ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Bangued Campus, Bangued, Abra

RHODA MAY B. ANDALLO ESTRELITA M. VASQUEZ

Master of Arts in Mathematics Professor
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

ANGLES

An angle is a figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint called
the vertex. The space between the two rays can be measured in either degrees or radians. The terminal side can
be rotated either counterclockwise or clockwise.
Angles are measured to determine the amount of rotation the initial side is made to coincide with the
terminal side. These measures are expressed either in degrees or in radians.
The angle formed by rotating the terminal side exactly once in the counterclockwise direction until it
coincides with the initial side has a degree measure of 360 (1 revolution). Revolution is the motion of a body
1
about a center or about its axis. One degree or 1 is revolution.
360

Degrees and Radians

Remember

Radian is the measure of a central angle of a circle that is subtended by an arc whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle.

The circumference of a circle is 2 times the radius, and consequently it subtends a central angle
of 2 radian. Since the circumference of a circle subtends a central angle of 360 and of 2 radians, it follows that
2 radian= 360
radian = 180

If radian (180) is divided by , If radian (180) is divided by 180,

radian 180 radian 180
= =
180 180
180
1 radian = 1 = radian
180

180
To convert radians to degrees, multiply the given number of radians by .

5 5 180
Example: radian= =150
6 6

To convert degrees to radians, multiply the given number of degrees by .
180
 5
Example: 50= 50 = radian
180 18

Arc Length and Area of a Sector

The radian measure of a central angle of a circle can be used to easily find the length of the intercepted
arc of a circle.

A central angle in a circle of radius r intercepts an arc whose length s is a fraction of

the circumference of the circle. Since a complete revolution is 2 radians, that fraction

is . Since the circumference is 2r, we get s = 2 r=r .
2 2

The length s of an arc intercepted by a central angle of radians on a circle of radius r is given by s = r.

Examples:
1. The radius of a circle is 25 cm. Find the length of an arc of the circle subtended by a central angle of 60.

Solution: The central angle = 60 = radians.
3

By substitution, we have s = r = (25 cm) ( 3 )= 253 cm.

25
Thus, the length of the arc is cm.
3

2. The length of an arc of a circle is 50 cm and is subtended by a central angle of 2.5 radians. Find the radius of the
circle.
Solution: By Substitution, we have s = r
50 cm = r(2.5)
20 cm = r
Thus the radius of the circle is 20 cm.
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the sides of a central angle. Let K be the area
of the sector having central angle with measure (in radians). Then K is just a fraction of the area of the circle. This

fraction is equal to . Using similar computation as that of arc length, we obtain the following formula:
2
If K is the area of a sector of a circle of radius r and the central angle of the circle has radian measure ,
1 2
then K = r .
2

Example:
 1
A circle of radius 9 cm has a sector whose central angle has radian measure . Find the arc length and the area of
3
the sector.
1 1
Solution: We are given r = 9 and = . With these values, we get s = r = 9 = 3 and K = 9
2

3 3 2
27
= .
3 2
27
Thus the arc length is 3 cm and the area is cm2.
2

An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at the

origin and one ray is on the positive x-axis. The ray on the x-axis
is called the initial side and the other ray is called the terminal
side. If the terminal side of an angle lies "on" the axes (such as
0, 90, 180, 270, 360 ), it is called a quadrantal angle. The
angle shown at the right is referred to as a Quadrant II angle
since its terminal side lies in Quadrant II.

If two angles in standard position have the same terminal side, they are called coterminal angles. In the diagram at the
left, +120 and -240 are coterminal angles.

There are two methods that can be used to determine if two or more angles are coterminal. The first one is to sketch the
angles and determine if the terminal side is the same as per the figure above.

The second option is to determine mathematically if they are coterminal by subtracting 360 until a number between 0
and positive 360 can be reached. If the angle is negative add 360 until a number between 0 and positive 360 is reached.

405 - 360 = 45 therefore 405 and 45 are coterminal

-315 + 360 = 45 therefore -315 and 45 are coterminal

Reference Angles: Associated with every angle drawn in standard position (except quadrantal angles) there is another
angle called the reference angle. The reference angle is the acute angle (the smallest angle) formed by the terminal side
of the given angle and the x-axis. Reference angles may appear in all four quadrants. Angles in quadrant I are their own
reference angles.

A reference angle is always positive and is always less than 90.

Remember: The reference angle is measured from the terminal side of the original angle "to" the x-axis (not "to" the
y-axis).
 If the starting angle is greater than 360, start by subtracting 360 from the starting angle (as many times
as needed) to arrive at a new "starting" angle that lies between 0 and 360.
(If working in radians, subtract 2 until the starting angle is between 0 and 2 radians.)
Example: starting angle 460 becomes 460 - 360 = 100 starting angle.

A Quadrantal Angle is an angle in standard position with terminal side on the x-axis or y-axis. Some examples are the
angles located at 0, 90, 180, 270, 360, 450, ... as well as -90, -180, -270, -360.

The Unit Circle

Functions f() or f(x) are called circular when the independent variable or x refers to an arc length of the unit circle.
Consider a unit circle of radius 1 with center at the origin (0,0), and intersects the coordinate axes at the points (1,0),
(0,1), (-1,0) and (0,-1). This is called a unit circle. Any point on the circle will correspond to all ordered pairs (x,y) as its
coordinates.

Let P be any point on the unit circle with

coordinates (x,y). If the distance OP is 1
and a perpendicular is drawn from pP to
M on the positive x axis forming right
triangle PMO, by the Pythagorean
theorem,

OP2 = OM2 + PM2 or

12 = x 2 + y 2
The equation of the circle with center at (0,0) and radius 1 is x 2 + y2 = 1.

Also on the unit circle, the length of the arc s is equivalent to the radian measure of the central angle. That is, =
s. Looking further at the unit circle, let s be any real number and the central angle be the angle in standard position
equal to s, and let P be a point on the unit circle that is also on the terminal side of .
 If s 0, point P is found by moving the counterclockwise along the unit circle starting at (1,0) for a length of arc
equal to s units. On the other hand, if s 0, point P is found by moving clockwise along the unit circle starting at (1,0) for
a length of arc equal to s units.
Thus, to each real number s, there corresponds a unique point P(x,y) on the unit circle. Consequently, the
measure of the angle in radians equals the value of the real number s.
Since the values of an angle are determined by the coordinates of the point (x,y) on the unit circle

corresponding to , the measure used does not matter. For example, = radians and = 90 can be interchanged.
2
Coordinates of points on the Unit Circle

Knowing the equation defining the unit circle, and the Pythagorean theorem, together with the properties of special
right triangles, the coordinates of the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in standard
position can be obtained.

Examples:

Let P be the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal side of the following angles in standard position.

a. An angle of 30 in standard position has its terminal side in the first quadrant. Find the coordinate of point P on
the unit circle.
1
Solution: In a 30 60 90 triangle, the length of the leg opposite the 30 angle is the length of the
2
hypotenuse. Using the Pythagorean theorem,
2 2 2
x + y =r
2
1
x 2+
2() =( 1 )
2

1 3
x 2=1 =
4 4
x=

3
4

2
3

Since a 30 angle in standard position lies in QI, point P has coordinates ( 23 , 12 ) .

b. An angle of 60 in standard position has its terminal side in the first quadrant. Find the coordinate of point P on
the unit circle.
1
Solution: Use the same relation as in Example A. The length of the leg opposite the 30 angle is the length
2
of the hypotenuse. This value is represented by x. Thus
x 2+ y 2 =r 2
2 2
1
() 2
+ y =( 1 )
2

1 3
y 2=1 =
4 4
y=

3
4

3
2
Since a 60 angle in standard position lies in QI, point P has coordinates ( 12 , 23 ) .
 c. An angle of 45 in standard position has its terminal side in the first quadrant. Find the coordinate of point P on
the unit circle.
Solution: In a 45 45 90 triangle, the length of the two legs are equal. Using the Pythagorean theorem,

2 2 2
x + y =r
Since r =1x= y
x 2+ x 2=12
2
2 x =1
1
x 2=
2
x=
1
2
;
2
2
y=
1
2

2
2

Since a 45 angle in standard position lies in QI, point P has coordinates ( 22 , 22 ) .

SINE AND COSINE FUNCTION

With the point (1,0) as the starting point, any arc of length s has a corresponding terminal point P, with coordinates (x,y)
on the circle.

If s is a real number, and is an angle having radian measure s, then

sin s = sin

cos s = cos

If s is any real number and s is the arc length of an arc on the unit circle with (1,0) as initial point and terminal point (x,y),
then

sin s = y

cos s = x

Examples:

Evaluate: sin 90 and cos 90

If = 90 is in standard position, the terminal side of the angle intersects the unit circle at the point (0,1).

By definition, cos 90 is the abscissa or x = 0 and sin 90 is the ordinate or y = 1. Thus sin 90 = 1 and cos 90 = 0.