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WRITING FORMULAS
PERIODIC TABLE
More than a list of elements.
Put in columns because of similar properties.
Each column is called a group.
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
1A 0
2A 5A 7A
3A 4A 6A
The group A elements
METALS
TRANSITION METALS
The Group B elements
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS OR SEMIMETALS
ATOMS AND IONS
ATOMS
Atoms are electrically neutral.
Same number of protons and electrons.
IONS
Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, with a charge.
Different numbers of protons and electrons.
Only electrons can move.
Gain or lose electrons.
ANION CATIONS
A negative ion. Positive ions.
Has gained electrons. Formed by losing electrons.
Non metals can gain electrons. More protons than electrons.
Charge is written as a super script
on the right. Metals form cations.
F-1
Has gained one electron K+1 Has lost one electron
O-2 +2
Has gained two electrons Ca Has lost two electrons
COMPOUNDS
Follow the Law of Definite Proportion.
Have a constant composition.
Have to add the same number of atoms every
time.
Two types
Ionic Compounds and Molecular Compounds
IONIC COMPOUNDS
Made of cations and anions.
METALS and NONMETALS.
The electrons lost by the cation are gained by the
anion.
The cation and anions surround each other.
A EMPIRICAL FORMULA is the lowest whole number
ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
i.e. Na2Cl2 -> NaCl
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
Made by joining nonmetal atoms together into
molecules.(covalent bonds)
Made of molecules.
shows the numbers and kinds of atoms
present in a molecule of a compound.
i. e. CO
TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
Ionic Molecular
Smallest
Empirical Molecule
piece
Types of Metal and
Nonmetals
elements Nonmetal
Solid, liquid or
State solid
gas
Melting
High >300C Low <300C
Point
NAMING IONS: CATION AND
ANION
COMMON OXIDATION NUMBER
Group IA : +1 charge
Group IIA: +2 charge
Group IIIA: only Al 3+ charge
Group VIIA: -1 charge
Group VIA: -2 charge
Group VA: only N and P -3 charge.
NAMING CATIONS
We will use the systematic way.
CATION- if the charge is always the same (Group A)
just write the name of the metal.
Na
+1 Sodium ion
Ca
+2 Calcium ion
Al
+3 Aluminum ion
NAMING CATIONS: TRANSITION METALS
Transition metals can have more than one
type of charge. Indicate the charge with
roman numerals in parenthesis.
Fe
+3 Iron (III) ion
Fe
+2 Iron (II) ion
WRITE FORMULAS FOR THESE
Magnesium ion Mg + 2
Copper (II) ion Cu + 2
Chromium (VI) ion Cr + 4
Barium ion Ba + 2
Mercury (II) ion Hg + 2
NAMING ANIONS
Anions are always the same.
Change the element ending to ide
-1
F Fluoride ion
-1
Cl Chloride ion
-3
N Nitride ion
NAMING POLYATOMIC IONS
Groups of atoms that stay together and have
a charge.
Acetate C2H3O2-1
Nitrate NO
-1
3
Nitrite NO2
-1
Hydroxide OH
-1
Permanganate MnO4
-1
Cyanide CN
- 1
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Criss-cross method or neutral net charge
CRISS-CROSS METHOD
Use the size of the charges on the two ions to get
the subscript numbers for the formula:
NEUTRAL CHARGE
Stem of
Name of Nonmetal Example
ending
CASE 1: Consisting of a Group A
METAL and a NONMETAL
1.
+ -
Na Cl =NaCl Sodium chloride
-
2. Mg+2 Br =MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
3. Na+1 Br-1=NaBr Sodium bromide
4. Mg +2 F-1=MgF2 Magnesium fluoride
5. Al+2 S-3=Al2S3 Aluminum sulfide
CASE 1: Consisting of a Group A
METAL and a NONMETAL
1. Potassium Chloride K+Cl- -> KCl
2. Aluminum Oxide Al23+O32- -> Al2O3
3. Magnesium oxide Mg + 2 O -2 -> MgO
4. Magnesium nitride Mg +2 N -3 -> Mg3N2
5. Sodium sulfide Na +1 S-2 -> Na2S
CASE 2: Consisting of a TRANSITION METAL
(GROUP B) of a variable oxidation
number and a NONMETAL
Two ways:
1. Stock system, the oxidation number of the metal is written in
Roman numerals inside a parenthesis.
Stem of Example
Transition metal nonmetal plus Fe +2 Cl- > FeCl
2
(oxidation number)
ide ending
Iron (II) Chloride
NAME AND WRITE THE FF COMPOUNDS
1. Cu+ Cl- =CuCl Copper (I) chloride
2. Fe2+ Cl- =FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride
3. Fe3+ Cl- =FeCl3 Iron (III) chloride
4. AuCl3 Gold (III) chloride
5. Mn3P2 Manganese (II) phosphide
6. Lead (II) iodide PbI2
7. Iron (II) sulfide FeS
8. Chromium (III) chloride CrCl3
9. Tin (IV) oxide SnO2
10. Platinum (IV) fluoride PtF4
copper (II) oxide CuO
manganese(III) selenide Mn2Se3
copper (I) oxide Cu2O
nickel (II) iodide NiI2
tin (IV) sulfide SnS2
cobalt (II) sulfide CoS
iron (II) nitride Fe3N2
mercury (II) chloride HgCl2
mercury (I) oxide Hg2O
tin (II) oxide SnO
CASE 2: Consisting of a TRANSITION METAL
(GROUP B) of a variable oxidation
number and a NONMETAL
Two ways:
2. Classical system, the endings-ous in the metal ion
correspond to the lower oxidation and ic in the metal ion
corresponds to higher oxidation number.
Stem of Example
Transition metal nonmetal plus FeCl2 Ferrous Chloride
(usually Latin-ous, ic)
ide ending FeCl3 Ferric Chloride
NAME AND WRITE THE FF COMPOUNDS
Name of Example:
Name of Polyatomic Na2Po4
metal Ion Sodium Phosphate
NAME AND WRITE THE FORMULA OF
THE FF COMPOUNDS
Ca2+CO32- >CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
Ca2+ NO3- >Ca(NO3)2 Calcium Nitrate
Mg +2 (ClO3)-1 = Mg (ClO3)2 Magnesium chlorate
lithium phosphate Li +1 (PO4 )-1 =Li3PO4
Gallium nitrite Ga +3 (NO2) -1 = Ga(NO2)3
CASE 4: Consisting of a Transition Metal
and Polyatomic Ion
Two ways:
1. Stock system, the oxidation number of the metal is written in
Roman numerals inside a parenthesis.
Example
Transition metal Name of Fe +3 (SO4)-2 > Fe
2(SO4)3
(oxidation number) polyatomic ion
Iron (III) Sulfate
CASE 4: Consisting of a Transition Metal and
Polyatomic Ion
Fe +2 (So4) -2= Fe So4 Iron (II) sulfate
Cu +2 So3 -2 = CuSo3 Copper (II) sulfite
Fe +2 (PO4) -3=Fe3(PO4)2 Iron (II) phosphate
CASE 4: Consisting of a Transition Metal
and Polyatomic Ion
Two ways:
2. Classical system, the endings-ous in the metal ion
correspond to the lower oxidation and ic in the metal ion
corresponds to higher oxidation number.
Example
Transition metal Name of Fe2(SO4)3 Ferric sulfate
usually Latin-ous, ic Polyatomic ion
Fe2(SO4)2 Ferrous sulfate
CASE 4: Consisting of a Transition Metal and
Polyatomic Ion