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TRNG I HC Y H NI
CHUYN
IU TR BNH M BO LANGERHANS
H NI 2015
MC LC
I. I CNG
I.1. Vi nt v bnh m bo Langerhans
Bnh m bo Langerhans (Langerhans cell histiocytosis, LCH) l mt
bnh c c trng bi s tng sinh cc t bo ui gai vi c im ging
vi cc t bo Langerhans biu b c nhiu c quan khc nhau [1-3].
y l mt cn bnh him gp, c th nh hng n bt c la tui no.
N c coi l mt s tch ly v tng sinh v tnh bt thng ca t bo
Langerhans c ngun gc ty xng. Nhng t bo ui gai ny cng vi
cc t bo lympho, bch cu i toan v cc hnh thi m bo bnh thng c
th c tm thy cc c quan khc nhau v mc khc nhau [1]. LCH
c mt lot cc biu hin lm sng a dng, bao gm cc hnh nh lm sng
ca u ht bch cu i toan, hi chng Hand-Schller-Christian hoc bnh
Letterer-Siwe. Cc giai on ca bnh l khng th on trc, khc nhau t
tin trin t nhin v thoi trin n tin trin nhanh chng v t vong hoc
ti pht lp i lp li v ti pht vi nguy c hu qu vnh vin, c nh
ngha nh cc khuyt tt lu di khng th o ngc c [2].
Cc bnh nhn c bnh khu tr (da, xng hoc hch lympho) c tin
lng tt v c thy nhu cu iu tr ti thiu hoc thm ch khng cn
iu tr. Ngc li, s tn thng ca nhiu c quan, trong c bit
thng gp tr nh di 2 tui, mang nguy c ca mt kt cc xu [3-6].
Vic iu tr bnh bng cc thuc gy c t bo v/hoc steroid, hoc n
c hoc kt hp em li li ch cho cc bnh nhn c tn thng a c
quan nh c chng minh trong cc nghin cu a trung tm theo thi
gian v LCH tn thng lan to [7, 8].
I.2. Tiu chun chn on
Nm 1987 Hi M bo d xut 3 mc trong chn on bnh m bo
Langerhans nh sau [1,7,3]
Mc 1:
- Lm sng
- D on qua c im hnh thi t bo di knh hin vi quang hc
Mc 2: Chn on ng hng
- Lm sng
- Hnh thi t bo qua knh hin vi quang hc
- Nhum dng tnh t 2 phng php nhum sau y tr ln
+ Adenosine triphosphat
+ Protein S100
+ Alpha- D- Mannosidase
+ Lectin t lc
Mc 3: Chn on xc nh
- Hnh thi t bo qua knh hin vi quang hc vi
+ Ht Birbeck t bo tn thng qua knh hin vi in t v/hoc
+ Nhum khng nguyn CD1a dng tnh t bo tn thng
II. IU TR
II.1. Phc LCH-I
II.1.1.S ra i ca phc LCH-I
Bnh m bo Langerhans (LCH) l mt s gia tng phn ng v tnh ca
cc t bo ui gai [1-3], bao gm mt lot cc biu hin lm sng a dng,
t bnh khu tr vi kt qu tt cho n bnh lan to lin quan n hai v
nhiu c quan hay h thng (bnh tn thng a c quan, multisystem
disease MS-LCH) [4-6]. iu tr thay i t d dt n a ha tr liu
tng cng [7-10]. Khi cc h thng b tn thng l "cc c quan nguy c "
v/hoc bnh nhn l tr di 2 tui khi chun on, MS-LCH c coi l
c bit nghim trng, v mang tin lng t vong tim tng [11, 12]. Ngy
01 thng 4 nm 1991, Hi M bo a ra phc LCH-I th nghim
lm sng quc t u tin v iu tr LCH tn thng a c quan. Mc ch
ca nghin cu ngu nhin theo thi gian ny l so snh hiu qu ca n tr
liu vi vinblastine (VBL) v etoposide (VP-16) v kha cnh p ng, tht
bi, t l t vong [13].
II.1.2.Phc LCH-I
Trong th nghim quc t u tin v iu tr MS-LCH, cc bnh nhn
ph hp cc tiu chun la chn iu tr phc LCH-I c phn chia
ngu nhin nhn 24 tun iu tr vinblastine (Nhnh A) hoc etoposide
(nhnh B) (8). Liu cao methylprednisolone c p dng trong c 2 nhnh
iu tr cc triu chng ton thn nh ph, au, st.
Vinblastine 6 mg/m2 Tnh mch (bolus) Hng tun x 24 tun
Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg Tnh mch Ngy 1-3
Hoc:
Etoposide 150 mg/m2 Tnh mch (truyn 1 gi) Ngy 1-3 *
Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg Tnh mch Ngy 1-3
* c nhc li mi 3 tun (tng s 8 t trong 24 tun).
p ng iu tr c nh gi sau 6 tun iu tr v nhng bnh nhn
khng p ng c chuyn sang thuc c t bo thay th.
GADNER et al, J. Pediatr, 138 (2001): 728 - 734
II.1.3.Kt qu
Phc LCH-I c Hi M bo a vo th nghim t ngy 01 thng 4
nm 1991 v kt thc vo 15 thng 8 nm 1995. So snh hai nhnh iu tr
cho thy khng c s khc bit ng k v p ng ban u (57% so vi
49%), kh nng ti pht (61%, so vi 55%), t l t vong (24% so vi 20%),
v hu qu lu di (39% so vi 51%), bao gm i tho nht (22% so vi
23%), tng ng nhnh A v nhnh B. Nh vy, khng c s khc bit
ng k gia n tr liu vi vinblastine hoc VP-16, v p ng ban u v
t l ti pht, cng nh t l t vong [9].
Cc kt qu ca LCH-I cng c so snh vi kt qu ca cc nghin
cu DAL-HX 83 v DAL-HX 90 trc . y l hai th nghim lm sng
a trung tm lin tip c thc hin o, c, H Lan v Thy S t
nm 1983 n nm 1990. trong nhng nghin cu khng ngu nhin ny cc
liu trnh a ho tr liu bao gm mt iu tr ban u vi prednisone (PDN)
ung lin tc trong 6 tun kt hp vi vinblastine v etoposide, theo sau l
mt iu tr duy tr vi mercaptopurine ung lin tc v mi 3 tun liu ca
prednisone, VBL, VP-16, v methotrexate cho bnh nhn tn thng h
thng c ri lon chc nng c quan. Trong s 63 bnh nhn c th nh gi
l c tn thng h thng a c quan, mc p ng ban u l 79 %, 14
% l khng p ng. Xc sut ca s ti pht l 36 %, v kh nng sng st
l 83 % [5].
Vic so snh cc kt qu gia phc LCH-I v DAL HX -83/90 cho
thy mt u th r rng ca iu tr kt hp trong mt nm i vi p ng
ban u v t l ti pht so vi n tr liu trong su thng. T l t vong
khong 20 % khng c s khc bit ng k gia 2 nghin cu.
Th nghim LCH-I chng t rng:
- Vinblastine v Etoposide, khi c s dng n c, c hiu qu nh
nhau i vi MS-LCH
- Tin lng ngho nn c lin quan r rng vi tn thng t nht mt c
quan nguy c khi chn on (gan, phi, h to mu, v/hoc lch)
- p ng 6 tun l mt yu t d bo rt mnh m v c lp i vi
kt qu v sau.
2.3.4.4. iu tr h tr
D phng nhim Pneumocystic carinii
Ung sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprime, 5mg/kg/ngy trimethoprime,
chia 2 ln, 3 ngy/tun trong sut thi k iu tr v 12 tun sau (phi
ngng trong khi truyn MTX).
Chng nn nn cho khi cn thit.
Truyn khi hng cu hoc tiu cu khi cn
Thnh phn t bo mu nn c lc v chiu x (25 Gy) , phng
nga bnh ghp chng ch (GvHD).
G-CSF
Trong trng hp gim bch cu ht ko di, G-CSF c th c cho
di dng tim di da hoc tnh mch. S s dng GM-CSF khng c
khuyn co.
Immunoglobulin tnh mch
C th cho trong trng hp gim immunoglobulin mu
2.3.5. c tnh
6-Mercaptopurine
Suy ty, ri lon chc nng gan (tng transaminase v vng da mt),
vim nim mc, biu hin ngoi da, tng tc vi allopurinol, bun nn,
nn.
Methotrexate
Suy ty (gim bch cu, thiu mu, gim tiu cu), bun nn, nn, vim
nim mc (vim lot nim mc ming, tiu chy), rng tc, pht ban da, c
vi thn, ri lon chc nng gan, x ho gan, bnh no, vim phi.
Prednisone
Tng s thm n, bo ph th trung tm, gi nc, tng ng huyt, suy
gim min dch, bnh c, long xng, hoi t v khun, vim lot d dy t
trng, vim ty, thay i tm thn, c thy tinh th, tng huyt p, i tho
ng, chm tng trng, v kinh, vt thng lu lnh, teo m di da
Vinblastine
Bnh l thn kinh ngoi bin: d cm, kh nut, khn ting, au xng
(v d: xng hm di), to bn, lit rut, co git, suy ty (gim bch cu,
thiu mu, gim tiu cu), rng tc, tit ADH khng thch hp, au ti ch
v hoi t nu thot mch, bun nn, nn.
2.3.6. iu chnh iu tr
C gng trnh gim liu hoc tr hon.
Gim ton b cc t bo mu
Gim ton b cc t bo mu c th lin quan n bnh v do khng
phi l mt du hiu gim liu thuc ban u.
Tr nh c cn nng di 10 kg:
Liu thuc c tnh da trn din tch b mt c th (BSA) v c iu
chnh theo tui nh sau:
< 6 thng 50% liu c tnh theo BSA
> 6 thng < 12 thng 75 % liu c tnh theo BSA
> 12 thng 100 % liu c tnh theo BSA
c tnh trn ty xng:
Trong trng hp p ng tt vi iu tr khuyn ngh ch s to mu
phc hi. S lng bch cu trung tnh tuyt i ln hn 1,0 G/l v s lng
tiu cu ln hn 100 x G/l l cn thit trc khi bt u mi liu trnh iu
tr ngoi tr liu u tin. Trong trng hp bnh hot ng dai dng n
c khuyn c tip tc iu tr khng ph thuc vo cc gi tr huyt hc.
Nhim c gan:
Cc mu bnh phm xc nh cc enzym gan (ALT/GOT, AST/GPT)
phi ly ngay trc mi t dng MTX. Nu gi tr l 10-20N (cao hn so
vi gi tr bnh thng 10-20 ln) i 48 gi v kim tra li m bo rng
mc ang gim xung. Ngng TMP/SMZ nu transaminase cao dai dng
hoc tng ln, ngng ho tr liu cho n khi gi tr < 10N, sau tip tc
y liu ha tr liu. Bt u li TMP/SMZ d phng theo ca iu tra
vin. iu tr nn c tr hon khi transaminase cao trong khi iu tr tn
cng, tip tc iu tr li ti thi im b gin on. Gi tr 20N ca
transaminase cn tr hon iu tr cho n khi mc tr li <10N. Cc gi
tr > 20N dai dng > 2 tun i hi mt s nh gi bao gm: bilirubin,
phosphatase kim, xt nghim ng mu, albumin, protein ton phn v
huyt thanh hc vim gan. Sinh thit gan cn c xem xt trc khi iu tr
b sung c a ra gip phn bit nhim c gan lin quan n LCH
hoc x vim ng mt.
c tnh trn thn
i vi nhng bnh nhn c GFR tnh bng thanh thi creatinin di
60 ml/pht/1,73m2 tr hon MTX, lp li thanh thi sau khi b nc.
c tnh trn ng tiu ha
Trong trng hp vim nim mc nng hoc tiu chy , iu tr nn dng
li cho n khi phc hi v sau ti iu tr m khng cn gim liu.
ngn nga to bn nhng bnh nhn c iu tr vi vinblastine s dng
u n cc thuc nhun trng nh c khuyn khch. To bn nghim
trng vi lit rut i hi dng s dng vinblastine.
c tnh trn thn kinh
Trong trng hp c tnh ng k (yu lan to, d cm nng, tc rut
nng), VBL c th tm ngng v tip tc mc 50 % liu khi c tnh c
gii quyt. Tng n mc ti a liu c th dung np ( khng vt qu liu
trong protocol) cng sm cng tt.
6-mercaptopurine ung v methotrexate ung
Nu s lng bch cu ht gim xung di 500/l, iu tr s c hon
li cho n khi phc hi trn cc mc ny v sau c tip tc theo sc
chu ng. Nu s lng bch cu gim xung di 500/l trn > 2 ln trong
khi iu tr duy tr, ngng TMP/SMZ v gim liu 6-MP hoc MTX 25 %
trn c s lun phin khi iu tr tip li. Bt u bng cch gim liu 6-MP.
iu tr nn c hon li nu suy ty hoc transaminase tng cao, tip tc
iu tr li ti cc im ng th t thi gian.
2.3.7. nh gi p ng iu tr
Ngc li vi bnh bch cu hoc bnh c tnh khc cc thut ng
"thuyn gim" hoc "ti pht" nn c trnh. Ph hp vi bn cht ca
LCH cc nh ngha sau y s c p dng nh gi hiu qu iu tr
[9].
2.3.7.1. nh ngha v giai on bnh
C 3 loi p ng iu tr
Hn hp
p ng Tn thng mi 1 v tr, thuyn
gim v tr khc
trung bnh
n nh Khng thay i
(Intermediate)
p ng km Bnh tin trin* Tin trin cc du hiu hoc triu
(Worse ) chng v/hoc xut hin cc tn
thng mi
* Trong bnh xng tn thng n c s tin trin ca bnh c nh
ngha l s xut hin ca cc tn thng xng mi hoc cc tn thng
cc c quan khc.
2.3.7.3. nh gi p ng
nh gi p ng iu tr bao gm nh gi v:
- Tnh trng v biu hin lm sng [17]
- Cc xt nghim huyt hc
- Nhu cu truyn mu
- Kch thc gan v lch
- Xt nghim men gan v chc nng gan
- Chp ct lp vi tnh phn gii cao phi v o chc nng h hp
(nu tui ph hp) vi bnh nhn c tn thng phi
- X quang xng cc v tr tn thng
- MRI no nhng bnh nhn tn thng c nguy c tn thng h
thn kinh trung ng hoc tn thng trong s.
- MRI ty xng bnh nhn c tn thng ct sng.
- M bnh hc bnh nhn AD v NAD c th cn trong trng hp
tn thng cc v tr c bit.
Nhm 1 nh gi p ng iu tr
Tun 6 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD)
p ng tt (better) iu tr tn cng t
1
2
p ng trung bnh iu tr tn cng t
(intermediate) 2
p ng km (worse) Ngng nghin cu
Tun 12 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD)
p ng tt (better) iu tr duy tr
2
p ng trung bnh Ngng nghin cu
(intermediate)
p ng km (worse) Ngng nghin cu
Tun 24 iu tr duy Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
hoc thi tr (NAD)
im bt k p ng tt (better)
trong thi p ng trung bnh
gian iu tr khng c tn thng
c quan nguy c
p ng trung bnh c Ngng nghin cu
tn thng c quan
nguy c
p ng km khng c Arm A: bt u li
tn thng c quan vi iu tr tn cng
nguy c arm B
Arm B: Ngng
nghin cu
p ng km c tn Ngng nghin cu
thng c quan nguy
c
Thng 12 Kt thc iu Hon ton lui bnh Dng iu tr
tr duy tr (NAD)
Nhm 2 nh gi p ng iu tr
Tun 6 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD) Chn ngu nhin 6
1 p ng tt (better) thng (LR6) hoc 12
thng (LR12)
p ng trung bnh iu tr tn cng t
2
p ng km iu tr tn cng t
2
Tun 12 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD)
2 p ng tt (better)
p ng trung bnh iu tr duy tr
p ng km Ngng nghin cu
Tun 7 hoc iu tr duy Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
13-23 tr (NAD)
p ng tt (better)
p ng trung bnh iu tr duy tr
p ng km Ngng nghin cu
Thng 6 Kt thc iu Hon ton lui bnh LR6 dng iu tr
tr duy tr (NAD) LR12 iu tr duy tr
p ng tt (better)
p ng trung bnh iu tr duy tr
p ng km Bt u li vi iu
tr tn cng arm B
Thng 6-12 iu tr duy Hon ton lui bnh Tip tc iu tr duy
tr LR12 (NAD) tr
p ng tt (better)
p ng trung bnh iu tr duy tr
p ng km Bt u li vi iu
tr tn cng arm B
Thng 12 Ht iu tr Dng iu tr
duy tr LR12
Nhm 3* nh gi p ng iu tr
Tun 6 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD)
1 p ng tt (better)
p ng km (worse) iu tr tn cng t
2 (cc bnh nhn c
nguy c nhnh A)
Tun 12 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
tn cng t (NAD)
2 p ng tt (better)
p ng km (worse) Ngng nghin cu
Tun 7 hoc iu tr duy Hon ton lui bnh iu tr duy tr
13-23 tr (NAD)
p ng tt (better)
p ng km (worse) Ngng nghin cu
Thng 6 Sau iu tr Hon ton lui bnh Dng iu tr
duy tr (NAD) (trong trng hp iu
iu tr duy tr nhnh B
iu tr duy tr bt u vo tun th 8 hoc 14 v ko di trong mt thi
gian iu tr tng cng 12 thng (tnh t lc bt u iu tr tn cng t 1).
iu tr duy tr nhnh B bao gm:
- Prednisone ung 40 mg/m2 chia 3 ln, ngy 1-5 mi 3 tun, bt u t
ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14.
- Vinblastine 6 mg/m2/liu tim tnh mch, ngy 1 mi 3 tun, bt u t
ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14.
- 6-mercaptopurine ung lin tc 50 mg/m2 mi hng ngy, bt u t ngy
1 tun 8 hoc 14.
iu tr duy tr nhnh C
iu tr duy tr bt u vo tun th 8 hoc 14 v ko di cho tng thi
gian iu tr 24 thng (tnh t lc bt u iu tr tn cng t 1).
iu tr duy tr nhnh C bao gm:
- Prednisone ung 40 mg/m2 chia 3 ln, ngy 1-5 mi 3 tun, bt u t
ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14
- Vinblastine (VBL) 6 mg/m2/liu tim tnh mch, ngy 1 mi 3 tun, bt
u t ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14
iu tr duy tr nhnh D
iu tr duy tr bt u vo tun th 8 hoc 14 v ko di cho tng thi
gian iu tr 24 thng (tnh t lc bt u iu tr tn cng 1).
iu tr duy tr nhnh D bao gm:
- Prednisone ung 40 mg/m2 chia 3 ln, ngy 1-5 mi 3 tun, bt u t
ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14.
- Vinblastine (VBL) 6 mg/m2/liu tim tnh mch vo ngy 1 mi 3 tun,
bt u t ngy 1 tun 8 hoc 14.
- Mercaptopurine ung lin tc 50 mg/m 2 hng ngy, bt u t ngy 1
tun 8 hoc 14
2.4.7.3. iu tr tiu chun ban u cho nhm 2: SS-LCH (nhng bnh nhn
vi tn thng c nguy c tn thng h thn kinh trung ng khu tr hoc
cc tn thng xng a )
a) iu tr tn cng
iu tr tn cng t 1 (IC-1)
t iu tr ny l ging ht vi IC-1 trong nhm 1.
iu tr tn cng t 1 bao gm: