 i~iii

I~ili •

• '. iii

ill!!!! i

~I!!! III

,":~cn (nude o'rsILlh'tl)~

~'~ [draped)

n 't.
,~ n
' .. ~"
111'11 ~",
'II 't·
,,' , •
~~ ~'t U' 'i

',\·Onl'en (nlul~'

Cfick\!'t

I ~,ca\;:ing boulders ... Baseball, roo'tb~n

\\,!!'rcs~Ung .,,,,0

• 114 ii

iii ~I.I

1Ii!lillj

~]! ill! i !I' ii

Fencing, :runn i~v'l!, aud so ,forth Stn'k:ing :1, blow" and 'boxing

i~o'xhlll ...

B lacksm 1 ~ h l:ng

~, etc, U.

\\'alkin~ UndCf"tlrarioiu's, co:ndi't'~ODS

u' C'('C'. ..~

'TurnInG found ruu! ,3.SCC'~1Jdi~S slairs

~,~ anc:~ ,l.S,ceml'd;:ng stairs \"ilth

\Jcig'h't ~~1 Il3no '0"" •• '.

S~OOlliDS:; :Uld so r()lr~h ... '

Thro",,'ing ~ •.

\nri:ous mo"..:.tM.~'liIt~

Xumber

of' r;3ge~

Figur'!N,.

...

1'01 .0'09'
,8, ,;2' I I
j' lOI3
t~ "
I~ ,2 1'S.
., 2' ,2' 17
13 ,11'9'
~o ,2'l I,
I ... Z2j
!!!j.
,S, 2'2,5
,"" Z~' ...
,I ..,~
I ~ 229
9 23 ~
9 aJ,;)
:I :z 2JS
U), %3,7
'1 ,.;39
8 241 ~. i!!! ...

, ,\elion.

U~om,cn '($Cmi..(i,ra,ped) ~:Vhh kippiml, ~rol~c' .. ,.

,~ n j III 11111 ~)'b,g'l' n llld so 'fo:rt h ',ilri,ous actions

u' '" u ••. ,

(d;ial~ha'llous .stooping~ dCscCllding stairs, etc,

[CO:snnfu,~)1 Dian ci nl: .'.. . •.

n

(,t1rapcd)

'u' "

":\~ om :l'D 3nd (: h n(]

IChihJ'r,~n ...

...

,- ....

l,l is-c:cna.~eou ,3.CI~OnS

~" , .

'~m·teFu:lis) ete, ...

... T'lIJrnlllg :roundil s'~oop,ingl. ete, m~·(tinIJ ch.ild :fliORl Inhe gl'loun.d

'I ~ri;ou, actiens ' .. ,.

Cf,3.\'\·'~lng onl fhc ~lJODlnd •..

,.€\'sccuding stairs

~u.mber

o.r ~g\'.

t·:ipre~ ..

".Ii

:110' 2'43,
:110 245
)l ,2 ?'4'l
_,. ,
:~ I ~'49'
S' 2.51
S' :5J
, 1·55
... 2$'1
"
1:0 2~'"
.).
:r I 26~
J.Q 26.3
,S, 26j
9 ~'6'1
6 26'1}
10 27' :I: Ii II I!

...

T'LTE-i _ I~I': _

- FIGURE' 1,--

1,1

, K )0 _" 0 I' J S 01 \" I .\\ .•

nd,

AT'HI L IE,T,E.

W'A L K Ii IN'G.,

rnOTOGl.l~·UF.I) S\,'NenROSDUSt"\~ Fk ~E ' \,,~O II(US 'S: or \·ZL .. '· Ti me .. j nttli\"tl'11 ~ "06? UO)nd .

• '0,1' some p'h~, ~d:l imib" mOll~cm'Cn~ ~ ~~ uh ~,'lr;;:clf r~,yr(:,; fi~1"I'! I,h'e ~d,;inaJ '" I'k:, . I ~b 1'93 U ~ 21,.

1-'IIE lJUJIAJf Il~GUR'.1i IJ\," JIO'TIO v

21

ATHLETllE.,

Pnon)(j;:R:.U·Ut'.'D Y).(nKO~ttllt'ol~'III' K(t t ,·U ioU. Pup,; lUll" \r,t;W.

T~ m,o .. ~n ~,en: ~15: ·OJ i -eeend,

For some or It~ue' i")h. I 'from the o,jgin.:d ''II\'Ofk. re :i~,e' 1'95-

1"1/ E II U~ J AI .. \, me U sn 11.\ 1['0'"'1"/0 \ .

ATIHllIETE,

r

I~WfH)(;I'::'U UBU s.,n<l,('URU::;;:(n.l':o.'1 \' ,I?RO~f TnA. u: PUI~ rs U1! \·I£~"·'

"( itm"·i,nh:n.,',l •• : OJI68 • conc~.

or -rom" of !h-f'Soe ph!l~it {mm ~he 'Ii'JIr" ·;~l;l1 wotk.~ '.e ~11'~~ :199.

,1r.1 ft ~I.p:'

,A T HI LET IE.

rUorr'l(:R: ,\ ,·u I'.U sv ~t; If kns;{ U' I ''Ii' t"R:U:W<OT Tu tU' to rOI ~ ~ OF \"'U::\\·.

"il'f~~inf. nal' .... = "uS ~·«H'Id.

FQT some .or t l".:5C:p ~,:U,c (rom ;fl(' OIigil1:Jl wOfk~ ee p:tge 199.

"')··9·-··

,,.. .1

A,THILE,TE.

I'J'~UI,I(~l;.\1 UI u, :S,\"!Iii:'('U UXQL'SLY n=.~ t l"UKt"v. P tl~ ,,'S .. \,.~ .w,

1'illu;~intcr"':.l1 :: "092: M:co:m.1.,

."'fDf :I. ph. R Qf tbi~ ~I'i'~., ,hom du~ Ofigirn::lil ""!!J.r:k" t;.Cf; ~C' ~ 99,

1~~/'1"':' 1'/'1" 1/C ,-V· ' .. IC···· ues I' 'I1/'-0···-··"1'·1-0·!\

·',:__'~lJ· , I IIIIlt',I'ILiIi' ·,jII,ii,·,·'U.l\1 '~:"'iI!'l .1,. -I' ~!Ii

Iii

01

III"!!U· "'I~!D'

UI " M.f1I. ,II

rtm .11- JI '" FIG'(IR',I;' I~' JIOTIO ... V.,

33,

A T HI LE'T'E'~

, - I) "''1

' , C,.;,.

..

AT H'l E'TiE.

A' U N Hili N G.

• f

rr _ Ct: (I i "0, 1

,.

~ .• :t~J':1'l: .LrU··'.· '111··· .. ~

,. ~ ~'~ £111'-' ~I.~ ~I,~

rtcoen I'\, ,JIOI10;l.

3:1

,AT'H bIETIE.

Ti n1! ~in tr:ni".3.!;t.,: ~C>,j,7 ~~.

,t't Ii' on", Qf these ph!l~, from, the CJl~,illld Vi OJk~ 'SIte P-'lgc' ... :19.

39

A,THILETE.

Ituo . aCJU."UEU SliNUER.OXOL:SL\" :JfKOJ,J Two Pmk'o":TS 01'"' ',BE\:\~.

~Iodd :::6. T,ime.:imem","al • ·'0,,'$ ~iJ.

A T Hi L E T'IE~

T~me .. :intfn.·ll",,: .'156 s«ondi.

t'Of me 9f m'~ llb ~T!i iroEIQ t~ ofigu~:.ll \H'ur].;. see (13 ~c 2Oj:.

1-'1G VR1£ /'V ,1/0710'-;\'"'0'

AT'Hill E'TIE.

,ATH LETE.

A S,TRAIIGHIT HIG,H ..II U _' P.

f,r

ATHIIl..,E,TE.

:v~ 1m ,,",I( .\1"1 ~ En :SV~CI LRONO'l)SIL'llt'IQ T\'l,o Time~i'llt~n':1Ils: ~oS;, s.ewn.d~.

f"Q,f ~i"nhr ph~~ (rom the oli .. ,in,l:1 \'\'ofk~, see

ATHIILIE T E.

A IR U - - N I~ N 'GII T W 1ST H ~I G HI IJI U 1-- p~

'If I 1 "' ... • '11,t JII

l' ~m,t: or 11'1

s·

"'I

B10'Y8.

rUOTOCR.I'u·n~.n ~·\·NtrU,l}XQ\.I~t.'l; fR .1 T\\""'O Ilms1'S 10, '~II.\,\,r,.

)1(ooC!b Ii and. z • Tim:C'~inE~u,_1 ,~ ·1'09' ~ond ...

F (!If some (tf mhHt' pt - ~fOm th<: (}u;i!1:.1I. '.,'. odi:~ see J:ce 20;'.

5J

A THIll. E T E.

TURNING A BACK SOMERSAUL~

~lodd 33.

ATH IL ETE. C:ATC,IH ~I NG, AT A IBAlllll.,.,:: II'~ ,E, R RQ'R':t

PUO'f' a.u'U' ,U S,\"):('I"I'RON'OUSll' FR.O~I Two p(U1/lii,Th, 'OF \"J' w,

Ti me-] f1I~ltn,·,:.d, : ,. ~ oI,:s~nd~

Fo~ ,il p'b.lJ( ~~r' l~hi~l'lt . from 'he: (uritimal "o'rk, see pa,g~ ZJj.

II

rus JI iu J L

'~_TH LETE.

101ft? n ~J/"L\

,ATIH L,E TIE.

HI IE A, V' I~ iN 'G A :2 Q ,~, IP '0 Iljl NI D R' 0 C: IK".

~~n\.rnX~,liyun:Ji:U ·"N(UiR:(I~OlJ} 1,.''1{ ,r 0'" T\'fu~l~,~~,~ 0.· Vn:M,'_

~,lod~"1 46. Tin'iLe~jJ1'r,eu.:t1s.: . J:.u, ~oml.

] • Of I,~.h;)~~ r,3,.si hli br a.(hOD~ fr6!i'1 ,the Qllij:i rL\l ''I :1:'1.: II ~~ Ill;.'!. re- ~ II .

I

ATH LE1'IE ..

"~'o1t" 5'!. '1 ime·lltnu~.:ll .. : .'; ~ ~cond.

}40f !t011\(: of th ph' .... (rom ~.h.t !Or; i.u' \lio.!k~ see ~'l.ige 211.

"I QJd - '. T~mf"~m~tn"'aJ~: "OiSS K('O~11.

fIOr some ~r these I.ba..._~ ~ 1(llom I'he Olrigin:a\ WClil'L:~1 ~ po.~e :1: 3.

AT'HIIJ...IET IE.

rns IIUJIA \ rtccs« l\ ..110'7"10 '\''''

AT'HLETE"

i3

rrrs .JIU 1:tA V rrcr N: Ii I v J.1011'O v.

is

.10TH LETES.

'W'IR' E,ST L~ N G~

1·Jlli IIUJ/.'.I .. \'" /~~/(;l,RI:: I .. \~ ,.1'101'10 .. \",

ATIH' L E 1" ES.

79

IP'U G IllJ ST.

Pi U G Ill,III,STS.

EUJ X II N G.

PUO'fOC, 'I·n I) \f~C'~ltl'oXOt:'SLV FRO!loI T\\'o '1·'I.U ~ S ')f '\"1: .\'1,'.

):I.QoiJt ~ 52 snd 1·3. Time·illten;al .. : . uS M:CQnd •

• ·or sotne r~ , 'Of' wxin..,. l.y lhe::...: pu _ m .. ~~ ,rl:lom the ori:ind ,,~ork. see p.34.. ..... -~ U:,t and 2',:3-

,87···

-

PiH"'OOI;AI'~~.E11l ~,~N'CUI.ONOL:~lf, :~()M Two Ponor.!IS cr \W~:IE\'.

Time--int ifva,\s • ~6l second.

IB,lACKSI .IITHS.

th

' __ -erk,

..:: .

ILA BIOI UlIR IEIR 'WI~ TIH LO N G-IM A,IN ·O!btE.ID SHI!Or'V'IE L.

:E~Ut}T()C .\un" ... ·Y~CTlkQ~O·E;!'it" ROll TI1~Nt~J~ 1~:on.;l's. OJ VI {It.

Tirne·iuTCf"~' : . J.J-t ~T!.t1.

9.3

'WA llK II MG.

illlt'"irue'ln:';.ll :.~ condo

F!Of ~flle t)( ltu ph.a '"'' rwm 'mhc Iin'I;;:m l \!iJ(lrk~

7"//1; IfUJI LV I .. "'IG',C·,/i s I .. V Jl0 710.\ ".

C' R' 0" '5·" '8' l~ , '0'"

- I 'I _'=> _.' ~:._' II I _:::

40 ..

711J" II' J/'.\ FI'G{FCIi/ - \~ --

• . , . '"' ~ l~ J/lJT10I ~'.

'W'O',IANI,,,

~ ro lhc on LD. ' 00'1.:

W- ·0" '" IKJII

. ',I L,., iN ~I""IIl'!I'

M;-. ..... , ,0, Rn:.s ,42:~, WITHI ,A, IB:IUCKIET OIIF 'WATII!:R' h_ 'O'NIE H'AND~ ,A"S,'C,IE,NDUN'G STAI,RS.

11InO'fOGRAru [Ii SlI,·XUHl.o,\,m.:.sLY tlfROJ.1 ~'n IOU M t-"OJ:S: 'o,~· Vn.:Ii'"

"imC'-unt'n':lI1 .; 'l'lS ~- nd~

F'O'r ~tti,e (:Ir 'tht:i:e pba:~. ftom Ithe 0 f'o,~llIo.~ YI'Orrk.,~e pGtc 2,3.5.

.'

Till=: III JIll v ,FlG l~R n 1 .. \ J.IOT10iV~

wo - - AIN.

WITH A BU"O,t(IET 'Ollf WATER IN' E,AQH HANID'II ,A,SC,EN,D~ING ,$'T,AIRS,. l;i!l~O:1'OGRJ.,IINEt;n :foi,V,X'Cllt:&O'NOl·:S~ .. "; PI,(»I TUlJ:J. ,Ilcu~n or \,'1' ,\'.

TimINIl\,en·J,t. : '166 secolld.

For $Ome of tbnc: r'h.:u.cs:~1 :rrom the ~rlgiM' work, 'At' p2.gc =.U·

w '0.' ,-- A IN

- ,_ ',_/ - - - ',_ ~

rns Ili/J/A v ,FIGl/Rli /\ JIO,TIOJ.V.

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