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S. Francia
SPEA Autostrade S.p.A., Milano, Italy
E. M. Pizzarotti, M. Rivoltini & C. Pecora
S.IN.C. S.r.l., Milano, Italy
ABSTRACT: In the deep tunneling design for the Milano Roma highway stretches known as Variante
di Valico, calculation procedures have been applied in which the analytical method of the Ground Reaction
Curve (GRC) is coupled to continuum discretization with the Finite Differences Method (FDM).
Analyses procedure is aimed to evaluate the strain distribution on the cavity boundary surface as a func-
tion of the distance from the front face considering also strengthening operations of the front face. Further-
more the analyses provide indications on the axial strain (extrusion) of the excavation front and on the exten-
sion of plastic areas as well as absolute and relative radial displacements of the natural cavity at any distance
from the front face and on the extensions of plastic zones.
Checks on the structural elements which are part of the first phase and final linings are carried out on the
basis of the stress states produced by the succession of the excavation and strengthening phases, simulated
through proper installation distances of these elements from the front face.
the layout of the new highway is designed, is the re- a=1/2 (4)
sult of complex geologic evolution of the Apenni-
nes. In order to use the Hoek & Brown criterion for
In application below shown, it is possible to char- estimating the strength and the deformability of
acterize two geomorphological zones, coupled to jointed rock masses, three properties of the rock
geological soil formation. mass have to be estimated:
The first one is characterized by hard morphol- - ci: uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock
ogy, frequently with steep slope, that are middle pieces;
mountain areas with sandstone-marl rock, called - mi: Hoek & Brown constant for the rock mass;
Macigno. In this zone the tipical landslide are by - GSI: value of Geological Strength Index for
collapse, by block movement and by detritus slide. rock mass.
The second one, clearly crumbly, is characterized
by allochthonous formation called Argille Scagli- The value of Geological Strength Index (GSI) is
ose. In this zone it is possible to examine corru- based on the value of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), by
gated elevation and little steep slope, subjected to in- the equation:
tense erosion, with flow slide and superficial GSI = URMR-5 (5)
gravitational distortion.
Below it is shown the analysis of a particular sec- where:
tion of tunnel when the mass rock is characterized URMR = RMR (6)
by Argille Scagliose.
evaluated by R5 = 15 and R6 = 0.
2.2 Geomechanical characteristics Moreover, to model the post peak behavior of the
The rock has been classified referring to the rock mass, it has been considered a residual value of
Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of Bieniawski. GSI once reached the frontier of the plastic criteria.
The geomechanical parameters, necessary for the About the Deformation Modulus (E) Serafim &
evaluation of the RMR value and of the consequent Pereira proposed a relationship between the in situ
rock qualitative class, are: modulus of deformation and Bieniawskis RMR
- R1: uniaxial compressive strength of the rock classification. Hoek & Brown proposed the follow-
material; ing modification:
- R2: Rock Quality Designation, RQD; GSI 10
c
- R3: spacing of discontinuities; E= 10 40
(7)
- R4: condition of discontinuities; 100
- R5: groundwater conditions;
Regarding the non associated flow rule, in the
- R6: orientation of discontinuities.
analytical solution there is a parameter f varying
from 1.0 (no dilatancy) to fa (associated flow rule):
By sum of absolute value of each parameter you
have numerical evaluation of RMR, by which you mb
assign one of the five rock mass classes of Bi- fa = 1+
1
(8)
2
eniawskis method. pcr
2 mb +s
(1)
c
C) Axialsymmetrical analysis to simulate exca- About Argille Scaglioses (AS, laminated clay)
vation progress. The results are: behavior, the swelling and viscoplasticity are con-
- to get displacements around cavity (without siderated usind a reduction of 10% for GSI value
strengthening structures) correlated to the distance with reduction of the geomechanical parameters.
from front; The section illustrated is PA-2/4/5, used in
- to evaluate strain and extension of plastic presence of Argille Scagliose and GSI value of 35.
zones, particullary near front. The overburden is 250m.
Regarding the rock mass where it is necessary In table 2 are illustrated: the strengthening
to use strengthening structures on front, the analysis structures (used in the analysis by FLAC), the proper
distance from the front face and the value of FFS JOB TITLE : GEOSTATICO - MESH INGRANDITA
Grid plot
SEZ. PA 2/4/5
FASI DI ANALISI
0.200 0.600 1.000 1.400 1.800
distance from the front vs FFS, calculated by the Figure 3. Mesh: particular of boundary of excavation.
axialsimmetrical numerical analysis including front
consolidation (figure 1). JOB TITLE : APPLICAZIONE FFS (*10^1)
JOB TITLE : FRONTE CONSOLIDATO - DEFORMAZIONI DEL PROFILO ALL'EQUILIBRIO E PLASTICIZZAZIO NI LEGEND 1.200
-0.250 0.000
0 1E 0
0 2E -1 SEZ. PA 2/4/5
FASI DI ANALISI
-1.750 0.200 0.600 1.000 1.400 1.800
(*10^1)
-2.250
A.S. GSI=35-COP=250
ASSIALSIMMETRICO
-0.750 -0.250 0.250 0.750 1.250 1.750 2.250 2 .750 3.2 50 3.750 Figure 4. Applying FFS pressure along excavation boundary.
Figure 1. Axialsimmetrical analysis. Convergence at the front JOB TITLE : FASE 8:SCAVO E GETTO ARCO ROVESCIO (*1 0^ 1)
22-Nov-99 11:56
In the figures from 2 to 5 are illustrated the step 45947
-1.000E+00 <x< 2.000E+01
Material m odel
0 .80 0
m ohr-coulom b
Beam plot
0 .40 0
FLAC (Version 3.40) 7 .00 0
LEGEND
5 .00 0
17-Nov-99 17:29 0 .00 0
step 547
-3.833E+01 <x< 1.083E+02
-6.833E+01 <y< 7.833E+01
3 .00 0
Grid plot
-0 .40 0
0 2E 1
1 .00 0 SEZ. PA 2/4/5
FASI DI ANALISI
0.20 0 0.60 0 1 .0 00 1 .4 00 1 .80 0
(*10 ^1 )
-1 .00 0
-5 .00 0
In the figures from 6 to 9 are illustrated the re-
sults during the calculus process (extension of plas-
SEZ. PA 2/4/5
FASI DI ANALISI
-0.2 00 0.0 00 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.0 00
tic zones, design loads for the structures).
(*10^2 )
1.200 1.200
LEGEND LEGEND
Figure 6. Axial sollecitation for rockbolts. Figure 9. Flexural sollecitation in final lining.
22-Nov-99 11:56
2.500
state
Elastic 2000
At Yield in Shear or Vol.
ARCO ROVESCIO SP=100cm
Elastic, Yield in Past 0.500
Arco Rovescio - Breve termine
Boundary plot Arco Rovescio - Lungo termine
1500 Arco Rovescio - Decadimento
0 2E 1 RIVESTIMENTO SP=85cm.
Rivestimento di calotta
Exaggerated Boundary Disp. -0.500 Rivestimento di calotta - Decadimento
1000
Magnification = 2.000E+00
Max Disp = 2.916E-01
Beam plot
500
Cable plot
-1.500
M [kNm/m]
-2.500
-500
SEZ. PA 2/4/5
RISULTATI ANALISI
0 .500 1 .50 0 2.5 00 3.500 4.500 5.500
(*10 ^1 ) -1000
-1500
23-Nov-99 14:05
step 56947
-1.000E+00 <x< 2.100E+01
-7.000E+00 <y< 1.500E+01 0.800
It is important to note:
Material model
mohr-coulom b
Beam plot
- the maximum absolute displacement cavity of
Cable plot
Axial Force on
0.400
the boundary is nearly 29.2 cm, after the installation
Structure
# 1 (Beam )
Max. Value
6.965E+06 of primary linings. Because the radial displacement
# 2 (Beam ) 6.067E+06
0.000
at the front is 12.5cm, the relative displacement is
about 16.7cm, i. e. the same engineering measure of
over-excavation (15cm);
-0.400
5 REFERENCES