Soil Mechanics

Fifth Edition Salutions Manual

 Soil Mechanics
Fifth Edition
Solutions Manual

R.F. Craig
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Dundee, UIC

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.V.

First edition 1992
1992 R.F. Craig
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in I992

Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by Pure Tech Corporation, India

ISBN 978-0-412-47230-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-3772-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3772-8
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 Contents

1 Basic Characteristics of Soils 1

2 Seepage 7
3 Effective Stress 15
4 Shear Strength 23
5 Stresses and Displacements 29
6 Lateral Earth Pressure 35
7 Consolidation Theory 49
8 Bearing Capacity 59
9 Stability of Slopes 71
Author's note
In order not to short-circuit the learning
process it is vital that the reader should attempt
the problems before referring to the solutions
in this manual.
 Basic Characteris tics of 1
Soils

1.1 British system

Soil E consists of 98% coarse material (31% gravel size; 67% sand size) and
2% fines. It is classified as SW: well-graded gravelly SAND or, in greater
detail, weil graded slightly silty very gravelly SAND.
Soil F consists of 63% coarse material (2% gravel size; 61% sand size) and
37% non-plastic fines (i.e. between 35% and 65% fines), therefore the soil is
classified as MS: sandy SILT.
Soil G consists of 73% fine material (i.e. between 65% and I 00% fines) and
27% sand size. The liquid Iimit is 32 and the plasticity index is 8 (i.e.
32- 24), plotting marginally below the A-line in the ML zone on the plasticity
chart. Thus the classification is ML: SILT (M-SOIL) of low plasticity. (The
plasticity chart is given in Fig. 1.6.)

E
E E E E E
:1
:1 :1 E E E E
C\J 0 E (')
BSSieves ~ C\i ~ C\J cD ~ ~
00
v V V
90
80 / /
70
H '/
I
60 I
50 I I
G F E
40
30
V
t.. .Y
20
V V [/
10
0 !--"' V
SILT SAND GRAVEL
CLAY COBBLES
FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM I COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE

0.001 0.01 0.1 10 100

Particle size (mm)
Fig Ql.l
~-2--~~ ~~___________s_o_I_L_M_E_c_arum ____AL
____c_s_:_S_O_LU_T_I_O_N_S_MANU __________~

Soil H consists of 99% fine material (58% clay size; 47% silt size). The
liquid limit is 78 and the plasticity index is 4 7 (i.e. 78- 31), plotting above
the A-line in the CV zone on the plasticity chart. Thus the classification is
CV: CLAY of very high plasticity.

Unified system
Soil Eis classified as SW, a well-graded gravelly sand. More than 50% of the
soil is of sand size and the fine-grained fraction is less than 5%. The following
values are obtained from the particle size distribution curve:
D 10 =0.16mm; D 3o=0.53mm; D60 = 1.40mm

cu = 0.16
1. 40 = 8.8 (equation 1.1)

Cz = 0.532 = 1.25 (equation 1.2)

1.40x0.16
i.e.Cu>6 and l<Cz<3
Soil F is classified as SM, a silty sand. The coarse-grained fraction is 63%
and the fine-grained fraction 37%. Virtually all the coarse-grained fraction is
of sand size. The fine-grained fraction is non-plastic.
Soil G is classified as ML, an inorganic silt with slight plasticity. The
coarse-grained fraction is 27% and the fine-grained fraction 73% (60% silt
size; 13% clay size). The liquid Iimit is 32 and the plasticity index is 8
(i.e. 32- 24), plotting marginally below the A-line in the ML zone on the
plasticity chart (Fig. 1.7).
Soil H is classified as CH, an inorganic clay of high plasticity. Virtually all
the soil is fine-grained, 58% being of clay size and 41% of silt size. The liquid
Iimit is 78 and the plasticity index is 4 7 (i.e. 78- 31 ), plotting above the A-line
in the CH zone on the plasticity chart (Fig. 1.7.)

1.2
From equation 1.17:

I+ e =G 5 (l + w) Pw = 2.70x 1.095 X l.OO = 1.55

p 1.91
:. e = 0.55
Using equation 1.13:

S = wGs = 0.095 X 2.70 = 0.466 (46.6%)

r e 0.55
Using equation 1.19:
Gs + e 3.25 1
Psat = T+e Pw = 1. 55 X 1.00 = 2.10 Mg/m
~------------B_A_s_Ic__c_HARA
____c_T_ER_I_s_TI_c_s_o_r__s_o_IL_s____________~l I 3

From equation 1.14:

w = ~ = 0 55 = 0.204 (20.4%)
Gs 2.70

1.3
Equations similar to 1.17 to 1.20 apply in the case of unit weights, thus:

Gs 2.72 1
Yct=-
1-Yw=- x9.8= 15.7kN/m-
+e 1. 70
Gs+e 3.42 1
Ysar=----.--:teYw= 1. 70 x9.8= 19.7kN/m-

Using equation 1.21

, Gs-1 1.72
Y = ----.--:te Yw = 1.70 X 9.8 = 9.9 kN/m-
1

Using equation 1.18a with Sr=0.75:

Gs + Sre 3.245 1
y= 1 +e Yw= 1. 70 x9.8= 18.7kN/m-

Using equation 1.13:

w=Sre =0.75x0.70=0. 193 (19.3%)

Gs 2.72

1.4
Volume of specimen = i x 38 x 76 = 86 200 mm
2 3

. (p) = Mass
Bulk denstty: = 168.0
1 = 1.
95 Mg Im1
Volume 86 200x w--

Water content: (w) = 168 0 - 130 5 = 0.287 (28.7%)

130.5

From equation 1.17:

Pw 1.00
I+ e = Gs(1 + w) P = 2.73 X 1.287 X 1. 95 = 1.80 :. e = 0.80

Using equation l.l3:

S = wGs = 0.287x 2.73 =0. 98 (98%)

r e 0.80
~-4--~1 ~~ ___________s_o_a__ME__c_~
___c_s_:_s_o_Lun
___o_NS
__MANU __________~
____AL
1.5
Using equation 1.24:
p 2.I5 3
Pd=--=-= 1.92Mg/m
I+w 1.12
From equation l.I7:
Pw 1.00
I+ e = G.(I + w) p = 2.65 x 1.12x 2.I 5 = 1.38 :. e = 0.38

Using equation 1.13:

S = wG. = 0.I2 x 2.65 = 0. 837 (83 .7%)

r e 0.38
Using equation 1.15:
A = e- wG. = 0.38-0.318 = 0.045 (4 .5%)
I+ e 1.38
The zero air voids dry density is given by equation 1.25:
~ 2 '
Pd= I+ wG. =I+ (0.135 x 2.65) x l.OO= 1.95 Mg/rn

i.e. a dry density of 2.00 Mg/m 3 would not be possible.

1.6

Mass p w Pd Pdo Pd, Pdw

(g) (Mg/m 3) (Mg/m 3) (Mg/m 3) <Mg/m 3> (Mg/m 3)
2010 2.010 0.128 1.782 1.990 1.890 1.791
2092 2.092 0.145 1.827 1.925 1.829 1.733
2114 2.114 0.156 1.829 1.884 1.790 1.696
2100 2.100 0.168 1.798 1.843 1.751 1.658
2055 2.055 0.192 1.724 1.765 1.676 1.588

In each case the bulk density ( p) is equal to the mass of compacted soil divided
by the volume of the mould. The corresponding value of dry density (Pd) is
obtained from equation 1.24. The dry density/water content curve is plotted,
from which:
Wopt = I5% and Pdm., = 1.83 Mg/m 3
Equation 1.26, with A equal, in turn, to 0, 0.05 and 0.10, is used to calculate
values of dry density ( Pdo Pd,, Pd 10 respectivel~ for use in plotting the air
content curves. The experimental values of w have been used in these calcu-
lations; however, any series of w values within the relevant range could be
used. By inspection, the value of air content at maximum dry density is 3.5%.
 B_A_S_IC__C_HARA
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____c_T_E_RI_S_T_IC_S_O
__ F_s_o_~_s____________~l ~~ __s__~

1.90

M'
E
-;; 1.80
e

1.60 +-,.--...---r---.---+-...,----r-r--r-r-
10 12 14 16 18 20
Water content (%)
Fig Q1.6

1.7
From equation 1.20:
e= GsPw- 1
Pct
The maximum and minimum values of void ratio are given by:

_ GsPw l
emax--p---
dmin

From equation 1.23:

G,_::_:.__
I D = __ Pw(l/Pctmm- 1/pd)_
__________
GsPw(l/pdmm- 1/pdmaJ

[J - (Pdm;)Pct)) 1/pdnun
=----------------

l
[ J - (Pdm;)PdmaJ) J/pdm;n

= [ Pd- Pdm;n Pctm.,

Pdm., - Pdmm Pd

=(1.72-1.54) 1.81
1.81- 1.54 1.72

=0.70 (70%)
~------s_e_e_p_a_g_e______~j ~
2.1
The coefficient of permeability is determined from the equation:
al ho
k=2.3-log-
At1 h1
where, a = ~ x 0.0052 m2 ; I= 0.2 m;
4
A=!!.x0.1 2 m2 ; t,=3x602 s;
4
log ho = log I.OO = 0.456
h, 0.35
k = 2.3 X 0.0052 X 0.2 X 0.456 = 4 .9 X JO-sm/s
0.1 2 x3x602

2.2
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.2. In the flow net there are 3.7 flow channels
and II equipotential drops, i.e. Nr = 3.7 and Nd= ll. The overallloss in total
head is 4.00 m. The quantity of seepage is calculated by using equation 2.16:

q = kh Nr = 10- 6 X 4.00x 37 = 1.3 X 10- 6 m 3/s perm

Nd ll

---.........~--------11 - +
4.00m

0 5 10 15 20m
Fig. Q2.2
~---] ~~-----------S_O_I_L_ME ____C_S_:_S_O_LUT
__C_HAln _____
__I_O_N_S_MANU __________~
AL

2.3
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.3, from which Nf= 3.5 andNct = 9. The overall
loss in total head is 3.00 m. Then:

q = kh Nf = 5 X 10- 5 X 3.00x 3 5 = 5.8 X 10- 5 m3/s perm

Nct 9
The pore water pressure is determined at the points of intersection of the
equipotentials with the base of the structure. The total head (h) at each point
is obtained from the flow net. The elevation head (z) at each point on the base
of the structure is - 2.50 m. The calculations are tabulated below and the
distribution of pressure (u) is plotted to scale in the figure.

Point h h-; u=yw(h-:)

(m) (m) (kN/m 2 )
2.33 4.83 47
2 2.00 4.50 44
3 1.67 4.17 41
4 1.33 3.83 37
5 1.00 3.50 34
6 0.67 3.17 31

e.g. for Point I:

7
h1 =g- x 3.00= 2.33 m
h 1 - z 1 = 2.33- (- 2.50) = 4.83 m

Fig. Q2.3
~----------------------S_E_E_PA__G_E______________________~II 9__~
L ___

0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15m

l''ig. Q2.4

u, = 9.8 X 4.83 = 47 kN/m 2

The uplift force on the base of the structure is equal to the area of the pressure
diagram and is 316 kN per unit 1ength.

2.4
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.4, from which Nr = 10.0 and Nd= 11. The
overall loss in total head is 5.50 m. Then:

q = kh Nr = 4.0X 10- 7 X 5.50x _!Q = 2.0 X 10- 6 m3 /s perm

Nd ll

2.5
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.5, from which Nr = 4.2 and Nd= 9. The overall
loss in total head is 5.00 m. Then:

q = kh Nr = 2.0x 10- 6 x 5.00x 4 2 =4.7 x 10- 6 m3 /s perm

Nd 9

2.6
The scale transformation factor in the x-direction is given by equation 2.21,
i.e.
x 1 =x '![= =x '115.0
'llkx
~ = 0.60x
Thus in the transformed section the horizontal dimension 33.00 m becomes
(33.00 x 0.60), i.e. 19.80 m, and the slope 1 : 5 becomes 1 : 3. All dimensions
10 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
L------------------------------------------------------~

-1 5.00m

012345 10 15m

Fig. Q2.5

in the vertical direction are unchanged. The transformed section is shown in

Fig. Q2.6 and the flow net is drawn as for the isotropic case. From the flow
net, Nr = 3.25 and Nd= 12. The overall loss in total head is 14.00 m. The
equivalent isotropic perrneability applying to the transformed section is given
by equation 2.23, i.e.

Transformed section

0 5 10 20 30m

Fig. Q2.6
~---------------------S_E_E_PA__G_E____________________~I I 11

k' = ...J(kxk:) = ...)(5.0 X 1.8) X 10- 7 = 3.0 X 10- 7 m/s

Thus the quantity of seepage is given by:

q=k'h Nr =3.0x 10- 7 x 14.00x 3 25 = 1.1 X 10- 6 m3 /sperm

Nd 12

2.7
The scale transformation factor in the x-direction is:
...Jk- ...J2.7
x1 =xT =x-:-r--=0.60x
"Vkx "V 7.5

Thus all dimensions in the x-direction are multipled by 0.60. All dimensions
in the z-direction are unchanged. The transformed section is shown in Fig.
Q2.7. The equivalent isotropic permeability is:
k' = ...J(kxk:) = ...J(7 .5 X 2.7) X 10- 6 = 4.5 X 10- 6 m/s
The focus of the basic parabola is at point A. The parabola passes through
point G such that:
GC = 0.3HC = 0.3 x 30 = 9.0 m
Thus the co-ordinates of G are:
x=-48.0 and z=+ 20.0
10.0 m
1--l

Natural section
15.0m
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 m

Transformed section

Fig. Q2.7
12 II
L ___________ s_o_~__ME
__c_HAJU
___c_s_:_s_o_Lun
___o_NS__MANU __________~
____AL
Substituting these co-ordinates in equation 2.34:
20.d
-48.0=xo---
4xo
Hence:
Xo=2.0m
Using equation 2.34, with x0 = 2.0m, the co-ordinates of a number of points
on the basic parabola are calculated, i.e.
z2
x=2.0--
8.0
X 2.0 0 -5.0 -10.0 -20.0 -30.0
z 0 4.00 7.48 9.80 13.27 16.00

The basic parabola is plotted in Fig. Q2,7. The upstream correction is drawn,
using personal judgement.
No downstream correction is required in this case since = 180". lf required,
the top flow line can be plotted back onto the natural section, the x co-ordi-
nates above being divided by the scale transformation factor. The quantity of
seepage can be calculated using equation 2.33, i.e.
q = 2k'Xo = 2 X 4.5 X 10- 6 X 2.0= 1.8 X 10-~ m3/s per m

2.8
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.8. from which Nr= 3.3 and Nd= 7. The
overall loss in total head is 2.8 m. Then:

0 1 2 3 4 5 10

Fig. Q2.8
~---------------SE_E_M_G_E______________~I[ji~
q=kh Nr =4.5x I0- 5 x2.8x 33
Nd 7
= 5.9 X 10- 5 m3/s per m

2.9
The two isotropic soil layers, each 5 m thick, can be considered as a single
homogeneous anisotropic layer of thickness 10 m in which the coefficients of
permeability in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively are given by
equations 2.24 and 2.25, i.e.

k..= H,k, + H k
2 2 = w- 6 1(5 X 2.0) + (5 X 16)1 =9.0x 10- 6 m/s
H, +H2 lO

k-=(H,+H,)/(H,+H2)=10/(
- - k, k2
5 6+ t6 x5w- 6)
2 x w-

=3.6x w-"m!s
Then the scale transformation factor is given by:
.J k: .J 3.6
x1 =x_ 1 - =x_ 19 _0 =0.63x
'I kx "'I

Thus in the transformed section the dimension 10.00 m becomes 6.30 m;

vertical dimensions are unchanged. The transformed section is shown in Fig.
Q2.9 and the flow net is drawn as for a single isotropic layer. From the flow

ml
net, Nr = 5.6 and Nd= II. The overall loss in total head is 3.50 m. The equi-
valent isotropic permeability is:

! - -6.30
1
Transformed section

0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15m

Fig. Q2.9
14 I IL___________s_o_rL_M__E_c_H_~__c_s_:_s_o_LUTI
___ o_NS
__MANU __________~
____AL

Then the quantity of seepage is given by:

q=k'h Nr =5.7x 10- 6 x3.50x 5 6

Nd ll
= 1.0 X 10- 5 m3 /s per m
~----E_f_fe_c_t_iv__e_s_t_re_s_s____~l ~
3.1
Buoyant unit weight:
y' = Ysat- Yw = 20-9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
Effective vertical stress:
cr'v=5xl0.2=51kN/m2 or
Total vertical stress:
O"v = (2 X 9.8) + (5 X 20) = 119.6 kN/m 2
Pore water pressure:
u = 7 X 9.8 = 68.6 kN/m 2
Effective vertical stress:
cr'v=O"v-U= ll9.6-68.6=51 kN/m 2

3.2
Buoyant unit weight:
y' = y,at- Yw = 20- 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
Effective vertical stress:
cr' v = 5 x 10.2 =51 kN/m 2 or

t
200m
2mt

t t
!
LLLLL!J~~-__1:_
Fig. QJ.l/.2
~] L ______ s_o_IL_M_E_c_HANI
__ c_s_:s_o_L_UT_ro_N_s_MANU
_ _AL _ __

Total vertical stress:

<Jv = (200 X 9.8) + (5 X 20) = 2060 kN/m 2
Pore water pressure:
u = 205 X 9.8 = 2009 kN/m 2
Effective vertical stress:
cr'v = crv- u = 2060- 2009= 51 kN/m 2

3.3
At top of clay:
<Jv = (2 X 16.5) + (2 X 19) = 71.0 kN/m 2
u = 2 X 9.8= 19.6kN/m 2
cr'v = crv- u = 71.0- 19.6= 51.4kN/m2
Altematively:
y' (sand) = 19-9.8 = 9.2 kN/m 3
cr'v = (2 x 16.5) + (2 x 9.2) = 51.4 kN/m 2
At bottom of clay:
<Jv = {2 X 16.5) + {2 X 19) + {4 X 20) = 15l.OkN/m2
u = 12 X 9.8 = 117.6kN/m2
cr'v=<Jv-u= 151.0-117.6=33.4kN/m2
N.B. The alternative method of calculation is not applicable because of the
artesian condition.

//V/'

--~------------~~~~--------

CLAY

t
SAND 4m

Fig. Q3.3
 EFFECTIVE STRESS
~------------------------------------------------~
II 17

f 1
:r
uM

wr :::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::: i ~:~::::: am

Fig. Q3.4

3.4
y' = 20-9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
at 8 m depth:
o'v = (2.5 X 16) + (1.0 X 20) + (4.5 X 10.2) = 105.9kN/m2

3.5
y' (sand) = 19-9.8 = 9.2 kN/m 3
y' (clay) = 20- 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
(a) Immediately after WT rise:

At 8 m depth, pore water pressure is governed by the new WT Ievel because

the permeability of the sand is high.
:. o'v = (3 x 16) + (5 X 9.2) = 94.0 kN/m 2

~mmu--uum-uuuuu-mTuu .t 1
0

WT(2)

WT(1)--------------------- ---- ~~~-~--- _3_r--- _l 9m

Sm--------

12m - - - - - --- CLAY 6m

Fig. Q3.5
18 11'-----_____S_O_IL_ME_C_HANI
_ _c_s_:_s_o_LUT_I_O_N_S_MANU
_ _AL _ _ _ _ _ _-----'

At 12 m depth, pore water pressure is governed by the old WT Ievel because

the permeability of the clay is very low. (However, there will be an increase
in total stress of 9 kN/m 2 due to the increase in unit weight from 16 kN/m 3 to
19 kN/m 2 between 3m and 6 m depth: this is accompanied by an immediate
increase of 9 kN/m 2 in pore water pressure.)
:. 0" 1v = (6 X 16) + (3 X 9.2) + (3 X 10.2) = 154.2 kN/m 2
(b) Several years after WT rise:

At both depths, pore water pressure is governed by the new WT Ievel, it being
assumed that swelling of the clay is complete.
At 8 m depth:
a'v = 94.0 kN/m 2 (as above)
At 12 m depth:
0" 1 v = (3 X 16) + (6 X 9.2) + (3 X 10.2) = 133.8 kN/m 2

3.6
Total weight:
ab=2l.OkN

Equipotenial 4~
\
--
"-... ' '
' - 1

A ,_'-----'>/.. A
'
''
'' '

I
: Equipotenial

,.~~ D c

y"(1M,l
&h1 = ibcosa
&h2 = ibsin 8 Point Pore Water Pressure
A UA
B UA+Yw&h1
c UA + Yw (b + &h1+ &h2)
b
D UA + Yw(b+ M 2)

Fig. Q3.6
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E_~
__c_TI
__VE __s_s________________~l
__s_TRE I 19

Effective weight:
ac= 11.2 kN
Resultant boundary water force:
be = 11.9 kN
Seepage force:
ce=3.4kN
Resultant body force:
ae = 9.9 kN (73" to horizonta~
(Refer to Fig. Q3.6.)

3.7
Situation ( l ):
(a)

0" =3yw + 2Ysat =(3 X 9.8) + (2 X 20) =69.4 kN/m 2

u ='Yw(h- z) =9.8 { 1 - (- 3)} = 39.2 kN/m 2

o' =o- u =69.4- 39.2 =30.2 kN/m2
(b)

i=~=0.5
4
j=iyw =0.5 X 9.8 =4.9 kN/m3 J,
o' = 2(y' + j) = 2(10.2 + 4.9) =30.2 kN/m2
Situation (2):
(a)

0" = 1yw + 2Ysat =(l X 9.8) + (2 X 20) =49.8 kN/m 2

u =Yw(h- z) =9.8{ 1 - (- 3)} = 39.2 kN/m2
o' =o- u =49.8- 39.2 = 10.6 kN/m 2
(b)

i=~=0.5
4

j =i'Yw =0.5 X 9.8 =4.9 kN/m3 i

o' =2(y'- J) =2(10.2-4.9) = 10.6kN/m2
20 I IL___________s_o_ffi_ME
___c_HAln
___c_s_:_s_o_Lun
___o_NS__MANU __________~
____AL
3.8
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.4.

Loss in total head between adjacent equipotentials:

t:.h = 5.50 = 5.50 = 0 _50 m

Nd II
Exit hydraulic gradient:

ie = !:.h = 0.50 = 0.7I

t:.s 0.70

The critical hydraulic gradient is given by equation 3.9:

. _ 'Y' -_ I0.2 -_ I. 04
lc-
'Yw 9.8
Therefore, factor of safety against 'boiling' (equation 3.Il ):

F = !E_ = 1.04 = 1.5

ie 0.7I
Total head at C:

Elevation head at C:
Zc=-2.50m
Pore water pressure at C:

uc =9.8(I.20+ 2.50) = 36 kN/m 2

Therefore, effective vertical stress at C:

c:J~ =<Je- Uc = (2.5 X 20)- 36 = I4 kN/m 2

For point D:
h0 = 7 3 x5.50=3.65m
11
zo=-4.50m

Uo = 9.8(3.65 + 4.50) = 80 kN/m 2

c:J'o = c:Jo- Uo = (3 X 9.8) + (7 X 20)- 80= 90 kN/m 2

L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E_FFE __VE
__c_TI __s_s__________________~l
__s_TRE I 21

3.9
The flow net is drawn in Fig. Q2.5.

For a soil prism 1.50 x 3.00 m, adjacent to the pi1ing:

2.6
hm = 9 X 5.00= 1.45 m

Factor of safety against 'heaving' (equation 3.10):

. y'd
F=.!.E_ = - - = 9.7x 3.00 = 2.0
im Ywhm 9.8 X 1.45

With a filter:

3 = (9.7x3.00)+w
9.8x 1.45

.. w = 13.5 kN/m 2

Depth of filter = 13 5 = 0.65 m (if above water Ievel).

21
~----S_h_e_a_r_s_t_re_n__g_th____~l ~
4.1
cr = 295 kN/m 2

u= 120kN/m 2

cr'=cr-u=295-120= 175kN/m2

tr = c' + 0"' tan <p' = 12 + 175 tan 30 = 113 kN /m 2

4.2

cr' 3 crl - cr, cr' I

(kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2)
100 452 552
200 908 1108
400 1810 2210
800 3624 4424

The Mohr circles are drawn in Fig. Q4.2, together with the failure envelope
from which <p' = 44.

Fig. Q4.2
24 I ~~___________s_o_IL__ME
__c_HAl
___c_s_:_s_o_L_UTI
__o_NS
__MANU __________~
____AL

Altematively, H<r1- cr3) is plotted against H<r'1 + cr'3) and the modified
a:
failure envelope is drawn through the four points from which = 34f. Hence:

<p' = sin- 1(tan 34f) = 44

4.3

03 01 - 03 01
(kN/m2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2)
200 222 422
400 218 618
600 220 820

The Mohr circles and failure envelope are drawn in Fig. Q4.3, from which
Cu= 110 kN/m2 and <pu = 0.

t~I~F~u_________J~3u_______jl
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Fig. Q4.3

4.4
The modified shear strength parameters are:

a.' = tan- 1(sin <p') = tan- 1(sin 29) = 26

a' = c' cos <p' = 15 cos 29 = 13 kN/m 2

The co-ordinates of the stress point representing failure conditions in the test
are:

H<r1-
- cr3) = ~- x 134 = 67 kN/m 2

The pore water pressure at failure is given by the horizontal distance between
this stress point and the modified failure envelope. Thus from Fig. Q4.4:

ur= 205 kN/m 2

 SHEAR STRENGTH
II 25

N" 100
E
.....
z
~

b' Ut
I
.i
.... )C\1
100 200 300 400
~ (a1 + a 3) (kN/m2 )

Fig. Q4.4

4.5

CJJ CJ1 - CJ3 (JI u a'J a'l

(kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2)
150 103 253 82 68 171
300 202 502 169 131 333
450 305 755 252 198 503
600 410 1010 331 269 679

The Mohr circles and failure envelope are drawn in Fig. Q4.5, from which
c' = 0 and q>' = 25I .

400.-------~--------.---------r--------,

N"
. 200 ~-------+--------~~-...."..---~--------l
~
"'

200 400 600 800

a' (kN/m 2)

Fig. Q4.5

The principal stress difference at failure depends only on the value of

all-round pressure under which consolidation took place, i.e. 250 kN/m 2
Hence, by proportion, the expected value of (0 1 - o 3)r= 170kN/m2
 SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL

400

Fig. Q4.6

4.6

cr' 3 ~V!Vo ~lllo Area Load (JI-(J3 cr' 1

(kN/m 2) (mm 2 ) (N) (kN/m 2) (kN/m 2)
200 0.061 0.095 1177 480 408 608
400 0.086 0.110 1165 895 768 1168
600 0.108 0.124 1155 1300 1126 1726

The average cross-sectional area of each specimen is obtained from equation

4.12; the original values of A, l and V are: A0 = 1134 mm2, { 0 = 76 mm,
V0 = 86 200 mm 3 The Mohr circles and failure envelope are drawn in
Fig. Q4.6, from which c' = 15 kN/m 2 and <p' = 28.

4.7
The torque required to produce shear failure is given by:
d
T=rtdhcu-+2
fd/2 2rtrdrcur
2 0

Then:

35=rtc (5zxl0+53)xw-3
u 2 6

Cu= 76 kN/m2
 SHEAR STRENGTH
~----------------------------------------------------~
II 27

., .
N' 200
~
~ Effecti;~. .
/
"
'J'I stress
\ /Total
/

i / stress
~IC\1
200 600 800

Fig. Q4.8

4.8
The relevant stress values are calculated as follows:
cr3 = 600 kN/m 2

cr 1 - cr.1 0 80 158 214 279 319

cr, 600 680 758 814 879 919
u 200 229 277 318 388 433
cr'' 400 451 481 496 491 486
cr' 3 400 371 323 282 212 167
~(cr 1 - cr3) 0 40 79 107 139 159
Hcr', + cr'1) 400 411 402 389 351 326
Hcr, + cr.1) 600 640 679 707 739 759

The stress paths are plotted in Fig. Q4.8. The initial points on the effective
and total stress paths are separated by the value of the back pressure
(us = 200 kN/m 2).
433-200
Ar= =0.73
319

4.9
B=u 3 = 144 =0. 96
cr 3 350- 200

Ea dcr, = cr,- cr, du 1 A=du 1

(%) (kN/m 1) (kN/m 2) d<J,
0 0 0
2 201 100 0.50
4 252 96 0.38
6 275 78 0.28
8 282 68 0.24
10 283 65 0.23
28 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
~------------------------------------------------~

A:::~~~ \j
0o 2 4 6 8 10

Fig. Q4.9

The variation of A with axial strain is plotted in Fig. Q4.9. At failure

A =0.23.
 Stresses and 5
Displacements

5.1
Vertical stress is given by:

Values of /P are obtained from Table 5.1.

r rlz /p O'z
(m) (kN/m 2)
0 0 0.478 96
0.2 0.433 87
2 0.4 0.329 66
3 0.6 0.221 44
4 0.8 0.139 28
5 1.0 0.084 17
7 1.4 0.032 6
10 2.0 0.009 2

The variation of 0'2 with radial distance (r) is plotted in Fig. Q5.1.

5.2
Below the centre Ioad (Fig. Q5.2):
z= 0 for the 7500-kN Ioad :.
I'
/p = 0.478

!_ =
z 4
1 = 1.25 for the I 0 000- and 9000-kN Ioads

:. /p=0.045
Then:
~~ L I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HAm _____
____c_s_:_s_o_L_u_TI_o_N_s_MANU __________~
AL

/. 100
/. 80
N'

./
E
Z=5m 60 z
~
40
./ t>"'

----
./ 20
0
10 5 0
r
Fig. QS.l

10000 kN 7500 kN 9000 kN

..__ _ 5 m _____..,____ 5 m - - - -..

i
'-i/!_/__/_/__ _ _ _4_l._m

Fig. Q5.2

7500x0.478 10000x0.045 9000x0.045

-----;:--- + + -----;:---
42 42 42
= 224 + 28 + 25 = 277 kN /m2

5.3
The vertical stress under a comer of a reetangular area is given by:
cr: = qir
where values of Ir are obtained from Fig. 5.10. In this case:
<J2 = 4 X 250 X Ir (kN/m 2)

m=n=-z1
 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS

z m, n I, {}z
(m) (kN/m 2 )
0 (250)
0.5 2.00 0.233 233
1.00 0.176 176
1.5 0.67 0.122 122
2 0.50 0.085 85
3 0.33 0.045 45f-
4 0.25 0.027 27
7 0.14 0.009 9
10 0.10 0.005 5

cr: is plotted against z in Fig. Q5.3.

0 50 200 250

------
0+-----L---~----~----~--~

~
2
/.
4 ;

z(m) ; mz=1 m
1+--+1
6
r EE'
2m
'-Inz = 1m

L
.: {
' '
1+- 2 m-+1

Fig. QS.3

5.4
(a)

m = 12.5 = 1.04
12
n = ..!.. = 1.50
12
From Fig. 5. 10, 1,= 0.196.
:. <rz = 2 X 175 X 0.196= 68 kN/m 2
32 II
L ___________ s_o_ffi__
ME__C_HAln
___c_s_:_s_o_LUT
__I_o_NS
__MANU __________~
____AL

I 12.5 m .. 1
' '

-T
~-----L--~. _'T
1--25.0 m-----+1

Scale line
lnfluence value per unit pressure = 0.005

Fig. Q5.4

(b) The foundation is drawn on Newmark's chart as shown in Fig. Q5.4, the
scale line representing 12m (z). Number of influence areas (N) = 78.

:. <Jz =0.005 Nq =0.005 X 78 X 175 =68 kN/m 2

5.5
Q = 150 kN/m; h =4.00 m; m =0.5. The total thrust is given by equation 5.18:

Px = 2Q __1__ = 2 X 150 =76 kN/m

1t m2 + 1 1t x 1.25

Equation 5.17 is used to obtain the pressure distribution:

 s_TRE
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __s_s_E_S_AND
____n_rs_P_LA ______________~I
__c_E_M_E_NTS I 33

m2 n
n Px
(mz +nzl
(kN/m 2 )
0 0 0
0.1 0.370 17.7
0.2 0.595 28.4
0.3 0.649 31.0
0.4 0.595 28.4
0.6 0.403 19.2
0.8 0.252 12.0
1.0 0.160 7.6

The pressure distribution is plotted in Fig. Q5.5.

Px (kN/m 2)
1----mh 20 40
'

h Depth 2
(m)

Fig. QS.S

5.6
H/8= 10 =5
2

L/8=~=2
I
D/8=2.=0.5

Hence from Fig. 5.15:

Jll = 0.82
[ 34 I LI______s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HANI ___
_ _c_s_:_s_o_LU_T_I_o_N_s_MANU _____
AL ___J

!lD = 0.94
The immediate settlement is given by equation 5.28:

2
=0.94 x 0.82 x 200x
45 = 7 mm
...____L_a_t_e_ra_I_e_a_rt_h_p_re_s_s_u_r_e_ __.l 0
6.1
For cp' = 37' the active pressure coefficient is given by:

I - sin 37'
Ka = =0.25 (or from Table 6.3)
l+sin37'

The total active thrust (equation 6.6 with c' = 0) is:

If the wall is prevented from yielding, the at-rest condition applies. The
approximate value of the coefficient of earth pressure at-rest is given by
equation 6.15a:

K0 = I - sin cp' = I - sin 37' =0.40

and the thrust on the wall is:

Po=* K0 yW' =-X

I 0.40x 17 x 6-' = 122 kN/m
- 2

6.2
The active pressure coefficients for the three soil types are as follows:

K = 1 - sin 35' = 0 .271

a, 1 + sin 35"

K =I - sin 27' =0.375

a, I+ sin 27'

Ka = I - sin 42' = 0.198

3 l + sin 42'
~36
~
] ~ SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
L--~~~~~~--~~~~~-
J
Distribution of active pressure (plotted in Fig. Q6.2):

Depth Soil Active pressure (kN/m 2 )

(m)
3 0.271x16x3 =13.0
5 (0.271x 16x3)+(0.271x9.2x2) = 13.0+5.0= 18.0
5 2 {(16 X 3) + (9.2 X 2) I 0.375- (2 X 17 X 0.613)= 24.9-20.9 = 4.0
8 2 4.0 + (0.375 X 10.2 X 3) = 4.0 + 11.5 = 15.5
8 3 {(16 X 3) +(9.2 X 2) +(l0.2X 3)} 0.198 = 19.2
12 3 19.2+(0.198x 11.2x4) = 19.2+8.9=28.1

kN/m 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 100

Hydrostatic

At a depth of 12 m, the hydrostatic pressure =9.8 x 9 =88.2 kN/m 2

Calculation of total thrust and its point of application (Forces are numbered
as in Fig. Q6.2 and moments are taken about the top of the wall) per m:

Total thrust = 571 kN/m

Point of application is ( ~8;13 ) m from the top of the wall i.e. 8.57 m
 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
II 37

Force (kN) Arm Moment

(m) (kNm)
(I)~ X 0.271 X 16 X 32 = 19.5 2.0 39.0
(2)0.271x16x3x2 26.0 4.0 104.0
(3) i X 0.271 X 9.2 X 22 = 5.0 4.33 21.7
(4) [0.3751(16x3)+(9.2x2)}
-{2x17x0.613}]3 12.2 6.5 79.3
(5) t X 0.375 X 10.2 X 32 = 17.2 7.0 120.4
(6) [0.198{(16x3)+(9.2x2)+(10.2x3)}]4 = 76.8 10.0 768.0
(7) ~X 0.198 X 11.2 X 42 = 17.7 10.67 188.9
f
(8) X 9.8 X 92 = 396.9 9.0 3572.1
571.3 4893.4

6.3
(a) For <l>u = 0, Ka = Kp = 1

Kac = Kpc = 2...J1.5 = 2.45

At the 1ower end of the piling:

= (l X 18 X 3) + (l X 20 X 4) - (2.45 X 50)

=54+ 80- 122.5

= 11.5 kN/m 2

= (l X 20 X 4) + (2.45 X 50)

=80+ 122.5

=202kN/m2

(b) For <p' = 26. and 5 = 1<~>'

Ka = 0.35 (Tab1e 6.3)

Kac = 2...J (0.35 X 1.5) = 1.45 (Equation 6.19)

Kp=3.7 (Table 6.4)

Kpc = 2...J (3.7 X 1.5) = 4.7 (Equation 6.24)

38 II
L ___________ s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HAliT
____c_s_:_s_o_Lu_T_I_o_N_s_MANUAL__________~
_____

At the lower end of the piling:

=(0.35x 18x3)+(0.35x 10.2x4)-(1.45x 10)

= 18.9+ 14.3- 14.5
= 18.7kN/m2

= (3.7 X 10.2 X 4) + (4.7 X 10)

=151+47
= 198 kN/m 2

6.4
For <p' = 38, Ka = 0.24

y' = 20- 9.8 = I 0.2 kN/m 2

The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6.4. Consider moments (per m
length of wall) about X:

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

(I) 1x0.24x 17x3.<f 31.0 4.00 124.0
(2) 0.24 X 17 X 3.9 X 2.7 43.0 1.35 58.0
(3) 1x0.24x 10.2x2.i 8.9 0.90 8.0
(4) 1x9.8x2.i 35.7 0.90 32.1
Rh= 118.6

(5) 6.2 X 0.4 X 23.5 = 58.3 2.80 163.2

(6) 4.0 X 0.4 X 23.5 = 37.6 2.00 75.2
(7) 3.9 X 2.6 X 17 = 172.4 1.30 224.1
(8) 2.3 X 2.6 X 20 = 119.6 1.30 155.5
(9) 100 = 100.0 2.80 280.0
Rv = 487.9 1120.1 =M

Lever arm of base resultant:

M = 1120 = 2 _29 m
Rv 488
Eccentricity of base resultant:
e = 2.29- 2.00 = 0.29 m
Base pressures (equation 6.25):
 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
~------------------------------------------------~
II 39

(2) ~ ~
X
Active
~~(3) Hydrostatic

Fig. Q6.4

p=~v(J~)
= 488 (I 0.435)
4
= 175 kN/m 2 and 69 kN/m 2
Factor of safety against sliding ( equation 6.26):

F = Rvtan = 488 x tan 2Y = 1. 9

Rh 118
6.5
For <p' = 36', Ka = 0.26 and Kp = 3.85

r-
Kp 3.85
-=-
F 2

3.0m

1.5 m
WT
------
-r-----
~ F=2.0
(5) d
1_ -
X
I
R
~(3)
'
Fig. Q6.5
LiiJ '- 1~~~~~-s_o.IL_M_E_c_HANI~~c_s_:s_o_L_u_n~o_N_s_MANU~~AL~~~~- ~
y' = 20- 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6.5: hydrostatic pressure on the
two sides of the wall balances. Consider moments about X (per m), assuming
d>O:

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

(l)}x0.26x l7x4.52 =44.8 d+ 1.5 44.8d+67.2

(2) 0.26x l7x4.5xd = 19.9d d/2 9.95d 2
(3Hx0.26x l0.2xd2 = 1.33d2 d/3 0.44d 3
3.85 ?
(4) - ~ X - 2- X 17 X 1.5- = 36.8 d+0.5 - 36.8d- 18.4

(5)- 385 X 17 X 1.5 xd = 49.1d d/2 - 24.55d 2

2
(6) -i X 3 ~ 5 X l0.2X ~ = 9.82d 2 d/3 - 3.27d3

1: M =- 2.83d 3 - I4.6d 2 + 8.0d + 48.8 = 0

d 3 + 5.16d 2 - 2.83d- 17.24=0
d= l.79m
Depth of penetration = 1.2( I. 79 + 1.50) = 3. 95 m
1: F = 0, hence R = 71.5 kN (substituting d = I. 79 m)
Over additional 20% embedded depth:
Pp-Pa= (3.85 X 17 X 4.5)- (0.26 X 17 X 1.5) + (3.85- 0.26)( I 0.2 X 2.12)
= 365.5 kN/m 2
Net passive resistance = 365.5 x 0.66 = 241 kN (> R)

6.6
The active pressure coefficient is given by equation 6.17, m which:
a = 105", = 20, q> = 36, = 25
?

K =[ sin 69/sin 105" ]- = 0 50

a _1 130o + '>/(sin 61 o sin 16)
"sm '>/sin 85"

The total active thrust (acting at 25" above the normal) is given by equation
6.16:
Pa=~ X 0.50 X 19 X 7.5cf = 267 kN/m

Horizontal component:
Ph = 267 cos 40 = 205 kN/m
c____ _ _ _ _ _ _ LE_TERAL
___ EAR_T_H_PRE_s_s_URE
________ __,II 41

I
7.50m

312
I
I

Fig. Q6.6

Vertical component:
Pv = 267 sin 40 = 172 kN/m
Consider moments about the heel of the wall (Fig. Q6.6) (per m):

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

(I H x 1.75 x 6.50x 23.5 = 133.7 1.42 190
(2) 0.50 X 6.50 X 23.5 76.4 2.25 172
(3) i x 0.70x 6.50x 23.5 = 53.5 2.73 146
(4) 1.00 X 4.00 X 23.5 = 94.0 2.00 188
(5) -}X 0.80 X 0.50 X 23.5 = -4.7 3.73 -18
P 3 sin4o = 172.0 0.67 115
Rv = 525
Pacos4o (Rh)= 205 2.50 512
1305 = M

Lever arm of base resultant:

M 1305
Rv = 525 =2.49 m
Eccentricity of base resultant:
e = 2.49- 2.00 = 0.49 m
Base pressures (equation 6.25):

= 525 (l + 6 X 0.49)
p 4 - 4

= 228 kN/m 2 and 35 kN/m2

42 I ~~___________s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HAm _____
____c_s_:_s_o_L_u_TI_o_N_s_MANU __________~
AL

Factor of safety against sliding:

(a) No passive resistance:

F = Rvtan o= 525 x tan 25' = 1. 2
Rh 205
(b) Passive resistance over 1.5 m depth (Kp = 3.85 for <p = 36'):
Pp=~x3.85x 19x 1.5 2 =82kN/m

F = Rv tan 0 + Pp = 525 tan 25' + 82 = 1. 6

Rh 205

6.7
For <p' = 35', Ka = 0.27

For <p' = 27', Ka = 0.375 and Kp = 2.67

For soil, y' = 11.2 kN/m 3

For backfill, y' = 10.2 kN/m 3

The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6:7. Hydrostatic pressure is bal-

anced. Consider moments about the anchor point (A), per m.

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

(l) 1x0.27x 17x 52 57.4 1.83 105.0
(2) 0.27 X 17 X 5 X 3 = 68.9 5.00 344.5
(3H X 0.27 X 10.2 X 32 = 12.4 5.50 68.2
(4) 0.375 I (17 X 5) + (10.2 X 3)}d 43.4 d d/2+6.50 21.7d 2 + 282.1d
(5) i X 0.375X 11.2 X d 2 2.1 d 2 2d/3 + 6.50 1.4d 3 + 13.7d 2
(6).::. 2 x 10x--./0.375x d = -12.2 d d/2 + 6.50 -6.1d 2 -79.3d

(7) -1 X 2 ; 7 X 11.2 X d 2 =- 7.5 d 2 2d/3 + 6.50

(8)- 2 X 10 X --./2 67 X d =-16.3d d/2 + 6.50 - 8.2d 2 - 106.0d

2
Tie rod force per m =-T 0 0

'f..M =- 3.6d 3 - 27.7d 2 + 96.8d+ 517.7= 0

.. d 3 +7.7d 2 -26.9d-143.8=0
.. d=4.67m
Depth of penetration = 1.2d = 5.60 m
Algebraic sum of forces for d = 4.67 m
 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
~--------------------------------------------------~
II 43

t
1~
/~/
1.5 m
T
5.0 m

WT
-------
3.0 m
(3)
F~F

l
(8) (6) (4)
(7)

F = 2.0
Fig. Q6.7

I:F=57.4+68.9+ 12.4+202.7+45.8-57.0-163.5-76.1-T=O
:. T = 90.5 kN/m
Force in each tie rod =2.5 T =226 kN

6.8
For <p' =36', K. =0.26 and Kp =3.85
y' =21-9.8 =11.2 kN/m 3

T
-
:1.5 ;;'
A
l T
6.0m 3.0m

8
j ___ w-
c
3.0m

/~/ D

(7)

E
Grass passive Active

Fig. Q6.8
44 J 1 SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~--

To allow for dredging take:

d= 7 20 =6.00m
1.2

The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6.8. In this case the net water
pressure at C (taking d = 6.00 m) is given by:

15.0 2
Uc = 16 _5 X 1.5 X 9.8 = 13.4 kN/m

Consider moments about the anchor point A (per m)

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

OHx0.26x 18x4.52 = 47.4 1.5 71.1
(2) 0.26x 18 x4.5 x 10.5 = 221.1 8.25 1824.0
(3) ~X 0.26 X 11.2 X 10.52 = 160.5 10.0 1605.0
(4Hx 13.4x 1.5 10.1 4.0 40.4
(5) 13.4 X 3.0 = 40.2 6.0 241.2
(6) ~X 13.4 X 6.0 = 40.2 9.5 381.9
519.3 4163.6
(7)- Ppm 11.5 - IJ.5PPm

Available passive resistance:

Factor of safety:

F = !.J?_ = 776 = 2.1

p Ppm 362

Force in each tie =2T=2(519-362)=314kN

6.9
For <p' = 30 and 0 = 1Y, Ka = 0.30 andKp = 4.8

y' = 20-9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3

The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6.9. Assuming uniform loss in total
head along the wall, the net water pressure at C is:
 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
~--------------------------------------------------~
II 45

r
a.om

E
Net passive

Fig. Q6.9

14.7 '
uc= 17 _3 x2.6x9.8=2l.6kN/m-

and the average seepage pressure around the wall is:

J= 12:,~3 x 9.8 = 1.5 kN/m 3

Consider moments about the prop (A) (per m).

Force (kN) Arm (m) Moment (kNm)

(I) ~ X 0.3 X 17 X 2. i 18.6 -0.20 -3.7
(2)0.3xl7x2.7x5.3 = 73.0 3.35 244.5
(3) ~X 0.3( 10.2 + 1.5) 5.32 49.3 4.23 208.5
(4) 0.3{ (17 x 2.7) + (11.7x 5.3)}6.0 = 194.2 9.00 1747.8
(5) ~ x 21.6x 2.6 = 28.1 2.43 68.4
(6) 21.6 X 2.7 58.3 4.65 271.2
(7) ~X 21.6 X 6.0 64.8 8.00 518.4
3055
(8) ~ {4.8( I 0.2- 1.5) - 0.3(1 0.2 + 1.5) }6.0 2 = 688.5 10.00 6885

Factor of safety:

F = 6885 = 2.25
r 3055
46 IIL_______s_o_I_L_ME_c_HANI
_ _c_s_:_s_o_LUT_I_o_NS_MANU
_ _AL ______ ___l

Fig. Q6.10

6.10
For <p' = 40", Ka = 0.22

The pressure distribution is shown in Fig. Q6.1 0.

p = 0.65Ka yH = 0.65 X 0.22 X 19 X 9 = 24.5 kN/m 2

Strut Ioad = 24.5 x 1.5 X 3 = 110 kN

6.11

H=3.50m; nH=3.35m; mH= 1.85m

Consider a trial value of F = 2.0. Refer to Fig. 6.33.

, _ -I (tan 34")- 18 6
<p m - tan 2.0 - .

Then:
a. = 45" + <p'm = 54.3"
2
W= t X 18 X 3.502 X cot 54.3" = 79.2 kN/m

P =t xy. x 3.352 = 5.61y. kN/m

U = t x 9.8 x 1.852 x cosec 54.3" = 20.6 kN/m

Equations 6.28 and 6.29 then become:

5.61ys + (N- 20.6) tan 18.6" cos 54.3" - N sin 54.3" = 0
79.2- (N- 20.6) tan 18.6" sin 54.3"- N cos 54.3" = 0
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ~TE__RAL ________________~I
___E_AR_T_H__P_RE_S_S_URE I 47

i.e.
5.61ys- 0.616N- 4.05 = 0

79.2-0.857 N + 5.63 = 0

.. N = 84 8 = 98.9 kN/m
0.857
Then:
5.61ys - 60.9- 4.05 = 0

64.9 3
:. Ys= 5 _61 = 11.6kN/m

The calculations for trial values of F of 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 are summarized below:

F cp'm a W (kN/m) U (kN/m) N (kN/m) Ys (kN/m 3)

2.0 18.6" 54.3" 79.2 20.6 98.9 11.6
1.5 24.2" 57.1" 71.3 19.9 85.6 9.9
1.0 34" 62" 58.6 19.1 65.7 7.7

Ys is plotted against F in Fig. Q6.11.

From Fig. Q6.11, for y, = 10.6 kN/m 3, F = 1.7

. : - - - - - -x
ze.E
12

9
~ 8
7
s+-.-.-.-.-.-.-+-.-.-.-
1.0 1.5 2.0
F
Fig. Q6.11

6.12

yz= 18x3.6=64kN/m2

O'max = 18 X 3.6 {1 + 0.30(3.62/5 2 )} = 75 kN/m 2 (Equation 6.31)

Assurne a value of 0': between yz and O'max say 70 kN/m 2

48 JL SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL

m-1

-r2r
l-1.56
I I

5.2m TL ~~--------------
t----L9 = 4.04 m I
~----5.0 m-----.j

Fig. Q6.12

Tensile force in element:

T = 0.25 X 70 X 1.20 X 0.65 = 13.7 kN (Equation 6.30)
Available frictional resistance:
R = 2 X 0.065 X 4.04 X 70 X tan 35" = 25.7 kN (Equation 6.32)

Factor of safety against bond failure:

Fb=R{f=25.7/13.7= 1.9
Tensile stress = ( 13.7 x 10 3 )/(65 x 3) = 70 kN/m 2
Factor of safety against tensi1e failure:
F 1 = 340/70 = 4.8
.______c_o_n_s_o_Ii_d_a_ti_o_n_t_h_e_o_r_v_ ____.l 0
7.1
Total change in thickness:
llH = 7.82- 6.02 = 1.80 mm
Average thickness = 15.30+ 1. 80 = 16.20mm
2
Length of drainage path:
d= 16 20 =8.10mm
Root time plot (Fig. Q7.1a): 2

8.0

ao
1\Cis
7.5

"E
..
Cl
s::
'6
111
7.0
\.
~
Q)
Cl
:::1 \
111

\,
\
Cl \
(ij
i5
\
6.5
ago
\~
\ \

~
\ \
'

r-- r--
\

..Jtgo
r-
a,
6.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
..Jt (min)
(a)
Fig. Q7.1(a)
so __E_c_~
I LI___________s_o_IL_M ___c_s_:_s_o_LUT
__I_o_N_s_MANU __________~
____AL

~=3.3 :. t 90 = 10.9min.

Cv = 0.848d 2 = 0.848 X 8.102 x 1440x6 365 = 2 .7 m2/year

tgo 10.9 10
ro= 7.82-7.64=0.18=0.100
7.82-6.02 1.80
r = 10(7.64-6.45) = 10x 1.19 =0. 735
p 9(7 .82- 6.02) 9 X 1.80
rs = 1- {0.100+ 0.735) = 0.165
Log time plot (Fig. Q7.1b):

Cv=0.196d2 =0.196x8.10 2 x 1440x6 365= 2.6 m2/year

fso 2.6 10
ro = 7.82- 7.63 = 0.19 = 0 . 106
7.82- 6.02 1.80
-7.63-6.23-
rp- - 1.40-0
- . 778
7.82- 6.02 1.80
r8 = 1-(0.106+0.778)=0.116
Final void ratio:
e 1 =w 1G 8 =0.232x 2.72=0.631

8.0
~ao

E'7.5
~as
ll
s IL

""
Cl
c:
=g 7.0
1!1 l'r-.
Q) I
Cl
t
ffi 6.5
Cl ~ r--.
'iii
i5
._810o -~
-- r-- 1-
~a,
6.0

5.5
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
Logt (min)
(b)

Fig. Q7.1(b)
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c_o_N
__
so LI_D_R_T_Io_N__T_H_E_o_R_Y______________~I
__ I s1
Ae _ 1 + eo _ 1 + e, + Ae
AH-~- Ho
i.e.
Ae 1.631+Ae
1.80 17.10

.. Ae = 2 936 = 0.192
15.30

Initial void ratio:

e 0 = 0.631 + 0.192 = 0.823
Then:
mv =--1-- X eo- e, =-1- X 0.192 = 0.98m2/MN
1 + eo cr~- cr~ 1.823 0.107

- .
k -Cvmv y w-
- I
2.65 X 0.98 X 9.8 -- 8 . 1 X 10- 10 ffiS
60 X 1440 X 365 X 103

7.2
Using equation 7.7 (one-dimensional method):

Sc=---
eo-e, H
1 + eo
Appropriate values of e are obtained from Fig. Q7 .2. The clay will be divided
into four sub-layers, hence H = 2000 mm.

1.25
~'---r--, Fill: 4 x 21 =84 kN/m 2
1\
+ l+ ++++++Lwr
T_.!!L:::~m-
1.20

--
f\
1.15

-
e 1.10
--:~

1.05
1\\
...,
1.00
r--....... \._
0.95
10 100 1000
a' (kN/m2 )
Fig. Q7.2
52 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Settlement
Layer a 0'~ eo el eo-el Sc
(kN/m2) (kN/m2 ) (mm)

46.0* 13o.ot 1.236 1.123 0.113 101

2 64.4 148.4 1.200 1.108 0.092 84
3 82.8 166.8 1.172 1.095 0.077 71
4 101.2 185.2 1.150 1.083 0.067 62
318

*s x9.2
t46.0+ 84

Heave
Layer a 0'~ eo e1 eo-el Sc
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (mm)

1 130.0 46.0 1.123 1.136 -0.013 -12

2 148.4 64.4 1.108 1.119 -0.011 -10
3 166.8 82.8 1.095 1.104 -0.009 -9
4 185.2 101.2 1.083 1.091 -0.008 -7
-38

7.3

Hence if c v is constant:
' d~
12 d~
where 'I' refers to the oedometer specimen and '2' refers to the clay layer.
For open layers:
d. =9.5 mm and d2 =2500 mm

.. for U=0.50,
di
t 2 =t 1 x-
d~

= 20 x 25002 = 2.63 ears

60x24x365 9.5 2 Y

for U < 0.60, Tv =~ U2 (equation 7.24a)

0.30 2
fo.Jo= fo.so X - -2
0.50
=2.63 x 0.36 = 0.95 years
'-------------C_O_N_SO_L_ID_E._T_IO_N_TH_E_O_R_Y_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---'11 53

7.4
The layer is open,
.. d=~=4m
2
Tv = Cvf = 2.4 X 3 = 0.450
d2 42

u; = Lla = 84 kN/m 2
The excess pore water pressure is given by equation 7.21:

Ue= ::0 2u
m~- ( . Mz) 2
M' smd exp(-M Tv)

In this case, z = d
. Mz . M
.. sm-=sm
d
where
M =!i, 3n, 5n ...
2 2 2

M sinM M 2 Tv exp(-M 2 Tv)

.!!. +I 1.110 0.329
2
3n -I 4.57x 10- 5
9.993
2

Ue = 2 X 84 X 1 X 1 X 0.329 (other terms negligible)

1t

=35.2kN/m 2

7.5
The layer is open,
.. d=.=3m
2
Tv= Cv: = 1.0~ 3 =0.333
d 3
The layer thickness will be divided into six equal parts, i.e. m = 6.
For an open layer:
Tv=4-;~
m
. n~ =0.333 x 62 =3 _00
4
54
II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL

The value of n will be taken as 12 (i.e. 11t =3/12 = 1/4 year), making
=0.25. The computation is set out below, all pressures having been multi-
plied by 10:
Ui,j+ 1 =U;,j + 0.25(Ui-l.j + Ui+ t,j- 2u;,j)

i 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
500 350 275. 228 195 171 151 136 123 112 102 94 87
2 400 400 362 325 292 264 240 219 201 185 171 158 146
3 300 300 300 292 277 261 245 230 215 201 187 175 163
4 200 200 200 200 198 193 189 180 171 163 154 145 137
5 100 100 100 100 100 99.5 98 96 93 89 85 81 77
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The initial and three-year isochrones are plotted in Fig. Q7 .5.

Area under initial isochrone = 180 units
Area under three-year isochrone =63 units
The average degree of consolidation is given by equation 7.25.
Thus:
U= 1- 63 =0.65
180

u(kN/m2 )
20 40 60

z 3
(m)

6
Fig. Q7.5

7.6
At the top of the clay 1ayer the decrease in pore water pressure is 4Yw At the
bottom of the clay layer the pore water pressure remains constant. Hence at
the centre of the clay layer,
 __T_H_E_o_R_Y________________~I
c_o_N_s_o_L_I_D_R_T_Io_N
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I 55

ilcr' = 2yw = 2 x 9.8 = 19.6 kN/m 2

The final consolidation settlement (one-dimensional method) is:
Sc= mvilcr' H = 0.83 X 19.6 X 8 = 130 mm
Corrected time:

t =2 -- -I(40) = 1.615 years

2 52

From Fig. 7.18 (Curve I), U = 0. 73

Settlement after two years = Usc = 0. 73 x 130 = 95 mm

7.7
The clay layer is thin relative to the dimensions of the raft, and therefore the
one-dimensional method is appropriate. The clay layer can be considered as a
whole. See Fig. Q7.7.
~40 m-----+1

I
' '

1
60 m
4 1

3 2

T
Sm

Fig. Q7.7
~~ ~~----------S_O_~_M__E_C_HAm ____AL
__I_O_N_S_MANU
___C_S_:_S_O_LUT __________~

Point m n Ir Lio Sc*

(kN/m 2 ) (mm)

1 30/20 = 1.5 20/20= 1.0 0.194 (x 4) 113 124

2 60/20 = 3.0 20/20= 1.0 0.204 (x 2) 59 65
3 60/20 = 3.0 40/20= 2.0 0.238 (x I) 35 38
4 30/20 = 1.5 40/20= 2.0 0.224 (x 2) 65 72

* Sc= mvllcr' H = 0.22 X !lcr' X 5 = 1.1 !lcr' (mm) (!lcr' = !lcr)

7.8
Due to the thickness of the clay layer relative to the size of the foundation,
there will be significant lateral strain in the clay and the Skempton-Bjerrum
method is appropriate. The clay is divided into six sub-layers (Fig. Q7.8) for
the calculation of consolidation settlement.

(a) Immediate settlement:

H/B= 30 =0.86
35
DIB=1_=0.06
35
From Fig. 5.15 (circle), f..l 1 = 0.32 and f..lo = 1.0:

~----------35m----------~

diameter
105 kN/m 2

-.-.-.
2m
-L-.L......l~....L-.L......l~....L-.L......l~--L-...L......l-.- - -

(1) + 2.5 m (z) 5m

--------------------- ____ L--
(2) +7.5m

(3) + 12.5 m
32m
(4) + 17.5 m

(5) +22.5 m

(6) +27.5 m

Fig. Q7.8
~---------------c_o_N_s_o_LID
__E_T_Io_N__TH_E_o_R_Y______________~I I 57
qB 105x35
Sj = J.lo/J 1 - = 1.0 X 0.32 X = 30 mm
Eu 40

(b) Consolidation settlement:

Layer ~ D/z I~ L\a s~
(m) (kN/m 2) (mm)
1 2.5 14 0.997 107 73.5
2 7.5 4.67 0.930 98 68.6
3 12.5 2.80 0.804 84 58.8
4 17.5 2.00 0.647 68 47.6
5 22.5 1.55 0.505 53 37.1
6 27.5 1.27 0.396 42 29.4
315.0

* From Fig. 5.9

t s od =mvL\a' H =0.14 X L\a' X 5 =0. 70 L\a' (L\a' =L\a)

Now:
HIB = ;~ = 0.86 and A = 0.65
:. from Fig. 7.12, !J=0.79
.. sc=!Js 00 =0.79x315=250mm
Total settlement:

= 30+ 250= 280mm

7.9
Without sand drains:
U v = 0.25 :. T v = 0.049 (from Fig. 7.18)
T vd 2 0.049 X 82
.. 1=--=---
Cv Cv

With sand drains:

R =0.564S =0.564x 3 = 1.69m
R 1.69
n=-=-= 11.3
r 0.15
Tr = Cbt = Cb X 0.049 X 82 (and Cb = Cv)
4R2 4 X l.6!f Cv

=0.275
.. Ur= 0. 73 (from Fig. 7 .30)
sa [ ~~___________s_o_r_L_M_E_c_HAm _____AL__________~
____c_s_:_s_o_L_ur_r_o_N_s_MANU

Using equation 7.40:

(1- U) = (1- Uv)(l- Ur)
= (1- 0.25)(1- 0.73) = 0.20
.. U=0.80

7.10
Without sand drains:
Uv=0.90 :. Tv=.848

. . t = T vd2 = 0.848 X 102 = 8.8 years

Cv 9.6
With sand drains:
R = 0.5645 = 0.564 x 4 = 2.26 m

n = !i = 2.26 = 15
,. 0.15

(same t)

(1)

Using equation 7.40:

(1- U) = (1- Uv)(l- Ur)

.. (1-0.90)=(1-Uv)(1-Ur)
:. (1-Uv)(1-Ur)=0.10 (2)
An iterative solution is required using ( 1) and (2) above, an initial value of
U v being estimated.

Uv Tv Tr= 7.14Tv Ur (1- Uv)(1- Ur)

0.40 0.1256 0.897 0.97 0.60 X 0.03 = 0.018

0.30 0.0707 0.505 0.87 0.70x0.13=0.091
0.29 0.0660 0.471 0.85 0.71x0.15=0.107
0.295 0.0683 0.488 0.86 0.705 X 0.14= 0.099

Thus:
Uv = 0.295 and Ur= 0.86

.. t = 8.8 x 0 0683 =0.7 years

0.848
~---B_e_a_r_in__g_c_a_p_a_c_i_tY____~I ~
8.1
(a) The ultimate bearing capacity is given by equation 8.3:
qf=~ yBNy+ cN,. + yDNq
For (jlu = 0:
Ny=O, N,.=5.14, Nq= 1
.. qf=(105x5.14)+(21 X 1 X 1)=540+21 kN/m 2
The net ultimate bearing capacity is:
qnf= qf- yD = 540 kN/m 2
The net foundation pressure is:
425 '
q n= q - "(D = 2 - {21 X 1) = 192 kN/m-

The factor of safety (equation 8.7) is:

F = qnf = 540 = 2. 8
qn 192
(b) For q>' = 28:
Ny= 13, N,. = 26, Nq = 15 (Fig. 8.4)
y'=21-9.8= ll.2kN/m 3

.. qf=(kx ll.2x2x l3)+(10x26)+(ll.2x 1 x 15)

= 146+260+ 168=574kN/m2
qnf = 574- 11.2 = 563 kN/m 2

F= 563 =2.9
192
(qn = 192 kN/m 2 assumes that backfilled soi1 on the footing s1ab is included in
the Ioad of 425 kN/m.)
so I IL___________s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HA1n
____c_s_:_s_o_Lu_T_I_o_N_s_MANU
_____AL__________~

8.2
(a) For <p' = 38:
Ny= 67, Nq = 49
.. qnf=hBNy+yD(Nq -1) (from equation 8.3)
=(~x 18x 1.5x67)+(18x0.75x48)
= 905 + 648 = 1553 kN/m 2

q 0 = 500 - (18 X 0.75) = 320kN/m 2

1.5
.. F= qnf = 1553 = 4 .8
q0 320
(b) Inclination factors (equations 8.10):

i y= ( 1 - ~ J= ( 1 - ~~ J= 0.54
iq=(l- ~ J =(1- !~J =0.79
.. q 0 f=(905x0.54)+(648x0.79)=489+512= 1001 kN/m 2

.. F= 1001 =3.1
320

8.3

DIB = 350 = 1.55

2.25
From Fig. 8.5, for a square foundation:
N,. =8.1
For a reetangular foundation (L = 4.50 m; B = 2.25 m):

Ne =(o.84+0.16z)8.1 =7.45

Using equation 8.8:

qnf= qf- yD = CuNc = 135 X 7.45 = 1006 kN/m 2
ForF=3:
c___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ BEARIN
___ o_c_AP._!A_c_ITY
_________ __JII 61

. . q = q 0 + yD = 335 + (20 X 3.50) = 405 kN/m 2

. . Allowable Ioad = 405 x 4.50 x 2.25 = 4I 00 kN

8.4
For q>' = 40:
N 1 =95, Nq=64
qnr= 0.4yBN1 + yD(Nq- I) (from equation 8.4)
(a) Water table 5 m below ground Ievel:
q 0 r= (0.4 X I7 X 2.5 X 95) + (I7 X I X 63)
= I6I5+ 107I = 2686 kN/m2
qn = 400- I7 = 383 kN/m 2

F= 2686= 7 .0
383
(b) Water table I m below ground Ievel (i.e. at foundation Ievel):
y' = 20- 9.8 = 10.2 kN/m 3
qnr= (0.4 X 10.2 X 2.5 X 95) + (17 X I X 63)
= 969 + I 07I = 2040 kN/m2

F= 2040 =5.3
383
(c) Water table at ground Ievel with upward hydraulic gradient 0.2:
{y'- j) = 10.2- {0.2 X 9.8) = 8.2 kN/m 3
q 0 r= (0.4 X 8.2 X 2.5 X 95) + (8.2 X I X 63)
= 779+ 5I7 = I296kN/m 2
F= I296= 3.4
383

8.5
Undrained shear, for <i>u = 0:
N 1 =0, fYc.=5.14, Nq=I
qnr= I.2cuNc (from equation 8.4)
= 1.2 X 100 X 5.I4= 6I7 kN/m 2
qn= qnf = 6I7 =206kN/m2
F 3
q=q 0 +yD=206+2I ==227kN/m2
62 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
~--------------------------------------------------~

Drained shear, for cp' = 2T:

N r = 11, N, = 24, Nq = 13
qnr=0.4y'BNy+ 1.2c'Nc+y'D(Nq-1)
=(0.4x 11.2x4x 11)+(1.2x 15x24)+(11.2x I x 12)
= 197 + 432 + 134 = 763 kN/m 2
763 2
q =-3- + 21 = 275 kN/m

Consolidation settlement; the clay will be divided into three sub-layers

(Fig. Q8.5):

Layer z m, n Ir .1.cr' Sod

(m) (kN/m 2) (mm)

1 2 1.00 0.175 0.700qn 0.182qn

2 6 0.33 0.044 0.176qn 0.046qn
3 10 0.20 0.017 0.068qn 0.018qn

0.246qn

Diameter of equivalent circle: B = 4.5 m

HIB = __!1_ = 2.7 and A = 0.42

4.5
.. J.l=0.60 (Fig. 7.12)
Sc= 0.60 X 0.246qn = 0.147qn (mm)

(1) +2m

- ------ ------- l
~

~)
+Sm

+10m
13m

---------------
Fig. Q8.5
L____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B_EARIN
___ G_C_AP_!A_C_I_TY
_________ __jll 63

For Sc= 30 mm:

q n = __lQ_ = 204 kN/m2

0.147
q = 204 + 21 = 225 kN/m 2

Thus the allowable bearing capacity is 225 kN/m2 , settlement being the limi-
ting criterion.

8.6

DIB ='_ = 2.0

4

From Fig. 8.5, for a strip, Ne = 7 .l. Then from equation 8.12:

F= CufVc= 40x7.1 = 1. 8
yD 20x8

8.7

Depth (m) N cr'v (kN/m 2)* CN NI

0.70 6
1.35 9 23 1.90 17
2.20 10 37 1.55 15
2.95 8 50 1.37 II
3.65 12 58 1.28 15
4.40 13 65 1.23 16
5.15 17
6.00 23

* Using y =17 kN/mJ and y' =10 kN/mJ.

(a) Terzaghi and Peck. Use N 1 values between depths of 1.2 m and 4.7 m, the
average value being 15. For B = 3.5 m and N = 15 the provisional value of
bearing capacity, using Fig. 8.10, is 150 kN/m 2 The water table correction
factor (equation 8.16) is:
Cw = 0.5 + 0.5(3.0/4.7) = 0.82
Thus:
Qa = 150x 0.82= 120kN/m2
(b) Meyerhof Use uncorrected N values between depths of 1.2 m and 4.7 m,
the average value being 10. For B =3.5 m and N = lO the provisiona1 va1ue of
bearing capacity, using Fig. 8.10, is 90 kN/m2 This va1ue is increased by 50%.
64 j jL___________s_o_~_M__E_C_HA1n
___c_s_:_s_o_LUTI
___o_NS
__MANU __________~
____AL

Thus:
qa = 90 X 1.5 = 135 kN/m2
(c) Burland and Burbidge. Using Fig. 8.12, for B = 3.5 m, z1 = 2.5 m. Use N
values between depths of 1.2 m and 3.7 m, the average value being 10. From
equation 8.18:

From equation 8.19a, with s = 25 mm:

q = 25/(3.5"7 X 0.068) = 150 kN/m 2

8.8
(a) Buisman-DeBeer: refer to Fig. Q8.8.

qc (MN/m2 )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

3 -----'it WT
g
iCD 4
0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

lz
Fig. Q8.8
 BEARING CAPACITY
II 65

eso eso+ ~es eso~Z

qc Zc
ar
Layer ~z ~es log 1.53-- ~s
(m) (MN/m2 ) (m) (kN/m 2) (kN/m2 ) qc (mm)

1 1.2 2.6 1.8 29 124 5.28 0.723 20.5 14.8

2 2.8 5.4 3.8 55 58 2.05 0.312 43.6 13.6
3 1.6 9.5 6.0 76 23 1.30 0.114 19.6 2.2
4 1.2 14.0 7.4 88 15 1.17 0.068 11.5 0.8
s = 31.4

(b) Schmertmann

Layer ~= qc E=2qc lz lz
-~z
(m) (MN/m 2 ) (MN/m2 ) E
(mm3/MN)

I 1.2 2.6 5.2 0.24 0.0554

2 2.8 5.4 10.8 0.45 0.1167
3 1.6 9.5 19.0 0.16 0.0135
4 1.2 14.0 28.0
0.1856

C, = 1-0.5 <J~= 1 - 0.5 X 1.2 X 16 = 0.93

qn 130
c2 =1 (say)
.. s = C 1C,q 0 I: 1=llz = 0.93 X 1 X130x 0.1856= 22 mm
- E

8.9
At pile base Ievel:
Cu= 220kN/m2
.. qr=cuNc=220x9= 1980kN/m2
Disregard skin friction over a Iength of 2B above the under-ream. Between
4 m and 17.9 m:
0' o= 10.95y' = 10.95 x 11.2 = 122.6 kN/m 2
:. !s = O'o= 0.7 X 122.6= 86 kN/m2
Then:
Qr=Abqr+Asls

=(~x3 2 x 1980)+(7tX 1.05x 13.9x86)

= 13 996+ 3941 = 17 937 kN
66 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLIITIONS MANUAL
L---------------------------------------------------~

Allowable Ioad:
(a) Qr = 17937 =8968kN
2 2
(b) Abqr + Asfs = 13 996 + 3941 = 8606 kN
3 3
i.e. allowable Ioad = 8600 kN.

t
Adding (yDAb- W), the allowable Ioad becomes 9200 kN.

8.10
qc= 9cu = 9 X 145 = 1305 kN/m 2

fs = ClCu = 0.40 X 105 = 42 kN/m 2

For a single pile:
Qr = AbQf + Asfs
= (rt/4 X 0.62 X 1305) + (1t X 0.6 X 15 X 42)
= 369 + 1187 = 1556 kN
Assuming single pile failure and a group efficiency of 1, the ultimate Ioad on
the pile group is (1556x36)=56016kN. The width of the group is 12.6m,
and hence the ultimate Ioad, assuming block failure and taking the full un-
drained strength on the perimeter, is given by:

(m) -12.6m-
0 ---- HW' ~

3 ---- --
I I
I I
I I

y
I I

1:4: I
I
I I

I
I I
I
Equivalent raft
I I
I

13 ---- -I -
l
\
\
I
\

-
I
I
+ \

z
-
\
I
\

- - - -
I

18 - - - -I - \

17.6 m \

1:211
I
I

+
\

\
\
I \

23 --:---------------..---

I
/ + \,@
\

28

Fig. Q8.10
~-----------------B_EruUN
_____ __~_c_ITY
a_c_AP __________________~I I 67

(12.62 x 1305)+(4x 12.6x 15x 105)

= 207 180+ 79 380= 286 560kN
(Even if the remoulded strength were used there would be no likelihood of
block failure.) Thus the Ioad factor is (56 016/21 000) = 2.7.
Settlement is estimated using the equivalent raft concept. The equivalent
raft is located lO m (~3 x 15m) below the top of the piles and is 17.6 m wide
(see Fig. Q8.l0). Assurne that the Ioad on the equivalent raft is spread at
2 : I to the underlying clay. Thus the pressure on the equivalent raft is:
q = 21 000/17.62 = 68 kN/m 2

Immediate settlement:
H/B= 15/17.6=0.85
D!B= 13/17.6=0.74
L!B= I
Hence from Fig. 5.15:
J..L 0 =0.78 and J..L 1 =0.41

Thus, using Equation 5.28:

S; = 0.78 X 0.41 X 68 X 17.6/65 = 6 mm
Consolidation settlement:

Layer z Area A<J mvAaH

(m) (m2) (kN/m 2) (mm)

I 2.5 20.1 2 52.0 20.8

2 7.5 25.1 2 33.3 13.3
3 12.5 30.1 2 23.2 9.3
43.4 (s 0 d)

Equivalent diameter= 19.86m: thus H/B = 15/19.86=0.76. Now A =0.28,

hence from Fig. 7.12, J..L = 0.56. Then, from equation 7.10:
Sc= 0.56 X 43.4 = 24 mm
Tne total settlement is (6 + 24) = 30 mm.

8.11
At base Ievel, N = 26. Then using equation 8.35:

qr=40N Db =40x 26 x-2- = 8320kN/m2

B 0.25
ss I l~__________s_o_~__M_E_c_HAm
____c_s_:_s_o_LUT
__I_o_N_s_MANU_____________~
____AL
(Check: < 400N, i.e. 400 x 26 = 10 400 kN/m 2)
Over the length embedded in sand:

N=21 .
( J.e. 18+24)
2

Using equation 8.36:

For a sing1e pile:

Qf=Abqf+AJ,
= (0.252 X 8320) + (4 X 0.25 X 2 X 42)
= 520+ 84= 604kN
For the pile group, assuming a group efficiency of 1.2:
LQf= 1.2 X 9 X 604 = 6523 kN
For a Ioad factor of 2.5, the allowable Ioad is:
LQf = 6523 = 2609 kN
2.5 2.5

1.75 m

Soft
clay

"""T""----.---1 r-- -
i 1.33' m ,'
1------

_ I
', 1 :4 N
-18

1 ---~ -- -- -.
2m l 1 I

-24
-26
1--2.42 m --1
-34
-32

Fig. QS.ll
~-----------------B-~ __~_c_ITY
_____o_c_AP __________________~I I ss
Referring to Fig. Q8.11, the equivalent raft is 2.42 m square. The average
value of N over depth B below the equivalent raft is:
N = (24 + 26 + 34 + 32}/4 = 29
From Fig. 8.10, for B = 2.42 m and N = 29, the value of q 8 is 325 kN/m2 Then,
if the settlement is not to exceed 25 mm, the allowable Ioad is:
~ = 325 X 2.42 2 = 1900 kN

Thus, the allowable Ioad on the pile group is 1900 kN, settlement being the
limiting criterion.

8.12
Using equation 8.45:
1t 2 '
Qr=1tDLa.cu+4(D -d-)cuNc

=(1t X 0.2 X 5 X 0.6 X 110) + ~(0.2 2 - 0. e) 110 X 9

4
=207 + 23 =230 kN
~---st_a_b_il_it_y_o_f_S_I_o_p_e_s__~l ~
9.1
Referring to Fig. Q9.1:
W = 41.7x 19 = 792 kN/m

Are length AB= 1 ~0 x 73 x 9.0= 11.5 m

Are length BC = 1 ~ 0 x 28 x 9.0 = 4.4 m

The faetor of safety is given by:

F = r '1:.(cuLa) = 9.0{ (20 X 4.4) + (35 X 11.5)} = 1. 43

Wd 792x3.9

Depth of tension eraek:

20 = 2cu = 2 X 20 = 2 _1 m
y 19
1t
Are 1ength BD= 180 x 13tx9.0=2.1 m

Fig. Q9.l
72 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
L-----------------------------------------------~

Pw =1 X 9.8 X 2.e = 21.6kN/m

F= 9.0 {(20 X 2.1) + (35 X 11.5)} = 1. 27
(792x 3.9) + (21.6x 2.9)

9.2

Depth factor:

Using equation 9.2 with F = 1.0:

N.=~= 30 =0.175
FyH 1.0 X 19 X 9
Hence from Fig. 9.3:
=5o
For F= 1.2:
30
Ns= =0.146 =27
1.2x 19 x 9

9.3
Refer to Fig. Q9.3:

Slice hcosa hsina ufyw u ul

no. (m) (m) (m) (kN/m 2 ) (m) (kN/m)

1 0.5 0.7 6.9 1.2 8

2 1.2 -0.1 1.7 16.7 2.0 33
3 2.4 3.0 29.4 2.0 59
4 3.4 0.2 3.9 38.2 2.0 76
5 4.3 0.5 4.7 46.1 2.1 97
6 4.9 0.9 5.1 50.0 2.1 105
7 5.3 1.4 5.7 55.9 2.1 117
8 5.7 1.8 5.8 56.8 2.1 119
9 5.9 2.4 5.9 57.8 2.2 127
10 5.9 2.9 6.0 58.8 2.2 129
11 5.6 3.3 5.7 55.9 2.3 129
12 5.2 3.5 5.2 51.0 2.4 122
13 4.6 3.7 4.5 44.1 2.5 110
14 3.4 3.2 3.4 33.3 2.7 90
15 1.6 1.9 1.8 17.6 2.9 51
59.9 25.6 32.8 1372
(check)
c _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S_TAB_I_L_ITY_O_F_SL_O_P_E_S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______jll 73

Equipotential

""
" " -....

0 5 10 20 30m

Fig. Q9.3
kW cos CX =yb kh cos CX= 21 X 2 X 59.9= 2516kN/m
kW sin cx = yb kh sin cx = 21 x 2 x 25.6 = 1075 kN/m
k(Wcoscx-u/)=2516-1372= ll44kN/m
Are length La= __E_ x 57~ x 32.6 = 32.7 m
180 -
The factor of safety is given by:
74 II SOlL MECHANICS: SOLUTIONS MANUAL
~------------------------------------------------~

F = c'La + tan <p' ~(W cos a- ul)

LWsina
(8 x 32.7) + (tan 32' x 1144)
=--------~------~
1075

=0.91

9.4

F= 1. r[tc'b+(W-ub)tan<p'} 1 ( seca '/F)]

L W sm a + tan a tan <p

c' = 8 kN/m2
<p' = 32'

c'b = 8 x 2 = 16 kN/m
W = ybh = 21 X 2 X h = 42h kN/m
Try F= 1.00
tan <p'/F = 0.625
Values of u are as obtained in Q9.3.

Slice h W=ybh a' W sin a ub c'b + (W- ub) sec a , Product

no. (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) x tan cp' 1 + (tan a tan cp )/F (kN/m)
(kN/m)

1 0.5 21 -6 -2 8 24 1.078 26
2 1.3 55 - 3~ -3 33 30 1.042 31
3 2.4 101 0 0 59 42 1.000 42
4 3.4 143 4 lO 76 58 0.960 56
5 4.3 181 7~ 24 92 72 0.931 67
6 5.0 210 11 40 100 85 0.907 77
7 5.5 231 1~ 58 112 90 0.889 80
8 6.0 252 18~ 80 114 102 0.874 89
9 6.3 265 22 99 116 109 0.861 94
10 6.5 273 26 120 118 113 0.854 97
11 6.5 273 30 136 ll2 ll7 0.850 99
12 6.3 265 34 148 102 118 0.847 100
13 5.9 248 38~ 154 88 ll6 0.853 99
14 4.6 193 43 132 67 95 0.862 82
15 2.5 105 48 78 35 59 0.882 52
1074 1091
c___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s_TAB_IL_ITY_O_F_SL_O_P_E_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______JII 75

1091
F = - - = 1.02 (assumed value 1.00)
1074
Thus:
F= 1.01

9.5

F= 1. L[{c'b+W(1-ru)tancp') 1 ( seca ')/F]

LW sm a + tan <X tan cp

c' = 16 kN/m 2
cp' = 32
ru = 0.45

c'b = 16 x 5 = 80 kN/m
W = ybh = 20 X 5 x h = 1OOh kN/m
(l - ru)tan cp' = 0.55 tan 32 = 0.344

Try F = 1.20
tan cp'/F = tan 32/1.20= 0.521
Referring to Fig. Q9.5:

Slice h W = ybh a Wsina c'b+W(I-ru) sec a Product

no. (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) x tan q>' I + (tan a tan q>')/F (kN/m)
(kN/m)

I 1.5 75 4 5 106 0.967 102

2 3.1 310 9 48 187 0.935 175
3 4.5 450 15~ 120 235 0.907 213
4 5.3 530 21 190 262 0.893 234
5 6.0 600 28 282 286 0.887 254
6 5.0 500 35 287 252 0.894 225
7 3.4 340 43 232 197 0.920 181
8 1.4 28 49 21 90 0.953 86
1185 1470

F= 1470 = 1.24 (assumed value 1.20)

1185
A further trial yields:
F= 1.22
Write a computer program and confirrn this result!
76 II~___________s_o_I_L_M_E_c_HAln
____c_s_:_s_o_LUT
__I_o_N_s_MANU
_____AL__________~

8
(x~)
7 (x%)
6
5
2 3 4

(x~)

0 5 10 20 30m

Fig. Q9.5

9.6
Water table at surface; the factor of safety is given by equation 9.12:
y' tan <p'
F=---
'Ysar tan

. 15 _9.2tan36
1.e. - 19 tan
 STABILITY OF SLOPES
L---------------------------------------------------~
II n
.. tan = 0.234

= 13"
Water table weil below surface; the factor of safety is given by equation 9.11:

F = tan <p'
tan

tan 36"
=
tan 13"

=3.1