Arctic Warming Means Battles for Shipping and

Riches
August 29, 2017

Sea ice melts on the Franklin Strait along the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, July 22,
2017. (AP Photo/David Goldman)

At the top of the world, under the ice, lies a large number of natural resources. Gas, coal, uranium and other
minerals, even diamonds, sit under the ice inside the Arctic Circle.

As climate change pushes the cold and ice farther north each year, discussion increases about how to get to
those resources. Less ice also means possible new business in shipping, tourism and fishing.

But, industry experts, researchers and people in the far north say there are many problems in reaching those
rich resources. People who want to protect the environment are against any large effort to take Arctic
resources. They warn that the fragile environment could be harmed past repair.
The Northwest Passage, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is one of the last unexplored areas of the
planet. But, that is changing as more companies seek business possibilities in the frozen north. Ships are now
taking passengers through the Arctic Circle. Last year, the cruise ship Crystal Serenity sailed through the
passage. On board were 500 crew and 1,100 adventure tourists, who paid at least $22,000 each for the
four-week trip.

FILE - In this July 21, 2017 file photo, broken sea ice emerges from under the hull of the Finnish icebreaker
MSV Nordica as it sails through the Victoria Strait while traversing the Arctic's Northwest Passage.(AP
Photo/David Goldman, File)

The trip was unusual, however. Fewer than 500 ships have sailed through the passage since the first in 1906.
Such trips require approval of almost 30 Canadian agencies, including Nunavut territory officials.

In addition to tourism, shipping companies may start using the passage to save on fuel costs.

Sailing through the passage cuts the travel distance between East Asia and Western Europe by more than
10,000 kilometers. Such travel usually moves through the Panama Canal.

However, businesses may want to do more than move through the area, like mine for resources.

As the world demand for raw materials is ever increasing, and (with) a realizationthat a large part of the
unexplored deposits are in the Arctic, there is a natural shift to focus on that area, said Mads Boye Peterson,
head of Denmarks Nordic Bulk Carriers Shipping.
Petersen noted that rising temperatures make operations more difficult because the moving ice floes are less
predictable than solid ice sheets.
The Arctic is a 14.5 million square kilometer area around the North Pole. But, it is not all ice and ocean. It also
has a mix of plant and animal life.
A seal swims in the Davis Strait off the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Friday, July 28, 2017. (AP Photo/David
Goldman)

The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that up to 30 percent of the worlds undiscovered gas and 13 percent of its
undiscovered oil are inside the Arctic Circle.

But there could be other resources also, like diamonds, uranium, phosphate, nickel, platinum and other
minerals. Morten Smelror is the director of the Geological Survey of Norway.

He also said lithium and cobalt have been found in important amounts in the Arctic regions of Russia,
the Nordic countries and Greenland. Lithium and cobalt are used to make batteries that power the growing
number of electric cars and small electronic devices.
And the Arctics huge Baffin Island holds large amounts of pure iron, which is used to make steel.

A herd of "tuktu," the Inuktitut word for caribou, move across the tundra in the Opingivik area of Baffin Island,
Canada, March 2, 1999. (AP Photo/Stephan Savoia)

The Arctic is certainly among the last frontiers with respect to undiscovered mineral resources, along with
the deep oceans, Smelror said.
Countries in the Arctic region are making claims to land and resources in the area.

Greenland claims the Lomonosov Ridge, an underwater ridge, 1800 kilometers long. But Russia disputes the
claim. The United Nations is working to settle the disagreement.
Russia also has claimed ownership of a large Arctic Ocean area and, ten years ago, placed a Russian flag
underwater at the North Pole.

Canada and the United States also dispute ownership of parts of the Arctic region.

In April, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order that cancelled restrictions on oil exploration
in the Arctic and other places.

Im Anne Ball.

And I'm Caty Weaver.

Anne Ball adapted this story for Learning English from VOA News and AP reports. Caty Weaver was the
editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and visit us on our Facebook page.
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Words in This Story

fragile adj. easily broken or damaged
cruise adj. a kind of boat or ship that travels to a number of places for vacation
adventure tourism n. tourism that involves travel to remote areas and usually involve physically
challenging activities
realization n. the state of understanding or becoming aware of something
deposit n. an amount of a substance (such as oil or coal) that exists naturally in the ground
icebreaker n. a special ship that can move through icy water by cutting the ice
complicated adj. something that is sure to happen or be successful
Nordic adj. of or relating to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and sometimes Finland and Iceland, or to the
people who live there
ice floe n. a large, flat area of ice floating in the ocean
ice sheet n. a very large and thick area of ice that covers a region
frontier n. a distant area where few people live
ridge n. a long area of land that is on top of a mountain or hill