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Oracle SOA Suite 11g:
Essential Concepts
D58786GC10
Edition 1.0
August 2009
D61580
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Authors Copyright 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Swarnapriya Shridhar This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and
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Contents
I Introduction
Course Objectives I-2
Course Agenda: Day 1 I-3
Course Agenda: Day 2 I-4
Course Agenda: Day 3 I-5
Summary I-6
iii
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2 Implementing SOA with Oracle SOA Suite
Course Roadmap 2-2
Objectives 2-3
Basic Components of an SOA Infrastructure 2-4
Oracle SOA Suite 11g Components 2-5
Introduction to Service Infrastructure 2-7
Introducing SCA in Oracle SOA Suite 11g 2-8
Defining a Composite Application 2-9
Introducing Oracle Mediator Component 2-11
Describing the Features of Oracle Mediator Component 2-12
Introducing Oracle BPEL Process Component 2-13
iv
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SLA Management 3-21
Quiz 3-22
Constituents of SOA Governance Model 3-23
End-to-End SOA Governance 3-25
End-to-End SOA Governance: SOA Asset Management 3-26
End-to-End SOA Governance: Policy Management and Enforcement 3-27
End-to-End SOA Governance: Consumer Management 3-28
End-to-End SOA Governance: SOA Monitoring and Management 3-29
SOA Governance Solution 3-30
Oracle SOA Governance Solution 3-31
Quiz 3-32
Summary 3-33
v
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Packaged Application and Legacy Adapters 4-42
Quiz 4-43
Summary 4-44
Practice 4: Overview Designing Services for SOA Implementations 4-45
vi
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Working with the Flow Trace 6-14
Working with the Component Audit Trail Page 6-15
Quiz 6-16
Managing the State of Deployed SOA Composite Applications 6-17
Monitoring and Deleting Specific SOA Composite Application Instances 6-18
Recovering from SOA Composite Application Faults 6-19
Undeploying a Composite Application 6-21
Quiz 6-22
Summary 6-23
Practice 6: Overview Managing and Monitoring Composite Applications 6-24
vii
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8 Orchestrating Services with a BPEL Component
Course Roadmap 8-2
Objectives 8-3
Process Orchestration Concepts 8-4
Introducing Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) 8-5
Creating a BPEL Process 8-7
Oracle BPEL Process Designer 8-8
Designing the BPEL Process 8-9
Quiz 8-10
Developing a BPEL Process 8-11
BPEL Activity Types 8-12
Grouping Activities by Using a BPEL Scope 8-14
viii
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Adding Task Parameters 9-17
Setting the Task Parameter Values 9-18
Generating a Task Form for the Worklist 9-19
Accessing the Worklist Application 9-20
Viewing Task Information 9-21
Managing Task Assignments 9-22
Summary 9-23
Practice 9: Overview Creating a Human Task to Approve Orders 9-24
ix
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Oracle Web Service Manager 11-12
Components of Oracle Web Services Manager Architecture 11-13
Oracle Web Services Manager Policy Framework 11-14
Introduction to Policies 11-15
Policy Interceptor Pipeline 11-16
Policy Assertions 11-17
Quiz 11-18
Managing SOA Composite Application Policies 11-19
Attaching Security Policy to a Service 11-20
Quiz 11-21
Summary 11-22
Practice 11 Overview: Attaching Policies to Web Services 11-23
x
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Developing the SOA Reference Architecture D-13
Developing the SOA Reference Architecture: Align IT with Business D-14
Developing the SOA Reference Architecture: Develop a Baseline D-15
Developing the SOA Reference Architecture: Create SOA Reference Architecture D-16
Developing the SOA Reference Architecture: Create SOA Infrastructure Roadmap D-17
SOA Governance Model D-18
Example of an SOA Governance Model D-19
Summary D-20
Glossary
xi
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Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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Introduction
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Course Objectives
Course Objectives
This course introduces Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) concepts, standards that enable an SOA
approach, and the Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g technology products that support an SOA
implementation.
Using a purchase order management business process as the scenario, you learn how an SOA
approach can be implemented, whether you are starting fresh with new services or reusing existing
services provided by the business. Using Oracle SOA Suite 11g components, you explore, modify,
execute, and monitor a purchase order processing composite application implemented using an SOA
approach for managing the business process.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts I - 2
Course Agenda: Day 1
O A
S
1 2 3 4
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts I - 3
Course Agenda: Day 2
5 6 7 8
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts I - 4
Course Agenda: Day 3
9 10 11
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts I - 5
Summary
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts I - 6
Service-Oriented Architecture Concepts
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Course Road Map
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 3
Definition: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 4
Why SOA?
SOA enables:
Reusability
Business services
Interoperability
Loosely coupled services
Why SOA?
What drives the move to SOA is reuse of business services. Developers within an enterprise and
across enterprises (particularly, in business partnerships) can take the code developed for existing
business applications, expose it as Web services, and then reuse it to meet new business
requirements.
The SOA vision of interaction between clients and loosely coupled services means widespread
interoperability. In other words, the objective is for clients and services to communicate and
understand each other no matter what platform they run on.
Because services in an SOA are loosely coupled, applications that use these services tend to scale
easilycertainly more easily than applications in a more tightly coupled environment. That is
because there are few dependencies between the requesting application and the services it uses,
which typically makes them more flexible than more tightly coupled applications. In a tightly
coupled architecture, the different components of an application are tightly bound to each other,
sharing semantics, libraries, and often sharing state. This makes it difficult to evolve the application
to keep up with changing business requirements. The loosely coupled, document-based,
asynchronous nature of services in an SOA allows applications to be flexible and easy to evolve with
changing requirements.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 5
Why SOA? (continued)
Other approaches that integrate disparate business resources such as legacy systems, business partner
applications, and department-specific solutions are expensive because they tend to tie these
components together in a customized way. Customized solutions are costly to build because they
require extensive analysis, development time, and effort. They are also costly to maintain and extend
because they are typically tightly coupled, so that changes in one component of the integrated
solution require changes in other components. A standards-based SOA approach should result in less
costly solutions because the integration of clients and services does not require the in-depth analysis
and unique code of customized solutions.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 6
Enterprise Challenge
Enterprise Challenge
Enterprises use many different custom-built and off-the-shelf packaged applications to run their
business processes. Applications are integrated to share information among themselves and to
incorporate information from existing applications. Traditional application development and
integration approaches have neither been flexible nor standards-based to facilitate an agile enterprise
IT environment.
In large enterprises, application development means interacting with business data from one or more
sources or other applications. Application integration could not be implemented without application
development tasks that included developing, assembling, and connecting components to back-end
systems, process flow and workflow implementation, user interface development, testing, and
debugging.
Two of the most common application integration methodologies were:
Point-to-point integration methodologies using APIs, proprietary messages, and custom
integration links
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) based on message bus (message bus specializes in
transporting messages between applications) or middleware
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 7
Point-to-Point Integration
Point-to-Point Integration
Point-to-point integration involves:
Proprietary messages, APIs
Custom integration links
Duplication of effort
Lack of open standards
Tight coupling of data and implementation
Skill set issues
Projects lasting months
Cost (skill, time, products)
Operational polices embedded in application
Lack of agility
Slow response by IT to business changes
In the point-to-point (or peer-to-peer) integration methodology, applications are integrated with other
applications as needed. The interconnections as shown here could be built with Web services as well.
But that does not mean that the above peer-to-peer implementation is SOA-based; it still is not
loosely coupled and intermediary-based, and it lacks a shared infrastructure.
CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 8
Enterprise Application Integration
Client Tier
VB Java Web
Application Application Application
Standard-based interfaces
Standard-based Interfaces Standard-based
Standard-basedinterfaces
Interfaces
CRM ERP
Application Application
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 9
Example of Application-Centric Integration
Verify Customer
Check Customer Address
Credit Card
Setup
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 10
Integrating Solutions and Benefits with SOA
Benefits
Cost
Reusability Interoperability Scalability
Efficiency
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 11
SOA Further Defined
Channels
Business Service
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 13
SOA: A Paradigm Shift
Functionality-oriented Process-oriented
Object-oriented Message-oriented
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 14
The Eight-Domain Model Approach for SOA
Infrastructure Organization
Operations, Project,
Administration, and Management Portfolios, and Services
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 16
Quiz
Answer: 4
Explanation: The Eight Domain Maturity model is used to accelerate SOA adoption by identifying
specific capabilities that are either completely lacking or that are lagging with respect to the other
capabilities necessary for successful SOA adoption. The eight domains are:
1. Business and Strategy
2. Architecture
3. Infrastructure
4. Information
5. Projects, Portfolios, and Services
6. Operations, Administration, and Management
7. Organization
8. Governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 17
Building an SOA Reference Architecture:
From Architecture Drivers to a Roadmap
Identify the
stakeholders viewpoints
Determine business
or concerns, prioritize Design an incremental
scope and motivation.
SOA benefits, and plan to achieve the
examine the current future vision.
reality.
Best Practices
Current Reality
SOA reference
architecture should
include definitions,
Determine IT drivers. standards, rules,
principles, and
guidelines, and
architecture views.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 18
SOA Reference Architecture
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 19
SOA Reference Architecture
Delivery Channels
Infrastructure
Connectivity Services System/Data Access Messaging Partner Integration Services
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 20
SOA Reference Architecture:
Service Consumers
Employees Customers Partners Client Partner
Service Consumers and Apps Apps
Delivery Channels
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 21
SOA Reference Architecture:
Service Classification
Shared Services and Infrastructure
Service Registry
Presentation Services Shared Portlets Multichannel Delivery
Service
Service Repository
Bus
Business Processes System-Centric Workflow Human-Centric Workflow
SOA Security
Infrastructure
Business Services Enrichment Custom/Atomic Business Services
Mediation
SOA Monitor and
Data Services Logical Data Model Data Aggregation/Synchronization Event Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 22
SOA Reference Architecture:
Service Providers
Shared Services and Infrastructure
Service Registry
Presentation Services Shared Portlets Multichannel Delivery
Service
Service Repository
Bus
Business Processes System-Centric Workflow Human-Centric Workflow
SOA Security
Infrastructure
Business Services Enrichment Custom/Atomic Business Services
Mediation
SOA Monitor and
Data Services Logical Data Model Data Aggregation/Synchronization Event Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 23
Reference Architecture: Example
Web Application eCommerce Processes
Create New Convert Quote Check Order Check Invoice
Quote or Order to Order Status History
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 24
Standards That Enable SOA
Current and Emerging Standards Category
Service Component Architecture (SCA) Assembly
model
Business
Orchestration: BPEL4WS
processes
Service Data Objects (SDO) Data access
SOAP
Message
XML
HTTP(S), IIOP, JMS, SMTP Transport
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 25
Standards That Enable SOA (continued)
The slide groups the standards listed into the following categories:
Transport: The various protocol standards that can be used to communicate data
Message: Structuring and providing message data with XML schema and XML standards
Description: Exposing service function and data structures through WSDL standards
Discovery: Locating services in registries based on UDDI standards
Quality of service: Managing reliability, security, transactions, and coordination in using Web
services standards (WS-* standards)
Business process: Orchestrating services using the BPEL standard
Here are brief descriptions of the standards listed in the slide:
BPEL4WS: Is an XML-based language describing the rules for orchestrating a business
process that calls one or more services
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 26
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: The SOA Reference architecture defines the target architecture and the principles to be
used by an organizations architects to make architecture and design decisions on their projects.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 27
Service and Web Service
A service:
Provides a unit of work as part of a business process
Performs a business function (such as validate credit card)
A Web service:
Is a software system or self-describing business function
Request
Response
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 28
Types of Service Access and Implementation
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 29
Ways to Integrate Services
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 30
Designing with an SOA Approach
Mediator
Service
Java .Net Adapter
UDDI Registry Portfolio
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 34
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Services can be implemented using existing functionality by exposing existing
functionality as services or by using adapters.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 35
Define SOA Governance
Decisions Processes
(Who) (How)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 36
Identifying the Need of SOA Governance
Business value
Alignment
Business agility
Risk reduction
Cost savings
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 37
SOA Governance Framework
Service Technology
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 38
Quiz
Answers: 3
Explanation: The four facets of enterprise architecture that the SOA Governance is centered on are:
Process
Technology
Service
People
These are the deciding factors for designing the SOA Governance Framework.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 39
Course Practice Scenario:
Purchase Order Processing
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 40
Summary
Summary
In this lesson you identified the need for implementing a Service-Oriented Architecture,the various
standards that enable a Service-Oriented Architecture, and the importance of reference architecture.
The next lesson,Implementing SOA with Oracle SOA Suite, discusses Oracle SOA Suite
architecture and its components.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 41
Practice 1 Overview:
Preparing the Business Flow Diagram
This practice covers designing a business flow diagram for
purchase order processing
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 1 - 42
Implementing SOA with Oracle SOA Suite
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Service-Oriented Architecture Concepts lesson you were familiarized with the Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA) concepts and the activities that are involved in adopting SOA.
The Implementing SOA with Oracle SOA Suite 11g lesson talks about Oracle SOA Suite 11g
architecture and the various service components that implement the business logic of an enterprise.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 2
Objectives
Objectives
This lesson introduces the Oracle SOA Suite 11g architecture and its components at an introductory
level. Additional related products such as Oracle BAM are discussed along with Oracle SOA Suite
and they provide a comprehensive solution for SOA implementation.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 3
Basic Components of an SOA Infrastructure
ESB B2B
5 BPEL
IF
Adapter
2 1
IF 6
4
Human Workflow
Rules
Engine
Adapter 7
2
BAM
Web Service
1
Database
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 4
Oracle SOA Suite 11g Components
Message
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 5
Oracle SOA Suite 11g Components (continued)
Metadata Service Repository: The Metadata Service Repository stores business events, rule
sets for use by Oracle Business Rules, XSLT files for Oracle Service Bus and Oracle Mediator,
XSD XML schema files for Oracle BPEL Process Manager, WSDL files, and metadata files for
Complex Event Processing.
Oracle Business Rules: Oracle Business Rules, initiated by a BPEL process service
component, enable dynamic decisions at run time allowing you to automate policies,
constraints, computations, and reasoning while separating rule logic from underlying
application code.
Oracle WSM Policy Manager: This provides the infrastructure for enforcing global security
and auditing policies in the Service Infrastructure.
Oracle BPEL Process Manager: This provides the standard for assembling a set of discrete
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 6
Introduction to Service Infrastructure
Transformation
Filter
Enforcement
point policies SOAP
Service JCA
infrastructure Other (adapters)
UDDI bindings
registry
Metadata
store
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 7
Introducing SCA in Oracle SOA Suite 11g
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 9
Defining a Composite Application (continued)
The composite application is a service in that it is designed and deployed together as a single
application with its own service interface (WSDL). The assembly information is stored in an SCA
Descriptor called composite.xml, which is a language-independent representation of the
composition of services for a business solution.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 10
Introducing Oracle Mediator Component
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 11
Describing the Features of Oracle Mediator
Component
To facilitate the integration between message providers and
consumers, Oracle Mediator includes the following features:
Event handling
Content-based and header-based routing
Synchronous/asynchronous interactions
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 12
Introducing Oracle BPEL Process Component
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 13
Introducing Business Rules Component
Business Rules
component created in
the SOA composite
application Editor
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 14
Introducing Human Task Component
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 15
Quiz
Answer: 3
Explanation: The BPEL component uses the concept of orchestration wherein services are
coordinated in a business process from a single run-time environment.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 16
Introduction to Business Activity Monitoring
Other
Technologies
Oracle DB Real-time dashboard reports
repository
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 17
Monitoring Services with BPEL and BAM
Sensor
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 18
Oracle Enterprise Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 20
Oracle WebLogic Server 10.3
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 21
WebLogic Server Domain
A domain:
Is an administrative unit or boundary
Allows for a single point of administration for a collection of
servers
Server 2
Server 1
Server 3
Machine 1 Machine 2
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 22
WebLogic Server Domain
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 24
Administration Server
LOGS
Configuration
Administration repository
Critical domain (config.xml)
notifications server
(logs)
Administration Server
A WebLogic Server running the administration service is called an administration server. The
administration server provides the central point of control for configuring and monitoring an entire
domain. The administration server must be running in order to perform any management operation
on that domain. In a configuration with multiple WebLogic Servers, only one server is the
administration server; the other servers are called managed servers. Each managed server obtains
its configuration at startup from the administration server.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 25
Managed Server
A managed server:
Is an instance of WebLogic Server
Loads its configuration remotely from an administration
server
Managed server
Managed server
Administration
server
Managed server
Managed Server
A managed server is a single server that boots on a remote, or perhaps the same, physical machine
and loads its configuration from a specified administration server. Managed servers get all of their
configuration information from the remote administration server and need only know the domain and
server they represent in a domain.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 26
WebLogic Server Machines
A machine:
Represents the physical piece of hardware that a server
resides on
Can be a UNIX (Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, Linux) or non-UNIX
type (NT, OS-390, Mainframe)
Server 2
Server 1
Server 3
Machine 1 Machine 2
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 27
SOA Development with Oracle JDeveloper
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 28
Creating Connections in Oracle JDeveloper
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 29
Create Connections in Oracle JDeveloper (continued)
Subversion Repository Connection: To create a connection to a subversion repository
UDDI Registry Connection: To create a connection to an internal or external UDDI registry.
This connection can be used for browsing Web services.
URL Connection: To create a connection to a URL
WebDAV Connection: To create a repository connection to a Web-based Distributed
Authoring and Versioning-enabled (WebDAV) server. This connection can be used for
browsing and managing files stored on the server.
WSIL Connection: To create a connection to a WSIL file or URL. This connection can be
used to browse for Web services.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 30
Creating an Application Server Connection in
Oracle JDeveloper
Step 1 of 7
Step 3 of 7: Authentication
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 31
Creating an Application Server Connection in
Oracle JDeveloper
Step 4 of 7: Configuration Step 5 of 7: Test
Step 7 of 7: View
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 32
Goals of Implementing SOA Application with
Oracle SOA Suite 11g
The integration of services to meet business requirements
and needs
An SCA approach to implementing a composite application
Unified design time to model and define composites
Single, unified run time for deployment and management
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 33
Quiz
Answers: 1, 2, 3
Explanation: The Oracle Enterprise Manager enables the following:
Performing configuration tasks, which consist of setting values to the different properties in the
SOA environment
Monitoring Oracle SOA Suite such as performance of service engine, service infrastructure,
and binding component and Audit trail and process flow behavior in service components
Managing Oracle SOA Suite such as startup and shutdown of the SOA infrastructure
application and recovery from faults in SOA composite applications, service components,
service engines, and business events
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 34
Quiz
The Oracle JDeveloper IDE provides design and edit tools that
enable the creation of SOA composite applications.
1. True
2. False
Answer: 1
Explanation: JDeveloper provides tools to package and deploy your SOA composite applications as
applications to a target run-time environment.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 35
Summary
Summary
This lesson described the installable components that come as a part of the Oracle SOA Suite 11g,
the different service components, and the role of the Enterprise Manager in performing the basic
administrative tasks related to the SOA environment.
The next lesson shows you how to identify the need for governance in a managing an enterprise
SOA, and explains Oracles SOA Governance solution.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 36
Practice 2 Overview:
Creating Connections in JDeveloper
This practice covers the following topics:
Creating a connection to the Oracle WebLogic Server from
JDeveloper
Browsing an existing SOA application from JDeveloper
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 2 - 37
Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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SOA Governance and Service
Life-Cycle Management
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Implementing SOA with Oracle SOA Suite lesson you were familiarized with Oracle SOA
Suite 11g architecture and the various service components.
The SOA Governance and Service Life-Cycle Management lesson, the need of governance in a
Service-Oriented Architecture environment is highlighted.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 3
Define Service Life-Cycle Management
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 4
Phases of Service Life Cycle
Automation
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 5
The Need for Service Life-Cycle Management
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 6
Define SOA Governance
Decisions Processes
(who) (how)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 7
Relationship of Governance Disciplines
Corporate governance
Supports Supports
Extends Extends
SOA governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 8
The Need for SOA Governance
Business value
Alignment
Business agility
Risk reduction
Cost savings
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 9
Benefits of SOA Governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 10
Center of Excellence: Key to SOA Success
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 11
Example of Governance Organizational Structure
Business Governance
Steering Committee
Initiative Initiative
Team Team
Project Project
Team Team
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 12
Quiz
Answers: 1, 3
Explanation: SOA governance is a natural extension of existing governance disciplines. SOA
governance is an extension of IT and enterprise architecture (EA) governance, which in turn supports
corporate governance.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 13
Service Life-Cycle Governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 14
Service Life-Cycle Governance
Service
Build
definition Deploy
Requirements, and compose
and design and secure
identification,
and discovery
Operate
and manage
Evaluate
and evolve
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 15
Service Management
Service Management
Management is a key ingredient in Service-Oriented Architecture. When enterprises begin to
introduce service interfaces and migrate to SOA, the number of deployed services is small and
management is of less importance. As the number of services grows, it becomes critical to the
success of the SOA initiative to have a management solution in place. Service management
capabilities enable monitoring, controlling, and reporting of service qualities and service usage. Such
service qualities include availability (presence and number of service instances) and performance (for
example, access latency and failure rates), and also accessibility (of endpoints). Facets of service
usage information that may be managed include frequency, duration, scope, functional extent, and
access authorization. Service management needs to have common service semantics that are
understood by both the service consumer as well as the service provider.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 16
Service Portfolio
Consumer1
Service directory
Servicea Serviceb Servicec
Service Portfolio
It is important to know the existence of a service for it to be used. In order to maximize the reuse of
service, a service must advertise itself. This can be achieved by registering the service in a central
directory that others use to look up service information. In the slide, two enterprises that have each
deployed services and service directories can allow the directories to forward requests between them
so that service clients in one enterprise obtain access to services in the other enterprise.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 17
Policy Manager
Business service
Service directory
Servicea Serviceb Servicec
Service1
policy
Policy Manager
Service policies specifies:
Authentication
Authorization
Encryption
Message level security
The policy directory is generally platform-independent and integrates with the existing security
infrastructure. Management solutions that manage security policies must be integrated with the
security infrastructure so that policies can be propagated to the point of enforcement.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 18
Service Routing
Service manager
Connectivity
service Client
Orchestration
Service Routing
Service management is not limited to directory-based requests. It also provides routing services
through the service manager. Routing involves the mediation of service request between the service
consumer (client) and the service provider.
Oracle Service Bus (a stand-alone service bus) that plays an integral part in the service life-cycle run-
time phase, is a key enabler in service routing.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 19
Service Versioning
Business service
Service directory
Servicea.2 Serviceb.2 Servicec.2
Service1
policy
Service Versioning
New service releases should attempt to leverage the same interface when possible. Multiple versions
of a service with differing implementations may be active at any given time. A long-running service
may cross the boundaries of service release cycles. A service policy may bind users to versions of
services.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 20
SLA Management
SLA Management
SLAs are negotiated agreements between the service provider and service consumer.
The SLA records a common understanding about services, priorities, responsibilities, guarantees, and
warranties. It may specify the levels of availability, serviceability, performance, operation, or other
attributes of the service such as billing.
Service-level agreements can contain numerous service performance metrics with corresponding
service-level objectives.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 21
Quiz
Answer: 2
Explanation: In order to know the existence of a service, it is important to register the service in a
central directory that others use to look up service information.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 22
Constituents of SOA Governance Model
SOA governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 24
End-to-End SOA Governance
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 25
End-to-End SOA Governance: SOA Asset
Management
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 26
End-to-End SOA Governance: Policy Management
and Enforcement
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 27
End-to-End SOA Governance: Consumer
Management
Provides structure
Policy management and contract between service
consumer and provider
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 28
End-to-End SOA Governance: SOA Monitoring
and Management
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 29
SOA Governance Solution
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 30
Oracle SOA Governance Solution
JDeveloper
Oracle
Oracle SOA Governance Suite BPEL
Service Process
Bus Manager
Enterprise
EM SOA Web
Metadata
Management Services
exchange
Pack Manager
Service Registry
UDDI integration
Answer: 1
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 32
Summary
Summary
In this lesson you have learned the need for governance and the various facets of service
management.
In the next lesson you will be introduced to the various service layers and their responsibilities. The
importance of the Web Service Definition Language and the different service artifacts will also be
highlighted.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 33
Practice 3 Overview:
Defining Policies for a Group of Services
This practice comprises paper-based questions covering
service life-cycle management and SOA governance.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 3 - 34
Designing Services for SOA Implementations
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the SOA Governance and Service Life-Cycle Management lesson, the need of governance
in a Service-Oriented Architecture environment was highlighted.
The Designing Services for SOA Implementation lesson introduces the various service
artifacts and service classification.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 3
Defining Services
A service:
Provides a unit of work as part of a business process
Is a software component that is made up of the following:
Contract
Interface
Defining Services
Services are software component building blocks of distinctive functional meaning and
granularity that encapsulate a concept. Services consist of several parts.
A service contract provides abstraction and independence of technology between the service
consumer and the service producer. It can describe detailed semantics on the functionality and
parameters of the service. The contract is essentially a set of metadata on a higher level than the
service interface.
The service interface, such as Web Services Description Language (WSDL) or Interface
Definition Language (IDL), exposes the functionality of the service to its clients. It is linked to
the metadata-driven contract, but has a physical implementation such as WSDL-based client-
generated stubs or IDL stubs.
The service implementation provides the required business logic and appropriate data and is the
technical realization that fulfills the contract. Depending on the granularity, the implementation
can be a very complex set of systems or a simple logging function.
Some services are related to or directly represent business logic in their implementation
providing different interaction paradigms. Legacy applications and middleware solutions
provide features that can be mapped to the interfaces. Binding the functionalities to the
interfaces makes them visible at the SOA level.
Data-centric services are an important part of what enterprises are trying to achieve, moving
THESE away from batchARE
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 4
Services Are SOA Building Blocks
Client
Service
Service
WSDL
Service
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 5
Service Contract
Service Contract
The service contract document is a specification that describes the behavior of the service, its
functional and non-functional requirements, and constraints. The following should be a part of
the service contract document:
Service name: Specifies the unique name for the service defined by the contract.
Status: Indicates the current state of the service contract. States include In Progress,
Defined (the service contract has been completed), and Operational (the service has been
deployed into production).
Scope: Defines the relevant area within the enterprise for which the service is applicable.
Category: Indicates the type of service defined by this contract. The set of values for the
category of services is customizable to the enterprise.
Usage terms: Describe any usage restriction for the service as well as conditions for use.
For example, this field may specify that the service may only be used by consumers from a
particular line of business (LOB) between 7 PM and 5 AM.
Description: Provides a high-level description covering the purpose for the service,
business value, objectives, and a high-level description of the function(s) provided by the
service.
Functional Requirements: Provide a detailed list of functional requirements for the
service.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 6
Service Contract (continued)
General information: Administrative information for the service, such as the service
owner, contacts, and documentation.
Life-cycle management: Contains data regarding the current status of the service in the
service life cycle, as well as the management policy for the service.
Interactions: Describe the expected methods that consumers use to communicate with the
service.
Quality of service: Provides a definition to represent the non-functional requirements of
the service. Some of the non-functional requirements are:
- Security constraints: Defines who can execute this service in terms of roles or
individual partners
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 7
Service Design
Service Design
Service design begins with the service contract and proceeds with the consumer and reuse in
mind. When completed, the service design and interface represent the outputs from the process.
Service design differs significantly from traditional application design. The focus is not on how
the service is constructed, but how the consumers access and interact with the service. The
implementation behind a service may change several times without impacting the service design,
which is highly unlikely in the case of an application. When a service design is changed, the
impacts are typically significantly larger than in the application case.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 4 - 8
Service Granularity
Service Granularity
Deciding between coarse-grained and fine-grained services can also be discussed in the context
of a trade-off between network latency and usability.
Granularity can also be seen as a measure of the interaction between a service consumer and
provider to address the business requirements. A fine-grained service may perform a small
amount of functionality or exchange a small amount of data. A coarse-grained service performs
a larger amount of work within a single interaction.
Note: Ultimately, a good Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) should expose the right services
that do the right things and be less concerned about granularity.
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Service Design Principles
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Service Design Principles (continued)
The services should also be complete. The issue of completeness is particularly relevant
when creating a service for a known consumer. In this case, the natural tendency is to focus
on meeting the requirements of the consumer. It is important to keep in mind that services
should be reusable, and hence need to consider the needs of future consumers. For
example, suppose a service called MobileService offered operations such as create,
update, query, delete, and deactivate. You can well imagine the need to reactivate a
deactivated mobile phone, and so you should decide whether to offer the symmetric
activate method.
The service interface should encapsulate the service implementation details, such as the
algorithms and resources used, to increase the decoupling between service consumer and
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Designing Coarse-Grained Interfaces
Coarse-grained interfaces:
Pass as much useful data as needed for each request
Return as much useful data as needed with each response
Define all message structures using an XML schema to
define complex data types for requests and responses
Fine-grained Coarse-grained
interfaces interfaces
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Quiz
Answers: 1, 2, 3, 4
Explanation: The service contract document is a specification that describes the behavior of the
service, its functional and non-functional requirements, and constraints.
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Service Classifications
Service Classifications
Service classifications are a logical grouping of the types of services that meet specific
requirements. These classifications potentially satisfy different subsets of the SOA architectural
principles and have their own specific constraints applied. Each service type takes on special
responsibilities, insulating the others from unnecessary complexity, and avoiding monolithic
software creation in which every asset is responsible for all the aspects of a software system. For
example, services can be defined to provide interfaces for exception handling, security, UI, and
database interaction.
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Connectivity Services
Characteristics:
Fine-grained
No business logic or
aggregation
Shared services
High reuse
Connectivity Services
The connectivity services layer provides the means to derive information from a diversity of
software suites, custom applications, and data sources deployed across the enterprise.
In general, an enterprise can embrace a long list of retrieval strategies, such as extract,
transform, and load (ETL), message-oriented middleware (MOM), object brokers, and data
integration. The intent of the connectivity services layer is to integrate these different access
strategies into a single access gateway. The adoption curve leans toward a loosely coupled
implementation, which is more scalable and interoperable.
Conceptually, connectivity services are the lowest layer and provide a level of abstraction to all
kinds of data sources. Shared business services interact with connectivity services to pull the
desired content based on the request.
The focus of this layer is to provide a contractual relationship with legacy systems where
throughput, availability, and exception handling are complex. For this reason, one of the specific
roles of the connectivity services is to encapsulate legacy idiosyncrasies and standardize the
exposure of their functions to the other service classes, thus eliminating the complexity for the
other layers.
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Data Services
Characteristics:
Fine-grained or course-grained
No business logic
Shared services
Aggregation and
transformation
Data Services
The data services layer contains the services that provide access to data obtained by the data
sources. Access can be in the form of read and write capabilities (all create, read, update, and
delete functions). It may contain processing logic required to handle more complex write
operations. For example, an update may involve data sources that only support asynchronous
write operations. Also, error handling logic may be required if a data source is not available
when a request occurs.
Because this service class is responsible for decoupling data consumers from data providers, the
upstream consumers can legitimately assume a standardized information model and request data
without the need for knowledge of the underlying data sources.
After the data services are isolated, the architectural principles, such as Data is owned by the
enterprise, are better supported, enabling accountability and stewardship across the enterprise.
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Business Services
Characteristics:
Course-grained
Task-oriented
Shared services
Business
logic content Business Enrichment
Custom business Atomic business
services services services
Business Services
As the enterprise begins to standardize and encapsulate the functionality of enterprise
information systems in services, opportunities begin to emerge to apply the same kinds of
concepts to core, discrete business functionality that is not necessarily tied to a given
information system. This functionality might include business functions, such as rating and
billing, inventory availability, and employee scheduling. This functionality is fine-grained and
would benefit the enterprise by being available in a standard way for use by people and
applications. In many respects, this is the simplest form of integration need for the enterprises.
Accordingly, this functionality meets the definition of a service and is classified as the shared
business services layer. This classification supports the common architectural principle for
creating a clear and distinct separation between the way data and legacy systems are accessed
and the way they are processed.
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Business Process Services
Characteristics:
Course-grained
Process-oriented
Shared services
Business process System-centric Human-centric
Short or long running services workflow workflow
processes
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Presentation Services
Characteristics:
Course-grained
Process-oriented Presentation Shared portlets Multichannel delivery
services
Shared services
Short or long running
processes
Presentation Services
Presentation services provide two general types of service (as shown in the slide). The first
provides information in a standardized form for aggregation by another system before delivery
to an end user (such as portlets and mashups). The second focuses on the transformation of user
data for delivery via different devices (such as mobile phones, Web TV, and games).
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Service Infrastructure
Service
Presentation services
Shared services registry
Service
Business process services
repository
Service Bus
Business services Security
Service Infrastructure
The focus of service infrastructure is to provide the foundational components and capabilities
required to address the following enterprise challenges:
Avoiding tight coupling (direct dependency) between services and the clients
Achieving a consistent data format and representation of the enterprise data entities
Discovering what services are available, where they reside, and their capabilities and
semantics
Managing, monitoring, and enforcing quality of service and service-level agreements
Supporting service versioning
Governing the service life cycle
Managing service assets, relationships, and models
Invoking services over heterogeneous transports using different message brokering
capabilities
Managing security policy
Rationalizing entitlements capabilities and management
The service bus acts as the central hub for communication between all participants of the SOA
(service consumer and service producers). This intermediary provides the ability to achieve
loose coupling and a higher level of flexibility, because the integration points between consumer
and provider can be configured at run time rather than hard coded. This technique also isolates
service consumers from minor changes in the service provider.
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Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Business Process automation is an example of services orchestration. Orchestration
involves the preservation of the state and several physical transactions.
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Basic Service Interaction Patterns
Response
Synchronous Interactions
Synchronous designs are traditionally simpler to understand and implement.
With remote invocations, synchronous systems are vulnerable to network interruptions if the
operation execution is lengthy. That is, a network interruption can abort an otherwise successful
(and expensive) operation.
From a scalability perspective, synchronous designs demand that the service execute the
operations immediately. Consequently, during peak demand, the service may not provide
enough availability for all clients.
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Asynchronous Interactions
Asynchronous Interactions
Asynchronous service designs are usually essential to robust and scalable Service-Oriented
Architectures.
Asynchronous designs minimize the duration of blocking over the network, thereby mitigating
the vulnerability to network interruptions. Common examples of slow services include working
with external partners and slow legacy applications.
Asynchronous designs leverage queues such that peaks cause requests to be queued, allowing
more availability to receive the requests. Subsequently, the service may process the queued
requests by optimizing resources and supporting higher availability for new requests.
Common examples of asynchronous Web services in everyday life include:
Loan application processing
Stock tickers
Stock tradinglimit orders
Travel agent service
Note: Asynchronous interactions can be one-way, such that a response is not returned to the
caller. Asynchronous responses are referred to as a callback. A client may choose to poll for the
asynchronous response. If a client is expecting a response at some point, it will have to wait for
that response.
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Choosing Service Implementation Styles
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Choosing Service Implementation Styles
Atomic service
Composite service
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Building a Portfolio of Services
Response
Application Web service
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Web Service Standards
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Web Service Architecture
Find Register
3 (UDDI) 2 (UDDI)
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Service Artifacts
Service Artifacts
To build and expose services for loosely coupled integration in an SOA context, it is vital to
obtain or produce service artifacts. These service artifacts include:
XML schema documents, which ensure that all message formats are understood
Process definitions and application interfaces, which document and describe how to access
key interfaces to systems. This can include Web services or connectors.
Business operations (placeOrder, validateCreditCard), which provide the
functionality to implement the required services. In some cases, mock business processes
can be provided to enable integration testing of an SOA implementation.
WSDL documents
A formal specification with the details listed above would be highly recommended so that
organizations can track, modify, and measure the progress of implementation to ensure that the
business requirements are being met. Naturally, this implies that the business rules must also be
clearly defined.
In addition, if the artifacts need to be constructed, a highly trained development team is valuable
to ensure success.
Any successful implementation is assisted by receptive business users who are willing and ready
to test the implementation.
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XML Schema Definitions
XML schema:
Is an XML language that defines and validates
the structure of XML documents
Validates
Is stored in an XSD document Defines
XSD
Defines elements and types, such as: types
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Defining Messages in XML Schemas
Output
type
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Web Services Description Language
Services
Service interface
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WSDL Model
XML Elements
Definition attributes
targetNamespace
Input
message
Address
Element
Output location
name message
type
WSDL Model
The slide provides a structural model of the WSDL specification. The different sections in the
WSDL model break down into the following software engineering practices:
What: This section describes the service requirements and its functionality. It describes
the relevant message types and their association with the service operations input and
output parameters. Within a Type, the Schema describes the Messages to be passed
through the interface (as parameters or documents). Messages are data to be exchanged
via the interface Operations (the input and output parameters of the interface). The
PortType is the container for these operations.
How: This section describes the service design and the service invocation pattern.
Where: This section describes the service implementation and the run-time environment.
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Defining Service Interfaces in WSDL
WSDL interface
operations and messages
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Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Asynchronous interactions can be one-way, such that a response is not returned to
the caller. Asynchronous responses are referred to as a callback. A client may choose to poll for
the asynchronous response. If a client is expecting a response at some point, it will have to wait
for that response.
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Adapter Services
Adapter Services
The JCA Binding component represents the core part of the Adapter architecture. The JCA
Binding component is a lightweight implementation that uses Java EE Connector Architecture
(JCA) standards for inbound and outbound communication that:
Provides a way to integrate with existing back-end applications
Enables interoperability with heterogeneous applications, provided by different vendors,
based on different technologies and platforms
An Adapter, deployed as a JCA 1.5 resource adapter in a Java EE container, is described by a
WSDL format and exposed through JCA mechanisms. The JCA binding component allows an
SCA composite application to integrate with a service exposed through the adapter as if it were a
Web service.
Oracle JCA resource adapters support the following types of EIS integration services: JMS,
TopLink/JDBC, PL/SQL, File, FTP, MQSeries, Sockets, Advanced Queuing, Oracle E-Business
Suite, SAP, PeopleSoft, Siebel, JD Edwards, Tuxedo, CICS, VSAM, IMS-TM, IMS-DB, and
many more through the OEM model.
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Describing Technology Adapters
JDeveloper
Adapter Wizard
JCA Adapters
Technology Adapters
Oracle
Applications Mediator
Socket
Oracle WebLogic
Server
SAP
BSE BPEL
SOAP
CICS
Java EE
Application
Tuxedo
Oracle WebLogic Server
Answer: 2
Explanation: WSDL provides a standard way to describe Web services. WSDL uses the XML
format for describing Web services. It describes what functionality a Web service offers, how it
communicates, and where it is accessible. Because WSDL is in the standard XML format, the
services developed can easily be made available to thousands of users.
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Summary
Summary
In this lesson you have been introduced to the service artifacts, service classifications and their
responsibilities and how pivotal Web service definition language is in defining a service.
In the next lesson, the Service Component Architecture and its importance as an emerging
standard in defining a composite application will be highlighted. In 11g, a SOA application is
described in terms of a composite application that encapsulates all the service components
together. This feature will be dealt with in greater detail in the ensuing lesson.
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Practice 4: Overview
Designing Services for SOA Implementations
This practice covers the following topics:
Modifying an XSD in JDeveloper
Modifying a WSDL in JDeveloper
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Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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Creating a Composite Application
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Designing Services for SOA Implementation lesson, the various service artifacts and
service classification was introduced.
The Creating a Composite Application lesson introduces the Service Component Architecture
(SCA) assembly model and on how to create a composite application.
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Objectives
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Service Component Architecture
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Service Component Architecture
Domain
Composite 2
Service Reference
Implementation
A component:
Configures an implementation instance within a composite
Provides services and consumes services (references)
Sets implementation properties
Sets references by wiring them to services:
SCA Components
Components hold pieces of a program function within a composite. Components are configured
instances of some implementation, such as BPEL, Java, or other implementation logic. The
implementation code defines the services, references, and properties that are configured by a
component within a composite. More than one component can use the same implementation.
The component interfaces are visible (as WSDL) to internal components to enable them to
interact with each other (and build the assembly model through wires). The interfaces can also
be made visible externally by publishing the component interface in a WSDL form that is shared
with target callers of the composite application
SCA components support implementations of many different technologies, which reflect the
reality of businesses containing mixed systems with different technologies developed over many
years. The flexibility of implementation language enables the selection of technologies better
suited to different types of workfor example, using BPEL for business processes, and Java or
C++ for detailed number crunching.
Each SCA component is identified by a <component> element in the SCA descriptor. The
<component> element identifies the component type and the location of the component
source.
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SCA Composite
NewOrder ProcessOrder
Service Reference
Mediator BPEL
Binding Binding
<interface.wsdl> Wire <interface.wsdl>
<wire> <component>
element element
element element <binding.ws> element
<binding.ws> element
SCA Composite
A composite is defined in terms of the service components implementing and using services and
the connections that linked them together. A composite defines components and reference
implementation code and describes services and references and the connections (wires) linking
them. Services are a binding type that advertise and provide an entry point for messages received
from the outside world into the composite. References are a binding type that enable messages to
be sent from the composite application to external service partner links in the outside world.
Wires graphically connect entities in a single composite application for message
communication. Service components that can be assembled include:
BPEL process, Business Rules, Mediator, Human Task
SDO service and any Web service
Binding styles include:
SOAP bindings
SDO bindings
JCA adapters, among others (RFID, WSIF)
The composite is a service in that it is designed and deployed together as a single application
with its own service interface (WSDL). The assembly information is stored in an SCA descriptor
called composite.xml, which is a language-independent representation of the composition of
services for a business solution.
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SCA Bindings
Domain 1
Default binding
Composite W Composite Y
Composite X
SCA Bindings
Services and references enable a component to communicate with other software. But, it does
not specify how that communication happens. A binding specifies how communication should
be done between an SCA component and any other software component.
A component may not have explicitly specified bindings (depending on what the component is
communicating with). As shown in the slide, a component that communicates with another
component (executing in another process of the same machine or on a different machine) in the
same domain need not have any explicit bindings specified. Instead, what bindings to use are
determined at run time.
To communicate outside its domain (to a non-SCA application or an SCA application running in
some other domain), a components creator (or perhaps the person who deploys the component)
must specify one or more bindings for this communication. Each binding defines a particular
protocol that can be used to communicate with this service or reference. A single service or
reference can have multiple bindings, allowing different software components to communicate
with it.
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SCA Policy Framework
Answer: 4
Explanation
SCA provides a model for both:
The composition of services
The creation of service components, including the reuse of existing application functions
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Service Data Objects (SDO)
XML / HTTP
Web service
SDO Data access
service
RMI / IIOP
Application EJB
XQuery / XPath
XML DB
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SDO Data Architecture
Read / Update
Database
Read / Update
XML DB
Change
summary
Application SCA
client
Composite SDO
B
Database
SDO Composite
Mobile devices
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Creating an SOA Composite in JDeveloper 11g
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Describing the SOA Composite Editor (continued)
External references, which identify services that provide functionality for the composite
to use
Wires, not shown in the image, which connect elements together to assemble the
application
Components can be exposed as services to an external client, can interact with each other, and
can reference other services. After creating services, components, and external references, the
Composite Editor enables you to visually wire elements together to assemble the application.
Wiring involves connecting a service entry point to compatible component interfaces, one
component to another component interface within the composite, and components to external
references. The Source tab enables you to see the XML describing the composite assembly.
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Creating Exposed Services
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Creating SOA Components
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Examining the SCA Descriptor
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Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: SDO is based on the concept of disconnected data graphs. A data graph is a
collection of tree-structured data objects. A client retrieves a data graph from a data source,
modifies the data graph, and can then apply the data graph changes back to the data source.
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Adding a Mediator Component
The icon
represents the
interface.
Creates a <component> element in the SCA descriptor
Results in the following files being added to the project:
A .componentType file, referenced by the SCA descriptor
A .bpel file, for the BPEL process implementation
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Editing a Component in a Composite
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Creating External References
4
1
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Creating Wires
Create a reference.
Creating Wires
Creating wires in the Composite Editor:
Defines the interactions between service entry points, components, and references
Represents connections between SCA elements, such as:
- An exposed service wired to a component interface
- A component wired to an external reference
- A component wired to another component interface
Connects a reference icon with a compatible service interface defined by an internal
component, or external reference
Note: Wires can also be created when you are creating links to services within component
implementations.
The slide shows an example of an exposed service wired to a BPEL component, whose Create
Reference icon is dragged to the File Adapter external reference interface to wire them together.
The BPEL Process component is already wired to a Mediator component, completing an end-to-
end composite implementation example.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 5 - 28
Creating Wires Modifies Connected Elements
From To Result
Exposed service Component The component interface becomes
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Exposing Components as an External Service
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Quiz
Answer: 3
The .componentType file extension is referenced by the SCA descriptor and the .bpel file
extension for the BPEL process implementation
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 5 - 31
Deploying an SOA Composite Application
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 5 - 32
Summary
Summary
This lesson described the SCA assembly model and composite applications and their various
components. You should understand the various steps in creating a composite application and
how to deploy the same using JDeveloper.
In the next lesson, you will be introduced to the Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control
for monitoring and managing deployed SOA composite applications.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 5 - 33
Practice 5: Overview
Creating an SOA Composite Application
This practice covers the following topics:
Deploying an SOA composite application to Oracle SOA
Suite 11g
Creating an SOA composite application workspace in
Oracle JDeveloper 11g
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Managing and Monitoring SOA Composite
Applications
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Creating a Composite Application lesson, you were introduced to the Service Component
Architecture (SCA) assembly model and how to create a composite application.
The Managing and Monitoring SOA Composite Applications lesson introduces the use of
Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control to perform basic administrative tasks.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 3
Overview of Managing SOA Applications
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Managing with Oracle Enterprise Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 5
Oracle Enterprise Manager
Fusion Middleware Control
SOA server status
Application
deployment summary
Deployed composite
applications
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Accessing the SOA Infrastructure Home Page
Deployments
composite application
links
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Example Composite Application Home Page
Component Metrics
A composite application:
Is deployed as an SOA archive (a SAR file) that includes
all service components in a single application package
Can be deployed by using multiple tools, such as:
Oracle JDeveloper through a project profile
Oracle Fusion
SOA project Middleware
Server
SOA archive (SAR)
Fusion Middleware
Deployment profile Control
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Deploying SOA Composite Applications
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Initiating an SOA Composite Application Test
Instance
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Tracking Message Flow
Invocation in Tree
view mode
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Working with the Flow Trace
Click a component to
view an audit trail of
the message flow
within the component.
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Working with the Component Audit Trail Page
Locator links
Activity details
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Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Using the Flow Trace page, you can view the inner operation and state of the initiated
composite application in a Tree view.
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Managing the State of Deployed SOA Composite
Applications
View deployed applications
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Recovering from SOA Composite Application
Faults
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Recovering from SOA Composite Application Faults (continued)
If you want to delete rejected messages, click Delete Rejected Messages. This displays a dialog
for specifying a criteria for deleting rejected messages of all the composites. Specify a criteria
and click Delete.
Additional monitoring tasks that can be performed within the faults table include:
Displaying the fault IDs for the each error message
- From the View list, select Columns > Fault ID to display the fault IDs for each error
message. The fault ID is automatically generated and uniquely identifies a fault. The fault
ID also displays when you click an error message.
Accessing the SOA composite application home page
- In the Composite column, click a specific SOA composite application to access its home
page.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 20
Undeploying a Composite Application
2
1
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 21
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Once you undeploy the selected composite application revision you can no longer
configure and monitor this revision of the composite application.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 22
Summary
Summary
In this lesson you have identified the basic administrative tasks that can be performed by using the
Enterprise Manager Web interface.
In the next couple of lessons you will be using the Enterprise Manager console to deploy your
composite application. You will also be introduced to the different service components such as the
Mediator, BPEL, Human Task, and Business Rule. The functionality of these components will also
be dealt with in detail.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 6 - 23
Practice 6: Overview
Managing and Monitoring Composite
Applications
This practice covers the following topics:
Initiating an instance of the composite application using the
EM console
Viewing the composite instance information and exploring
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Working with Mediator Components
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Managing and Monitoring SOA Composite Application lesson, you were introduced to
the use of Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control to perform basic administrative tasks
The Working with Mediator Components lesson introduces you to the Mediator component
and its routing functionality.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 3
Introducing Oracle Mediator
Oracle Enterprise
Service Bus Mediator
(OESB)10g
Service Infrastructure
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Oracle Mediator Features
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Event Delivery Network
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Introducing Business Events
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 8
Introducing Business Events (continued)
Business events are a one-way, fire-and-forget, asynchronous way to send a notification of a
business occurrence. The business process does not:
Rely on any service component receiving the business event to complete
Care if any other service components receive the business event
Need to know where subscribers (if any) are and what they do with the data
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 9
Event Handling
Event
raised
Event Handling
Oracle Mediator provides support for subscribing to business events or raising business events.
You can subscribe to a business event that is raised when a situation of interest occurs. For
example, you can subscribe to an event that is raised when a new customer is created and then
use this event to initiate a business process such as sending a confirmation email. Similarly, you
can raise business events when a situation of interest occursfor example, raise a customer-
created event after completing the customer-creation process.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 10
Content-Based and Header-Based Routing
France
Data store
Event
raised
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 11
Synchronous/Asynchronous Interactions
Tracking data
based on
postal code
Validate Order
credit card. fulfilled
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Synchronous/Asynchronous Interactions
Oracle Mediator provides support for synchronous as well as asynchronous request response
interactions. In a synchronous interaction, the client requests a service and then waits for a
response to the request. In an asynchronous interaction, the client invokes the service but does
not wait for the response before continuing. The response may come at a later time, or not at all.
You can specify a timeout period for an asynchronous interaction, which can be used to perform
some action such as raise an event or initiate a process.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 12
Service Virtualization
Client SOAP
The same Mediator service exposed service
through composite WSDL: this means that Modified implementation
the client implementation is not affected.
Composite
Mediator Other
Service (exposed) composite
Service Virtualization
A service definition, in the case of Web services expressed in the form of WSDL, is a contract
between a service provider and a consumer. Often, service providers want to separate a service
from its physical implementation. This usage pattern is referred to as service virtualization. For
example, your Web site exposes its Web services and, in the back end, uses Web services from
other providers. You may want to perform some additional processing or hide the details of the
actual Web service in the back end. In such cases, you can use service virtualization.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 13
Validations
Validations
Oracle Mediator provides support for validating the incoming message payload by using a
schematron or an XSD file. You can specify schematron files for each inbound message part and
Oracle Mediator can execute schematron validations for those parts.
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Error Handling
Error Handling
Oracle Mediator supports fault policybased error handling. A fault policy consists of conditions
and actions. Conditions specifies the action to be carried out for a particular error condition.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 15
Transformations
XSL
Input XML processor Output XML
XSL
Mapper
Transformations
Oracle Mediator supports data transformation from one XML schema to another. This enables
data interchange among applications using different schemas. For example, the initial XML
schema may have last name and first name as separate values. The other XML schema may have
the full name (both first and last) stored as one value. Through transformations, you can
concatenate the first and last name from the initial schema before it reaches the resultant XML
document.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 16
Quiz
Answers: 1, 2, 4
Explanation
Oracle Mediator includes the following features:
Event handling
Content-based and header-based routing
Synchronous/asynchronous interactions
Service virtualization
Validations
Transformations
Error handling
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 17
Creating an Oracle Mediator Component
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 18
Mediator Component Creation Options
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 19
Define Interface Later
Mediator editor
window
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 20
Define Interface Later
1 3
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Viewing the Mediator Source Code
View the Source code for the Mediator component from the
Source tabbed page.
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Modifying a Mediator Component
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Deleting a Mediator Component
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 24
Specifying Mediator Component Routing Rules
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 25
Introducing Routing Rules
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 26
Introducing Routing Rules (continued)
Transformations: Document transformation to be applied. You can use transformation to
set a value on the target payload. You can perform transformation by using mappings or by
assigning values. The XSLT mapper enables you to transform data from one XML schema
to another, thus enabling data interchange among applications using different schemas.
However, to set the target message properties irrespective of the source properties, payload
part, or constants, you can use the Assign Value feature.
Reply, callback, and fault handlers: How synchronous reply, callback, and fault
messages must be handled
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 27
Accessing Mediator Routing Rules
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 28
Defining Mediator Routing Rules
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 29
Defining Mediator Routing Rules (continued)
To specify that the routing rule should invoke a service:
1. Click the Plus (+) icon to expand the Routing Rules panel.
2. Click the Add (green plus) icon. The Target Type dialog box is displayed.
3. Click Service. The Target Services dialog box is displayed.
4. In the Target Services dialog box, navigate to an operation provided by a service, and then
select it.
5. Click OK.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 30
Specifying a Target Service: Example
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 31
Adding a Transformation to a Mediator
Component
Transformations in Mediator are implemented via routing rules.
The XSLT Mapper tool enables correlation of source schema
elements with target schema elements.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 32
Filtering Messages
Filtering Messages
Routing rules can also be used to filter messages based on their payload. If the expression filter
for a given message instance evaluates to true, the message is delivered to the target
service/operation pair specified within the routing rule.
For example, you want notices of new product launches from headquarters to be routed to three
different stores: one in New York, one in Houston, and one in San Francisco. However, you only
want notices regarding the product line of the MOBILE type to be sent to the New York store.
To implement this, you must define a routing rule for each component/operation pair that sends
messages to the target stores. In addition, for the routing rule that sends messages to the New
York store, you specify a filter expression.
You can specify a filter expression by using the Expression Builder dialog box. This dialog box
is displayed when you click the icon to the right of the Filter Expression field in the Routing
Rules panel.
The Expression Builder dialog box contains components and controls that assist you in
designing a filter expression. To add a variable or function value from the lists provided, you
either double-click the value or select the value and click Insert Into Expression. Using a
combination of variable elements, functions, and manually entered text, you build an expression
by which you want message payloads to be filtered for a given routing rule.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 33
Filtering Messages (continued)
The following list describes each of the fields in the Expression Builder dialog box:
Expression field: You can enter the filter expression either manually or by using the Variables
field and the Functions palette in this field. The icons on the upper right of this field enable you
to undo the last edit made, redo the last edit made, or clear the entire Expression field,
respectively.
Variables field: This field contains the message defined for the Mediator component. Oracle
JDeveloper parses the Mediator component WSDL file and presents the message definition in
the Variables field. The input message is stored in the $in variable. You can use
$in.properties to access the properties of an input message. An input message can consist
of multiple parts. You can use $in.<partname> to access a part of an input message.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 34
Specifying Sequential or Parallel Execution
Sequential:
Parallel:
Routing rule #1
Message Routing rule #2 Outcome
Routing rule #3
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 35
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Oracle Mediator enables you to route data between service consumers and service
providers. As the data flows from service to service, it may need to be transformed. These two
tasks, routing and transformations, are the core responsibilities of Oracle Mediator.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 36
When to Use Business Events?
When to Invoke a Service?
It depends on whether the author of the event depends on the
receiver of the event. Typically, the following is the suggested
best practice:
If the author of the event depends on the receiver of the
event, use service invocation.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 37
Summary
Summary
In this lesson you have been introduced to the Mediator components and its features. Using the
Mediator component you can specify routing rules that enable you to perform transformations,
validate, and either invoke another service or raise another business event.
Now that you know how to create a service and how the information can be routed between the
services, in the next lesson you will be introduced to the component that enables orchestrating
these services, which is the BPEL service component.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 38
Practice 7: Overview
Creating a Mediator Service Component
This practice covers the following topics:
Creating a Mediator service component in an SOA
composite
Defining routing rules by using the Mediator component
Deploying and testing the SOA composite
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 7 - 39
Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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Orchestrating Services with a BPEL
Component
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
In the Working with the Mediator Components lesson, you were introduced to the Mediator
component and its routing functionality.
In the Orchestrating Services with a BPEL Component lesson, you will be introduced to
process orchestration concepts and using the BPEL component.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 3
Process Orchestration Concepts
Process order
Client Business process
expressed in BPEL
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 4
Introducing Business Process Execution
Language (BPEL)
Credit <variable> Start
10 a.m. BPEL
service <process> process Handle negative
credit exception
<invoke> <faultHandlers>
Get rating
SM <invoke> RD
service service
<receive>
Receive Receive
quote </flow> quote
<partnerLink> <partnerLink>
<switch> Select
lowest
</process> 3 p.m.
End quote
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 6
Creating a BPEL Process
2
1
1 3 4
Swim lanes
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 9
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation
BPEL:
Is a language for the formal specification of business processes and interaction protocols
Extends the Web Services interaction model and enables support for business transactions
Defines an interoperable integration model facilitating the expansion of the automated
process integration of internal and external services
Is graphically modeled to be processed and executed by a BPEL process engine
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 10
Developing a BPEL Process
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 11
BPEL Activity Types
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 13
Grouping Activities by Using a BPEL Scope
A Scope activity:
Groups activities into a container
Manages BPEL process complexity
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 15
Communicating Data with a BPEL Process
BPEL Variables
A BPEL process may declare process variables, which are visible and global to activities in the
entire BPEL process. A BPEL process may also contain a Scope activity that allows the
declaration of data variables, which are visible only to activities enclosed within the scope. The
BPEL process and data variables:
Are used to store and communicate data between a client or service that initiates the BPEL
process and the services invoked by the BPEL process
Store data that may need to be transformed
If a variable will only be used within the scope you are working with, define that variable as a
local variable within that scope. If the variable needs to be referenced globally, define that
variable as a global variable (which is a variable local to the main process scope).
The BPEL data and process variables have a data type or structure that can be specified as:
A built-in data type, such as string, Boolean, and so on
XML element types, which are defined either directly in the BPEL process, WSDL, or an
XML schema document
A message type, which is defined in a WSDL document
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 17
BPEL Variables (continued)
Note: Message types are structured from element type specifications defined directly in the
WSDL document located in an imported XML schema. It is more common to import an XML
schema to define element types for message structures because the schema can be shared
between multiple processes and clients who invoke the service.
Performance Note: Defining the variable as local to a scope improves performance during
dehydration. During dehydration, the live variables (which includes global variables as well as
the local variables in the active, nested scope) will be dehydrated. (Dehydration is defined on
the next page.)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 18
Choosing Global or Local Variables
Local Nested
Tables in variables scope
BPEL
schema Dehydrate
Wait
Dehydration Store
(Database)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 20
The Assign Activity
An Assign activity:
Copies data from a source to a target defined as:
Variables
Expressions
XML fragments
inputVariable
Assign outputVariable
XML expression
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 21
Creating Assign Operations
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 22
Copying Data from Source to Target
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 23
Using the XPath Expression Builder
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Assign activity is one of the techniques you can use to copy data from a source
to a target in a BPEL process. Sources can be:
A BPEL variable, which can supply an entire XML document, an XML fragment, or
specific XML elements to be copied
An XML fragment, which provides a literal XML structure to be copied
A partner link, which supplies the XML data to be copied
Targets can be:
Variables that contain new or different data structures, using basic types or XML structures
A partner link
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 25
Partner Links and Service Invocation
Partner Links
Service
Service lookup
description
explorer (WSDL)
JDeveloper
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 26
Partner Links, Partner Link Types, and Roles
A synchronous service:
Processes input
Returns an immediate response
Is implied by the presence of both input and output
elements in an operation of a portType in the service
Immediate
Invoke response
Synchronous Services
The diagram illustrates a Web service being invoked synchronously. The synchronous service
returns an immediate response or a fault.
If you examine the WSDL for the service operation being invoked, you will notice it contains:
An input element, with a messages type defining the input structure for the request
An output element, specifying the output format and the response message type
The presence of both the input and output elements in the same operation indicates that it is a
synchronous operation. In this case, the BPEL process, which is the client invoking the service,
waits for the response.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 28
Synchronous Process Structure: HelloWorld
Example
1 Receive
Request:
<input>Name</input>
2 Assign
Concatenate
Response:
<result>Hello Name</result> "Hello " + Name
3 Reply
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 29
Asynchronous Service
Asynchronous services:
Can take time to complete and may not return a response
Are initiated by using a nonblocking Invoke activity
Implement WS-Addressing to enable a callback for the
BPEL process Receive activity to wait for the response
Request
Invoke
Delayed
Response
Service
WSDL
Receive Callback port: Provides asynchronous
response with only an input (operation)
Asynchronous Service
The illustration shows a BPEL process invoking an asynchronous Web service. Asynchronous
services take a long time to perform their processing, sometimes anywhere from a couple of
minutes to days to complete. The BPEL process should not block or wait for a response until it is
required. In some cases, the BPEL process does not wait for a response if the asynchronous
process is a one-way interaction, that is, if no response is expected or returned.
In a BPEL process, interaction with an asynchronous service involves:
An Invoke activity to initiate the asynchronous service with the request data. Because no
immediate response is expected, the Invoke activity does not block and the BPEL process
continues to execute activities.
A Receive activity blocks further processing in the BPEL process to wait for the response
data received through a callback operation from the asynchronously invoked service. If the
initiating operation is for a one-way interaction, a Receive activity is not required.
The callback operation to wait for and receive the response is possible because:
The invoked service provides a callback port
The correlation between the BPEL instance and the service it invoked is performed by the
BPEL Process Manager by using the WS-Addressing standard
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 30
Asynchronous BPEL Process Structure
Long-running
process
Client
2 Invoke
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 31
Creating a Partner Link
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 32
Configuring a Partner Link
Define
Browse WSDL Files Service Adapter
From Local File System Explorer Service
3
Roles determine the request and response message structures.
My Role is set for callbacks in an asynchronous interaction.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 33
Invoking a Synchronous Service
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 34
Conditionally Branching with a Switch Activity
1 Select and
Configure branches,
drag 4 conditions, and activities.
3 Expand
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 36
Configuring Branches of a Switch Activity
View Condition
Expression
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 37
Summary
Summary
In this lesson you have learned how to create a BPEL process by using the BPEL Designer.
In the next lesson, you will be introduced to the service component that enables users to interact
in a business flowthe Human Task component.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 38
Practice 8: Overview
Creating a BPEL Service Component
This practice covers the following topics:
Creating a BPEL service component in an SOA composite
Wiring the BPEL component and the Mediator component
Deploying and testing the SOA composite
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 8 - 39
Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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Working with the Human Task Component
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Course Roadmap
SOA
The Working with the Human Task Component lesson introduces the Human
Course Roadmap
The Orchestrating Services with a BPEL Component lesson introduced process orchestration
concepts and using the BPEL component.
The Working with the Human Task Component lesson introduces the Human Workflow task
component and its functionality.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 3
What Is a Human Task?
Purchase Approver
order
Approved 4 4 Denied
No
Order Order
approved canceled
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 4
Human Workflow Diagram
BPEL Process Human Task Service Component Client
Manager Task Definition
Applications
Oracle
BPM
Receive Worklist
Roles and
Assignments
Portals
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 5
Human Workflow Diagram (continued)
The Human Task service component uses an identity directory, such as LDAP, to determine
peoples roles and privileges. The Human Task service component presents tasks to users
through a variety of channels, including the following:
Oracle BPM Worklist, a role-based application that supports the concept of supervisors
and process owners, and provides functionality for finding, organizing, managing, and
performing tasks
Portlets that provide Worklist functionality and that can be exposed in an enterprise portal
Notifications that can be sent to email, phone, SMS, and other channels. Email
notifications can enable users to perform actions on the task from within the email client
without connecting to Oracle BPM Worklist or Oracle WebLogic Server.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 6
Introduction to Human Workflow Concepts
Task:
Work that needs to be done by a user, role, or group
Participant:
A user or set of users in the assignment and routing policy
definition
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 7
Implementing Human Workflow Services
BPEL Task
process Management User Metadata
service service
Portal
Task Assignment
Task
History/Audit
Task Query
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 8
Exploring Workflow Exchange Patterns
Get
Assign approvals
task
Change
routing
Task
complete All approvals
BPEL BPEL complete
process process
Notify
Complete task
manager
WSDL
(Contract)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 10
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: A Human Task component implements a task done by a person. It represents the
involvement of a person in a business process. Common workflow patterns that can be
configured in Oracle BPEL Process Designer:
Task assignment patterns
Task routing patterns
Task escalation and delegation patterns
Task worklist reporting patterns
The Human Task activity implements these workflow patterns by using a combination of BPEL
activities.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 11
Adding a Human Task Component to
an SOA Composite
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The Human Task Editor
Task Service
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 16
Adding Task Parameters
Task parameters:
Are added in the Parameters section of the .task
Are defined as either simple type or XSD element type
Are exchanged with the TaskService in the task payload
2
Enables user to modify task data in
the Worklist application
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 17
Setting the Task Parameter Values
2
Populated with modified 3
values (if enabled)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 18
Generating a Task Form for the Worklist
1 2
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 19
Accessing the Worklist Application
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 20
Viewing Task Information
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 21
Managing Task Assignments
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 22
Summary
Summary
This lesson showed you how to create a Human Task component and access the same from a
BPEL process.
In the next lesson, you will be introduced to the service component that enables incorporating
business rules that can be easily created and edited by a business user, not necessarily a technical
person.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 23
Practice 9: Overview
Creating a Human Task to Approve Orders
This practice covers the following topics:
Creating a Human Task service component in an SOA
composite
Accessing the Human Task component from a BPEL
process
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 9 - 24
Implementing a Business Rules Component
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
The Working with the Human Task Component lesson introduced Human Task components
and their functionality.
The Implementing a Business Rules Component lesson introduces you to Oracle Business
Rule and its features.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 3
Introducing Business Rules Technology
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Declarative Rule Concepts
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 5
Rule Inference Concepts
A B
If a customer spends > $1,000, make him or her Premium customer.
B C
If a customer is a Premium customer, offer him or her a 10% discount.
D E
Customer
Premium Offer 10%
spends
customer discount
$1,500
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 6
Reasons for Using Rules Technology
Agility:
Rules are easier to change.
Rules are more responsive.
Transparency:
Rules are accessible.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 7
Guidelines for Selecting Rules Use Cases
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 8
Introducing Oracle Business Rules
Components
include:
Rules engine
Rule editor JDeveloper Rule Editor
Rule dictionary
Rule dictionary
/** @Foo **/
method
Partner XML Facts Java Facts Rules API Foo(....)
Link {
ADF-BC Facts (JSR 94)
Java
BPEL Rules Engine application
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 9
Introducing Oracle Business Rules (continued)
Rule dictionary provides persistent storage for rulesets, other metadata (such as the data
model), and rules. The dictionary is a file in the local file system with a .rules
extension.
Rules SDK enables the development of Java GUI or Web applications through which
business users create, edit, and view rules. Rules SDK provides:
- A dictionary API, which allows the developer to define business objects and edit
templates to be made available to the business user
- A general API, which is used for editing, validating, or debugging business rules, and
for generating correct run-time structures
- A run-time API, which is used for loading, executing, monitoring, and auditing
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 10
Introducing Oracle Business Rules Concepts
Facts:
Are data or business objects on which the Rules Engine
evaluates rule conditions
Rules:
Are declared as: If Condition Then Action
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 11
Developing a Rule-Enabled Application
Rules-enabled application
Facts Rules
Results engine
Rules enabled
Application Rule
run-timeapplication
logic dictionary
Create or import
1
Dictionary
Generates
3
Data model using JAXB
Answer: 1
Explanation: Rule dictionary provides persistent storage for rulesets, other metadata (such as the
data model), and rules. The dictionary is a file in the local file system with a .rules extension.
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Creating a Dictionary for Rule Definitions
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 15
Working with the Rules Editor in JDeveloper
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 16
Working with the Rules Editor in JDeveloper (continued)
Bucketsets, which provide the ability to define a list of values or range of values to be used
within your business rules
Links, which enable you to add, edit, delete, or view dictionary links
Decision functions, which enable you to create or edit decision functions
Note: Decision functions provide access to rules from either a Web service or from a Java
program.
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Creating XMLFact Entries
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 19
Creating a Bucketset
1 2
Creating a Bucketset
To create a bucketset, execute the following steps:
1. In the Rules Designer, select the Bucketsets navigation tab. Click the Create Bucketset
icon, and select List of Ranges.
2. Double-click the bucket icon for the bucket. The Edit Bucketset dialog box opens.
3. In the Edit Bucketset dialog box, enter the bucketset name and select the appropriate data
type. Click the Add Bucket icon repeatedly to add the number of buckets you need in the
bucketset.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 20
Creating Oracle Business Rules Globals
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 21
Creating a Ruleset
Creating a Ruleset
Rulesets provide a way of organizing your rules. Before rules can be created, you need to create
a ruleset as a container for the rules. To create the ruleset, perform the following steps:
1. In the Rules Designer, click the green plus (+) icon next to Rulesets.
2. In the Create Ruleset dialog box, enter a name for the ruleset (for example, OrderRules)
and, optionally, a value in the Description field. Click OK.
3. Back in the Rules Designer, confirm that the new ruleset has been added.
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Identifying the Structure of a Rule
Rule name
Rule action
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 23
Creating a Rule
Right-side
<operand>
Creating a Rule
Rules define your business policies. For example, manual approval is required for orders with an
amount greater than $1,000; otherwise, the order should be automatically approved. Having
created the order facts and the ruleset for the rules, you can now create the manual order
approval business rule by performing the following steps:
1. Click the ruleset that you want to work with, and then click the green plus (+) icon for that
ruleset (shown in the slide).
2. A new rule is created. Change the name of the rule by clicking the existing name to enter
edit mode.
3. The IF area displays the rule pattern tests. At run time, when this rule is processed, the
Rules Engine checks the facts against rule pattern tests that you define to find matching
facts. The IF area of a rule includes a left-side <operand> and a right-side <operand>.
The left-side <operand> enables you to select the fact. The right-side <operand>
enables you to select the value to match with the fact for pattern test matching in the rule.
4. The THEN area displays the action associated with a pattern test match in a rule. At run
time, when the IF portion of a rule matches, the Rules Engine activates the THEN portion
and prepares to run the action. For example, in OrderApprovalRule, when the
Order.price fact matches (equals or exceeds $1000), the Rules Engine asserts that a
manual approval is required.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 24
Creating a Rule Test
1 4
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 25
Creating a Rule Action
1 2
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 26
Working with Decision Tables
A decision table:
Displays a set of if-then rules in a single spreadsheet-
style view
Contains a collection of related business rules with
condition rows, rules, and actions
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 28
Creating Conditions and Rules in Decision Tables
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 29
Creating Conditions and Rules in Decision Tables
5 6
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 30
Creating Actions in Decision Tables
1 2
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 31
Creating Actions in Decision Tables
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 32
Working with Decision Functions
A decision function:
Provides a Web service interface to Oracle Business Rules
Is invoked from multiple business processes, such as a
Java application or a composite
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 33
Integrating Rules with a BPEL Process
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 34
Adding a Business Rule Activity
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 35
Adding a Business Rule Activity
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 36
Adding a Business Rule Activity
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 37
Summary
Summary
This lesson explained the Business Rule component and its feature and how to include a
Business Rule component in the BPEL process.
Now that you have been introduced to the different service components and how they can be
wired together in composite application, the next lesson will highlight how you can secure you
composite application and the service components that form a part of the composite application.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 38
Practice 10: Overview
Implementing a Business Rule
This practice covers the following topics:
Adding a Business Rule service component to the SOA
composite
Accessing the Business Rule component from the BPEL
process
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 10 - 39
Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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Securing Services and Composite
Applications
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Course Roadmap
SOA
Course Roadmap
The Implementing a Business Rules Component lesson introduced Oracle Business Rules and
its features.
The Securing Services and Composite Applications lesson provides an introduction to the
topic of securing services and composite applications.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 2
Objectives
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 3
Introduction to Web Services Security
Request Policy
enforcement
point
Response
Endpoint
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 4
Need for Web Services Security
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 5
Web Services Security Approaches
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 6
Web Services Security Approaches (continued)
In case of the message-based security implementation, the client itself creates a secure message
and sends it to the target endpoint (as shown in the second screenshot in the slide). A clear text
message is initially converted into a message digest by using any hashing algorithm, such as
MD5 or SHA. A message digest is a digital signature that is generated from a sequence of bits,
such as a file. For a particular message digest generation algorithm, the same input always
produces the same digest. However, if the input is modified, the same algorithm produces a
different digest. The message digest is then encrypted with a clients private key to convert it
into a secure message.
In this case, the message remains secure irrespective of any number of intermediaries present
between the client and the endpoint. Unless the intermediary or endpoint has the correct security
WS-Security:
Is a standard framework for secure Web services, based
on SOAP
Is intended to specify a flexible set of mechanisms that can
be used to construct a range of security protocols
WS-Security
WS-Security is a standard framework for secure Web services, based on SOAP. With WS-
Security, additional headers can be attached to the SOAP message to implement integrity and
confidentiality in Web service applications. WS-Security also provides a general-purpose
mechanism for associating security token propagation with messages to increase the protection
and confidentiality of messages. These enhancements include:
Securing SOAP messages through XML digital signature
Providing confidentiality through XML encryption
Providing credential propagation through security tokens
No specific type of security token is specified by WS-Security. It is designed to support multiple
security token formats, such as username/password, X.509 certificates, and SAML assertions.
WS-Security also describes how to encode binary security tokens, specifically X.509 certificates
and Kerberos tickets, as well as how to incorporate encrypted keys.
WS-Security can be used in the following scenarios:
Multiple security tokens for authentication or authorization
Multiple trust domains
Multiple encryption technologies
End-to-end message-level security and not just transport-level security (such as, SSL)
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 8
WS-Security Fundamentals
WS-Security Fundamentals
The basic fundamentals of WS-Security are as follows:
Authentication: Authentication is any process by which you verify and prove certain
information. For example, you may want to verify the origin of a document, the identity of
the sender, and the time and date when a document was sent or signed. Authentication is
incorporated by using security tokens. Oracle Application Server WS-Security supports the
use of the following security tokens:
- Username token: The username token carries basic authentication information.
It propagates username and password information to authenticate the message.
- X.509 certificates: The X.509 is a standard for defining digital certificates. An
X.509 certificate specifies a binding between a public key and a set of attributes that
includes subject name, issuer name, serial number, and validity interval. X.509
certificate may be used to validate a public key that may be used to sign or encrypt a
SOAP message.
- SAML assertions: SAML security tokens are composed of assertions that are used to
exchange security information, including attribute statements, authentication decision
statements, and authorization decision statements. SAML tokens are attached to
SOAP messages by placing assertion elements inside the header.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 9
WS-Security Fundamentals (continued)
Confidentiality: It specifies that the data must be revealed to only those applications for
whom it is meant. It ensures data privacy by encrypting data between endpoints.
Oracle Application Server Web Services incorporates data confidentiality by implementing
the following:
- W3C XML encryption standard: The W3C XML encryption specification
describes a process for encrypting data and representing the result in XML. The data
can be an XML document, an XML element, or the content of an XML element. The
data also contains information that enables an intended recipient to decrypt the data.
The result of encrypting data is an XML encryption element that contains the
encrypted data.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 10
Quiz
Answer: 2
Explanation : Authentication is the process of obtaining a username and password that is
validated by using some kind of identity store. For example, you may want to verify the origin of
a document, the identity of the sender, and the time and date when a document was sent or
signed. Authentication is incorporated by using security tokens. The security tokens supported
are:
Username token: The username token carries basic authentication information.
It propagates username and password information to authenticate the message.
X.509 certificates: The X.509 is a standard for defining digital certificates. An X.509
certificate specifies a binding between a public key and a set of attributes that includes
subject name, issuer name, serial number, and validity interval. X.509 certificate may be
used to validate a public key that may be used to sign or encrypt a SOAP message.
SAML assertions: SAML security tokens are composed of assertions that are used to
exchange security information, including attribute statements, authentication decision
statements, and authorization decision statements. SAML tokens are attached to SOAP
messages by placing assertion elements inside the header.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 11
Oracle Web Service Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 12
Components of Oracle Web Services Manager
Architecture
Oracle WSM Agent
Policy Interceptors
Metadata
Store
(MDS)
Oracle
Fusion
Middleware
Database
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 13
Oracle Web Services Manager Policy Framework
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 14
Introduction to Policies
Introduction to Policies
The different type of policies available are as follows:
WS-ReliableMessaging: Reliable messaging policies that implement the WS-
ReliableMessaging standard describes a wire-level protocol that allows guaranteed
delivery of SOAP messages, and can maintain the order of sequence in which a set of
messages are delivered.
Management: Management policies that log request, response, and fault messages to a
message log. Management policies may include custom policies.
WS-Addressing: WS-Addressing policies that verify that SOAP messages include WS-
Addressing headers in conformance with the WS-Addressing specification. Transport-level
data is included in the XML message rather than relying on the network-level transport to
convey this information.
Security: Security policies that implement the WS-Security 1.0 and 1.1 standards. They
enforce message protection (message integrity and message confidentiality), and
authentication and authorization of Web service requesters and providers. The following
token profiles are supported: username token, X.509 certificate, Kerberos ticket, and
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) assertion.
Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism: Binary content, such as an image in
JPEG format, can be passed between the client and the Web service. In order to be passed,
the binary ARE
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 15
Policy Interceptor Pipeline
Request
Reliable Messaging Management Addressing Security MTOM
Response
Client
Web
Service
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 16
Policy Assertions
Policy Assertions
Oracle Web Services Manager policies consists of one or more assertions exhibiting a particular
capability/behavior. For example, a security policy could be made up of two assertions a) Log
assertion b) WS-Security assertion. If this particular security policy is attached, the log assertion
gets executed first, resulting in the request message being logged into a log file. This is followed
by the execution of the WS-Security assertion that authenticates the requestor and decrypts the
message if it is encrypted.
Oracle WSM policy assertions are instances of policy assertion templates that are added to a
policy at policy creation time. There are a set of predefined policy assertion templates that come
as a part of Oracle Web Services Manager. Oracle WSM allows users to define custom policy
assertions that can be executed in a policy along with predefined policy assertions. Custom
policy assertions are used when specific functionality is not provided.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 17
Quiz
Answer: 3
Explanation : Oracle Web Services Manager policies are made of one or more assertions that
exhibit a particular behavior. Assertions are executed in the order in which they are listed in the
policy. Oracle WSM policy assertions are instances of policy assertion templates that are added
to a policy at policy creation time. There are a set of predefined policy assertion templates that
come as a part of Oracle Web Services Manager.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 18
Managing SOA Composite Application Policies
Policies page
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 19
Attaching Security Policy to a Service
Attaching the
policy
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 20
Quiz
Answer: 1
Explanation: Oracle Web Services Manager provides two tools for attaching policies to clients
and services Oracle JDeveloper and Oracle Enterprise Manager. Application developers can
attach Oracle Web Services Manager policies at application design time within JDeveloper.
Whether to attach policies within JDeveloper or Oracle Enterprise Manager is based on whether
you want to empower application developers to apply policies and lock down the application or
you want application developers to concentrate on writing business logic while security
administrator applies policies post-deployment of the application.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 21
Summary
Summary
This lesson introduced the need of securing services, the components of the Oracle Web Service
Manager Architecture, and how to use the Enterprise Manager console to attach security
policies.
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 22
Practice 11 Overview:
Attaching Policies to Web Services
This practice covers the following topics:
Attach username_security_policy to the receivePO Web
service (entry point in Enterprise Manager)
Attach log_policy to receivePO Web service
Test in Enterprise Manager
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Oracle SOA Suite 11g: Essential Concepts 11 - 23
Oracle University and Excelsis S.A.C.I.G. use only
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