FURTHER LEARNING

REFERENCE AND CITE YOUR TEXT AND IMAGES

Whenever you write a text, create a research journal

or sketchbook you need to cite and reference your
sources. The following slides will give examples on
how to use citations within your text and how to cite
and reference different sources.

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IN TEXT CITATIONS
You need to cite within your text whenever you use information from a book, article or other
source that you consulted when writing your text.
This includes:
Direct quotations: Repeating a sentence or paragraph that was written by an author word for
word. The direct quote is shown in inverted commas
Within your text this could look like this:
When planning a design in relation to the materials it can be said that Sourcing begins with the
concept (Dudsworth, 2009, p. 113).
The citation could also be placed at the beginning of the sentence:
Dudsworth (2009, p. 113) states that Sourcing begins with the concept when planning the
design in relation to materials.
The corresponding reference that will be placed in alphabetical order (by Authors surname) at
the end of the text, would follow this format.
And look like this:
Dudsworth S. (2009) The Fundamentals Of Interior Design. Lausanne: AVA Publishing SA

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IN TEXT CITATIONS
Text that you paraphrase: A sentence or paragraph that you read and which you
reworded within your text. Paraphrased text will not be shown in inverted commas.
Within your text this could look like this:
The research for all FF&E for a design scheme starts with the design concept
(Dudsworth, 2009, p 113).
Citing images (includes artwork, graphs, photographs etc):
Images always need to be cited. If you do not know or have received permission from
the actual creator of the image, you will need to cite and reference the secondary source
this image came from.
For example; You have taken an image from a website:
Your citation should state (website name not url, date of publishing) and the citation
should be shown below the image and referenced according to the relevant source the
image came from. The full text reference will need to be shown within your reference list
at the end of your text.
The following slides will show the most frequently used secondary sources and how
these should be cited and referenced.
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 The Further Learning Guide to the Harvard Referencing and Citation System

Type of In-text citation Full text reference

Source
These are citations that appear within A Reference List is an alphabetised list of full text references that should appear as a list at the end of a work. All
the body of the work. sources cited within the body of the work should appear as a full text reference within the Reference List. For
sources from a company that begin with the word The, use the second word to alphabetise.
Note: This includes paintings,
sculptures, buildings, and other
ARTISTIC artworks. Cite and reference the creator
WORK of the artwork when you have viewed
or photographed the physical artwork.

1. Physical (e.g. (Surname of Artist, Year of Creation) Surname of Artist, Initial of Artists First Name. (Year of Creation) Title of the Work in Italics, Medium,
viewed in a Dimensions, Collection, City: Museum or Gallery Name, Catalogue or Accession Number.
Gallery, Example:
Museum, etc.) Example:
(Pollock, 1947)
Pollock, J. (1947) Alchemy, Oil on commercially printed fabric, 114.6 x 221.3 cm, Peggy Guggenheim Collection,
New York: Guggenheim Museum, 76.2553.150.

2. Online (Surname of Artist, Year of Creation) Surname of Artist, Initial of Artists First Name. (Year of Creation) Title of the Work in Italics [Image Online],
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Example:
(Boccioni, 1911)
Boccioni, U. (1911) States of Mind: The Farewells [Image Online], Available at:
https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/online/#works/01/01 [Accessed 29 March 2017].

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BOOK

1. Book with one When referring to the entire book -
author
Focus on information:
(Surname of Author, Year Published)
Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or town of
Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Keenan, B. (2004) An Evil Cradling. London: Vintage.

Example:

(Keenan, 2004)

OR

Focus on author:

Surname of Author (Year Published)

Example:

Keenan (2004)

When using a direct quote

Quote (Surname of Author, Year

Published, Page Number)

Note: When including long quotations

(i.e. excerpts), the quotation does not

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appear in quotation marks, instead it is
put in a separate paragraph that is
indented. For quotes that are
considered common knowledge (i.e.
known by the reader) than there is no
need to cite and reference that quote.
If there is doubt whether the quotation
reflects common knowledge, then the
source should be cited and referenced.

When using a quote or information

from a primary source that is sourced
from a secondary source, cite and
reference the secondary source

Example:

(as cited in Armstrong, 1995)

When using more than one source When using more than one source from the same author, the Year Published indicates the source and the
from the same author, the Year sources are listed in the Reference List in chronological order -
Published indicates the source -
Example:

(Armstrong, 1995) Armstrong, M. (1995) A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice. London: Kogan Page.

(Armstrong, 1999) Armstrong, M. (1999) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 7th edn. London: Kogan Page.

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When using multiple sources from the
same author that were published
within the same year -
(Central Statistics Office, 2004a)
(Central Statistics Office, 2004b)
When Year Published is unknown
(Surname of author, n.d.)
When author is unknown use the
corporate author or Anon. if the
author is Anonymous
(Corporate Author, Year Published)
(Anon., Year Published)
When Year Published is an
approximate Year Published -
(Surname of Author, ca. Approximate
Year Published)
When using multiple sources from the same author that were published within the same year, the sources are
differentiated using lower case letters in alphabetical order
Example:
Central Statistics Office (2004a) Statistical Yearbook of Ireland 2004. Dublin: Government Publications Office.
Central Statistics Office (2004b) Population and Labour Force Projections 2006-2036. Dublin: Government
Publications Office.
When Year Published is unknown
Example:
Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (n.d.) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of Publication:
Publisher.
When author is unknown use the corporate author or Anon. if the author is anonymous
Examples:
Corporate Author (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
Anon. (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
When Year Published is an approximate Year Published -
Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (ca. Approximate Year Published) Title of Book in Italics.
City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
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 When using a book that is a collection
of work by one author or multiple
authors, that has been compiled and
edited by an editor(s)
(Surname of Editor, Year Published)
Surname of Editor (Year Published)
2. Book with two (Surname of First Author and Surname
authors of Second Author, Year Published)
Examples:
(Sisson and Storey, 2000)
Sisson and Story (2000)
3. Book with (Surname of First Author et al., Year
more than Published)
two authors
Example:
(Gunnigle et al., 2011)
Note: et al. = abbreviated form of et
alia; Latin meaning and others
When using a book that is a collection of work by one author or multiple authors, that has been compiled and
edited by an editor(s)
Surname of Editor, First Letter of Editors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of
Publication: Publisher.
Surname of First Author, Initial of First Authors First Name. and Surname of Second Author, Initial of Second
Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Sisson, K. and Storey, J. (2000) The Realities of Human Resource Management. Buckingham: Open University
Press.
Surname of First Author, First Name Initial., Surname of Second Author, First Name Initial., and Surname of Third
Author, First Name Initial. (Year Published) Title of Book in Italics. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Gunnigle, P., Heraty, N. and Morley, M. (2011) Human Resource Management in Ireland, 1st ed. Dublin: Gill &
Macmillan.
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4. Chapter in a (Surname of Author of Chapter, Year Surname of Author of Chapter, Initial of Chapter Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Chapter, in
book Published) Surname of Author of Book, First Initial of Book Authors First Name (ed) Title of Book, City or Town of
Publication, Publisher, page number(s).
Example:
Example:
(Robinson, 1981)
Robinson, D. (1981) British Industrial Relations Research in the Sixties and Seventies, in Doeringer et al. (eds)
Industrial Relations in International Perspective: Essays on Research and Policy, London, Palgrave Macmillan UK,
pp. 145-184.

5. Online book (Authors Surname, Year Published Authors Surname, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published Online) Title of Book [Online]. City or
Online) Town of Publication, Publisher. Available at: URL address [Accessed Day Month Year].

Example: Example:

(McCalla, 2000) McCalla, J. (2000) Jazz: A Listeners Guide [Online]. New York, Pearson. Available at:
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/program/Mc-Calla-Jazz-A-Listener-s-Guide-3rd-Edition/PGM292617.html
[Accessed 24 March 2017].

(Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Case Study [Case Study], Title
CASE STUDY of Journal in Italics, Volume (Issue) or Reference Number, page numbers. Available at: URL [Accessed Day
Example: Month Year].

(Moon, 2015) Example:

Moon, Y. (2015) Uber: Changing the Way the World Moves [Case Study], Harvard Business Review, Reference
Number 316101, pp. 1-20. Available at: https://hbr.org/product/recommended/an/316101-PDF-
ENG?referral=02518&cm_vc=rr_category_page.case_top_month [Accessed 03 April 2017].

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COURSE
MATERIAL

1. Print (Surname of Author or Name of Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name or Name of Institution. (Year Printed) Title of Document,
Institution, Year Published) Unit or Section Code: Unit or Section Title in Italics, Name of Institution, unpublished.

Example: Example:

(Further Learning Ltd, 2017) Further Learning Ltd. (2017) Idea Generation and the Design Process, Section 2: Fashion Design Sketchbook and
Portfolio, Further Learning Ltd, unpublished.

2. Online (Surname of Author, Year Uploaded) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name or Name of Institution. (Year Uploaded) Title of
Document, Unit or Section Code: Unit or Section Title in Italics [Online], Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month
Example: Year].

(Further Learning Ltd, 2017) Example:

Further Learning Ltd. (2017) Idea Generation and the Design Process, Section 2: Fashion Design Sketchbook and
Portfolio [Online], Available at:
https://www.fashiondesignacademy.com.au/students/course_content_documents.php?id=394963702174262
[03 April 2017].

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JOURNAL
ARTICLE

1. Print Journal (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Article, Title of Journal in
Italics, Volume(Issue), page numbers.
Example:
Example:
(Cannon, 1995)
Cannon, F. (1995) Business driven management development, Journal of European Industrial Training, 19(2),
pp. 26-31.

2. Online Journal (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Article, Title of Journal in Italics
[Online], Volume(Issue), page numbers. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Example:
(Shrubsall, 1987)
Shrubsall, W. (1987) Banjo as Icon, The Journal of Popular Culture [Online], 20(4), pp.31-59. Available at:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1987.00031.x/abstract [Accessed 28 March 2017].

(Surname of Author or Lecturer, Year Surname of Author or Lecturer, Initial of First Name. (Year Published) Title of Lecture [Medium], Unit Code:
LECTURE Published) Title of Unit in Italics. Institution. Day Month of Delivery.
NOTES
Example: Example:

(Gunther, 2017) Gunther, A. (2017) Interior Design Class 7: Sketchup Pro/Research Project [Lecture], Unit 9: Research Project.
Further Learning Ltd. 28 January.

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 Title of Bill or Act (Government of Government of Country (Year of Enactment) Title of Bill or Act. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.
LEGISLATIVE Country, Year of Enactment)
MATERIAL Example:
OR
Government of Ireland (2000) Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000. Dublin: The Stationery Office.
(Government of Country, Title of Bill or
Act with Year of Enactment in Italics)

Examples:

Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000

(Government of Ireland, 2000)

(Government of Ireland, Copyright and

Related Rights Act, 2000)

MAGAZINE

1. Print Article (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Article, Title of Magazine in
Italics, Volume(Issue), page number.
Example:
Example:
(Elliott, 2008)
Elliott, D. (2008) Jumbo the Elephant, History Magazine, February/March, p. 17.

Note: For print article sources that do not list the Volume and Issue Number, use the month of the publication in
place of Volume(Issue).

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2. Online Article (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title of Article, Title of Magazine in
Italics [online], Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Example:
(Worland, 2017)
Worland, J. (2017) President Trump Signs Executive Order Rolling Back Obama-Era Environmental Regulations,
Time [online], Available at: http://time.com/4713731/donald-trump-climate-change-executive-order-president-
obama-epa/?xid=homepage [Accessed 29 March 2017].

NEWSPAPER

1. Print Article (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title or Article, Title of Newspaper in
Italics, Title of Supplement or Section, Day Month of Publication, page numbers.
Example:
Example:
(Pearlstein, 2017)
Pearlstein, S. (2017) Could Handouts End the Welfare Trap?, Washington Post, Section B, 26 March, p. 8.

2. Online Article (Surname of Author, Year Published) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Published) Title or Article, Title of Newspaper in
Italics [online], Day Month of Publication. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Doyle, M. (2017) Rachel Donohue is Hennessy New Irish Writer of the Year, The Irish Times [online], 29 March.
(Doyle, 2017) Available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/rachel-donohue-is-hennessy-new-irish-writer-of-the-
year-1.3027834 [Accessed 29 March 2017].

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OTHER
ONLINE
SOURCES

1. Blog (Surname of Author, Year of Post) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year Blog Posted) Title of Blog Post, Title of Blog
[Online], Day Month of Posted Entry, Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Dreher, R. (2017) Three Rival Humanisms, The American Conservative [Online], 28 March, Available at:
(Dreher, 2017) http://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/harari-three-rival-humanisms/ [Accessed 29 March 2017]

2. Facebook (Surname of Author, Year of Post)
Example:
(National History Museum, 2017)
Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name or Institution Name (Year of Post) Beginning of Post [],
Facebook Post, Day Month of Post. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
National History Museum (2017) The Museum is open but [], Facebook Post, 5 January. Available at:
https://www.facebook.com/pg/naturalhistorymuseum/posts/?ref=page_internal [29 March 2017].

3. Podcast (Surname of Presenter, Year of Podcast) Surname of Presenter, First Letter of Authors First Name. (Year of Post) Title of Podcast in Italics [Podcast], Day
Month of Podcast Post, Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Example:
(Osbourne, 2012)
Osborne, C. (2017) The Writers Passage: Episode 10: Chrissy Osbourne [Podcast], 12 August, Available at:
http://www.podcasts.ie/category/thewriterspassage/ [Accessed 31 March 2017].

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4. Twitter (Authors Surname, Year of Post) Surname of Author, First Letter of Authors First Name. or Corporate Author (Year of Post) Tweet [], Twitter
Post, Day Month of Tweet, Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Example:
(Gartner Inc., 2017)
Gartner Inc. (2017) Gartner advises enterprise architects to focus on customers, ecosystems & design, Twitter
Post, 29 March, Available at: https://twitter.com/Gartner_inc [Accessed 30 March 2017].

5. Video (Surname of Poster, Year Video Posted) Surname of Poster, Initial of Posters First Name. or Corporate Author (Year Video Posted) Title of Video.
(YouTube) Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Surname of Poster (Year Video Posted)
Example:
Examples:
Upton Bass (2016) Upton Bass: Marc Ramirez Double Bass Recital, Metropolitana. Available at:
(Upton Bass, 2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZHMD1HhJGA [29 March 2017].

Upton Bass (2016)

6. Website (Author of Website, Year Published)
Example:
(Citizens Information Board, 2016)
Surname of Author of Website, Initial of Authors First Name. or Corporate Author (Year Published) Title of
Webpage in Italics [Online], Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Example:
Citizens Information Board (2016) Constitution and Education [Online], Available at:
http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/the_irish_education_system/constitution_and_education.html
[30 March 2017].

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 Note: This includes photographs,
PHOTOGRAPH images, figures, illustrations, tables,
(OR IMAGE) diagrams, maps, and graphs.

1. Photograph or (Surname of Photographer or Creator Surname of Photographer or Creator of Image, Initial of Photographer/Artists First Name. (Year Published) Title
Image - Print of Image, Year Published) of Photograph or Image [Image Type]. City or Town of Publication: Publisher.

Example: Example:

(Taylor-Johnson, 2004) Taylor-Johnson, S. (2004) Self Portrait Suspended [Photograph]. Cleveland: Cleveland Center for Contemporary
Art.

2. Photograph or (Surname of Photographer or Creator Surname of Photographer or Creator of Image, Initial of Photographer/Artists First Name. (Year Published) Title
Image - Online of Image, Year Published) of Photograph or Image [Image Type]. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].

Example: Example:

(McCarthy, 2002) McCarthy, C. (2002) The Luncheon [Photograph]. Available at: http://www.imma.ie/en/nav_9.htm [Accessed 29
March 2017].

Students please note: for your educational essays, sketchbooks and research journals you may use the secondary source and reference this if the original owner of the
image cannot be established. It is important that each image or photograph is cited and referenced.

Disclaimer: The FL Harvard Style Guide to Citing and Referencing was created for the sole purpose of providing guidance to FL students in using the Harvard System. The
Guide is not intended for external, nor commercial use.

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