ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This project is developed in order to help the INDIAN RAILWAYS. Project

implements an automatic platform in between railway tracks. This may be
helpful to both Handicapped and elder citizens as well as all the people.

The objective of this project deals with automatic railway platform opening
at a level crossing without human intervention. In the present work it is
proposed to substitute fully automated railway platform opening feature and
as well as automated platform bridge facility in the station which helps
peoples to move from one platform to another platform. Now a day all over
the world accidents are common because of lack of technology, human
carelessness at right time. And these accidental barriers cannot be
completely avoidable but some fruitful steps definitely reduced to some
extent, in account of this the initiative steps is required to avoid many
humans death at any place and time by introducing new technologies, this
effort has been taken in this work by adopting automatic railway platform
opening without platform operator. The above said system works on
microcontroller based technique and rack and pinion mechanism which is
employed to operate Platform Bridge.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The term Level Crossing dealt with the place where railway line or path crosses a road
path at same level. In an India the transportation mode been highly depends on train. The
reason behind this is its economical and bulky in nature, however Level Crossing is the
steps towards safety concern internationally. It is evident from the daily newspapers and
TV channels that mishaps at level crossing is more often and its accounts 40% of train
accidents this is due to use of manned gate opening and carelessness of travellers or
deploying a unskilled railway gate operator, the train couldnt be stop at level crossing
because it has massive mass relative to the braking distance so it is essential to clear the
pedestrian and vehicles well in advance. By considering above said possibilities of
collisions and fatalities, in this work effective measure should be taken by implementing
microcontroller and read switch sensor based unmanned gate opening and also deploying
a rack and pinion operated automated platform bridge. The read sensors senses and send
a signal to the microcontroller when train come across it, And also in rest condition, then
microcontroller take action in two different situations to drive the driving motor to
operate opening of gate and form a platform bridge when the train leaves the station.

Fig. Metro Platform

This automatic railway platform project is used for automatically closing or opening of
the mobile platforms in between the train tracks.

Normally the mobile platform connects the two platforms, through which the passengers
can walk on the platform to reach the next platform.

Fig. People on the Railway track for crossing

Fig. People are running on the Railway Track because of train coming on it
 Fig. Todays scenario of railway crossing in rural areas

Indian railway network is the one of the biggest rail network in the Asia. Railways are
recognized as a one of the safest mode of mass transportation and Safety has been
recognized as the key issue for the railways networks. To make it a safe and reliable
system is an enormous challenge. Unmanageable platform crossings are one of the
problem areas for the Indian Railways, and one of the major issues of death. In spite of
various measures taken by the Indian Railways, platform crossing deaths have continued
to occur, that too frequently. Crossing the railway track inside the railway station is very
tedious especially for handicapped and disabled person. They find it quite difficult to
walk over the over bridge for crossing the platform. To solve this problem we use a new
approach called Automatic Railway Bridge System. This can be installed in major
subway stations and stations where the distance between the station platforms is
increased due to curve.

Recently, advancements in information technology have enabled applying sensors to

railway environments such as PIR sensors. Also technology for wireless data transfer has
also been developed which helps in updating the train timing. The objective of PIR
sensor in railway station is to sense passengers movements on the bridge before it opens.
Therefore when emergency situation arises, immediate recognition and response to the
situation is possible. In this paper, we not only ensure an easy method for track crossing
but also platform safety. It shows train signal (red or green) and if necessary we can use
audio telling the arrival of train before stepping over the bridge. If necessary, for safety
opening and closing of bridge we can use train navigation system, RUNE system. The
RUNE project (Railway User Navigation Equipment) is aimed at demonstrating the use
of GNSS Integrity and Safety of Life service characteristics for defining a satellite-based
system to perform train location for safe railway applications. The primary objective is to
demonstrate the improvement of the train self capability in determining its own position
and velocity which will help in stopping the train if necessary. This paper introduces
overall system overview, configuration and detection process of the system.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1

Railway Track Pedestrian Crossing between Platforms

G.Prabhavathi, B.Sanjana, Ms.S.P.Dhivya invented that it and work on This project is

used for automatically close or open the mobile platforms in between the track trains.
Normally the mobile platform connects the two platforms through which the passenger
can walk on the platform to reach on the next platform Sensors are placed on the two
sides of track. if the train reaches one sensor the mobile platform will automatically close
and allows the train to go through the tracks and then when the train leaves the second
sensor the mobile platform will automatically open the bridging platforms.The
microcontroller will sense the presence of train by using infrared sensor. so on sensing
the train on one path controller will give pulses to the stepper motor to close the mobile
platform automatically.

They conclude that Thus the tracking of train is sensed continuously,which automatically
close/open the mobile platform is partially automated which is beneficial for passengers
to crossthe rail grade crossing.The system into a fully automated instead of climbing the
staircase.This efficient method will be more compact for scheduling the train timings for
reaching the particular destination and also for crossing the suitable platforms.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2

AUTOMATED UNMANNED RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING

SYSTEM

J. Banuchandar, V. Kaliraj, P. Balasubramanian, S. Deepa, N. Thamilarasi are invented it

and work on In the rapidly flourishing country like ours, accidents in the unmanned level
crossings are increasing day by day No fruitful steps have been taken so far in these
areas. our paper deals with automatic railway gate operation (i.e.,) automatic railway gate
at a level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeepers, It deals with two
things, Firstly it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed
and secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By employing
the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected
by the sensors placed near to the gate. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less
compared to the manually operated gates. The operation is automatic; error due to manual
operation is prevented. Automatic railway gate control is highly microcontroller based
arrangements, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossing in the train.

They conclude that the accidents are avoided at places where there is no person managing
the railway crossing gates.

Here we use the stepper motor to open and close the gates automatically when it is
rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

When the train arrives in a particular direction the transmitter IR senses and generates
appropriate signal, then at the same time the receiver IR receives the signal and generates
an interrupt.

When the interrupt is generated the stepper motor rotates in clockwise direction. When
the interrupt ends the stepper motor rotates in anti clock wise direction

2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

Automatic Railway Bridge for Disabled Persons

C.M.Arun Kumar invented it and works on the Primary objective of Automatic Railway
Bridge System is to help the physically Challenged Passenger to move from one Platform
to another. Crossing the railway track inside the railway station is very difficult. But it is
quite difficult to the handicapped and aged persons to cross the railway track without the
help of others. In this paper the agents make use of a set of resources - train
characteristics, driving rules and information about other trains - to generate their action
policy. The proposed system uses the train time for opening and closing of bridges. It
also confirms the presence of the train using a sensor which is placed at a certain distance
away from the platform. The RUNE technical solution is based on GNSS receivers:
navigation data will come from GPS with differential EGNOS corrections (European
Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) to enable autonomous and reliable
determination of train position, velocity under practically all environmental conditions.
While persons try to cross platform by avoiding the over bridge there is chance for the
accidents. This can be avoided by using this technique and very helpful for disabled
person.

They conclude that the aim of this paper was to develop a system that could help the
disabled person to cross the railway platform in far easy manner. The main contributions
this study has made were the establishment of driving rules to allow trains to travel
economically while giving priority to safety; the inclusion of additional trains travelling
in the same direction at a safe distance apart. This method helps in reducing the time and
area requirement. Further in future we can make the bridge as a rotating one for the
effortless crossing of railway track for disabled persons. Later in future a new recognition
method using stereo vision which calculates automatically volume of objects in bridge
can be used. Moreover, we consider other dangerous factors, such as safety accidents as
fall between a platform and a train, getting stuck between the bridges etc .Moreover; we
are considering an effective information transmission system for the controller.

2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

Smart Railway Crossing Embedded With Automated Platform

Bridge

Prashantha.B.Y, Harisha.S are invented it and work on the objective of this paper deals
with automatic railway gate opening at a level crossing without human intervention. In
the present work it is proposed to substitute fully automated railway gate opening feature
and as well as automated platform bridge facility in the station which helps peoples to
move from flat form to flat form. Now a day all over the world accidents are common
because of lack of technology, human carelessness at right time. And these accidental
barriers cannot be completely avoidable but some fruitful steps definitely reduced to
some extent, in account of this the initiative steps is required to avoid many humans death
at any place and time by introducing new technologies, this effort has been taken in this
work by adopting automatic railway gate opening without gate keeper near level crossing
and automated platform bridge. The above said system works on microcontroller based
technique and rack and pinion mechanism which is employed to operate Platform Bridge.

They conclude that the whole work took place in this paper heading towards trying to
avoid accidents and reduce the number of fatalities in the field of railway transportation
system. Thus basically paper concept through a stone to avoid a two barriers, those of
firstly,

Replacing manned type by adopting unmanned type i.e. fully automatic microcontroller
based system, this helps in preventing the death caused near level crossing, also decline
the time for which the people wait near the level crossing and completely prevent error
that has done by gate keeper.

Secondly, To help people those who are physically ill and aged because they are not
having enough stamina to climb and Cross the track with the aid of flyover, to keep in
mind that use of automated plat form bridge is predominant and did the same in this
work. This is the step towards help them and also effective method for those who dont
use flyover and cross the track along track itself.
2.5 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

Automatic Railway Gate Control Using Microcontroller

Krishna Shashi Yadav and Nidhi invented it and they work on the objective of this paper
is to control the railway tracks by using anti-collision techniques. The model of railway
track controller is designed by using 8952 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents.
When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents
occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in
manual operations or lack of workers. And also the collision of two trains is due to the
same track. This model is implemented using sensor technique. We placed the sensors at
a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the
operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists
about the approaching train.

They conclude that this paper is suitably fulfilled the basic things such as avoidance of
accidents inside the gate and the avoidable of a gatekeeper. It avoids the railway
accidents and provides safety. We have seen little improvement in railway accidents. We
also observed stronger safety records in certain areas and believe they are the result of
constant efforts to improve safety. We demonstrate that it is possible to improve the
overall safety of the railway system in India. We believe that success depends on both the
railway industry and the regulator working together to achieve that common goal. The
proposed system provide the means for real time inspection, review and data collection
for the purpose of maintenance on the movable and fixed facilities for the guarantee of
operation safety and maintenance efficiency as well as the safety appraisal decision-
making system based on the share of safety data.
2.6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

Automatic Railway Gate Control System

Acy M. Kottalil, Abhijith S., Ajmal M. M., Abhilash L. J., Ajith Babu are invented it and
they work on the objective of this paper is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level
crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. The system reduces the time for
which the gate remains closed. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level
crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required.
Since, the operation is automatic; error due to manual operation is prevented. The system
works on a microcontroller based control. The proposed system uses AT mega 16A
micro-controller. With the help of IR sensors .The arrival and leaving of the system is
monitored and the gate is operated accordingly.

They conclude that the circuit for our project was designed and set up in a breadboard. It
is found to be very reliable and stable. The circuit was able to control the railway gate
precisely. The circuit was tested in both direction and worked perfectly. By using
ATMEGA 16 we were able to achieve a fast response. Our project is a necessary tool for
todays railway crossings due to the increased number of accidents and also due to the
problems occurring to the road passengers while waiting a longer time during the
passage of train unnecessarily.

2.7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Automatic Railway Gate and Crossing Control based Sensors &

Microcontroller

Ahmed Salih Mahdi. Al-Zuhairi are invented it and work on Railroad related accidents
are more dangerous than other transportation accidents in terms of severity and death rate
etc. Therefore more efforts are necessary for improving safety. There are many railways
crossing which are unmanned due to lock of manpower needed to fulfill the demands.
Hence many accidents occur at such crossing since there is no one to take care of the
functioning of the railway gate when a train approaches the crossing. The main objective
of this paper is to manage the control system of railway gate using microcontroller. The
proposed model has been designed using 8052 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents
occurring at unattended railway gates if implemented detection of train approaching the
gate can be sensed by means of two sensors placed on either side of the gate. This work
utilizes the two sensors placed on either side of the gate. This work utilizes two powerful
magnetic sensors is fixed at upside and similarly the other magnetic sensor is fixed at
down side of the train direction. Sensors are fixed on both sides of the gate. We call the
sensors along the train direction as foreside sensor and the other as after side sensor.
When foreside sensor gets activated the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller and
the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches after side
sensors. When the side sensor activated and the signal about the departure is sent to the
microcontroller motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops
automatically.

They conclude that a new approach for improving safety at LCs and train collision on IR
has been suggested. Formats have been given to maintain records of LC inventories
accident/incident reports. A regular assessment of safety performance should be done.
This approach should be able to bring down the rising trend in accidents at LCs and train
collision accident. This project uses the present infrastructure of railways e.g. present
signaling method and meets all the requirements to have an automatic controlling of the
railway traffic. It provides the supervision and control system provide the mean for real
time inspection review and data collection for the purpose of maintenance on the
movable and fixed facilities for the guarantee of operation safety and maintenance
efficiency as well as the safety appraisal decision-making system based on the share of
safety data. The great achievement of modern technologies in each relevant field and the
technological development of the railway industry itself have provided railway with
feasibility to win higher service quality and faster speed.
2.8 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

Automatic Railway Gate Control System Using Microcontroller

Hnin Ngwe Yee Pwint, Zaw Myo Tun, Hla Myo Tun are invented it and work on
everywhere at level crossing between railroad and highway there are so many railway
accidents happening due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. So,
this paper describes the automatic railway gate control system using PIC microcontroller
for saving precious human lives and preventing major disasters in railway track. Railway
gate may be saved for the road users to prevent accidents in terms of train speed at level
crossing. This system uses PIC 16F877A microcontroller with the help of sensors. It can
divide into two parts. The first part is concern on the hardware development where all
electronic components have included. IR sensors, inductive sensors are the input
components while buzzer, light indicator, DC motor and LCD display are the output
components. These are controlled by the controller circuit. The microcontroller forms the
main unit of the system. It receives input signal from the sensors and sends information to
the gate motor driver for opening and closing the gate. Besides, the input signal will
active LCD display and alarm and indication light circuit was provided as additional part
of this system. The first inductive sensor and IR sensor are fixed at a certain distance
from the gate and the second sensors are fixed at the same certain distance after the gate.
The gate is closed, when the train crosses the first IR sensor and the gate is opened, when
the train crosses the second IR sensor. This system deals about one of the efficient
methods to avoid train accidents. The second part is based on software programming to
operate the hardware structure. Program for railway gate control system is based on PIC
microcontroller with PIC basic Pro language.

They conclude that automatic gate control system offer an effective way to reduce the
occurrence of railway accidents. This system can contribute a lot of benefit either to the
road users or to the railway management. Since the design is completely automated it can
be used in remote villages where no station master or line man is present. Railway
sensors are placed at two sides of gate. It is used to sense the arrival and departure of the
train. This system uses the DC motor to open and close the gates automatically when it is
rotated clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The LCD display shows the status of the
railway gate control system. The system can also generate buzzer and light indicators
while the train passing through the level crossing. In this system, this is controlled by
using PIC 16F877A microcontroller. Now a days automatic system occupies each and
every sector of applications as it is reliable and accurate.

2.9 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

Automation of Railway Gate Control Using Microcontroller

Atul Kumar Dewangan, Meenu Gupta, Pratibha Patel are invented it and work on there
are many railway crossings which are unmanned due to lack of manpower, needed to
fulfill the demands. Hence, many accidents occur at such crossings, since there is no one
to take care of the functioning of the railway gate when a train approaches the crossing.
The objective of this paper is to manage the control system of railway gate using the
microcontroller. The proposed model has been designed using 8052 microcontroller to
avoid railway accidents occurring at unattended railway gates, if implemented detection
of train approaching the gate can be sensed by means of two sensors placed on either side
of the gate. This work utilizes two powerful magnetic sensors; one of these magnetic
sensors is fixed at upside (from where the train comes) and similarly the other magnetic
sensor is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensors are fixed on both sides of the
gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as foreside sensor and the other as after
side sensor. When foreside sensor gets activated, the sensed signal is sent to the
microcontroller and the gate motor is turned on in one direction by relay driver and the
gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches after side
sensors. When after side sensor gets activated and the signal about the departure is sent to
the microcontroller, motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops.

They conclude that a new approach for improving safety at LCs and train collision on IR
has been suggested. Formats have been given to maintain records of LC inventories,
accident / incident reports. Each LC should be assigned a hazard rating and the priority of
safety enhancement works be decided accordingly. A regular assessment of safety
performance should be done. This approach should be able to bring down the rising trend
in accidents at LCs and train collision accident. This project uses the present
infrastructure of railways, e.g. present signaling methods and meet all the requirements to
have an automatic controlling of the railway traffic. It provides the supervision and
control systems for the crossing and station. The proposed system provide the means for
real time inspection, review and data collection for the purpose of maintenance on the
movable and fixed facilities for the guarantee of operation safety and maintenance
efficiency as well as the safety appraisal decision-making system based on the share of
safety data. The great achievement of modern technologies is in each relevant field and
the technological development of the railway industry.

2.10 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

Advanced Railway Accident Prevention System Using Sensor

Networks

M.D.Anil, Sangeetha.S, Divya.B, Niranjana.B, Shruthi.K.S are invented it and work on

the increased growth in the railway sector has resulted in an increase in the train traffic
density across the world. This has resulted in the increase in the number of accidents
involving trains. In this paper, the proposed system includes several features which
prevent train accidents. It includes automatic speed controlling in curves, collision
detection, fire detection, detaching of couch automatically when fire is detected in it,
automatic railway gate control and track continuity. This system makes use of IR sensors,
fire sensor, zig Bee and other embedded systems.
They are conclude that this paper introduced a low cost, low-power embedded system for
railway accidents control system. In this paper, we discuss the design of proposed safety
system for railway, using AT89S52 Microcontroller of Atmel as hardware platform, and
combines with Zig Bee as a communications platform of wireless area network, which
can transmit, receive and display the track, train information. Introduced ZigBee wireless
communication will assemble Ad-hoc network among stations and trains and work in
phase with each other. ZigBee is designed for low cost and low power consumption. The
result shows that this new innovative technology will increase the reliability of safety
systems in railway transport. . By implementing these features in real time application
railways can avoid accidents upto approximately 70%.
 CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF THE
PROJECT
3.1 WORKING OF THE PROJECT

Whenever the train is arriving the transmitter sensor gets disturbed due to the interruption
of the train. Thus the sensor senses the arriving of the train. Before making the platform
move backward the circuit gives siren (buzzer) to alert the people who are on the track.
After certain time the circuit controller moves the platform backward by rotating the DC
motor with gear in clockwise direction.

Fig. Train arrives on the platform

For making the bridge move forward the circuit should know whether the train has left or
not. For this the second sensor pair is used. Whenever the second sensor senses the train
i.e.; Ehen the transmitter is disturbed then the circuit waits for the last compartment to
leave.
 Fig. Railway Bridge

Then the circuit output is given to the DC gear motor which makes the DC motor move
in anticlockwise direction making the bridge move forward thereby making a way for the
pedestrians.

Fig. Smart Platform like as

3.2 ALGORITHM

a. Make initial settings of the signals for the train and platform users.

b. Check for the arrival of the train in either direction by the sensors. If the train is
sensed go to 3 otherwise go to step 2.

c. Make the warning signal for the platform users and set the signal for the train.

d. Check for the presence of any obstacle using sensors. If no obstacle, go to step 5
otherwise repeat step 4.

e. Move platform in backward direction.

f. Change the signal for the train.

g. Check for the train departure by the sensors. If the train sensed to next STEP.
Otherwise repeat STEP 7.

h. Make the platform move in forward direction.

i. Go to STEP 3.
 CHAPTER 4

COMPONENTS
 4.1 COMPONENTS USED IN THIS PROJECT

1. Mechanical Bridge
2. 12V DC Gear Motor
3. Buzzer
4. IR sensor
5. Support beam for Bridge
6. Microcontroller
7. Rack and Pinion Mechanism
8. Battery

4.2 MECHANICAL BRIDGE

Fig. Mechanical Bridge

Mechanical Bridge is used for crossing the railway platform.

It is directly up and down as per the signal from the sensors.

 Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories
include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are
fixed or movable, and by the materials used.
Structure type
Bridges may be classified by how the forces
of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their
structure. Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but
only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a
suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and
placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of
members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box
beam.

Beam bridges are horizontal beams

supported at each end by substructure
units and can be either simply
supported when the beams only connect
across a single span, or
continuous when the beams are
connected across two or more spans.
When there are multiple spans, the
intermediate supports are known
as piers. The earliest beam bridges were
simple logs that sat across streams and
Beam bridge
similar simple structures. In modern
times, beam bridges can range from
small, wooden beams to large, steel
boxes. The vertical force on the bridge
becomes a shear and flexural load on
the beam which is transferred down its
 length to the substructures on either
side. They are typically made of steel,
concrete or wood. Beam bridge spans
rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as
the flexural stresses increase
proportional to the square of the length
(and deflection increases proportional
to the 4th power of the
length). However, the main span of
the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, a box girder
bridge, is 300 metres (980 ft).

The world's longest beam bridge

is Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in
southern Louisianain the United States,
at 23.83 miles (38.35 km), with
individual spans of 56 feet
(17 m). Beam bridges are the most
common bridge type in use today.

A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-

bearing superstructure is composed of a
truss. This truss is a structure of
connected elements forming triangular
units. The connected elements
(typically straight) may be stressed
from tension, compression, or
sometimes both in response to dynamic
Truss bridge
loads. Truss bridges are one of the
oldest types of modern bridges. The
basic types of truss bridges shown in
 this article have simple designs which
could be easily analyzed by nineteenth
and early twentieth century engineers.
A truss bridge is economical to
construct owing to its efficient use of
materials.

Cantilever bridges are built

using cantilevershorizontal beams
supported on only one end. Most
cantilever bridges use a pair
of continuous spans that extend from
opposite sides of the supporting piers to
meet at the center of the obstacle the
bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are
constructed using much the same
materials & techniques as beam
bridges. The difference comes in the
action of the forces through the bridge.
Cantilever bridge
Some cantilever bridges also have a
smaller beam connecting the two
cantilevers, for extra strength.

The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-

metre (1,801 ft) Quebec Bridge in
Quebec, Canada.

Arch bridges have abutments at each

end. The weight of the bridge is thrust
into the abutments at either side. The
earliest known arch bridges were built
by the Greeks, and include
 the Arkadiko Bridge.

With the span of 220 metres (720 ft),

the Solkan Bridge over the Soa River
at Solkan in Slovenia is the second
largest stone bridge in the world and the
Arch bridge
longest railroad stone bridge. It was
completed in 1905. Its arch, which was
constructed from over 5,000 tonnes
(4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of
stone blocks in just 18 days, is the
second largest stone arch in the world,
surpassed only by the Friedensbrcke
(Syratalviadukt) in Plauen, and the
largest railroad stone arch. The arch of
the Friedensbrcke, which was built in
the same year, has the span of 90 m
(295 ft) and crosses the valley of
theSyrabach River. The difference
between the two is that the Solkan
Bridge was built from stone blocks,
whereas the Friedensbrcke was built
from a mixture of crushed stone and
cement mortar.

The world's current largest arch bridge

is the Chaotianmen Bridge over
the Yangtze River with a length of
1,741 m (5,712 ft) and a span of 552 m
(1,811 ft). The bridge was opened April
29, 2009 in Chongqing, China.
 Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped
superstructure, but differ from
conventional arch bridges. Instead of
transferring the weight of the bridge
and traffic loads into thrust forces into
the abutments, the ends of the arches
are restrained by tension in the bottom
Tied arch bridge
chord of the structure. They are also
called bowstring arches.

Suspension bridges are suspended from

cables. The earliest suspension bridges
were made of ropes or vines covered
with pieces of bamboo. In modern
bridges, the cables hang from towers
that are attached to caissons or
cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams
are implanted deep into the floor of a
lake or river. Sub-types include the
simple suspension bridge, the stressed
ribbon bridge, the under spanned
Suspension bridge
suspension bridge, the suspended-deck
suspension bridge, and the self-
anchored suspension bridge.

The longest suspension bridge in the

world is the 3,909 m (12,825 ft) Akashi
Kaiky Bridge in Japan.
 Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension
bridges, are held up by cables.
However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less
cable is required and the towers holding
the cables are proportionately
higher. The first known cable-stayed
bridge was designed in 1784 by C. T.
(or C. J.) Lscher.
Cable-stayed bridge
The longest cable-stayed bridge since
2012 is the Russky
Bridge in Vladivostok,Russia.

Fixed or movable bridges

Moving a Bloomingdale Trail bridge is from Ashland to Western in Chicago.

Fig. A collapsed span of this bridge was reopened with a temporary bridge
 Fig. A railway bridge in Leflore County, Mississippi

Most bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they have no moving parts and stay in one place
until they fail or are demolished. Temporary bridges, such as Bailey bridges, are designed
to be assembled, and taken apart, transported to a different site, and re-used. They are
important in military engineering, and are also used to carry traffic while an old bridge is
being rebuilt. Movable bridges are designed to move out of the way of boats or other
kinds of traffic, which would otherwise be too tall to fit. These are generally electrically
powered.

Double-decked bridges

Double-decked (or double-decker) bridges have two levels, such as the George
Washington Bridge, connecting New York City to Bergen County, New Jersey, USA, as
the world's busiest bridge, carrying 102 million vehicles annually;[1][2] truss work
between the roadway levels provided stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of
the upper level when the lower level was installed three decades following the upper
level. The Tsing Ma Bridge and Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong have six lanes on
their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks
for MTR metro trains. Some double-decked bridges only use one level for street traffic;
the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolisreserves its lower level for automobile
traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at
the University of Minnesota). Likewise, in Toronto, the Prince Edward Viaduct has five
lanes of motor traffic, bicycle lanes, and sidewalks on its upper deck; and a pair of tracks
for the BloorDanforth subway line on its lower deck. The western span of the San
Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge also has two levels.

Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne,
completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-decked bridge. The upper level
carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. Other examples
include Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait and Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern
Ireland. The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malm consists of a four-lane
highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. The Tower
Bridge is different example of a double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting
of a low level bascule span and a high level footbridge.

Viaducts

A viaduct is made up of multiple bridges connected into one longer structure. The longest
and some of the highest bridges are viaducts, such as the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
and Millau Viaduct.

Three-way bridges

A three-way bridge has three separate spans which meet near the center of the bridge.
The bridge appears as a "T" or "Y" when viewed from above. Three-way bridges are
extremely rare. The Tridge, Margaret Bridge, and Zanesville Y-Bridge are examples.
Bridge types by use

A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such as trains, pedestrian or

road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a
bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of
equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. A bridge can carry
overhead power lines as does the Storstrm Bridge.

Some bridges accommodate other purposes, such as the tower of Nov Most Bridge in
Bratislava, which features a restaurant, or a bridge-restaurant which is a bridge built to
serve as a restaurant. Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas.

Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have
become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and the undersides of bridges
all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. Some bridges attract people
attempting suicide, and become known as suicide bridges.[citation needed]

Bridge types by material

The Iron Bridge completed in 1779 was the first cast iron bridge.

The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize bridges. Until the end
of the 18th Century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry. Modern
bridges are currently built in concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless
steel or combinations of those materials. Living bridges have been constructed of live
plants such as tree roots in India and vines in Japan.
4.3 12V DC GEAR MOTOR

Fig. DC Gear motor

Motor is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy

Gear is used for speed reduction (worm gear)

It is connected between Mechanical Bridge and circuit.

An electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.
This conversion of electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part
of the motor. A D.C. Motor is called as Conduction motor, but an D.C Motor is called as
Induction Motor.

Induction Motor Design Principle

We all know that an electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy may be used for the pumping of liquid from
one place to other by using pumps or even to blow air by blowers or ceiling fans. The
conversion of electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of the
motor. In D.C. Motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the armature (the
rotating part) through brushes & commutator. Thus we can say a D.C. Motor as a
conduction motor. But in case of an D.C Motor, the rotor does not receive electric power
by conduction, but by Induction. Thus they are called as induction motors. This can be
compared with the secondary winding of a transformer. These induction motors are also
called as rotating transformers. Of all motors, it is generally a 3-phase or a poly-phase
induction motor is used in a larger extent in many industries

The Direction of rotation of an Electric motor is given by Fleming's Left Hand rule:

o It shows the relation between the direction of "thrust" on a conductor carrying a

"current" in a "magnetic field".
o Keep the Thumb, Index finger & the Middle finger of the left hand at right angles to
each other. The First finger or the index finger indicates the direction of the Field.
o The second finger or the middle finger represents the direction of the Current.
o The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust or the direction of motion of the
conductor.

Also other important Law is the Faraday's Law Of Electro Magnetic Induction. There are
3 important rules/laws of electromagnetic induction. They are as follows:

1. An EMF is induced in a coil whenever the flux through the coil changes with time.

2. The magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux.
3. The direction of the EMF is such as to oppose the change in flux.

Why Does A Rotor Rotate?

If a 3-phase supply is fed to the stator windings of a 3-phase motor, a magnetic flux of
constant magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed is set up. At this point, the rotor is
stationary. The rotating magnetic flux passes through the air gap between the stator &
rotor and sweeps past the stationary rotor conductors. This rotating flux, as it sweeps,
cuts the rotor conductors, thus causing an e.m.f to be induced in the rotor conductors. As
per the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, it is this relative motion between the
rotating magnetic flux and the stationary rotor conductors, which induces an e.m.f on the
rotor conductors. Since the rotor conductors are shorted and form a closed circuit, the
induced e.m.f produces a rotor current whose direction is given by Lenzs Law, is such as
to oppose the cause producing it. In this case, the cause which produces the rotor current
is the relative motion between the rotating magnetic flux and the stationary rotor
conductors. Thus to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts to rotate in the same
direction as that of the rotating flux on the stator windings, trying to catch it up. The
frequency of the induced e.m.f is same as the supply frequency.
Cogging Of Induction Motors

Sometimes, when the supply voltage is low, the squirrel cage induction motor refuses to
start. This happens when the number of stator teeth and the number of the rotor teeth is
equal, thus causing a magnetic locking between the stator and the rotor. This
phenomenon is other-wise called as teeth-locking or Magnetic locking. This problem can
be overcome by having the number of rotor slots prime to the stator slots.

Plugging of Motor

The Induction motor can be stopped immediately by just interchanging any two of the
stator leads. When an induction motor is rotating at a high speed, during emergency if
situation arises that the motor has to be stopped immediately, can be done by
interchanging any 2 leads of the stator supply. By doing this, it reverses the direction of
the revolving flux, which produces a torque in the reverse direction, thus causing a
breaking effect on the rotor. This breaking period is called the Plugging period.
Analogy with the Mechanical Clutch

The Rotor Cu loss = Slip * Rotor Input

This is evident by considering the working of mechanical clutch, used in automobiles. By

visualizing the figure pf plate clutch, it is evident that the torque on the drive shaft must
be equal to the torque on the driven shaft. Further, it should be emphasized that the these
two torques are the one and the same, because the torque is caused by the friction
between the two plates. Let $1 and $2 be the angular velocities on these two shafts
assuming the plate clutch is slipping.

Then input = T*1

Output= T* 2

But 2 = 1*(1-s)

So output = T* 1*(1-s)

Loss = T* 1 T* 2

Loss = T* 1 T 1*(1-s)

Loss = s * T 1
Thus

Loss = slip * input.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages of D.C Induction Motors:

1. It has a simple design, low initial cost, rugged construction almost unbreakable

2. The operation is very simple with almost very less maintenance as there are no
brushes.

3. The efficiency of these motors is very high, as there are no frictional losses, with
reasonably good power factor.

4. The control gear for the starting purpose of these motors is minimum and thus simple
and reliable operation.

Disadvantages of D.C Induction Motors:

1. The speed control of these motors is not easy without some loss in efficiency.

2. As the load on the motor increases, the speed decreases.

3. The starting torque is inferior when compared to D.C. Motors.

4.4 IR SENSOR

Fig. IR Sensor

Sensors senses are the train and give the signal to the circuit to up and down the
Bridge.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

IR Proximity Sensor

This sensor can be used to measure the speed of object moving at a very high speed, like
in industry.

Object Detection using IR light

It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to send
infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front of the
sensor.

One of the most useful sensor find its application while detecting object/hurdles, edges of
surface etc. With a long range of 20 cm, TLL interface and ambient light protection
makes it easy and reliable to use.

Features:
Range: 20 cm Ambient light protection Easy interface with microcontroller.

On board LED to indicate logic signals.

IR module have three pins which are connected to 8051 as

Ground pin connected to any GND pin of board .

+5V provided by the 8051 board.
Connect output pin of IR module to any i/o pin of 8051 board by using its pin
header.

Here we have use the IR proximity sensor to check the bottle detection at the particular
place where the liquid filling system is planted. If the IR sensor detect the bottle on the
conveyer belt than the IR sensor gives it output to the controller and controller stops the
movement of the bottle.

4.5 SUPPORT BEAM FOR BRIDGE

Fig. Supporting Beam for Bridge

This beam is need when the Bridge is down then support is required to withstand
the load of the Bridge and people moving on the Bridge.

Here, we uses supporting beam for withstand the load of mechanical bridge as well
as the people moving on the bridge with his luggage.
4.6 MICROCONTROLLER

Fig. Microcontroller Board

Circuit is used for received signal of sensors and transmits it to Bridge and Buzzer.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

The microcontroller is the heart of the system. The P89V51RD2 is an 80C51

microcontroller with 64 KB Flash and 1024 bytes of data RAM.
 A key feature of the P89V51RD2 is its X2 mode option. The design engineer can choose
to run the application with the conventional 80C51 clock rate (12 clocks per machine
cycle) or select the X2 mode (6 clocks per machine cycle) to achieve twice the
throughput at the same clock frequency.

The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in serial In-System
Programming (ISP). Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at high speed,
reducing programming costs and time to market. ISP allows a device to be reprogrammed
in the end product under software control. The capability to field/update the application
firmware makes a wide range of applications possible. The P89V51RD2 is also In-
Application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be
reconfigured even while the application is running.

FEATURES:
80C51 Central Processing Unit
V Operating voltage from 0 to 40 MHz
64 KB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and
IAP (In-Application Programming).

Supports 12-clock (default) or 6-clock mode selection via software or ISP

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and enhanced UART
Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each)
Three 16-bit timers/counters
Programmable Watchdog timer (WDT)
Eight interrupt sources with four priority levels
Second DPTR register
TTL- and CMOS-compatible logic levels

4.7 WORM WHEEL MECHANISM

 A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw)
meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). The
two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often
confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the
worm drive as a unit.

Like other gear arrangements, a worm drive can reduce rotational speed or transmit
higher torque. A worm is an example of a screw, one of the six simple machines.

Explanation[edit]

Worm gear with 4-start worm and throated gear wheel

A gearbox designed using a worm and worm-wheel is considerably smaller than one made from
plain spur gears, and has its drive axes at 90 to each other. With a single start worm, for each
360 turn of the worm, the worm-gear advances only one tooth of the gear. Therefore, regardless
of the worm's size (sensible engineering limits notwithstanding), the gear ratio is the "size of the
worm gear - to - 1". Given a single start worm, a 20 tooth worm gear reduces the speed by the
ratio of 20:1. With spur gears, a gear of 12 teeth must match with a 240 tooth gear to achieve the
same 20:1 ratio. Therefore, if the diametrical pitch (DP) of each gear is the same, then, in terms
of the physical size of the 240 tooth gear to that of the 20 tooth gear, the worm arrangement is
considerably smaller in volume.
A double bass features worm gears as tuning mechanisms

Types

There are three different types of gears that can be used in a worm drive.

The first are non-throated worm gears. These don't have a throat, or groove, machined around
the circumference of either the worm or worm wheel. The second are single-throated worm
gears, in which the worm wheel is throated. The final type are double-throated worm gears,
which have both gears throated. This type of gearing can support the highest loading.[1]

An enveloping (hourglass) worm has one or more teeth and increases in diameter from its middle
portion toward both ends.[2]

Double-enveloping wormgearing comprises enveloping worms mated with fully enveloping

wormgears. It is also known as globoidal wormgearing.[3]

Direction of transmission

Unlike with ordinary gear trains, the direction of transmission (input shaft vs output shaft) is not
reversible when using large reduction ratios, due to the greater friction involved between the
worm and worm-wheel, when usually a single start (one spiral) worm is used. This can be an
advantage when it is desired to eliminate any possibility of the output driving the input. If a
multistart worm (multiple spirals) is used then the ratio reduces accordingly and the braking
effect of a worm and worm-gear may need to be discounted, as the gear may be able to drive the
worm.

Worm gear configurations in which the gear cannot drive the worm are called self-locking.
Whether a worm and gear is self-locking depends on the lead angle, the pressure angle, and the
coefficient of friction.

Applications

A worm drive controlling a gate. The position of the gate does not change once set

In early 20th century automobiles prior to the introduction of power steering, the effect of a flat
or blowout on one of the front wheels tended to pull the steering mechanism toward the side with
the flat tire. The use of a worm screw reduced this effect. Further worm drive development led
to recirculating ball bearings to reduce frictional forces, which transmitted some steering force to
the wheel. This aids vehicle control and reduces wear that could cause difficulties in steering
precisely.

Worm drives are a compact means of substantially decreasing speed and increasing torque.
Small electric motors are generally high-speed and low-torque; the addition of a worm drive
increases the range of applications that it may be suitable for, especially when the worm drive's
compactness is considered.

Worm drives are used in presses, rolling mills, conveying engineering, mining industry
machines, on rudders, and worm drive saws. In addition, milling heads and rotary tables are
positioned using high-precision duplex worm drives with adjustable backlash. Worm gears are
used on many lift/elevator and escalator-drive applications due to their compact size and the non-
reversibility of the gear.

In the era of sailing ships, the introduction of a worm drive to control the rudder was a
significant advance. Prior to its introduction, a rope drum drive controlled the rudder. Rough seas
could apply substantial force to the rudder, often requiring several men to steer the vesselsome
drives had two large-diameter wheels so up to four crewmen could operate the rudder.

Truck final drive of the 1930s

Worm drives have been used in a few automotive rear-axle final drives (though not
the differential itself). They took advantage of the location of the gear being at either the very top
or very bottom of the differential crown wheel. In the 1910s they were common on trucks; to
gain the most clearance on muddy roads the worm gear was placed on top. In the 1920s
the Stutz firm used them on its cars; to have a lower floor than its competitors, the gear was
located on the bottom. An example from around 1960 was the Peugeot 404. The worm gear
carries the differential gearing, which protects the vehicle against rollback. This ability has
largely fallen from favour due to the higher-than-necessary reduction ratios.

A more recent exception to this is the Torsen differential, which uses worms and planetary worm
gears in place of the bevel gearing of conventional open differentials. Torsen differentials are
most prominently featured in the HMMWV and some commercial Hummer vehicles, and as a
centre differential in some all wheel drive systems, such as Audi's quattro. Very heavy trucks,
such as those used to carry aggregates, often use a worm gear differential for strength. The worm
drive is not as efficient as a hypoid gear, and such trucks invariably have a very large differential
housing, with a correspondingly large volume of gear oil, to absorb and dissipate the heat
created.

Worm drives are used as the tuning mechanism for many musical instruments,
including guitars, double-basses, mandolins, bouzoukis, and many banjos (although most high-
end banjos use planetary gears or friction pegs). A worm drive tuning device is called a machine
head.

Plastic worm drives are often used on small battery-operated electric motors, to provide an
output with a lower angular velocity (fewer revolutions per minute) than that of the motor, which
operates best at a fairly high speed. This motor-worm-gear drive system is often used in toys and
other small electrical devices.

A worm drive is used on jubilee-type hose clamps or jubilee clamps. The tightening screw's
worm thread engages with the slots on the clamp band.

Occasionally a worm gear is designed to run in reverse, resulting in the output shaft turning
much faster than the input. Examples of this may be seen in some hand-cranked centrifuges or
the wind governor in a musical box.

Left hand and right hand worm

Helical and worm handedness

A right hand helical gear or right hand worm is one in which the teeth twist clockwise as they
recede from an observer looking along the axis. The designations, right hand and left hand, are
the same as in the long established practice for screw threads, both external and internal. Two
external helical gears operating on parallel axes must be of opposite hand. An internal helical
gear and its pinion must be of the same hand.

A left hand helical gear or left hand worm is one in which the teeth twist anticlockwise as they
recede from an observer looking along the axis

4.8 BATTERY / POWER SUPPLY

Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic
pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniel
cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and
industrial applications.

The Lead Acid battery is made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide (various other elements
are used to change density, hardness, porosity, etc.) with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65%
water solution. This solution is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that
produce electrons. When you test a battery with a hydrometer, you are measuring the
amount of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. If your reading is low, that means the chemistry
that makes electrons is lacking. So where did the sulfur go? It is resting on the battery
plates and when you recharge the battery, the sulfur returns to the electrolyte.

Basically there are two types of lead acid batteries (along with 3 sub categories); the two
main types are Starting (cranking), and Deep Cycle (marine/golf cart). The starting
battery (SLI starting lights ignition) is designed to deliver quick bursts of energy (such as
starting engines) and therefore has a greater plate count. The plates are thinner and have
somewhat different material composition. The deep cycle battery has less instant energy,
but greater long-term energy delivery. Deep cycle batteries have thicker plates and can
survive a number of discharge cycles. Starting batteries should not be used for deep cycle
applications because the thinner plates are more prone to warping and pitting when
discharged. Dual Purpose Battery is a compromise between the two types of batteries,
though it is better to be more specific if possible.

Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are various versions of the
lead acid battery. The Wet cell comes in two styles; Serviceable and Maintenance free.
Both are filled with electrolyte and are basically the same. I prefer one that I can add
water to and check the specific gravity of the electrolyte with a hydrometer. The Gel Cell
and the AGM batteries are specialty batteries that typically cost twice as much as a
premium wet cell. However they store very well and do not tend to sulfate or degrade as
easily as wet cell. There is little chance of a hydrogen gas explosion or corrosion when
using these batteries; these are the safest lead acid batteries you can use. Gel Cell and
some AGM batteries may require a special charging rate. If you want the best, most
versatile type, consideration should be given to the AGM battery for applications such as
Marine, RV, Solar, Audio, Power Sports and Stand-By Power just to name a few. If you
don't use or operate your equipment daily, AGM batteries will hold their charge better
that other types. If you must depend on top-notch battery performance, spend the extra
money. Gel Cell batteries still are being sold but AGM batteries are replacing them in
most applications. There is a some common confusion regarding AGM batteries because
different manufactures call them by different names; some of the more common names
are "sealed regulated valve", "dry cell", "non spill able", and "Valve Regulated Lead
Acid" batteries. In most cases AGM batteries will give greater life span and greater cycle
life than a wet cell battery.

SPECIAL NOTE about Gel Batteries: It is very common for individuals to use the term
GEL CELL when referring to sealed, maintenance free batteries, much like one would
use Kleenex when referring to facial tissue or "Xerox machine" when referring to a copy
machine. Be very careful when specifying a battery charger, many times we are told by
customer they are requiring a charger for a Gel Cell battery and in fact the battery is not a
Gel Cell.

AGM:
The Absorbed Glass Matt construction allows the electrolyte to be suspended in close
proximity with the plates active material. In theory, this enhances both the discharge and
recharge efficiency. Common manufacturer applications include high performance
engine starting, power sports, deep cycle, solar and storage battery. The larger AGM
batteries we sell are typically good deep cycle batteries and they deliver their best life
performance if recharged before allowed to drop below the 50% discharge rate. The
Scorpion motorcycle batteries we carry are a nice upgrade from your stock flooded
battery, and the Odyssey branded batteries are fantastic for holding their static charge
over long periods of non use. When Deep Cycle AGM batteries are discharged to a rate
of no less than 60% the cycle life will be 300 plus cycles.

GEL:

The Gel Cell is similar to the AGM style because the electrolyte is suspended, but
different because technically the AGM battery is still considered to be a wet cell. The
electrolyte in a Gel Cell has a silica additive that causes it to set up or stiffen. The
recharge voltage on this type of cell is lower than the other styles of lead acid battery.
This is probably the most sensitive cell in terms of adverse reactions to over-voltage
charging. Gel Batteries are best used in VERY DEEP cycle application and may last a bit
longer in hot weather applications. If the incorrect battery charger is used on a Gel Cell
and battery works poor performance.
 CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM
mODEL IMAGE
 CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES,
DISADVANTAGES

AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 ADVANTAGES

It is helpful to handicapped peoples.

It is also helpful for all the people.

Easy cross the railway track with less energy.

Accident due to railway crossing will reduces.

Easy to install
6.2 DISADVANTAGES

Installation cost is high.

Small error in setup will create dangerous accident.

Maintenance required by time.

6.3 APPLICATIONS

It is used in Railway Platform.

This principle is used in Bridge also.

 CHAPTER 7

ESTIMATION AND
COSTING
7.1 ESTIMATION AND COSTING

In this Project we short out following estimation.

SR. NO. NAME QTY. PRICE

(IN INDIAN RUPPES)
1. Mechanical Platform 1 400
2. Worm & Wheel Drive 2 580
3. DC Motor 2 600
4. Buzzer 1 40
5. IR Sensor 2 330
6. Microcontroller Board 1 1900
7. Supporting Beam for 1 50
Bridge
8. Other Expenses - 600
9. Labor Work - 300
TOTAL
 REFERENCES

http://www.slideshare.net/

http://www.engineersgallery.com/

http://www.slideshare.net/ellencarroll/presentation1-29246250

http://www.slideshare.net/mdoude/presentation-railway-platforms

http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.robotiik.com/