CUREe - Kajima Research Project

Final Project Report

Estimation of Local Site Effects on Strong Ground Motion

By

Dr. Masanori Niwa Prof. Keiiti Aki

Dr. Masayuki Takemura Prof. Ta-Liang Teng
Mr. Kenichi Kato
Mr. Tomonori Ikeura
Mr. Kenji Urao
Dr. Masamitu Miyamura
Prof. Etsuzo Shima
Dr. Tokiharu Ohta

Report No. CK 91 - 01
February 1991

California Universities for Research Kajima Corporation

in Earthquake Engineering (CUREe)
CUREe (California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering)

California Institute of Technology

Stanford University
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, San Diego
University of Southern California

Kajima Corporation

Kajima Institute of Construction Technology

Information Processing Center
Structural Department, Architectural Division
Civil Engineering Design Division
Kobori Research Complex
CUREe-KAJIMA RESEARCH PROJECT

ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS

.
ON STRONG GROUND MOTION

Keiiti Aki and Ta-Liang Teng

Department of Geological Sciences

University of Southern California

January 15, 1990- January 14, 1991.

 Table of contents

Part I. Relation between the weak-motion amplification factor and the site geo-

logical age for the frequency range from 1.5 Hz to 12 Hz. ............................... l.

Part II. Applicability of the weak-motion amplification factor to strong ground

motion during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989........................................ 21.

List of publications. o 65.

Plan. for future publications. . ........................................................................... 66.

Acknowledgment. . .. ., .......... ~eo o 67 .

..
Part I. Relation between the weak-motion amplification factor and

the site geological age for the frequency range from 1.5 Hz to 12 Hz.

Remarkably consistent results have changed from empirical studies of strong

ground motion data about the effect of local geology on peak ground acceleration,

peak ground velocity and response spectra, both in U.S. and Japan. Aki (1988)

summarized these results in the following observations: the site amplification

factor on response spectra depends on the frequency of ground motion. Soil sites

show higher amplification than rock sites by a factor of 2 to 3 for periods longer

than about 0.2 seconds, which the relation is reversed for periods shorter than

about 0.2 seconds. This frequency dependence is reflected in the site dependence

of peak ground motions. Peak ground velocity and displacement as well as the

Arias intensity show high amplifications for soil sites than rock sites, which peak

ground acceleration is independent of the site classification.

Aki (1988) also recognized a similar reversal in the weak motion amplifica-

tion factor determined by Phillips and Aki (1986) between the granite site and the

fault-zone sediment site, but not between the Franciscan rock site and non-fault-

zone sediment. In order to establish more firmly the dependence of amplification

on site geology at various frequencies, we extend the work of Phillips and Aki

to a greater amount of better calibrated data from the USGS central California

network using a new efficient inversion method. We inverted for the relative site

amplification factors in central California from coda waves of local earthquakes

with magnitudes ranging between 1.8 and 3.5 recorded by the USGS seismographic

network. A 90 percent variance reduction was achieved after inversion. We found

that the site amplification of a station is controlled by the surface geology under-

lying that station. In general, the site amplification is high for young, Quarterary

1.
and Tertiary Pliocene sediments. The amplification decreases with increasing ge-

ology age. The decreasing rate is different for different frequency bands. The low

frequencies show sharper decreasing rates than those of high frequencies.

Surprisingly, we did not find any reversal at least up to 12 Hz for the weak

motion amplification factor. On the average, younger soil sites show greater am-

plification at all frequencies up to 12 Hz. This is clearly different from the trend

observed for strong ground motion as mentioned earlier. In the following, we shall

briefly describe the method used in the present study and summarize the result

obtained.

The Method

Generally, the observed coda wave decay rate is very stable, independent of

source-receiver location, whereas the amplitude of the coda waves is source and

site dependent (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). The power spectrum of the

coda wave P(wlt) can be considered as a product of three factors:

P(wlt) = source(w) site(w) path(wlt) (1)

where w is the circular frequency and tis the lapse time measured from the event

origin time. Take a natural log to both side of (1), we have

(2)

where ri(w,) is the site term, Sj(w,) is the source term, and c(w,, tk) is the coda

propagation term which has been shown to be independent of source and receiver

locations. Index i, j, k and l represent the station, source, lapse time and frequen-

cy, respectively. By taking an average of dijkl over all the available stations with

2.
fixed indices j, k and l and then subtracting it from the original dijkl values, we

arrive at the following equatioll.

(3)

We can further write ri = ~m Dimrm and fi = 1/Njkl ~m Imrm, where N;1c1 is

the total number of usable stations for fixed indices j, k and l and Im = 1 if station

m is used, or Im = 0 otherwise. Substituting these expression into (3), we obtain

(4)
m m

where G(K) =Dim- Im/N;kl and K is a function ofindex j,k and l.

For a given frequency (fixed index 1), equation (4) gives us a system oflinear

equations for different stations, sources and lapse time points which could be

used to determine the relative site amplification factors. In practice, the matrix

provided by the linear equations above could be very sparse. A singular value

decomposition and generalized inverse technique is not only expensive but also

inefficient for solving such linear equations. In this work, we used a recursive

inversion method (Zeng, 1990) to determine the site amplification factors, which

leads to tremendous computer time saving in our inverse process. In addition,

with new data points we can always revise the solution according to the recursive

inverse process and avoid the redundant computation once again over the whole

data set.

The Results

A total of 175 earthquakes recorded from 1984 to March, 1990 by the short-

period seismic system of the USGS Menlo Park seismographic network were col-

lected for this study. The magnitude of these earthquakes ranges form 1.8 to

3.
3.5. The distribution of the earthquakes and the stations are plotted in Figure

1. Figure 2a through d are geographical distribution of the natural log of the site

amplification with respect to the average station for the frequency bands centered

at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 Hz. In these figures, we used six different symbol represent_.

ing six different site amplification ranges. For frequency 1.5 Hz, we can see that

the highest amplification site are in the area of Watsonville and fault zone near

Hollister. The surface geology of these area are composed mostly by Quaternary

sediments. The Diablo range covered by the Franciscan formation has low am-

plification. It shows low site amplification for all frequency bands we studied as

can see from figure 2a to 2d. The Gabilan range and the southwest area of th?

N aciminento faults have the lowest site amplification for frequency 1.5 Hz, but

their site amplification slowly increased with increasing frequency. These areas

are mostly composed of Mesozoic granitic rocks and Pre-Cretaceous metamorphic

rocks. The site amplification along the San Andress fault are more complicated,

since the geology condition along the fault zone changes dramatically. In gener-

al, we found that the site amplification of a station is strongly controlled by its

underlying surface geology

To quantify how different geology condition affects the station site amplifi-

cation, we divided all the stations into five groups according to their underlying

geological age. These five groups are Quaternary sediments, Tertiary Pliocene,

Tertiary Miocene up to Cretaceous marine, Franciscan formation and Mesozoic

granite rocks and Pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. The station site amplifica-

tion data in each group were averaged and the mean value was assigned to the

middle age of that group. Figure 3 plots these mean values as well as their stan-

dard error of the mean. From figure 3 we can see that the site amplification is

4.
high for young, Quarterary and Tertiary Pliocene sediments. The amplification

decreases with increasing geology age. The decreasing rate is different for different

frequency b~ds. The low frequencies show sharper decreasing rates than those

of high frequencies.

Table 1lists all the station site amplification values we obtained. The typical

standard errors are about 0.065 for frequency 1.5 Hz, 0.056 for 3 Hz, 0.051 for 6

Hz, and 0.050 for 12 Hz. The surface geology for each station were obtained from

CDMG 1:250,000 scale geology map. From the table, we can see that although

the general trends of the site amplification decreasing with increasing geology

age is clear, some variation within the same geology condition group also can be

seen. These could be due to both the complex geological structure and the surface

topography. The surface topography may sometimes play an even important role

in these variations.

Our inverted site amplification factors were compared with FMAG (duration

magnitude) and XMAG (amplitude magnitude) site corrections determined by

Eaton (1990) for the USGS Menlo Park network. A remarkable linear correlation

was found between our results and the magnitude site correction values confirming

the applicability of coda amplification factor to the waves on which magnitude is

based. As shown in figure 4, the correlation coefficient between our results and

FMAG site correction is 0.9 for frequency 1.5 Hz and 0.89 for 3 Hz.

Our results were also compared with Phillips' earlier results obtained using

singular decomposition method. As shown in figure 5, we can see that these

two data sets are correlated very well at lower frequencies but not at the high-

er frequencies. In general, our results show better correlation with Eaton's site

5.
amplification correction values than Phillips' results.

Conclusions

(1) The recursive stochastic inversion method provides an efficient and stable

method for determining site amplification factor. It leads to tremendous computer

times saving in comparison with the singular value decomposition method used

by Phillips.

{2) The site amplification a.t a station is strong controlled by the surface

geology underlying that station. The site amplification is higher for younger

sediments. It decreases with increasing geology age at all frequencies from 1.5 t~

12 Hz. The decreasing rate is different for different frequency bands. The lower

frequencies show sharper decrease than those of higher frequencies.

{3) A remarkable linear correlation was found between our site amplifica':"

tion factors and the magnitude site correction values determined by Eaton (1990)

confirming the applicability of coda amplification factor to the waves on which

magnitude based.

6.
 Figure Captions

Figure 1. Map ofthe central California showing the distribution ofthe earthquakes

(open circles) and seismic stations (solid stars) used in this study as well as fault

traces (solid lines).

Figure 2a. Geographical distribution of the natural log of site amplification with

respect to the average station for the Octave frequency bands centered at fre-

quency 1.5 Hz. The six different srmbol represent six different site amplification

ranges as show above.

Figure 2b. Same as figure 2a but for frequency 3.0 Hz

Figure 2c. Same as figure 2a but for frequency 6.0 Hz

Figure 2d. Same as figure 2a but for frequency 12.0 Hz

Figure 3. Coda site amplification factor versus the site geologic age. The site

amplification data in each group were averaged and then the mean value were

plotted at the middle age of each group. The standard error of the individual

measurement and that of the mean are also shown.

Figure 4a. Comparison of coda site amplification factors obtained in this study

with FMAG (duration magnitude) site corrections determined by Eaton (1990)

for the stations used in this study. The correlation coefficients for each frequency

were also show on the figure.

Figure 4b. Comparison of coda site amplification factors obtained in this study

with XMAG (amplitude magnitude) site corrections determined by Eaton (1990)

for the stations used in this study. The correlation coefficients for each frequency

were also show on the figure.

7.
Figure 5a. Comparison of coda site amplification factors obtained by Phillips with

FMAG (duration magnitude) site corrections determined by Eaton (1990) for the

stations used in this study. The correlation coefficients for each frequency were

also show on the figure.

Figure 5b. Comparison of the site amplification factors obtained in this study

with those obtained by Phillips (1986).

8.
Station Locat.1on .:).1.'1:.8 1\WP"-"'I.OC:U... _.IJU ~ \AI AI ~OiiJC o:ly=ci.L
1.5 Hz 3 Hz 6 Hz 12 Hz
JPRV 37 47.70 122 28'.43 -0.05 0.18 0.44 0.50 Qs
I? I? TV 36 6.50 120 43.27 0.52 0.98 1.01 0.55 Qal.
BHRV 36 43.67 121 15.83 1.18 0.57 0.46 0.65 Qf
CDUV 38 l. 78 122 0.05 1.95 2.04 1. 77 1.51 a
I?SAV 36 1.52 120 53.30 1.75 1.36 0.97 1.31 Qt,Pml
HCOV 36 53.31 121 42.34 1.32 1.07 0.76 0.70 Qc
JPLV 36 58.62 121 49.93 1.59 1.35 1.04 0.83 Qc
HI?HV 36 51.38 121 24.37 1.98 l. 78 1.56 1.37 Qp
JLTV 37 21.22 122 12.25 0.45 0.91 1.15 0.80 Qp
BEHV 36 39.88 121 10.45 0.82 0.55 0.47 0.34 Qp
HFHV 36 53.29 121 28.13 l. 70 0.95 0.76 0.71 Qp
JSCN 37 16.96 122 3.00 0.45 0.24 0.28 0.18 Qp
JSJV 37 20.03 122 5.48 0.65 0.60 0.57 0.73 Qp
NHMV 38 9.28 121 48.02 1.01 0.68 0.11 0.32 Qpc
HKRV 36 54.10 121 25.56 1.77 1.02 1.11 0.94 Qp
BSLV 36 46.53 121 20~96 1.69 1.24 0.99 0.87 l?c
HORV 36 55.03 121 30.46 1.64 0.89 0.53 0.66 pc
NOLV 38 2.50 122 47.64 0.65 0.79 0.80 0.71 I?
NCFV 38 19.28 122 47.73 0.05 0.26 0.69 0.96 I?
CMCV 37 46.88 122 10.55 0.10 -0.37 0.00 0.51 l?vr
CDOV 37 43.80 121 50.12 o. 77 0.76 0.44 0.38 l?mlc
CRAV 37 46.03 121 56.25 0.64 0.35 -0.03 -0.33 l?mlc
BBNV 36 30.60 121 4.53 0.34 0.41 0.14 -0.08 l?mlc
MYLV 37 23.02 120 25.16 0.17 0.31 o. 62 0.50 l?mlc
JTGV 37 1.71 121 52.58 0.91 0.75 0.58 0.95 l?ml
JBZV 37 1.07 121 49.15 0.99 0.98 1.45 1.25 l?ml
JPSV 37 11.94 122 20.90 0.45 0.40 0.19 -0.13 l?ml
JP.!N 37 2.22 121 57.87 0.57 1.03 0.94 1.04 l?ml
HI?RV 36 57.19 121 41.70 l.OO 0.53 0.49 0.41 Pml
I?BWV 36 18.90 120 55.75 0.41 0.25 0.38 0.80 l?ml
I?LOV 36 14.79 121 2.55 0.56 1.22 1.01 0.85 l?ml
JBCN 37 20.52 122 20.34 0.94 0.63 0.53 0.41 Pml
CBRV 37 48.97 122 3.72 -0.09 -0.66 -0.78 -o. 80 Mu
CBWV 37 55.45 122 6.40 0.35 -0.15 -0.36 -0.13 Mu
CMJV 37 31.25 121 52.23 -0.54 -0.56 -0.28 -0.75 Mu
CACV 37 58.57 121 45.62 0.94 0.43 0.10 0.90 Mu
HQRV 36 50.02 121 12.76 -0.45 -0.38 -0.52 -0.90 Mv
HSFV 36 48.72 121 29.97 0.78 0.70 0.32 0.03 Mv
JSMV 37 12.74 122 10.06 0.47 0.26 0.42 -0.02 Mvb
BI?IV 36 29.40 121 10.11 -0.79 -0.60 -0.44 -0.47 Mvr
BRW 36 25.49 121 1.10 0.32 0.23 0.03 0.42 Mmc
CSI?V 37 57.45 122 18.65 0.09 -0.07 -0.04 -0.44 Mm
HCBV 36 55.88 121 39.63 0.42 0.42 0.35 -0.18 Mm,l?ml
I?ANV 35 46.78 120 54.44 0.99 0.65 0.40 0.69 Mm
BVLV 36 34.51 121 11.34 0.23 0.15 -0.20 -0.35 Mm
I?JLV 36 5.39 121 9.33 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.07 Mm
CMHV 37 21.57 121 45.38 -0.28 -0.26 -0.38 -0.35 Mm,Mu
JECV 37 3.04 121 48.56 -0.11 0.11 -0.04 -0.46 Mm,Pml
JSFV 37 24.31 122 10.55 0.65 0.37 0.02 0.11 Mm
JSCV 37 17.07 122 7.42 -0.53 -0.21 -0.06 -0.21 Ml,Kjf
JPI?V 37 15.81 122 12.78 0.29 0.34 -0.01 0.15 Ml,E
JBCV 37 9.62 122 1.57 0.40 0.44 0.38 0.07 E
JHPV 37 26.65 122 18.09 0.25 0.43 0.12 0.08 E
NCNV 38 16.84 122 12.89 -0.09 -0.14 -0.15 -0.26 Tv
NTYV 38 23.37 122 39.70 0.86 0.15 -0.09 -0.35 Tv
CI?LV 37 38.25 121 57.64 -0.44 -0.63 -0.55 -0.40 K
HCAV 37 1.52 121 29.02 -0.07 -0.34 -0.48 -0.42 K
HSI?V 37 6.91 121 30.94 -0.10 0.08 -0.20 -0.46 K
CMOV 37 48.68 121 48.15 0.33 0.15 0.08 -0.22 K
BMSV 36 39.78 120 47.51 -0.26 0.29 0.15 -0.36 Ku
NAPV 38 26.34 122 14.99 0.75 -0.16 -0.52 -0.50 Ku
BBCN 36 34.70 121 2.31 0.88 0.82 0.59 0.19 Ku
CMI?V 37 21.46 121 18.51 -0.69 -0.61 -0.74 -0.75 Ku
HCI?V 37 11.67 121 11.08 -0.47 0.27 0.50 -0.09 Ku
NLHV 38 7.19 122 8.87 0.21 0.46 0.39 -0.13 Ku Table 1.
HSLV 37 1.16 121 5.13 -0.08 0.49 0.39 0.09 Ku

9.
Station Location Site Amplification Ln(A/X) Geolcqic Symbol
1.5 Hz 3 Hz 6 Hz 12 Hz

HFEV 36 59.00 121 24.09 -0.02 -0.25 -0.33 -0.42 Ku

cu:;v 37 44.28 122 3.83 0.25 0.47 0.36 0.30 Ku
HJSV 36 48.99 121 17.92 0.07 -0.32 -0.50 -o.45 Ku
CBSV 37 49.~6 121 38.43 0.44 0.87 o. 77 0.59 Ku
HLTV 36 53.07 121 18.49 -0.34 -0.62 -0.71 -1.02 Ku
JHLV 37 6.54 121 49.99 -0.87 -0.82 -0.40 0.05 Ku
BRMV 36 50.70 120 49.40 0.01 0.56 0. 72 0.25 Ku
JAIN 37 9.50 121 50.82 -0.83 -0.53 -0.05 -0.05 Kjf (Franciscan)
CMRV 37 35.68 121 38.22 -0.60 -0.73 -0.79 -o.81 Kjf
HGSV 37 5.75 121 26.83 -0.78 -0.78 -0.79 . -0.85 Kjf
JSSV 37 10.17 121 55.84 -0.64 -0.41 -0.61 -0.47 Kjf
J'BMV 37 19.09 122 9.16 -0.52 -0.52 -0.51 -0.47 Kjf
HGWV 37 1.02 121 39.20 -0.76 -0.78 -0.82 -0.91 Kjf
cosv 37 30.51 121 22.A4 -0.87 -0.69 -0.66 -0.55 Kjf
CAOV 37 20.96 121 3r.96 -0.74 -0.63 -0.76 -0.96 Kjf
ADWV 38 26.35 120 50.89 -0.69 -0.38 -0.14 -0.69 Kjf
cscv 37 17.11 121 46.35 0.34 0.18 -0.02 -0.14 Kjf
JIXV 37 12.11 121 59.17 -0.63 -0.39 -0.15 -0.02 Kjf
NLNV 38 9.15 122 42.75 -0.48 -0.20 0.05 0.39 Kjf
BPFV 36 13.82 121 46.32 -0.51 -0.20 -0.12 0.04 Kjf
NTAV 37 55.43 122 35.70 -0.63 -0.7JJ -0.61 0.10 Kjf
H.PLV 37 3.13 121 17.40 -0.60 -0:'46 -0.32 -0.59 Kjf
BEMV 36 39.68 121 5.76 -0.56 0.31 -0.13 -0.27 Kjf
PAHV 35 54.77 121 21.70 -1.05 -0.55 -0.41 -0.53 Kjf
CMLV 37 28.64 121 39.09 -0.90 -0.90 -0.81 -0.26 Kjf
PHRV 36 22.38 120 49.10 -0.05 -0.29 -0.51 -0.54 Kjf
CMMV' 37 27.34 121 29.62 -0.75 -0.87 -1.07 -0.92 Kjf
JRRV 37 3.27 121 43.61 -0.97 -0.86 -0.17 0.03 Kjf
BAW 36 38.75 121 1.79 -0.67 -0.86 -0.88 -1.19 Kjf
CAI.V 37 27.07 121 47.95 -0.71 -0.65 -0.61 -0.77 Kjf
CAIV 37 51.68 122 25.77 -0.67 -0.52 0.17 0.12 Kjfv
JMGV 37 38.22 122 28.43 -0.46 -0.42 -0.28 0.44 Kjfv
CCYV 37 33.10 122 5.45 -0.98 -1.04 -0.76 -0.27 Kjfv
HCRV 36 57.46 121 35.01 -0.65 -0.92 -0.70 -0.22 Kjfv
JSAV 37 34.95 122 25.03 -0.30 -0.23 -0.06 0.26 Kjfv
JEGV 37 30.84 122 27.74 -0.52 -0.21 0.10 0.37 qr
MHDV 37 7.36 119 53.60 -0.20 0.06 0.42 0.29 qr
BPCV 36 34.32 121 37.56 0.30 0.16 0.16 0.19 qr
BVYV 36 44.96 121 24.80 -0.66 -0.80 -0.73 -0.44 qr
HMOV 36 36.03 121 55.06 -0.86 -0.89 -0.62 -0.07 qr
HAZV 36 53.08 121 35.45 -0.26 -0.71 -1.05 -0.87 qr
HBTV 36 51.01 121 33.04 -0.05 -0.22 -0.58 -0.32 qr
BAHV 36 10.55 121 38.56 -0.79 -0.08 0.36 0.12 qr
BJCV 36 32.82 121 23.53 -1.56 -1.43 -1.15 -0.69 qr
BPPV 36 10.12 121 22.68 -1.22 -0.61 -0.49 -0.76 qr
NSPV 38 10.96 122 27.20 -0.02 -0.10 -0.05 -0.26 qr
BPRV 36 24.42 121 43.77 -0.72 -0.38 -0.44 -0.25 qr
BJOV 36 36.65 121 18.81 -0.96 -0.73 0.44 0.62 qr
HDLV 36 50.12 121 38.64 -0.68 -0.55 -0.24 -0.20 qr
BSCV 36 38.50 121 15.59 -0.11 -0.35 -0.63 -0.60 qr
BSGV 36 24.83 121 15.22 -1.05 -0.80 -0.18 0.63 qr
JBLV 37 7.69 122 10.08 -0.88 -0.89 -o. 72 -0.36 qr
BCGV 36 42.55 121 20.60 0.07 -0.06 0.13 0.07 qr
HJGV 36 47.88 121 34.43 -0.52 -0.74 -0.66 -0.42 qr
BSRV 36 39.99 121 31.12 -0.92 -0.58 0.20 0.63 qr
CRPV 37 54.75 121 54.33 0.20 0.79 0.41 0.07 ub,ku,qr
CMJV 37 9.83 121 37.55 -0.21 -0.79 -0.35 0.03 ub
JCBV 37 6.71 121 41.33 -0.49 0.17 0.05 -0.28 ub
JSTV 37 12.41 121 47.84 -0.26 -0.40 -0.38 -0.13 ub,Kjf
CSHV 37 38.88 122 2.57 -0.54 -0.54 -0.44 0.30 ub,Jk
CCCV 37 15.46 121 40.35 -0.08 -0.25 -0.58 -0.72 Jk
BCWV 36 18.40 121 33.96 -1.01 -0.66 -0.11 -0.31 m
BHSV 36 21.35 121 32.41 -0.68 0.28 0.66 0.58 m,Mm,qr
BSMV 36 23.03 121 25.63 -0.68 -0.24 -0.06 -0.31 m
JUCV 37 0.07 122 2.91 -0.43 -0.53 -0.32 -0.05 ms
HFPV 36 45.22 121 29.43 -1.14 -1.22 -1.24 -1.14 lS

10.
 CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
USED EARTHQUAKES AND STATIONS

30'
* *
20'

10'
*

50'
*
40'

30'

20' * *
10' *
0

50' *
40'
*
30'

20'

10'

50'

40'

30'

20'
Figure 1.
, 0'

20 KM
11.
40' .:so 20' 1o 122 o 40' 30' 20' 1o 121 o 40' 30' 20' 1o 120 o
 CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
SITE EFFECT (F= 1.5 Hz)

30'

20'
A -2.0+
10' 0 -1.0+
0 -0.4+

~ 0.2+
50'
.... 0.8+

40'
0
~
'Qr
~'( 1.4+

30' 0
0
0

0 0 c
20'

0
10'
0

50' 0

40' 0

30'

20'

1 o

50'

40'

30'

20'

, o
20 KM
35
Figure 2&..
- - - ............ , ..... e An ~n ?n 1n 1?no 12.
 CENTRAL CALl r U r( N lA
SITE EFFECT (F=3.0 Hz)

30'
c c
20'
D. -2.0+
10' ~( 0 -1.0+
0 -0.4+

$ 0.2+
50'
0.8+

40'
0
~
'QJ
~t 1. 4+

30' 0
0
0

20' 0 0

10'
50'
40'

30'

20'

10'

50'

40'

30'

20'

10'
20 KM

Figure 2b.
40' 30' 20' 1 0' 122 40' 30' 20' 1 0' 121 40' 30' 20' 1 0' 120 13.
 CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
SITE EFFECT (F=6.0 Hz)

30'
0 c
20'
A -.2.0+
, 0' a ~( 0 -1.0+

38 0 -0.4+

$ 0.2+
50'
0.8+

40'
0
l4
Q
~t 1.4+

30' 0
0
6.

20' 0 0

10'
a
37

50'

40' a
30'

20'
a
10' 0

36

50'

40'

30'

20'

1o

35 20 KM
Figure 2c.
14.
..tn '1in' ?n 1 n 1? 1 o
.tn ""' ""' 1('\ 1 1'>'>0
40' 30' 2o 1 o 12oo
 CENTRAL CALl FOR N lA
SITE EFFECT (F=12.0 Hz)

30'
0 0

20'
t::. -2.0+
Otl(
10'
0
0
-1.0+
-0.4+
38
~ 0.2+
50'
0.8+

40'
0
~
~
~'\ 1.4+

.30' c 0
0

20' 0 0

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37

50'

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Figure 2d.
40' 30' 20' 10' 122 40' 30' 20' 1 o 121 o 40' 30' zo 1 o 12oo 15.
 F=1.5 Hz F3.0 Hz

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- .tardard error - ltardard error

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Figure 3.

16.
 F= 1.5 Hz F= 3.0 Hz

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Figure 5b.
20.
Part II. Applicability of the weak-motion amplification factor to strong ground motion

during the Lorna Prieta earthquake of 1989.

Summary

A complete understanding of strong ground motion requires a simultaneous

consideration of effects of earthquake source, propagation path and local geological

site conditions. The site amplification factor at the location of CDMG strong

motion seismograph, is estimated from the coda amplifi.cation factor determined by

Phillips and Aki (1986) for the frequency range from 1.5 Hz to 24 Hz at various

USGS seismograph stations in central California. These factors show a very high

positive correlation with the station magnitude residual recently obtained by Eaton

(1990) for the same network. Following Aki and Papageorgiou (1989), we also

assumed that the median of granite sites is equivalent to a homogeneous half space.

We applied the site correction to the Fourier amplitude spectra of accelerograms of

the Loma Prieta earthquake and determined the source power spectrum S(f) as well

as the quality factor Qp(f) of shear waves. We confirmed applicability of the 1/ R

law of geometric spreading to the present case, by calculating synthetic seismograms

for a point dislocation source in an 11-layer crustal model simulating the seismic

motion from the Loma Prieta earthquake toward San Francisco at various epicentral

distances. The peak displacement and velocity amplitudes in various frequency

bands showed a reasonably good fit to 1/R where R is the hypocentral distance.

From the flat level of the acceleration source spectrum S(f), we estimated the local

stress drop to be about 119 bars and the barrier interval of about 11 km based on

the specific barrier model of Papageorgiou and Aki (1983a,b ). The source-controlled

21.
cutoff frequency fma.z was estimated to be about 8Hz. These source parameters fit

nicely with those from other major California earthquakes (Papageorgiou and Aki,

1983b; Aki and Papageorgiou, 1989).

We synthesized the time history of ground acceleration by applying the simu-

lation technique developed by Boore (1983) to each subevent of the barrier model

The agreement between the observed and predicted records is good for duration

and spectral content. However, there is a strong systematic discrepancy with re-

gard to peak acceleration, namely, for distances less than 50 km, the predicted peak

acceleration considerably overestimates the observed for sediment sites and under-

estimates it for the Franciscan formation sites. It appears that the strong difference

in the amplification factor between the Franciscan and the sediment sites observed

for weak motion disappears at acceleration levels higher than about 0.1-0.3 G. This

non-linear response for the sediment sites is in the range expected from geotechni-

cal engineering studies. In the past, seismological detection of the non-linear site

effect has been hampered by the lack of a complete control on the source, path

and site effects. The Loma Prieta earthquake presents the first case in which a

pervasive non-linear site effect at sediment site is detected seismologically by the

simultaneous consideration of the above three effects.

Introduction

It is well recognized in the community of earthquake science and engineering

that a complete quantitative understanding of strong ground motion requires a

simultaneous consideration of effects of earthquake source, propagation path and

local geological site conditions. Our goal is the development of capabilities for pre-

dicting strong ground motion on the basis of the law of physics using information
on geometrical properties of earthquake faults, seismic wave propagation through

the earth and geological site condition. Each of these effects has been studied to

some extent in the central California region prior to the Loma. Prieta earthquake

of 1989. For example, Papageorgiou and Aki (1983b,1985), as revised in Aki and

Papageorgiou (1989), provided the source parameters of major earthquakes in the

region using the specific barrier model. Phillips and Aki (1986) determined the site

amplification factors for the frequency range from 1.5 Hz to 24Hz at various USGS

seismograph stations in the same region. Peng (1989) determined the geographic
.
distribution of coda. Q, a measure of seismic attenuation, in the same region for the

same frequency range. The Loma. Prieta. earthquake offered an excellent opportu~

nity to test our method for predicting strong ground motion taking into account

all these three effects simultaneously.

Our first step in the present study is to estimate the site effect correction to

the Fourier amplitude spectra. of observed a.ccelerograms from 50 free field strong

motion records of the Loma. Prieta. earthquake supplied by the CDMG (California.

Division of Mines and Geology). The amplification factors a.t CSMIP (The Califor-

nia Strong Motion Instrumentation Program) strong motion seismograph sites are

inferred from the coda amplification factor determined by Phillips and Aki (1986).

These factors show a very high positive correlation with the magnitude residual

recently obtained by Eaton (1990) for the same USGS network. We, then, confirm

the validity of the 1/ R law of geometric spreading used in our analysis of propaga.-

tion path effect by calculating synthetic seismograms for a point dislocation source

in an 11-la.yer crustal model for various focal depths simulating seismic motions

from Loma Prieta earthquake toward San Francisco a.t various distances. After

separating the site and geometrical spreading effect, we determine the acceleration

23.
source spectrum S(f) as well as the quality factor Qp(f) of shear waves. From the

flat level of S(f), we estimated the local stress drop, the barrier interval and the

source-controlled cutoff frequency /ma.z We found that these parameters fit nicely

with those obtained earlier from other major California earthquakes.

In order to test the predictability of strong ground motion at individual sites,

we synthesized the time history of ground acceleration by applying the simulation

technique of Boore (1983) to each subevent of the barrier model. In general, the

agreement between the observed cmd predicted records is good for duration and

spectral content. However, there is a strong systematic discrepancy with regard

to peak acceleration, namely, for distances less than 50 km, the predicted peak

acceleration considerably overestimates the observed for sediment sites and under-

estimates it for the Franciscan formation sites. It appears that the strong difference

in the amplification factor between the Franciscan and the sediment sites observed

for weak motion disappears for acceleration levels higher than about 0.1-0.3 G. This

non-linear response of the sediment sites is in the range expected from geotechnical

engineering studies.

In the past, seismological detection of the non-linear effect has been hampered

by the lack of a complete control on the source, path and site effects. The Loma

Prieta earthquake presents the first case in which a pervasive non-linear site effect

at sediment sites is detected seismologically by the simultaneous consideration of

the above three effects.

Amplification Factor Assigned to the CSMIP Strong Motion

Seismograph Site for Correcting Site EfFect

The Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake was recorded by many accelerographs

24.
operated by the California Strong Motion Instrument Program (CSMIP) of the

California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG). In this study, we used the first

(CSMIP, 1989), second and third (Huang et a.l., 1990 a,b) interim sets totalling

50 ground-response corrected 3-component records at stations shown in Figure 1.

The site amplification factors for the vertical component motions at about 150 sta-

tions of U.S. Ge~logical Survey CALNET network in the central California (show

in Figure 2) have been determined by the coda method (Phillips and Aki, 1986).

The similarity of coda amplification factors between vertical and horizontal com-

ponents has been known among researchers and was systematically confirmed by

Fehler et a.l. (1990) recently. The applicability of the coda amplification factor to

the direct S waves has been confirmed since Tsujiura (1978) who showed that the

logarithmic average of amplification factor for S waves over various directions of

wave approach is very close to the amplification factor for coda waves. Further-

more, the coda amplification factor determined by Phillips and Aki (1986) shows

a very high correlation with the station magnitude residual (both duration and

amplitude magnitude) obtained recently by Eaton (1990) for the same network as

shown in Figure 3. The correlation coefficient between the amplitude magnitude

residual (xmgk) and the amplification factors (ln(A/ A)) shows the highest corre-

lation at 3 to 6 Hz, probably because the predominant frequency of seismic waves

giving the peak amplitude for magnitude measurement is in this range. Next, we

compare the amplification factors determined by Phillips and Aki (1986) with a

recent result obtained by Su (1990) who applied the same method to more recent

data presumably with better calibration, as shown in Figure 4 for stations used in

the present paper. The high correlation confirms the stability as well as accuracy

of the site amplification factors obtained by the coda method. In assigning the

coda amplification factor to each strong motion seismograph station, we searched

25.
for USGS network stations located on the site with the similar geology in the neigh-

borhood of the strong motion station. We found an appropriate USGS station for

30 strong motion seismograph sites as shown in Table 1. For the remaining sites,

we classified them into (1) granite (2) Franciscan and (3) sediment site according

to Phillips and Aki (1986) and used the logarithmic average over USGS stations

for each classification. Our site classification is based on geological maps of Jenkins

(1980) and descriptions of sites in Shakal et al. (1989). Table 1 lists hypocentral

distance, strong motion station name, site geology, nearby USGS network station
.
(if available) with symbol for geological formation according to Jenkins' gelogical

map, and the distance to the assigned strong motion site in km inside the paren-

thesis. The last column (A/ A) of Table 1, denotes the coda amplification factor A

of the assigned USGS station relative to the logarithmic mean A over the USGS

network stations studied by Phillips and Aki (1986) in central California at fre-

quencies 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 Hz. In order to illustrate the procedure for assigning

the amplification factor, the following examples are described in some detail.

Corralitos. It is the closest CSMIP station to the hypocenter and very close to the

surface trace of the, San Andreas fault. The site geology is described as landslide

deposit and corresponds to sedimentary rock of middle Pliocene age (denoted as

[Pml]). Two USGS stations JBZ and JTG are on the same geological age site at

distances 3.4 and 6.8 km, respectively. We assigned the logarithmically averaged

amplification factors of these two stations to Corralitos. We found likewise a nearby

USGS station with the same site geology for each of the other three close-in stations,

Capitola, Santa Cruz and Watsonville.

Dams. The three CSMIP sites at Lexington Dam, two in the crest and one at

abutment share the same Franciscan formation [Kjf] as two USGS stations JLX and

26.
JSS located within 4 km from the dam. On the other hand, a.t Coyote La.ke Dam,

the abutment site (ST32) is on a. carbonate rock corresponding to the metasediment

designated ~ Cretaceous marine [K] , and the downstream site (ST33) is on the

alluvium. We found a. nearby USGS station HSP for the former, but ha.d to assign

the averaged USGS sediment site amplification factor to the latter. No correction

was ma.de for the structural difference among abutment, crest and downstream site.

Gilroy array. An east-west alignment of 8 stations extends from rock sites on the

east to another on the west crossing ihe alluvia.! sediment of Santa. Clara. Valley. For

ea.ch of the rock site stations ST15, ST19, ST20 and ST21 on Franciscan formation,

we found a. close USGS station on the sa.me formation within 0.1 - 4.5 kilometers.

For the alluvium site stations (ST26, ST16, ST17, ST18), however, we found no

nearby USGS stations a.nd therefore we used the a.vera.ged amplification factor for

sediment sites.

San Francisco and Oakland. More tha.n ten CSMIP stations in these two cities

recorded the ground motion a.t the sites on hard rock, ba.y mud and a.rtificia.l fill.

Da.ma.ge patterns a.ppea.r to be strongly influenced by loca.l soil condition in this

area.. For the Franciscan formation sites (ST6, ST7, ST8, ST9, STlO, ST12),

we used the USGS station CAl located on the Franciscan volcanic rock. For the

station a.t the Presidio (STll), we used a. nearby USGS station JPR with a similar

geology condition. Treasure Island (ST5) is composed of uncompacted sand fill and

underlain by recent ba.y mud deposits. The stations a.t the airport (ST25) and east

San Francisco ba.y (ST27) are on deep cla.y deposits, and the station (ST13) in the

La.ke Merritt area. is on the alluvium. We used the a.vera.ged amplification factor

for sediment sites for ST5, ST25, ST27 and ST13. For the station a.t the Oakland

Wha.rf (ST14) on the San Francisco Ba.y mud, we used the amplification factor of

27.
nearby USGS station CMC located on the Pleistocene rhyolite [Pvr].

Following Aki and Papageorgiou (1989), we assume that the median of granite

sites may be approximated by a homogeneous hal!-space. According to Phillips and

Aki (1986), the site amplification factor averaged (logarithmically) over the USGS

network relative-to the median of granite sites is A/A9 =2.7, 2.0, 1.0, 0.63 and 0.5,

respectively, at the frequencies 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 Hz. The amplification factor of

the station j relative to the homogeneous half-space, then, can be written as

A;= (A/A); (A/A 9 ) (1)

where (A/ A); is listed in the last column of Table 1.

The correction for the site effect is applied to the observed horizontal-

component (transverse & radial) acceleration Fourier spectrum F;(f) to obtain

the power spectral density P;(/) as follows.

1 2
P;(f) = [IF;(/)1 Aj (/)]
(2)
!l.;

where A;(!) was interpolated from the values of A; at 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24Hz and

the duration !l.; of the direct S waves is determined from the slope of the Husid

plot (see Papageorgiou and Aki, 1983b ).

In order to find the propagation path effects at a given frequency f, we shall

assume that the geometrical spreading effect may be approximated by the ampli-

tude decay proportional to 1/ R;, where R; is the distance from the source to the

jth station and the amplitude attenuation due to absorption and scattering by the

factor exp(- Q:{~ifJ ). We shall first examine the validity of the 1/ R law of geomet-

rical spreading and then determine Qp(f) by a regression analysis of the site effect

corrected data.

28.
 Validity of the Geometrical Spreading Factor R- 1

The power law for geometrical spreading factor of seismic waves in the vertically

heterogeneous crust has been tested using the synthetic seismogram, for example,

by Campillo et al. (1984) who have shown that the geometrical attenuation of L 9

waves with epicentral distance r is of the form r- 0 83 The method of synthetic

seismogram calculation used in the present study is a modified version of Bouchon 's

discrete wavenumber representation method (Bouchon, 1977,1979, 1980, 1981). We

revised it by incorporating an efficient recursive algorithm in terms of generalized

transmission and reflection coefficients (Kennett, 1983; Luco and Apsel, 1983; Yao

and Harkrider, 1983). The seismic source considered is a point dislocation with the

same focal mechanism as the Lorna Prieta earthquake (i.e. the strike of N130W,

the dip angle of 70 and the rake angle of 130). The 11-layer crust model shown in

Table 2 used for the calculation is appropriate for the epicentral area of the Lorna

Prieta earthquake (Somerville and Yoshimura, 1990).

We computed 3-component synthetic seismograms at various epicentral dis-

tances in the direction to San Francisco. Figure 5 shows the radial component

displacement seismograms at distances from 20 to 380 km for a point dislocation

located at a depth 12 km. A ramp source time function with the rise time of 0.5 sec

is used. The frequency band is limited to 2.5 Hz. The peak amplitudes are plotted

against the hypocentral distances in the Figure 6, together with the best fitting

power law Rz. We examined the attenuation characteristic of peak amplitude of

synthetic seismogram constructed using the band-limited spectra smoothed over a

frequency band of 0.2 Hz. The least-squares results of fitting the power law Rz are

listed in Table 3 for various sampling frequencies and focal depths. Figure 7 shows

the histograms of :z: obtained from the above Table. We find that, despite some

29.
scatter, the exponent z is close to -1 on the average. The mean absolute value of

z is slightly greater than 1 for the radial and vertical component and very close

to 1 for the t:ransverse component. We shall, therefore, adopt the 1/ R law for the

geometrical spreading of seismic amplitude in our analysis.

Source Parameters of the Lorna Prieta Earthquake

The first step in applying the specific barrier model of Papageorgiou and Aki

(1983a,b) to the Loma Prieta earthquake is to correct the power spectra P;(f) for

the site effect using equation (1), (2) and Table 1, and to isolate the source power

spectrum S(f) from the propagation path effect by the following equation.

S(f) 21rjR;
P;(f)= Rj exp(-Qp(f)fJ) (3)

where {J is the shear wave velocity, Qp(f) is the frequency-dependent quality factor

of shear waves. We take the logarithm of both sides of equation (3), and estimate

the best fitting values of S(f) and Q p(f) by the least squares method.

We applied this least squares estimation in three different manners. The values

of S(f) and Qp(f) estimated for these cases are listed in Table 4. First, we tried

to find S(f) and Qp(f) without applying the site effect correction to the observed

acceleration spectra. This attempt resulted in unrealistic negative Qp(f) as well as

the shape of S(f) lacking the flat portion expected for reasonable source models,

indicating clearly the need for the site effect correction. Secondly using the data

corrected for the site effect, we tried to determine S(/) and Qp(f) separately for

each frequency. This led to the instability similar to that experienced by Papageor-

giou and Aki (1983b ), and resulted in some unrealistic Q p(f) for lower fequency

range ( < 5 Hz) as shown in Figure 8.

30.
 Finally, we assumed that the frequency dependence of QfJ(f) follows the power

law (QtJ(f) = Q 0 /n), and obtained the best estimates of Q0 , nand S(f) using the

whole data ~et simultaneously. This gave Qo = 157 and n = 0.87, corresponding

to QfJ(f) in a fair agreement, as shown in Figure 9, with the coda Q estimated by

Peng {1989) from the decay rate of coda waves in the time window 20 to 40 sec.

The resultant S(f) in Figure 10 (solid line) also shows a reasonable spectral shape

with a :flat part for frequencies lower than about 3 Hz, with a sharp decay beyond

8 Hz. The spectral level Po at the flat part gives Po = 1.6 x 10 5 (em/ sec )2 /sec
.
to be used in equation ( 4) for determining the parameters of the specific barrier

model. The spectral decay beyond 8 Hz must be attributed to the source effect

since we have already removed both the propagation path and the local site effects.

Another support for the source-controlled fmu: effect comes from a recent work

done by Kinoshita (1990) who showed that the fmaz observed at a deep borehole

station in Japan varied from less than 10 Hz to higher than 30 Hz systematically

depending on the source locaton.

In order t~ give the reader some feeling about the uncertainty in the estimates

of S(f) and Q tJ(f) due to our choice of site effect correction, we shall show our earlier

result using 31 stations included in the first and second interim data sets from the

CDMG and applying the same average amplification factor for USGS sediment sites

to all the stations in San Francisco and Oakland. This gave Q 0 = 86 and n = 0.9,

assuming the formula QfJ(f) = Q0 Jn, which agreed very well with the coda Q

as shown in Figure 9. [As summarized by Aki (1990), the equivalence of QfJ(f)

to the coda Q has been well established empirically in spite of the controversy

based on the theoretical results for idealized uniform scattering medium.] The

corresponding source spectrum S(f) is shown by dashed line in Figure 10. The

31.
extent of uncertainty in the level of source spectrum here is less a factor of 2.

The seismic moment of the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 has been estimated

to be Mo = 2.2x 1026 dyne-em by H. Kawakatsu (McNally et al., 1989) using broad-

band teleseismic data. From the geodetic measurements, J. Savage (MeN ally et al.,

1989) estimated -the fault length 1=40 km a.nd fault width W=13 km. Taking the

rigidity p. = 3 x 10 11 dyne/cm 2 , the relation M 0 = p.DA gives the average slip

lJ = 141 em. We assume that both the sweep velocity V and spread velocity v
are equal to 2.4 km/sec a.nd the sliear wave velocity {J is 3.2 km/sec. Applying the

formula. of Papageorgiou a.nd Aki (1983a), the barrier interval 2p 0 can be obtained

as
5
Po2 ~ ( factor )2 W V v 4 ( LlU!u) . ( -F -) 2 . ( - 2 )2 (4)
Po 4{Jr 0 y'2
where we assume factor=2.58, and the double-couple radiation pa.tt~m for S w:a.ves

F 5 =1. The last term (2/../2) 2 in the above equation accounts for free surface
amplification (a. factor of 2) a.nd the vectorial partition of the horizontal components

(a factor of 1/'2). Following Papageorgiou a.nd Aki (1983b), two estimates of

LlUma.z were considered here, one is LlUmaz = ~Llii and the other is ll.Umu =
Mo/( f p. L W). Substituting the values of ll.Umaz obtained above to equation
(4), we obtain the barrier interval 2p 0 which average to 11 km. The corresponding

local stress drop Llu is about 119 bars. Following the procedure of Papageorgiou

and Aki (1983b ), we determine the fracture energy G from the local stress drop a.nd

cohesive zone size d estimated from f maz = 8 Hz. Then, the cohesive stress u c as

well as the critical weakening slip D can be determined from estimated values of G

and d (see e.g., Rice, 1980). These parameters for the Loma. Prieta earthquake fit

nicely with those for other major California earthquakes ( Aki and Papageorgiou,

1989) as shown in Figure 11. This smooth dependence of parameters on magnitude

32.
gives us some confidence in the choice of the parameters for our prediction of strong

motion for future earthquakes in California.

Strong Motion Simulation in Time Domain

In order to ~amine how well the model obtained above explains strong motion

records at individual stations, we shall compare the observed accelerogram in time

domain with the predicted using the source, path and site amplification parameters

obtained before. We shall divide the total fault plane into five subevents separated

by 10 km each with equal seismic moment of 4.4 x 1025 dyne-em and the center

located at a depth of 11.5 km. The rupture is initiated at the central subevent

and spreads with the speed of 2.4 km/s. The synthetic accelerogram for each

subevent is calculated by Boore's (1983) method which requires moment, stress

drop, Q(f), fma.z and site amplification factor for constructing a time-history of

ground acceleration. For each subevent, we used the moment of 4.4 x 10 25 dyne-

em and the stress drop of 119 bars. For the propagation path effect, we used

Q(f) = Qofn where Q 0 = 157 and n = 0.87. For the site amplification factor, we

used the values in Table 1 reduced to the reference granite site using equation (1).

Figure 12 shows the steps taken in Boore's procedure. Starting with the upper

left corner, a shaping time window represents the averaged envelope of the squared

acceleration time series (Saragoni and Hart, 1974). A windowed time series of

random white Gaussian noise with zero mean and unit variance is shown below. In

the lower left corner, the acceleration amplitude spectrum for a w-squared model

with the stress drop flu = 119 bars and fma.z = 8 Hz, including also both the

propagation and the site amplification effects. Five curves shown there give the

amplitude spectra at this particular site (ST3: Santa Cruz) for the five subevents.

33.
The Fourier spectrum of the windowed white noise is multiplied by this amplitude

spectrum and transformed back to the time domain without any change in phase

spectrum. The predicted accelerograms for individual subevents are shown at the

lower right comer. Finally, the contributions from these subevents are superposed

in the upper right comer as the predicted accelerogram for the total event. In

general, the agreement between the observed and predicted is fair for the duration

and spectral content as shown in Figure 13, which also include the results for a

sediment site, Hollister. There is, however, a very strong systematic discrepancy

between.. them with regard to the peak acceleration.

In order to compare the observed peak acceleration with the predicted, we

calculated time series for each station using 20 different white noise samples, and

averaged peak accelerations over 20 realizations. Figure 14 shows the averaged

predicted value and observed at each station as two ends of a vertical line, the

former being marked by a solid larger circle with the station number and symbol

for geologic formation as listed in Table 1. The disagreement between the predicted

and observed is systematic with respect to the site condition and distance. The

systematic disagreement occurs only for the hypocentral distance less than 50 km,

where the predicted peak acceleration consistently overestimates the observed for

the sediment sites and underestimates the observed for Franciscan formation sites.

This systematic discrepancy indicates that the weak motion amplification factor

used for the local site effect at sediment sites may be too large to apply at the

higher acceleration level experienced during the Lorna Prieta earthquake within the

distance of about 50 km. At greater distances, the site effect correction appears

to be appropriate judging from the reasonable value of Q(f) and shape of source

spectrum S(f) obtained by the regression analysis. This implies that for lower

34.
acceleration level, the observed results are close to the linear prediction results

based on the weak motion amplification factor. Thus, we must conclude here that

the site amp~fication factor depends on the acceleration level, suggesting a pervasive

non-linear effect of sediment sites at the acceleration level above 0.1-0.3 G.

Recently, Sugito and Kameda (1990) developed a method for conversion be-

tween soil and rock surface strong motion including non-linear amplification effect

of soil layers overlying bedrocks. They defined the conversion factor /3a as the ratio

of peak acceleration at the soil surface to that at the rock surface, and estimated

/3a for typical soil conditions specified by geotechnical parameters Sn and dp. Their
result is shown in the lower left corner of the Figure 15, where the flat part of f3a

value corresponds to the linear response region and the decrease from the level indi-

cates for non-linear region. The amount of decrease depends on the soil parameters

(Sn, dp) and acceleration at the rock surface (Ar) The parameter dp gives the
depth to the bed rock where the shear velocity is approximately 600 ,...., 700 m/ sec,

and the parameter Sn is calculated from the blow-count (N-value) profile obtained

from the standard penetration test by the following formula.

d,
Sn = 0.264
1
0
exp{ -0.04N(:z:)} exp{ -0.14:z: }d:z:- 0.885 (5)

where N(:z:) is the blow count at depth :z: in meters and d. is the depth of blow count

profile. Our simulation results for the sediment sites are also shown in Figure 15,

where we plot the ratio of the observed peak acceleration to the predicted based on

the weak motion amplification factor for the sediment site as a function of observed

peak acceleration. As shown in Figure 15, our results are expected from that of

Sugito and Kameda both in the magnitude of departure from the linear prediction

and in the threshold acceleration level beyond which the non-linearity begins.

35.
 To see the non-linear effect more tangibly, we compared a pair of closely located

stations in the epicentral area, such as Capitola on Pleistocene sediment and Santa

Cruz on Pre-Cretaceous metasedmentary rock. The amplification factor estimated

by the coda method is 2 to 5 times higher at Capitola than Santa Cruz in the

frequency range from 1.5 to 24 Hz. On the other hand, the horizontal mean peak

acceleration during the Loma Prieta earthquake is nearly the same (about 0.4 G) at

both sites despite the fact that Capitola is closer to the hypocenter. Interestingly,

during the Morgan Hill earthquake ?f 1984, the peak value was 0.15 Gat Capitola

and 0.07 G at Santa Cruz; the relative amplification is closer to the one estimated

by the coda method. The difference in the amplification factor between the tw<?

sites appears to become small at higher acceleration. This non-linear effect can also

explain partly the recently observed reduction of variance in peak acceleration with

increasing magnitude of earthquake (Idriss, 1985; Abrahamson, 1988). The above

finding, if substantiated, will have extremely important implications on earthquake

engineering.

Discussion and Conclusions

The use of the weak motion amplification factor estimated empirically from

the small earthquake data for evaluating the strong motion site effect such as in

Hartzell's (1978) empirical Green's function method has been widely supported in

the seismological community. The advantage of empirical site amplification factors

over the conventional broad classification of local site condition for a quantita-

tive estimation of site effect has been well recognized (e.g., Aki, 1988). In our

present study, the use of such empirical factors removed unrealistic Q values and

source spectral shape as mentioned earlier. The tendency of Q becoming negative,

however, was still showing up for frequencies lower than 5 Hz even after our site

36.
amplification correction. This seems to imply that our site effect correction was too

strong at the shorter distance sites and/ or too weak at the longer distance sites.

This is supported by a preliminary analysis of peak acceleration for Lorna Prieta

earthquake by Boore et al. (1989) who indicated that the site amplification at bay

mud sites (San Francisco Bay area) are consistently larger than those at other sedi-

ment sites located closer to the epicenter. The averaged sediment site amplification

factor assigned to the alluvium sites and the CMC[Pvr] amplification factor used

for the bay mud sites might have underestimated the weak motion amplification ef-
.
feet there. The ideal approach would be to measure the weak motion amplification

factor directly at the site of strong motion seismograph station.

Nevertheless, the application of our weak motion site amplification factor to

the strong motion data from the Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in the Q value

consistent with the earlier estimation using coda waves, and also produced seismic

source parameters in harmony with those .of other major California earthquakes.

The parameters of source, propagation path and local site effects thus obtained

are tested by comparing the prediction and observation directly in the time-domain

accelerogram for individual stations using Boore's (1983) synthesis method. The

observed and predicted accelerograms show good agreement in their durations and

spectral contents. We found, however, a remarkably systematic discrepancy be-

tween them for the peak acceleration at hypocentral distances less than 50 km.

The prediction for sediment sites overestimated the observation considerably, and

that for rock sites underestimated the observation significantly. The magnitude of

departure from the linearity and the threshold acceleration level beyond which the

non-linearity is detected in our study appear to be well within the range expected

by geotechnical engineers. We believe that our approach of simultaneous determi-

37.
nation of source, path and site effects enabled us to detect the pervasive non-linear

effect at sediment sites for the first time seismologically.

The non-linearity of site amplification requires future close cooperation be-

tween seismologists and geotechnical engineers, because for an accurate in situ de-

inition of non-linear site effect, it is essential to know the linear amplification factor

at various frequencies. Our results on the source, path and site effects presented in

this paper are preliminary, because we used the site amplification factor, we now

believe, not applicable to parts of data for estimating the source and path effects.

A quick analysis of the data excluding the sediment sites within 50 km from the

hypocenter, however, did not lead to substantial change in our main conclusions on

the source parameters, Q(f) and the non-linearity of site effects. We would like to

postpone a more complete analysis of data including the non-linear site effect to a

future paper after we learn how to incorporate it in our model for strong motion

prediction.

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residuals from short period seismographs in northern California, manu1cript.
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Hartzell, S. H. (1978). Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions, Geophy1. Re1 .
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processed strong motion records from the Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma
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processed strong motion records from the Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma
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Jenkins, 0. P. (1980), Geologic map of California, scale 1:250,000, California
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Vol. 73, 693-722.
Papageorgiou, A. S. and K. Aki (1983b ). A specific barrier model for the
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Vol. 73, 953-978.
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Thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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earthquake in central California, Bull. Sei1m. Soc. Am. Vol. 16, 627-648.
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40.
Saragoni, G. R. and G. C. Hart (1974). Simulation of artificial earthquakes,
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Shakal, A., M. Huang, M. Reichle, C. Ventura, T. Cao, R. Sherburne, M. Savage,
R. Darragh, and C. Petersen (1989). CSMIP strong-motion records from the
Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma Prieta), California earthquake of 17 October
1989, California Strong Motion In.strumentation Program Report No. OSMS
89-06, 195 pp.
Somerville, P. and J. Yoshimura (1990). The influence of critical Moho reflections
on strong ground motions recorded in San Francisco and Oakland during the
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1203-1206.
Su, F. (1990). per~onal communication.
Sugito, M. and H. Kameda (1990). Nonlinear soil amplification model with
verification by vertical strong motion array records, .jth U.S. NCEE , 1-10.
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41.
 Tables

Table 1. CSMIP strong motion stations used in the present analysis and their site

characterization.

Table 2. The cru~tal velocity structure for the epicentral region of the Loma Prieta

earthquake (from Somerville and Yoshimura, 1990).

Table 3. The geometrical attenuation exponent x (of R7:, where R is the hypocentral

distance) for the amplitude spectra at various frequencies and the peak ground

displacement (PGD). for the frequency band up to 2.5 Hz, calculated from the

synthetic seismograms for various focal depths.

Table 4. The source spectrum S(/i) defined in equation {2) and the corresponding

Qp(fi). Three cases are considered, i.e. the first case is without the site correction,
second case with the site correction separately for each frequency and the third case

with the assumed form of Qp(/) = Qof".

42.
 Table 1.

Coda Amplification Factor (A/A)

Dist.(km) CSMIP station name No. Site Geology Site Correction
1.5 3.0 6.0 12. 24. (Hz)

13.6 ST 1: CORRAUTOS - EUREKA CANYON RD. [57007] Landslide deposita JBZ(Pmi](H) JTG(Pm1)(6.8) 1.92 2.01 2.40 2.79 1.73
14.8 ST 2: CAPITOLA - flRE STAnON [47125] Alluvium HCZ[Qo1](15.3) 2.72 '1.82 2.46 1.42 2.12
19.9 ST 3: SANTA CRUZ - UCSC/UCK LAB. (58135] Umeatone JUC(me](1.0) 0.45 0.58 0.74 0.82 0.64
21.5 STJ1: WATSONVIU - 4-STORY COt.lt.tERCIAI.. BLDG. (47459) fill over Alluvium HCZ(Qo1](4.0) 2.72 1.82 2.46 1.42 2.12
22.4 STJO: LEXINGTON OAa.t - RIGHT CREST (57180] Slate and 1ondstone JLX(Kjf](3.3) JSS[Kjf)( 4.0) 0.69 0.76 0.72 0.76 0.98
22.4 ST29: LEXINGTON 0Aa.t - LEFT CREST (57180] Slate and sandstone JLX(Kjf)(3.3) JSS(Kjf]( 4.0) 0.69 0.76 0.72 0.76 0.98
22.4 ST28: LEXINGTON OAa.t - LFT ABUTMENT [57180) Slate and sandstone JLX(Kj1)(3.3) JSS(Kjf)( 4.0) 0.69 0.76 0.72 0.76 0.98
29.8 ST22: SARATOGA - ALOHA AVE. [56065) Alluvium JSG(Qp)(3.5) 1.73 1.49 1.57 1.28 1.05
30.4 ST26: GILROY- 2-STORY HIST COt.tt.AERCIAL BLDG. 157476) Alluvium A11eroged sediment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
30.8 ST 15: GILROY f 1 - GA\IILAN COLLEGE. WATER TANK 47379) franciscan Sandstone HCR(Kjf11~(2.0) 0.52 0.41 0.56 1.22 0.74
31.1 ST21: GILROY - GA\IILAN COLL., PHYS. SCI. BLDG. 47006) Terroce deposito HCR(Kjfv (2.2) 0.52 0.41 0.58 1.22 0.74
31.9 ST16: GILROY #2 - HWY 101/BOLSA RD. MOTEL [47380) Alluvium Averaged eedlment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.7J
33.0 STJ2: COYOTE LAKE OAt.f - SOUTHWEST ABUTt.1ENT [57217) fill over carbonate HSP(K)(3.1) 0.67 0.70 1.11 0.90 1.00
33.1 ST33: COYOTE LAKE OAt.t - OOWNSTREAt.t (57504) Alluvium Averaged sediment eite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.7J
33.4 ST17: GILROY f3 - GILROY SEWAGE PLANT (47381] Alluvium Averaged sediment aile 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
34.3 ST18: GILROYf4 - SAN 'I'SIDRO SCHOOL (57382] Alluvium Averaged 1ediment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
37.3 ST19: GILROY #6 - SAN 'I'SIDRO (57383) Silty cloy /Sandstone HCA(K)(0.1) 0.95 0.74 0.64 0.67 0.29
38.4 ST34: HALlS VALLY- GRANT PARK (57191) Alluvium Averaged 1ediment 1ite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
41.6 ST20: GILROY f7 - t.IANTEW RANCH Alluvium /Sandstone HCA(K){4.5) 0.95 0.74 0.64 0.67 0.29
(574251
57066 Alluvium Averaged 1ediment lite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
42.0 ST23: AGNEW - ACNEWS STATE HOSPITAL
47.4 ST36: SAUNAS - JOHN AND WORK ST. 47179 Alluvium Averaged 1ediment 1ite' 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
49.5 ST 4: HOLliSTER - SOUTH STREET AND PINE DRIVE Alluvium HPH(Qp){1.2) 4.26 3.67 3.32 1.73 1.73
50.2 ST37: t.IONTEREY - CITY HAll. r7524J
47377 Granite Ht.tO(gr)(1.9) 0.29 0.41 0.70 1.00 1.57
~ 54.9 STJ5: SAGO SOUTH - HOWSTER, CIENEGA RD. 47189 Granite BVY(gr]{1.6) 0.70 0.61 0.74 1.35 1.00
~ 56.0 ST38: WOODSIDE - flRE STAnON (58127) Conglomerate JLT(Qp)(9.6) 1.22 2.23 2.34 1.49 0.95
56.0 STH: FREMONT- t.IISSION SAN JOSE [57064) Alluvium CVL.{Qp)(13.0) 1.16 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
63.7 STJ9: UPPER CRYSTAL SPRINGS RES. - SKYliNE (58373] Sandstone JHP(E]( 4.3) 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.90 0.64
64.0 ST 40: UPPER CRYSTAL SPRINGS RES. - PULGAS (58378) Sandstone JHP(E](5.1) 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.90 0.64
65.7 ST24: fOSTER CITY - REDWOOD SHORES (58375) (210m) Allu.;Serp. Averaged sediment eite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
71.5 ST 45: HAYWARD - CSUH STADIUM GROUNDS (58219) franciscan greenstone CSH( ub,Jk](1.9) 0.70 0.61 0.61 1.49 1.22
72.0 ST46: HAYWARD- MUIR SCHOOL (58393) Alluvium Averaged sediment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
73.4 ST47: HAYWARD - BART STAOON 158496] Alluvium Averaged ndiment 1ite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
80.2 ST25: SAN FRANCISCO INT. AIRPORT 58223J Deep Alluvium Averaged 1ediment 1ite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
84.5 ST41: SO. SAN FRANCISCO - SIERRA PT. 58539 franciscan JMG(Kjfll)(8.6) JSA(Kjf11)( 10.5) 0.65 0.76 0.78 1.32 1.08
92.6 ST 7: SAN FRANCISCO - DIAMOND HEIGHTS (58130] franciscan chert CAI(Kjfv)(13.5) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
92.6 ST13: OAKLAND - 2-STORY OfFICE BLDG. (58224) Alluvium Averaged sediment eite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
93.3 ST49: PIEDMONT - PIEDMONT JR. HIGH GROUNDS (58338] Weathered serpentine Averaged sediment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
95.2 ST14: OAKLAND - OUTER HARBOR WHARF [58472] Bay mud CMC(Pvr)( 12.8) 3.32 1.92 1.35 2.12 2.12
95.6 ST 8: SAN fRANCISCO - RINCON HILL (58151] franciscan Sandstone CAI(Kjfv]{8.6) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
96.2 ST27: SAN FRANCISCO- 18-STORY COMMERCIAL BLDG (58480] fill over Bay mud Averaged 1ediment 1ite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
96.3 ST 6: YERBA BUENA ISLAND (58163] franciscan Sandstone CAI(Kjfv](8.4) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
97.3 ST10: SAN FRANCISCO - PAClflC HEIGHTS franciscan Sandstone CAI~Kjfv )(7 .9) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
158131}
58133 franciscan Sandstone CAl Kjfv)(7.0) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
97.4 ST 9: SAN fRANCISCO - TELEGRAPH HILL
98.3 ST 5: TREASURE ISLAND 58117 fill Averaged sediment 1ite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
98.7 ST11: SAN FRANCISCO - PRESIDIO (58222) Serpentine JPR(Os)(1.5) 1.22 1.42 1.65 1.49 1.49
99.3 ST48: BERKELEY - LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB (58471 1 thin Alluvium on shale Averaged eedimont elto 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
100.1 STI2: SAN FRANCISCO - CUff HOUSE (58132] franciscan Sandstone CAI(Kjfv](11.5) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
104.2 ST42: POINT BONITA (58043) Sandstone CAI(Kjfv)(9.2) 0.70 0.86 1.57 1.16 1.16
108.2 ST50: RICHMOND - CITY HALL PARKING LOT [58505] Alluvium Averaged sediment site 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
138.3 ST43: OLEt.AA - POINT REYES RANGER STATION (68003) Alluvium Averaged eediment eite 2.12 2.22 2.46 1.92 1.73
 Table 2.

Vp{km/s) Vs(km/s) density thickness (km)

1.7300 1.0000 1.5000 0.1000

3.3800 1.9500 1.5500 0.4000
4.2900 2.4800 1.8500 0.5000
4.7950 2.7700 2.0500 2.0000
5.3650 3.1000 2.2600 2.0000
5.7400 3.3100 2.4500 2.0000
6.1500 3.5500 2.5800 2.0000
6.2450 3.6100 2.6200 4.0000
6._2700 3.6200 2.6300 5.0000
6.6650 3.8500 2.7700 7.0000
8.0000 4.6200 3.2800 50.000

44.
 Table 3.

FREQ (Hz) ZS= 2 ZS= 4 ZS= 6 ZS= 8 ZS=10 ZS=12 ZS=14 ZS=16 ZS=18
0.2 -1.40%0.05 -1.300.04 ~1.210.06 -1.180.06 -1.15%0.06 -1.180.06 -1.280;05 -1.380.04 -1.470.04
0.4 -1. 18:t0.07 -1.21%0.07 -1.20%0.05 -1.270.05 -1.24:!:0.07 -1.22%0.05 -1.29%0;06 -1.31%0.09 -1.28%0.08
0.6 -1.210.07 -1.20%0.05 -0.970.08 -0.960.08 -1.010.08 -1.11 :t0.08 -1.07:!:0.07 -1.13:!:0.07 -1.23:!:0.09
0.8 -1.290.07 -0.930.10 -0.920.10 -1.050.10 -1.010.11 -1.11%0.09 -1.130.08 -1.14%0.12 -1.160.09
1.0 -1.320.07 -0.85:t0. 11 -0.93%0. 11 -0.87 :t0.1 0 -0.88%0.11 -1.03:!:0.08 -1. 17 :t0.09 -1.090.09 -1. 18:t.0.09
0 1.2 -1.05%0.07 -1.01 :t:0.06 -0.970.07 -0.910.09 -1.01%0.11 -1.120.11 -1.08:t0.09 -1.230.1 0 -1.25:t0.09
"0 1.4 -0.94:t0.08 -1.04:!:0.07 -0.98:t0.06 -0.930.08 -0.90:t:0.09 -1.01 :t:0.10 -0.96:t:0.09 -1.190.06 -1.200.09
0 1.6 -1.030.07 -1.020.06 -0.95:!:0.08 -0.840.09 -0.97:t:0.09 -1.050.10 -1.01%0.10 -1.270.09 -1.28%0.07
a::: -1.020.08 -0.91:!:0.07 -0.78:t:0.07 -0.91 :t:0.11 -1.020.10 -1.07:t:0.11 -1.170.09. -1.17:!:0.09
1.8 -1.150.07
2.0 -1.200.05 -1.210.08 -1.090.06 -0.960.10 -1.050.10 -1.160.08 -1.200.09 -1.250.08 -1.310.09
2.2 -1.09::t0.07 -0.91 ::t0.09 -0.86::t0.07 -0.850.10 -0.93::t0.10 -1.12::t0.11 -1.12::t0.10 -1.08::t0.11 -1.26::t0.10
2.4 -1.06::t0.09 -1.030.09 -0.900.08 -1.020.06 -1.070.06 -1.140.07 -1.06 :t0.08 -1.110.11 -1.310.07
PGD -0.89::t0.01 -0.840.03 -0.72 0.06 -0.71 0.06 -0.70:t:0.09 -0.850.05 -0.860.07 -0.990.05 -1.06:!:0.06

0.2 -1.040.06 -1.040.06 -1.05:t:0.06 -1.070.05 -1.070.05 -1.060.05 -1.03::t0.05 -1.01 0.06 -1.020.07
0.4 -1.15:!:0.06 -1.140.05 -1.03:!:0.05 -0.950.07 -0.94:t:0.09 -0.96:!:0.12 -0.98::t0.14 -0.940.14 -0.94:t:0.12
0.6 -1.210.07 -1.010.06 -1.020.05 -0.990.06 -0.97::t0.07 -0.94%0.07 -0.930.10 -0.940.12 -0.970.14
0.8 -1.24::t0.06 -1.08::t0.05 -0.97::t0.08 -0.96::t0.07 -0.96::t0.11 -0.950.11 -0.94::t0.12 -0.920.12 -0.970.12
Q) 1.0 -1.100.06 -1.0Jt0.07 -1.050.06 -0.94::t0.09 -0.99:!:0.09 -0.980.09 -0.9J:t0.12 -0.92t0.1J -0.950.14
(I)
L.. 1.2 -1. 1O:t0.06 -0.96:!:0.09 -1.05%0.09 -0.97:!:0.07 -1.0 1:t:0.07 -0.970.09 -0.95:t:0.08 -0.78:t:0.14 -0.97:t:0.11
Q) 1.4 -1.04::t0.07 -1.070.07 -1.07:1:0.06 -0.96:t:0.09 -0.940.11 -1.030.10 -0.86:!:0.11 -0.660.12 -1.010.12
>
(I) 1.6 -1.21%0.10 -1.100.07 -1.010.09 -0.970.07 -0.950.10 -0.900.11 -0.970.09 -0.910.10 -0.900.13
~
?' c:
0 1.8 -1.160.08 -1.05%0.08 -1.000.09 -1.060.06 -0.87::t0.1 0 -1.020.10 -0.970.10 -0.830.12 -0.940.13
L..
2.0 -1.090.07 -1.020.09 -1.160.07 -1.04::t0.08 -1.070.10 -1.040.09 -1.000.09 -0.930.10 -1.080.12
t- -1.01 :t0.12
2.2 -1.080.08 -1.04::t0.1 0 -1.020.09 -0.930.09 -0.92:t0.1 0 -0.930.09 -0.95:t0.12 -0.97:t0.12
2.4 -1.08:t0.08 -0.97:t0.08 -0.99:t0.10 -0.880.10 -0.94:t0.12 -0.95:t0.1 0 -0.92:t0.1 0 -0.92:t0.1 0 -0.88%0.10
PGD -0.79:t0.02 -0.910.02 -0.870.03 -0.840.04 -0.790.06 -0.760.07 -0.710.08 -0.610.10 -0.610.09

0.2 -1.200.04 -1.140.06 -1.060.08 -1.020.08 -1.030.08 -1.050.07 -1.07:1:0.05 -1.1 10.05 -1.170.04
0.4 -1.120.06 -1.200.06 -1.18:t0.05 -1.030.07 -1.01:t0.10 -0.980.07 -1.100.07 -1.130.07 -1.120.06
0.6 -1.180.06 -1.160.06 -0.94:t0.1 0 -0.990.09 -1.02:t0.06 -1.02%0.06 -1.080.10 -1.110.06 -1.120.11
0.8 -1.260.06 -1.000.1 0 -1.00:t:0.09 -1.05:t:0.08 -1.06:t0.09 -1.080.09 -1.10:t:0.08 -1.160.08 -1.17:t0.08
1.0 -1.300.07 -1.020.09 -1.02:t0.08 -1.09:!:0.08 -1.06:t0.06 -1.00:t:0.08 -1.130.07 -1.190.05 -1.230.05
1.2 -1.120.07 -1.070.06 -1.090.07 -1.120.05 -1.23:1:0.05 -1.190.05 -1.290.05 -1.33:t:0.06 -1.330.07
0
u 1.4 -1.120.06 -1.070.09 -1.14:!:0.08 -1. 15:t0.07 -1.080.07 -1.13:!:0.07 -1. 180.06 -1.300.06 -1.37::t0.07
:e
Q)
1.6 -1.210.09 -1.140.06 -1.17:!:0.07 -1.07:!:0.06
-1.14:!:0.06
-1.09:t0.06
-1.12:t0.08
-1.130.07
-1.150.07
-1. 16:t0.06
-1.25:t0.08
-1.190.08
-1.21 :t0.08
-1.260.06
-1.28:t0.08
-1.18:t0.09 -1.170.06 -1.19:t:0.07
> 1.8
2.0 -1.290.06 -1.20:t0.06 -1.25:!:0.07 -1.26:t0.1 0 -1.14:t:0.06 -1.24:t0.08 -1.35:!:0.10 -1.240.09 -1.400.08
2.2 -1.15:!:0.10 -1.09:!:0.07 -0.940.06 -1.07 :t0.07 -0.99:t0.08 -1.070.09 -1.22:!:0.08 -1.180.08 -1.180.07
2.4 -1.15:!:0.07 -1.090.09 -1.040.07 -0.940.06 -1.07 :t0.08 -1.15:!:0.07 -1.170.08 -1.160.06 -1.320.07
PGD -0.88:1:0.01 -0.85:t0.01 -0.760.04 -0.70:1:0.05 -0.72:!:0.05 -0;74:t0.05 -0.800.06 -0.890.05 -0.990.06
 Table 4.

Frequency without site correction with site correction Op(fi)=0 0 fi" 0 0 = 156.7 and n=0.87
5 5 5 2
fi (Hz) S(fi)x1 0 Op{fi) S(fi)x10 Op{fi) S(fi)x10 [(cm/sec) /sec]

1 0.36000. 11 00 -103 23 0.24000.07 40 -1 13 28 1.50000.0740

2 0. 76000. 1900 -537 257 0.55000.1500 -852 724 1.60000.1500
3 0.86000.2000 -1655 1514 0.69000.2000 4639 15136 1.50000.2009
4 0.57000.1300 -1741 1241 0.46000. 1300 4276 9529 0.99000. 1300
5 0.80000.2000 3405 4150 0.61000.1900 951 402 0.80000.1900
6 1.1 0000.2700 1464 654 0.81 000.2700 724 212 0.74000.2700
7 0.82000.2200 1861 974 0.59000.2000 900 279 0.59000.2000
8 0.67000.2000 1425 547 0.47000.1600 860 224 0.40000. 1600
9 0.38000.11 00 2026 930 0.27000.0860 1145 337 0.27000.0860
10 0.25000.071 0 2208 979 0. 18000.0550 1300 379 0.19000.0550
11 0.21 000.0630 2427 1149 0.15000.0480 1479 468 0.16000.0480

~
12 0.14000.0420 3316 2022 0.09700.0320 1897 707 0. 12000.0320
? 13 0. 12000.0390 2100 775 0.08900.031 0 1476 414 0.08500.031 0
14 0. 11 000.0380 1978 728 0.07600.0300 1446 417 0.06600.0300
15 0.091 00.0320 1867 578 0.06600.0250 1413 358 0.05200.0250
16 0.061 00.021 0 1968 609 0.04500.0170 1493 383 0.03500.0 170
17 0.04600.0170 1818 511 0.03500.0140 1421 342 0.02300.0 140
18 0.02700.0094 2533 905 0.021 00.0080 1853 529 0.0 1800.0080
19 0.01800.0068 3015 1285 0.01400.0058 2125 685 0.01400.0058
20 0.01400.0049 3510 1546 0.011 00.0044 2384 775 0.0 1200.0044
21 0.01100.0039 3377 1356 0.00940.0037 2337 723 0.00930.0037
22 0.01100.0036 3575 1408 0.00920.0036 2457 763 0.00930.0036
23 0.007 30.0025 3683 1476 0.00650.0027 2517 801 0.00640.0027
24 0.00270.0009 4042 1679 0.00250.001 0 2695 866 0.00250.00 10
25 0.0001 0.0000 4581 2286 0.0001 0.0000 2955 1099 0.0001 0.0000
 Figure Captions

Figure 1. Locations of CDMG strong-motion seismographs used in the present

analysis.

Figure 2. USG~ CALNET network stations for which Phillips and Aki (1986)

calculated the site amplification factor using the coda method.

Figure 3. The observed relation between the amplification factors (In( A/ A)) at the
,

frequency of 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 Hz measured by Phillips & Aki (1986) and the station

residual for amplitude magnitude (xmgk) measured by Eaton (1990).

Figure 4. The comparison of amplification factors obtained by Phillips & Aki (1986)

and Su (1990) at frequencies 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 Hz.

Figure 5. Synthetic ground displacement for radial component produced by a dis-

location point source with the same focal mechanism as Loma Prieta earthquake.

The focal depth is 12 km, the source time function is defined by a ramp function

with 0.5 sec rise time. The epicentral distance inside the parenthesis is in km.

Figure 6. The plot of peak ground displacement against hypocentral distance for

the case shown in Figure 5. The best fitting power law curve is also shown [see

Table 3].

Figure 7. The histogram of the geometrical attenuation exponent x (of Rz) listed

in Table 3.

Figure 8. The observed power spectrum density corresponding to the second case

in Table 4 as a function of hypocentral distance (the focal depth is fixed at 11.5

47.
km), two horizontal components are designated as closed and open circles and the

predicted attenuation curve using equation (3) as well as QtJ(/) listed for the second

case in Table 4 is also shown.

Figure 9. The comparison of frequency dependent Q- 1 of shear waves for two cases
-
of the power lawQ; 1 (!) = Qo/" where Qo = 156.7 and n = 0.87, and Q 0 = 86

and n = 0.9. They are compared with the coda Q obtained by Peng (1989) for the

lapse time window 20 to 40 sec.

Figure 10. The source spectrum S(fi) from the attenuation using QfJ(J) ,= Qo/"

where Qo = 156.7 and n = 0.87 (solid line) and Q 0 = 86 and n = 0.9 (dashed line)~

Figure 11. The source parameters of specific barrier model for major California

earthquakes including those determined for the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989.

Figure 12. Boore's (1983) procedure for stochastic simulation of high-frequency

ground motion applied to our specific barrier model for the Loma Prieta earthquake

of 1989.

Figure 13. The comparison of the predicted and observed two horizontal-component

accelerograms at station Santa Cruz (ST3) and Hollister (ST4).

Figure 14. The comparison of predicted peak acceleration (designated by a larger

closed circle) and observed peak acceleration (designated by a smaller open circle)

as a function of hypocentral distance. The station number and site characterization

symbol (Table 1) are also marked.

Figure 15. The ratio of the observed peak acceleration to the predicted for the

sediment site station as a function of observed peak acceleration. The ratio is one

48.
if the observed site effect is linear. The figure in the lower left comer is the corre-

sponding evaluation from a geotechnical engineering study by Sigito and Kameda

(1990) ..

49.
so

40'

30'

20'

10'

50'

40'

20 KM

30'

123 50' 40' 30' 20' 1o 122 50' 40' 30' 20' 10'

Figure 1.

50.
38 0 c:N:

0 CliP

50' 0 cuo
oca

0 coo 0 alA

0 CSA
40' 0 en.
0 0111
0 CUY

30' occs
OCIL
0 Cllll

OCMI 0 CliP
20'

om 010
1 o
0 JBL

OHP\.

37 0 1111:

0 HI.T

50' 0 H.IS
0 HOR

40' 08$11 0 8[HO 8[10

0~
l
o a&;
20 KM

30'
8N l
123 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 122 50' 40' 30' 20' 1 o 21

Figure 2.

51.
 Correlation Coefficient=0.677 Correlation Coefficient=0.686
N N
I

freq.= 6.0 Hz

-
CD
Freq.= 1.5 Hz


.. -
co
..
.....
CX)
a)
I ..
-
en
_.

~
..- - .
,.
._,!,~ ....
-
-
en
_.

~
-I-
. _,_.., .,,
I '\

,. ..,: .
.. .-::;!-:.'....'.
..
~
old
'\ . I
- l.j
en
~
0 ~
,.,~
~
en
0 ~
. .
. ........,-~~-.
"-" -
'-\ .
..........
:E :E

..,"~'
...
a. !l a.

-
>.

-
>.
J:l

-
" y

J:l

- ~


"- -
I<
~
-
~
.E
N
-<
.E

I I I I I
I I
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
xmgk xmgk

Correlation Coefficient=O. 725 Correlation Coefficient=0.481

N I N

-
freq.= 3.0 Hz
CD
CX) -co
CX)
freq.=12.0 Hz

... ,.I

--
en

~
<
-I-

.I.. .,...
-~.

- --
en
..-

~ ....
.. . , ., ....
-

~
en
..e
.,..,I".
,.- . -
old
I
. .'
~
-
,",
en

,... ..
~
.... ~
01- 0 1-
~ ~
:E -~~ :E
,.....,... .
! . . ..
a. ~
a..
.
. -
. l.-
>. >.

--
J:l
p".
-s.
J:l

- -
-
~
<
.E
N

-
.E
N

I
I I
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
xmgk xmgk

Figure 3.

52 ..
 Correlation Coefficient=0.855 HPH Correlation Coefficient=0.9.37
N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~ N

F'req.a 1.5 Hz Freq.- 6.0 Hz

~~~-
.. .
- --
~T

-
0
-I- JTG J~Z
. 0
.
- .src:
(J)

--
(J)
(J)
J~T ~
(J)
..._, JE't
J~P cue :::J JHP .~
:::J
,..
(/)
0~ H? H?i~R
,..
(/)
0 .. +., .e~
-
J~
-~ -
..0
JSA ..0
J~C.

..
..
HCR
~ ~
. .
..._,
.s -- I
HMO
~
.s "'jl-

ln(A/~) by Phillips & Aki ( 1986) ln(A/~) by Phillips & Aid (1986)

Correlation Coefficient=0.887 Correlation Coefficient=0.8 17

Freq.= .3.0 Hz F'req.=12.0 Hz
HPH

-0
-I-
...
JTC
J ~z

--
0
,OAC
JTG
J~T .~

- ..
(J)

-
(J)
(J) (J)
JHP

~
..._,
:::J H~P ~
,..
(/)
0 -

-S:
..Q

A cue

..
J'-"'.A'HSP rN'f
~
..._,
.s -
I
HJ!? B'(W'

\ ln(A/~) by Phillips & Aki (1986) ln(A/~) by Phillips & Aid (1986)

Figure 4.

53.


!0) 0.13E~...t------~
m)o~~.~~~r}~,-------------
~)O.~~~~,------------~

70) 0.32~ (240)

~ 0.23E-o5

;o) 0.39E-o5

~l=-1 ~~ (270)

10)=<1 + (280)

0.17E1
20)

>0)0.13~~
+ -(300)

.., 0.12-1
+
.., 0.141
.., 11.22-Q,
+--fw (~)

(380)

70) 0.13-o, ~~ n(JSO)

-~
0 100 150 20C
80) O.,E-01
I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200

Figure 5.
54.
---
- c
CCI)
:JE 1o- 5
C:0<1)

a_U
Eo
oa.
U~
0
.2-o
-oc
O::::l
e:::o
-(5 x=-0.74, crx= 0.05
~
0
x=-0.85, crx= 0.06
<!)
Cl.. 10 _7 ,____.....__.___._.........~.........-----~-""'--
10 100 1o-, 0 100
Rj: Hypocentrcl Dist. (ZS= 12) Ri: Hypocentral Dist. (ZS= 12)

.0. . . . . 1o- 5
<-'
Cl..
?-
c ....
<I)C
CCI)
OE
a. <I)
Eu
00
Ua.
<!).~ , o-s

cnO
I...
<1)-o
>c
cn::J
co
o~...
~<-' x=-0.76, crx= 0.07
-~
0
<!)
Cl..

100
R.: Hypocentrcl Oist. (ZS= 12)
J

Figure 6.

55.
 0 ~
<0
.
... . . . ... : Radial
t-
.. ..
.. .. - - - - : Vertical
... .. - . . ..I I
-. . . : Transverse
1-
.. I I
.. ! I
. .. - ....... I
0
z ..
.. ..I
. ..
0
N 1- .
.. -
I ..
..
I
- - ..
-- I ... . . . . - -
. . . I - - .. - . ..
I I I I
0
-0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4
geometrical attenuation exponent x (of Rx)

Figure 7.

56.
 ......
u ~0 4 f- 1 Hz 'U' 10 4 f- 8Hz
Cl
Cl S(f)0.24E+05 S(f)-Q.47E+05

- -
$..
G)

;;... Q- -113 a- 859

>. u
=: CD 10 2 ~~ 10 2
en "' c: .......
" Ill
c
G) E
:' e~ E
0 u 0 u
E~ E~
2
-u~
Q)N
10 2
iJ~
CIN
10
~
o'C"
-.
a.!::::::
(/) ......

;I::' 10-2
:Radial er5 0.74E+04
a.-
G-
~
o'C"
-.
(/);:::::::
~~r
er5 0.16E+05
a......., era::o 27 a..- ua= 224
.:s .:sII
- u
......, 104
a.
0
0 :Transverse

50
erA 0.67

100
-
......, 104
a..
0
o :Transverse

50
CTA 0.74

100
Hypo (dep= 11.5) Dist (km) Hypo (dep=11.5) Dist (km)

,.... 10 4 fa 2 Hz ,.... 10 4
f 16 Hz
u u
Cl
Cl S(f)0.55E+05 S(f)0.45E+04

-: -
~
Cll
N
....... Q - -852 N Q- 1493
>.U >.U
~ 10 2 ~ G
10 2 er5 0.17E+04
c: ....... ~-!'!.
0
4) E
u 0
~ E
u
era=- 383
CTA 0.84
E~ E~
:I

~~ 10 :I

~~ 10 I
G)N GN
'i ~~
a.=:
(/)-
...
CJ-
~
o'C"
Li:'-. 10-2 :Radial er5 0.15E+05
a.-
~-
G~
~
o'C"
-.
(/];:::::::

:Radial
e cca
a
\
a.< era= 724 D..';(
...... ......
--
I

a. 10
4

0
0 :Transverse

50
erA 0.61

100
- II
......,
Q.
0 :Transverse

50 100
Hypo (dep= 11.5) Dist (km) Hypo (dep= 11.5) Dist (km)

- 4
=
- u
CJ

>.U -
u
Cl
Cll
;;...
10 f 4 Hz
S(f)=0.46E+05
Q - 4275
>. u
.=: Cl -
N

Cll Cll
"'
.......

c: ....... 10 2
E
o :Transverse
f = 25 Hz
5(80.1 1E+02
.. 2954
u5 =0.48E+01
~ CD
10 2 ~
~~ 0 u ua= 1098
G) E E~ erA= 0.97
0
E~
u 2
-u~ 10
2
-u~ 10 Clc;!..,
a._
tnc
G)N
10-2
a.-
-.
(/);:::::::
~Li:' 10-2
~ :Radial u5 0.13E+05
~~r
o -
Cl-

a..~
.:sII
i o

1\ e.
o'C"
Q.~

- I
......, 104
0 :Transverse
u0 9529
CTA::a 0.64 -
........
a.
104

10-e
0 0

a.
0 50 100 0 50 100
Hypo (dep=11.5) Dist (km)
Hypo (dep=11.5) Dist (km)

Figure 8.

57.
 I.{)
x : Coda Q (20-45 sec)
0
0
: O=Qof", Qo = 86 17, n=0.90.08

o : O=Q6f", Qo =156 68, n=0.80.16

....-
0 .
0
0
'-.,.
....-
,..,
I
0
....-
X
I.{)

0
1 10

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 9.

58.
 Po=0.270.076 E+06 : Qo =86 17, n =0.90.08

-
........
.._,
Vl ................
E 10 s Qo =156. 768, n =0.870.16
- ....:I
0
cu
a.
(/) Po=O. 160.062 E+06
....
cu
~
0
a.
cu
0
....
:I
0
Vl

10 3

10

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 10.

59.
1000~----~----~------~----~

o. : ac (bars)

+ : fla (bars)
100 ~

0
....d 8
] -~
~~
~s
i ! * . 2p0 (km)
~~
d 0
~~
QJ

10 ~ ~
u
d
QJ
10 2
~ a : Cto- (erg/cm )

"4

* : D (m)
1

0 : d (km)

x :f'I"/W.%- 1 (Hz)

0.1
6 6.5 7 7.5 8

Ms

Figure 11.

60.
 Shaping window: w(t)=atbe -ctH(t) ,Mo=4.4x 1o25

~
0 10 20 30

IR=20.4~. ~.
0 L-~~._._L_~~~~=._._._._~~~~~~

0 5 10 15 20

~~~~Wlh.Mutu NT=1024

~~~::--
N
I
0 10 20 30

1
0 5 10 15 20 I"= ~.Jkm, ~- .~
ST J:Santa Cruz
JUC[ms) : A/~=0.45 0.58 0.74 0.82 0.64
t.t0 =4.41C1025 dyne-em, Aa119 bars, F"c=0.22 Hz, Fmo= 8 Hz
AT=0.020, Nyquist f=25.0 Hz, with Q(f)=Q0 f", 0 0 ==156.7, n=0.87 0 10
. 20 30

Cb
~ 10J
~-~~196.

i-
u
0 10 20 JO

u-e
g_
en
c

-
0
a _ _ _ : R= 19.9 km
..
I)
0 10 20 JO
uu : R= 26.2 km

~~:-
!i : R= 17.5 km
: R= 34.3 km ___=_1-70_._______
: R= 20.4 km

0.1 100 0
.. 10 20 JO
t- rcc;ull<:y 1\ "1l )1 Q

Figure 12.
 ST 3: SANTA CRUZ - UCSC/UCK LAB. ST 4: HOLLISTER - SOUTH STREET AND PINE DRIVE
JUC[ms] : A{A=0.45 0.56 0.74 0.62 0.64 HPH[Op] : t/A=4.26 3.67 3.32 1.73 1.73
M0 =4.4x10 2 dyne-em, 6a=119 bars, Fc=0.22 Hz, Fmax= 6 Hz M0 =4.4x 10 dyne-em,
. . 6a= 119 bars, Fc=0.22 Hz, Fmax = 8 Hz
6T =0.020, Nyquist F=25.0 Hz, with O(f)=00 f", 0 0 = 156.7, n=0.67 6T=0.020, Nyquist F=25.0 Hz, with Q(f)=Q0 f", 0 0 =156.7, n=0.67

Sum Amox= 212. Sum Amax= 700.

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
Acceleration: Amax= 433., CHAN 3: 0 DEG Acceleration: ax= 362., CHAN 3: 0 DEG

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
CHAN 1: 90 DEG Acceleration: Amax= 175., CHAN 1: 90 DEG

0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30

Figure 13.
 Simulation (Seed) No.= 20
with O(f)=Q0 f", 0 0 =156 and n=0.9
....., ,.....,
0
~
0
,_,
;--. : Predicted Peak Accl.
N Q.2 3i
u
Q) 1 ,...., o : Observed Peak Accl. =(A~ci+A~cl)/2
en 00 0
0..
,_,
.......... 0 4
E ...-
u
.....__, .,
'0
VI
c 23 ,....,
0 Q.
0
......... .......
.,

I~
a 38 '0
'- II) '0'0
Q) u.,
VIII)
:l
1., 1~
Q)

II
u 1

;I
u 3 ..... ....., '0 u ~
<( .....
Ill 15
'0
u
II)
w
...... 25 u
VI
.......
14 '0
c: 2 '0
E ~
en-a
.
wC
::l
0 0
,_, f
LL.
~
,_,
39r II)
13

-~~8
1/)1)
II)
u

fa
'-

~91
0 0 .,
'0
...-
..Y

a..
a
Q)
[Col]: Alluvium
[Qp]: Plio-Pleistocene nonmarine
[Pml]: Pliocene marine
37
!
45
.....,
1
41
...... .....7 8
~ '>'
l
II)

.,
'0
II)

-
.0 012
:s
,_, > 42
[E): Eocene marine =.~ .....,
.-
~
'>'
c [K): Undivided Cretaceous marine ...... ~
....... :=.. >
~ .....
aQ) ....... ~
.........
(Kjf]: Franciscan Formation
~ [ ub ]: Mesozoic intrusive rock
[gr): Granite
[ms) : Pre-Cretaceous metasedimentary rock
Fran: Averaged USGS Franciscan site
Sed: Averaged USGS sediment site

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Figure 14. Hypocenlral Distance (dep= 11.5 km)

 Observed Mean Peak Acceleration (em/ sec 2 )
..

Simulation (Seed) No.= 20

.........._.
0
<(
0 with Q(f)=Q0 f 0 , 0 0 = 156 and n=0.9
(!)
0...
Unfiltered
'<(
(I)
..Q
0 Oakland

.
.s.F. Airport
(!)
0...
Linear prediction Richmond
c: ~
0
:.;:;
u
-o
Cl)
\.. eHayward
0... eBerkeley eGilroy #3

0)0
L

Saratoga
~Q)
c: Sugito. and Kameda (1990) .corralitos
::J Sr-~----=---~--~
(very soft site)
E Cl 4
Sn0.6, dplSO

-
CQ
0 L.
Agnew .capitola
L.. 0
~ Hollister
c
0
...u
Cl

c
:.;:;
0
">
-0
I ll
L.
u
.salinas
Watsonville

Cl) >
c
0
0 u
o.
lUO (cm/sec 2 )
peak acceleration Ar

0
10 100 1000

Figure 15.
 List of Publications

Feng Su, Stuart Koyanagi, Yuehua Zeng, Kevin Mayeda, Ta-Liang Teng and Keiiti
Aki (1990). A recursive stochastic inversion of site effect usinf coda waves,
EOS Vol. 71 No . ./3, 1./75.
Byau-Heng Chin and Keiiti Aki (1990). Simultaneous determination of source, path
and recording site effects on strong ground motion during the Loma Prieta
Earthquake, EOS Vol. 71 No . ./3, 1./56.
Chin, B. H. and Keiiti Aki (1990). Simultaneous determination of source,
path and recording site effects on strong ground motion during the Loma
Prieta Earthquake - a preliminary result on pervasive non-linear site effect.
Submitted to Bull. SeiJ. Soc. Am.

65.
 List of future publications

Feng Su (1991). Using coda wave to study earthquake source, site amplification
and medium attenuation, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California.

66.
 Kajima-CUREe Project

Evaluation of Local Site Effects

from Strong Motion Spectra

Final Project Report

Leader Masanori Niwa (Dr. Eng.)

Sub-leader Masayuki Takemura (Dr. Sci.)
Members Kenichi Kato
Tomonori Ikeura
Kenji Urao
Masamitsu Miyamura (Dr. Eng.)
Advisers Etsuzo Shima (Prof. em. Tokyo Univ .)
Tokiharu Ohta (Dr. Eng.)

February 1991
Abstract
The fmal goal of our study is to obtain a reliable and practical method for evaluating the local

site effect for the strong ground motion. Three different methods have been applied to

observed seismic data in Japan and in California, which are the linear inversion method to S-

waves (S-wave method), the regression analysis to obtain the attenuation curve of strong motion

spectra (Regression method) and the linear inversion method to coda-waves (Coda-method).

The coda method has been applied to the data in California by the USC team. Our study has

been carried out in the four sections as follows:

(1) Revision of the constraint condition based on the numerical approach to the effect of

topographic irregularity around the KDG site. The reliable constraint condition is obtained

for the Japanese data analyzed by the S-wave method

(2) Application of S-wave method to the Japanese dataset for evaluating the relation between

local site effect and surface geology. The site amplifications of S-waves at 19 stations are

obtained and summarized with respect to the surface geology.

(3) Application of S-wave method to the California dataset for comparing with the result by the

coda method for the same station. The consistency between the site amplifications of S-

waves and of coda-waves is found at most stations.

(4) Application of the regression method to the Japanese dataset for comparing with the result by

the S-wave method. Qs-value and site amplification factors obtained by the regression

method are almost consistent with those by the S-wave method in both the cases that the S-

wave portions are used in the regression analysis, and that the response spectrum is used as

the conventional regression analysis.

Calibrations among the different methods has been performed in the present study. The

evaluation of the non-lenear effect of the ground for young sediment site during large earthquake

is a problem remained in the future.

(i)
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Prof. K. Aki, Prof. T. Teng, and

other members of University of Southern California, who largely contributed to progress

our study through the useful discussions about the analytical methods and results, and
provided us with the seismic data in California and its related information. The authors also
express their hearty thanks to Prof. K. Irik:ura, and Dr. T. Iwata of Disaster Prevention

Research Institute, Kyoto University for valuable discussions about our results and

providing facility for the third and the forth meetings with Prof. K. Aki. Much thanks are

due to Emeritus Prof. T. Kobori of Kyoto University (Vice-President of Kajima Corp.) for
his providing us with a chance to participate in KAJIMA-CUREe research project.
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr. K. Ishida of the Central Research

Institute of Electric Power Industry, Mr. E. Kurata of the Port Harbor Research Institute,
and Dr. Y. Kitagawa of Building Research Institute for allowing the use of magnetic tapes

of digital records. The other records were offered by "Committee of Strong-Motion

Instruments Array" (Chairman is Prof. S. Omote) sponsored by the ten electric power
companies in Japan.

(ii)
 Table of Contents

Abstract (i)
Acknowledgements (ii)
1. Introduction 1
2. Effect of surface topography in an inversion analysis
for evaluation of local site effect fron strong motion spectra 7
2.1 Purpose
2.2 Data
2.3 Method of analysis
2.4 Results
2.5 Discussion
2.6 Conclusions
3. Site amplification of S-waves from strong motion records
in special relation to surface geology 47
3.1 Purpose
3.2 Data and method of analysis
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusions
4. Site amplifications of S-waves and coda waves in central California 69
4.1 Purpose
4.2 Data
4.3 Method of analysis
4.4 Results
4.5 Conclusions
5. Evaluation of site amplifications by the regression analysis of strong motion spectra 94
5.1 Purpose
5.2 Data
5.3 Method of analysis
5.4 Results
5.5 Conclusions
6. Conclusions 109
Schedule for the presentation in 1991 and 1992 111

Appendix
Preliminary analysis for evaluation of local site effect from strong motion spectra by an
inversion method (Submitted to J. Phys. Earth, 1991) 112
1. Introduction

In the last decade, there have been some destructive earthquakes in the world, such as the

1983 Nihonkai-chubu event (M=7.7), the 1985 Michoacan event (M=8.1), the 1989 Lorna

Prieta event (M=7.1), the 1990 Philippine event (M=7.7) and so on. After these event, it

has been indicated with emphasis that the local site effect is more strongly related to the

damage of structure than we expected (e.g., Kobayashi et al., 1986; Kudo and Sak:aue,

1984; Singh et al, 1988).

Many numerical techniques for the estimation of local site effects have been developed

and applied to strong motion records at relatively long periods.(e.g., Aki and Lamer, 1970;

Sanchez-Sesma, 1988; Yamanaka et al., 1989; Vidale and Heimberger, 1988)

However, such approaches face to the lack of detailed information of ground structure

from bedrock to ground surface especially for the prediction of short-period strong ground

motion. Too much expense is needed to obtain such information under all the regions, in

and around which destructive events will occur in the future. Therefore, it is difficult to

perform the seismic microzonation over the wide region by only the numerical methods with

a few notable exceptions. In the meantime, many strong motion instrument arrays as well

as weak motion networks have been installed in the last decade (e.g.,Kitagawa et al.,1988;

Kudo et al., 1988; Omote et al., 1980, Bolt et al., 1982), and high grade seismic records

have been accumulated densely. Empirical approaches by using these records have been

developed based on the inversion technique (e.g.,Andrews, 1981; Iwata and Irikura, 1988;

Phillips and Aki, 1986). The local site effect can be evaluated by the empirical methods

without the detailed information of ground structure.

The empirical methods are classified into two groups from the viewpoint of used data.

One is the method for the records of coda waves for local earthquakes (coda method), and

the other is for the records of direct S-waves (S-wave method). The coda method is rich in
the data, because the data from the observation network of micro-earthquakes can be used,

including saturated ones. However, it is necessary to check on the validity of the results

through the comparison with the results by other methods, since the theory of wave
propagation for the coda waves have not been still established completely. On the other

hand, the physical meanings of the formulation which is a basis for the inversion analysis is
obvious for the S-wave method, while the data set for the analysis is usually small
comparing with that for the coda method. Strong motion records are usually used for the S-

wave method.

The final goal of our study is to obtain a reliable and practical method for evaluating the
local site effects. To achieve the purpose of the study, we make a calibration among the

different empirical methods by using the observed seismic data in Japan and in California.
The regression analysis, which is popular in the field of earthquake engineering to estimate
the attenuation curve, is also used in this study, besides the S-wave method and the coda-
method. The coda method is applied to the data in California by the USC team. Our study

is carried out for the four themes. The titles of them are as follows:

(1) Effect of surface topography in an inversion analysis for evaluation of local site effect

from Strong Motion Spectra

(2) Site amplification of S-waves from strong motion records in special relation to surface
geology.

(3) Site amplifications of S-waves .and coda waves in central California.

(4) Evaluation of site amplification by the regression analysis of strong motion spectra
Kato et al. (1991) has made a preliminary study for evaluating local site effects from a

part of the Japanese dataset by the S-wave method. The results have been already

summarized in a paper, which is shown in Appendix. The first theme in our study is to

revise the constraint condition of the S-wave method by Kato et al.(l991) based on the

numerical approach to the effect of topographic irregularity around the KDG site. The local

2
site effect is evaluated by the boundary element method for KDG to obtain more reliable

constraint condition of S--wave method for the Japanese dataset. The second theme is to

apply the S-wave method to the Japanese dataset by using the constraint condition obtained

from the study of the first theme for evaluating the relation between local site effects and

surface geology. The results obtained are compared with those obtained from coda waves

by Phillips and Aid (1986). The third theme is to apply the S-wave method to the

California dataset for comparing with the results by the coda method at the same stations.

The forth is to apply the regression method to the Japanese dataset for calibrating the results

by using those by the S-wave method at the same stations.

The USC team largely contributed toward the progress of our study through the

discussion about the analytical methods and results. The several meetings has been held to

discuss the research plane and the analytical results mutually as follows:

(1) The first meeting from Feb. 19 to 20 at Kajima Corp. in Tokyo.

(Attendance) USC- Prof. T. Teng.

KAJIMA - Dr. M. Niwa, Dr. M. Takemura, Mr. T. lkeura,

Mr. K. Kato, Dr. M. Miyamura, and Dr. T. Ohta.

(Agenda) Research plan.

(2) The second meeting from May 14 to 17 at USC in Los Angeles.

(Attendilhce) USC- Prof. K. Aki, Prof. T. Teng, Mr. K. Maeda, Mrs. F. Su,

Mr. J. Chin, Mr. Y. H. Zeng, and Dr. Y. Hisada

KAJIMA -Dr. M. Takemura, Mr. T. lkeura, and Mr. K. Kato.

(Agenda) * Discussion about the methods.

* Data exchange.
* Research plan for the next six month.
* Interim report.

3
(3) The third meeting on Sept. 27 at Kyoto Univ. in Kyoto.

(Attendance) USC- Prof. K. Ald.

KAJIMA - Dr. M. Takemura, Mr. T. lkeura, and Mr. K. Kato.

Kyoto Univ. - Prof. K. Irikura, and Dr. T. Iwata.

(Agenda) Discussion about the analytical results

(4) The forth meeting on Nov. 29 at Kyoto Univ. in Kyoto.

(Attendance) USC- Prof. K. Ald.

KAJIMA - Dr. M. Niwa, Dr. M. Takemura, Mr. K. Urao,

Mr. T. lkeura, Mr. K. Kato, and Dr. T. Ohta.

Kyoto Univ. - Prof. K. Irikura, and Dr. T. Iwata.

(Agenda) * Discussion about the analytical results.

* Final Report.
References
Aki, K., and K. L. Lamer, Surface motion of a layered medium having an irregular

interface due to incident SH waves, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 933-954, 1970.

Andrews, D.J., Separation of source and propagation spectra of seven Mammoth Lakes

aftershocks, Proc. of Workshop 16, Dynamic characteristics of faulting, 1981, U.S.

Geol. Sur. Open File Rep. 82-591,437, 1982.

Bolt, B. A., C. H. LOh, J. Penzien, Y. B. Tsai, andY. T. Yeh, Preliminary report on the

SMART-1 strong motion array in Taiwan, Earthquake Engineering Research Center

Report UCB/EERC-82/13, University of California, Berkeley, 1982.

Iwata, T., and K. Irikura, Source parameters of the 1983 Japan Sea earthquake sequence, J.

Phys. Earth, 36, 155-184, 1988.

Kato K., M. Takemura, T. Ikeura, K. Urao, and T, Uetake, Preliminary analysis for

evaluation of local site effect from strong motion spectra by an inversion method, J.

Phys. Earth,1991 (submitted).

Kitagawa, Y., I. Ohkawa, and T. Kashima, Dense strong motion earthquake seismometer

array at site with different topographic and geologic conditions in Sendai, Proc. 9-th

WCEE, II, 215-220, 1988.

Kobayashi, H., K. Seo, S. and Midorikawa, Estimated strong ground motions in the

Mexico City, The Mexico Earthquakes 1985 -factors involved and lessons learned,

ASCE, 55-69, 1986.

Kudo, K., and M. Sakaue, Oil-sloshing in the huge tanks at Niigata due to the Nihonkai-

chubu earthquake of 1983, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 59, 361-382, 1984 (in Japanese

with English abstract).

Kudo, K., E. Shima, and M. Sakaue, Digital strong motion accelerograph array in Ashigara

valley, Proc. 9-th WCEE, II, 119-124, 1988.

5
Omote, S., K. Ohmatsuzawa, and T. Ohta, Recently developed strong motion earthquake
instruments array in Japan, 7-th WCEE, 41-48, 1980.
Phillips W. S., and K. Aid, Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in
Central California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 76, 627-648, 1986.
Singh, S. K., J. Lermo, T. Dominguez, M. Ordaz, J. M. Espinosa, E. Mena, and R.
Quaas, The Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985- A study of amplification of
seismic waves in the valley of Mexico with respect to a hill zone site, Earthquake
Spectra, 4, 653-674, 1988.
Sancez-Sesma, F.J., F.J. Chavez-Gracia, and M.A. Bravo, Seismic response of a class of
alluvial valleys for incident SH waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.,78, 83-95, 1988.
Vidale, J. E. and D. V. Heimberger, Elastic finite-difference modeling of the 1971 San
Fernando, California, Earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 78, 122-141, 1988.
Yamanaka, H., K. Seo, and T. Samano, Effects of sedimentary layers on surface-wave
propagation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 79, 631-644, 1989.

6
2. Effect of surface topography in an inversion analysis for evaluation of local
site effect fron strong motion spectra

The following pages are eliminated:

pp. 8- 46.

7
3. Site amplification of S-waves from strong motion records in special relation
to surface geology

The following pages are eliminated:

pp. 48- 68.

47
4. Site amplifications of S-waves and coda-waves in central California

4.1 Purpose
Dense array network for observation of local earthquake has been deploied in Central
California, and numerous seismic data with low-strain have been observed. Phillips and
Aki (1986) evaluated the relative site amplification factors to reference stations from coda

waves of local earthquakes in Central California. Coda wave has advantageous

characteristics for the evaluation of the site effect, since its spectral shape is independent of

source and receiver location and source direction. However, it is necessary to verify the
validity of coda method for evaluating the site effect, because the theory of wave
propagation for coda waves has not been still established completely. On the contrary, the
theoretical background for S-wave propagation is well established, and the physical

meanings of the formulation used in the previous sections are obvious.

The mainshock of the 1989 Lorna Prieta event with M7 .1 is well recorded by the dense

strong motion array networks operated by U.S.G.S and C.D.M.G. In addition, the strong

motion data for the 1979 Coyote Lake event with M5.7 and the 1984 Morgan Hill event with

M6.1 are recorded at several stations among the U.S.G.S. network. Linear inversion
method is applied for the strong motion data of the three events, and site amplification
factors are evaluated empirically at stations with different geological conditions. The site
amplifications of S-waves from the events are compared with those of coda waves from

local earthquakes evaluated by USC team, and their consistencies are discussed.

69
4.2 Data
Strong motion data of 152 accelerograms of horizontal components for the three events,
the 1979 Coyote Lake with M5.7, the 1984 Morgan Hill with M6.1 and the 1989 Lorna
Prieta with M7.1, are used in this analysis. These data are recorded at 50 stations in the
Coast Ranges of central California operated by U.S.G.A. and C.D.M.G. Figure 4-1
shows the locations of stations together with the earthquake faults of the three events.
Tables 4-l(a) to (c) show the lists of station names which recorded each event. In the
tables, brief information about the geological condition is noted. Among the 50 stations,
five stations in Girloy array observed all the events.
The whole parts of observed waves are used in the calculation of Fourier spectra for
inversion analysis on an assumption that the energy of strong motion in horizontal
components is mainly due to the directS-waves. Therefore, the site amplification obtained
in this analysis is regarded to that of S-waves. The calculation procedures of Fourier
spectra are the same as those in chapter 2.

70
4.3 Method of analysis

The formulation of the inversion is as follows:

Oij(f) = Si(f) Gj(f) Rij -1 exp( - 1t Rij f I Qs(f) vs ), (1)

where,

Oij(f) : observed S-wave Fourier amplitude spectrum of i-th earthquake at j-th station,

Si(f) : source amplitude spectrum of i-th earthquake,

Gj(f) : local site effect near j-th station,

Rij : hypocentral distance between i-th earthquake and j-th station,

Qs(f) : average Qs -value along the wave-propagation path,

vs : averageS-wave velocity along the wave-propagation path ( = 3.7 km/s).

This formulation is the same as that of the chapter 2 except for the concept of hypocentral

distance. Equivalent hypocentral distance R (Ohno et al. 1991) is applied to Rij in

consideration C'c the extent of earthquake fault, since several stations are located near the

fault region and it is unreasonable to assume the earthquake source as a point source. The

equivalent hypocentral distance R is defined as follows:

N N
K2= Lei /I ei
i=l rr i=l (2)

where, ri is a hypocentral distance from i-th small segment of fault plane and ei is a seismic

energy in the short period range radiated from the i-th segment.

To solve the matrix equation (1), two constraint conditions are adopted. One is that the

site amplification factor Gj(f) at Gilroy #1 is equal to 2.0 irrespectively of frequency.

71
Because this station is located on the hard sandstone with shear wave velocity of 780 to
2230 m/s (Fumal et al., 1987), and three events are all observed at this station. The other is
09
that the Q-value along the propagation path is equal to Q = 86f from 1 to 20 Hz,

according to the results by Aki and Chin (1990) for central California. For the frequency
range lower than 1Hz, three Qs-values are assumed as the typical cases, which is shown in

Fig.4-2, since there is no information for the Qs-value in this region.

72
4.4 Results

4.4.1 Source spectra

Figure 4-3 shows acceleration source spectra for the three events. In the frequency

lower than 1 Hz, three values of source spectra are obtained for each event because of the

different three assumptions of Qs-values used as constraint conditions. However, these

values are almost the same for each event This indicates that the assumption of Qs-values

does not strongly affect the results in the inversion method in low frequency range. The

amplitudes of source spectra show steeply decay over about 5 Hz for each event This roll-

off frequency may be attributed to source-controlled fmax, since the effects of site

amplification and propagation path are removed from observed spectra. The quantitative

interpretation of the fmax is ongoing.

4.4.2 Local site effect

Figures 4-4 to 4-30 show site amplification factor for each station together with the peak

acceleration of horizontal components of Lorna Prieta event. In the frequency lower than

1 Hz, three values of site amplification factors are shown because of the assumptions of Qs-

values. Open circles in the figures show the site amplification factors derived from vertical

component of coda waves on the site of same geology in the neighborhood of the strong

motion station (Aki and Chin, 1990). In order to directly compare the site amplification

from coda waves with that from S-waves, the site amplification factors Gj(f) from coda

waves at Gilroy #1 is normalized to be 2.0 irrespectively of frequency, and those of the

remaining sites are described to relative to the Gj(f) at Gilroy #1.

The consistency between the site amplification factors from S-waves and from coda

waves of local earthquakes is found except for a few stations. As an example of

inconsistency, the site amplification factor from coda waves at Corralitos shows about ten

73
times larger than that from S-waves at 12Hz as shown in Fig. 4-4. The discrepancy in the
site amplification factors is discussed between Kajima and USC team in terms of the non-

linear effect of near surface layer at Corralitos.

The geological condition is classified into 5 categories, that is (1) rock, (2) shallow stiff

soil, (3) deep stiff soil, (4) soft bay mud and (5) Franciscan which is a basement at San
Francisco area. The site amplification factors at the stations which correspond to each
category are shown in Fig. 4-41 to Fig. 4-45. These are strongly influenced by the
geological condition and show large variation among the different geological conditions

from 0.1 to 5 Hz, while the variation of the site amplification factors is reducing higher than

5 Hz. The physical meaning of this phenomena should be interpreted in terms of not only

the impedance but also the effect of anelasticity of surface layer under the station. The
detailed discussion is made in the chapter 3.

74
4.5 Conclusions

Linear inversion method is applied to the 152 strong motion records at 50 stations for

three events in central California, and site amplification factors are evaluated empirically at

stations with different geological conditions. The results obtained in this chapter are

summarized as follows:

1. The comparison of site amplification factors between S-waves and coda waves is carried

out and the consistency between them is found except for a few stations. This result is

valuable since the validity of coda wave method for evaluating the local site effect is

suggested. One of the possible interpretations for the inconsistency among the site

amplification factors is the non-linear effect of surface layer.

2. The site amplification factors are strongly influenced by geological conditions and show

large variation among the different geological conditions lower than 5 Hz, while the

variation is reduced higher than 5 Hz.

3. Source-controlled fmax can be seen higher than 5 Hz in each event.

These results are preliminary stage, and further research will be pursued by adding the

large aftershock of Lorna Prieta event to the present data set.

75
References
Phillips W. S., and K. Aid, Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in

Central California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 76, 627-648, 1986.

Aki, K., and J. Chin,,Prediction exercise report, 1990 (Personal technical documentation).

Ohno, S., T. Ohta, T. lkeura, and M. Takemura, Revision of attenuation formula

considering the effect of fault size to evaluate strong motion spectra in near field,

(submitted to New Horizon in Strong Motion, Univ. of Chile, June 1991)

Thomas, E.F., J. F. Gibbs, and E. F. Roth, Near-surface geology and seismic-wave

velocities at six strong-motion stations near Gilroy, California, U.S. Geological

Survey Bulletin 1639, 81-88, 1987.

76
 Table 4-1 List of station names which observed the 1979 Coyote Lake event with M5.7.
Brief information of geological condition is also noted

EONAME 1979 COYOTE LAKE EARTHQUAKE

MV,MLCBRKl 5. 7 5. 9
SEISMIC ~lOMENT 3. 5E+24
STRESS DROP 30 Cave. l 140Clocat.l
FAULTCENTER 37. 056 121.486 6.7
STRIKE. DIP. RAKE 336 -8 0 I 76
LENGTH, WIDTH G. 8 6.6 C7.0, 6.72>
RUPTURE VEL. 2. 8
REF. Liu and HetmbergerCI983l BSSA. 73 pp. 201-218
GIRLOY nl GAVILAN WATER TANK 36. 973 121.572 Sandstone IS-H SMA-I COY203C-I 47379
GIRLOY A2 MISSION TRAILS MOTEL 36. 982 12 I. 5 56 At tuv. !S-F SMA-I COY203C-2 47380
GIRLOY 3 SAWAGE PLANT 36. 987 121.536 At tuv. IS-H SMA-I COY203C-3 47381
GIRLOY n4 SAN YSIDRO SCHOOL 37. 000 121.521 At tuv. 1-ST SMA-I COY203C-4 57382
GIRLOY n5 SAN YSIDRO 37.026 12 I. 4 8 4 Shaltow attuv. over sandstone IS-A SMA-I COY203C-5 57383
SAN MARTIN COYOTE CREEK 3 7. I 18 12 L 5 50 Dam 1itt over Franciscan rock IS-A SMA-I COY203C-6 57 2 I 7
HALLS VALLEY GRANT RANCH 3 7. 338 121.714 At tuv. IS-A SMA-I COY327C-I 57 1 91
SAN JUAN BAUTISTA FF 35. 846 121.536 Attuv. 1-ST SMA-I COY220C-1 4 7 12 6
SAN JUAN BAUTISTA 101/156 36. 862 121.578 Attuv. SMA-I COY220C-2 47315
 Table 4-2 List of station names which observed the 1984 Morgan Hill event with M6.1.
Brief infonnation of geological condition is also noted.

EONOME 1984 MORGAN HILL EARTHQUAKE

l.lV,ML<BRK> 6. 1 6. 2
SEISMIC MOMENT 2.1E+25
STRESS DROP
FAUL TCENTE R 37. 209 121.620 5. 7
STRIKE. DIP, RAKE 148 90 180
LENGTH, WIDTH 25. 622 11. 0 16 <27.0,11.4)
RUPTURE VEL.
REF. HarzeU and Heaton< 1985> BSSA, 76 pp. 649-674
HALLS VALLEY GRANT RANCH . 37. 338 121.714 At tuv. IS-A SMA-I MOR334C-1 57 191
SAN MARTIN COYOTE CREEK 37. 1 18 121.550 Dam f i t t over Franciscan rock IS-A SI.!A-1 MOR334C-2 57217
GIRLOY ll7 MANTEl Ll RANCH 37. 033 121.434 Shallow attuv. over sandstone !S-F SMA-I MOR334C-3 57425
GIRLOY U6 SAN YSIDRO 37. 026 121.484 Sha t tow a ttuv. over sandstone IS-A SMA-I MOR334C-4 57383
GIRLOY 114 SAN YSIDRO SCHOOL 37. 000 121.521 At tuv. 1-ST SMA-I MOR334C-5 57382
GIRLOY !!3 SAW AGE PLANT 35. 987 121.536 At tuv. IS-H SMA-1 MOR334C-6 47381
--1
00 GIRLOY ll2 MISSION TRAILS MOTEL 35. 982 121.556 At tuv. I S-F SMA-I MOR334C-7 47380
GIRLOY Ill GAVILAN WATER TANK 36. 97 3 121.572 Sandstone IS-H SMA-I MOR334C-8 47379
GIRLOY GAVILLAN COLLEGE 36. 973 121.568 Shallow attuv. over sandstone 1-ST SMA-1 MOR334C-9 47006
CORRALITOS 37.046 121.803 Landslide deposit over sandstone 1-ST SMA-1 MOR334C-10 57007
CAPITORA -36.974 121.952 Alluv. 1-ST SMA-1 MOR334C-1 1 47125
SANTA CRUZ UCSC/L I CK OBS. 3 7. 00 1 122.060 Thin soit<10'7> over limestone 1-ST SMA-1 MOR33llC-12 58135
LOS BANOS 3 7. 106 120.825 Atluv. >600m 1-ST SMA-I MOR334C-14 5 50 12
REDWOOD CITY<APEEL lt 1) 37. 545 1 2 2. 2 31 Shallow f itt over bay mud<16.5m> IS-A SMA-1 MOR334C-16 58375
SAN FRANCISCO I NT. AIRPORT 37.622 122.398 F itt over Bay mud<3m mud> l:::S.T RFT-250 MOR334C-17 58223
ANDERSON DAM DOWNSTREAM 3 7. 165 121.631 Al tuv. Q?~7) SMA-I MHCI-1 U1652
HOLLISTER DIFFERENTIAL ARRAY 36. 888 121.413 At tuv. ~ SI.!A-1 MHCl-4 U1656
SAN JUAN BA~ISTA FIRE STATION 36. 846 121.536 At tuv. 1-ST SMA-1 MOR334C-13 4 7 12 6
AGNEWS STAT '.HOSPITAL 37. 398 121.952 Clay and sandy gravel layers >50 0. 1-ST RFT-350 MOR334C-15 57066
FREMONT MISSION SAN JOSE 37. 530 I 2 1. 9 19 Ctay and sandy grave t layers >150' 1-ST RFT-250 MOR334C-18 57064
HAYWARD<APEEL Ill E> 37. 623 12 2. 1 30 Bay mud <Clay >100m> IS-A SMA-1 MOR334C-19 58376
SAN JUSTO DAM RIGHT ABUTMENT 36. 827 121.445
SAN JUSTO DAI.I LEFT ABUTMENT 36. 815 121.447
 Table 4-3 List of station names which observed the 1989 Lorna Prieta event with M7.1.
Brief infonnation of geological condition is also noted
I EQNQME 1989 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE
MV,MLCBRK> 7. 1 7. 0
SEISMIC MOMENT 3.0E+26
STRESS DROP 50 bar
FAUL TCENTER 37. 067 121.849 1 0. 0
STRIKE, DIP, RAKE 130 -65 138
LENGTH, WIDTH 40. 0 2 2. 0
RUPTURE VEL. 2. 8
REF. U.S.Geotogicat Survey Circular 1045
COflRALITOS 37. 046 121.803 Landslide deposit over sandstone 1-ST "SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-1 57007
CAPITORA 36.974 121.952 At tuv. 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-2 47125
SANTA CRUZ UCSC/LICK OBS. 37. 0 0 1 122.060 Thin soitC10'?> over limestone 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPRC89-3 58135
HOLLISTER SOUTH ST. & PINE DRIVE 36. 848 121.397 At tuv. IS-H SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-4 47524
TREASURE ISLAND 37.825 122.373 FittC15m mud> 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-5 58117
YERBA BUENA ISLAND 37.807 12 2. 361 Franciscan sandstone !S-F SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-6 58613
SAN FRANCISCO DIAMOND HEIGHTS 37.740 122.433 Franciscan chert 2-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-7 58130
SAN FRANCISCO RINCOLN HILL 37.786 12 2. 391 Franciscan sandstone, shate IS-A SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-8 58151
SAN FRANCISCO TELEGRAPH HILL 37.803 122. 408 "'Franciscan shate, sandstone 2-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-9 58133
SAN FRANCISCO PACIFIC HEIGHTS 37. 7 90 122. 429 Franciscan sandstone, shale 2-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-10 58131
SAN FRANCISCO PRESIDIO 37. 7 92 122. 457 Serpentine IS-H SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-11 58222
SAN FRANCISCO CLIFF HOUSE 37. 7 78 12 2. 513 Franciscan sandstone, shale 2-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89C-12 58132
OAKLAND 2-STORY OFFICE BLDG. 37.806 122.267 Attuv. <Merritt sand> 2-ST CRA-1 LOMAPR89C-13 58224
OAKLAND OUTER HARBOR WHARF 37. 816 12 2. 314 Bay mudC<3m mud> Whar CRA-1 LOMAPR89C-14 58472
GIRLOY U1 GAVILAN WATER TANK 36. 973 121.572 Sandstone IS-H SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-1 47379
GIRLOY U2 MISSION TRAILS MOTEL 36. 982 121.556 Attuv. I S-F SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-2 47380
GIRLOY U3 SAWAGE PLANT 36. 98 7 121.536 Attuv. IS-H SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-3 47381
GIRLOY #4 SAN YSIDRO SCHOOL 37. 000 121.521 Attuv. 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-4 57382
GIRLOY #6 SAN YSIDRO 37. 026 121.484 Sha t tow at tuv. over sandstone IS-A SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-5 57383
GIRLOY #7 MANTELL! RANCH 37.033 121.434 Shattow attuv. over sandstone !S-F SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-6 57425
GIRLOY GAVILLAN COLLEGE 36.973 121.568 Shattow attuv. over sandstone 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-7 47006
SARATOGA ALOHA AVE. 37.255 1 2 2. 0 31 Attuv. 1-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-8 58065
AGNEWS STATE HOSPITAL 37. 398 121.952 Ctay and sandy gravel layers >600' 1-ST RFT-350 LOMAPR8912C-9 57066
REDWOOD CITYCSHORES> CAPEEL #1l 37.545 1 2 2. 2 31 Shattow fitl over bay mudC16.5m> IS-A SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-10 58375
SAN FRANCISCO "INT. AIRPORT 37. 622 122.398 Fill over Bay mudC3m mud> 1-ST RFT-250 LOMAPR8912C-11 58223
GIRLOY 2-STORY HIST. BLDG. 37. 009 121.569 2-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-12 57476
SAN FRANCISCO 18-STORY BLDG. 37. 7 92 122. 400 Filt over bay mud 18ST CRA-1 LOMAPR8912C-13 58480
LEXINTON DAM LEFT ABUTMENT 37. 202 121.949 State and sandstone EDam SMA-1 LOMAPR8912C-14 57180
WATSONVILLE 4-STORY BLDG 36. 909 121.756 Fitl over alluvium 4-ST CRA-1 LOMAPR8912C-17 47459
ANDERSON DAM LEFT ABUTMENT 37. 166 121.628 Late Pleistocene attuv. SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-2 U1652
ANDERSON DAM DOWNSTREAM 37. 165 121.631 Late Pleistocene attuv. IS-? SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-3 U1652
SUNNYVALE COLTON AVENUE 37. 402 122. 024 Holocene atluv. SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-4 U1695
HOLLISTER DIFFERENTIAL ARRAY 36. 888 121.413 Holocene alluv. SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-5 U1656
PALO ALTO VA HOSPITAL 37. 400 1 2 2. 1 40 Attuvium 7-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-6 U1227
HOLLISTER CITY HALL ANNEX BASE 36. 851 121.402 Holocene atluv. SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-8 U1575
STANFORD UNIVERSITY SLAC TEST LAB 37. 4 19 122.205 Tertiary sediments/ Tm SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-9 U1601
STANFORD PARKING GARAGE LOMAPR89AFC-10
MENLO PARK VA HOSPITAL 37. 468 1 2 2. 1 57 Attuvium 3-ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-11 U1230
CALAVERAS ARRAY FREMONT EMERSON CT 37. 535 121.929 SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-12 U1686
REDWOOD CITY CAPEEL U2> 37. 520 122.250 8. 5m mud IS-O SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-13 U1002
SAN FRANCISCO 600 MONTOGOMERY 37. BOO 122. 400 Shallow stiff soil >49S CRA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-14 U1239
EMERYVILLE 6363 CHRISITE AV. S 37.844 122.295 <3m mud 30ST SMA-1 LOMAPR89AFC-17 U1662
S. F. GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE ABUTMENT 37. 806 122. 472 Serpentine LOMAPR89AFC-18 U1678
Fig. 4-1. Location of stations and earthquake fault of analyzed events. Solid circles

indicate the location of stations.

80
 10 3
Q)

....=
~ \

> \
\
\
'\
Case A
tl.l \
C) \
\
\
2
10
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

CaseC / /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-2. Qs-value as a function of frequency used as a constraint condition. From 1 to
20 Hz, Qs is assumed to Q = 86t<'9 according to the result by Aki and Chin
(1990). For the frequency range lower than 1Hz, three Qs-values, namely

Case A, Case B, and Case C, are assumed.

81
r---'l
~
Q)
Lorna Prieta
,.......
tf.l
Event
~
10 3
~
1.......1

~
;..
......
~
Q)
~
rJJ
Q)
~
;.. 10 2 " v
v, "" II

0= ~Morgan Hill
r:JJ Event
Coyote Lake
Event

10 1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-3. Acceleration source spectra for three events. In the frequency lower than 1

Hz, three values of source spectra are shown for each event because of the
assumptions of Qs-values used as constraint conditions.
82
Fig. 4-4 to Fig. 4-30

Site amplification factors of S-waves from strong motion records and those of

coda waves from local earthquakes at each station. Solid line indicates the

result from S-waves. In each figure, three values of site amplification factors

are shown because of the assumptions of Qs-values used as constraint

conditions in the frequency range lower than 1 Hz. Dashed line indicates the

standard deviation of the result from the constraint condition of Case B.

Open circle indicates the results from coda waves by Aki and Chin (1990).

Abbreviation of geological formation is also noted in each figure, and its

meaning is as follows:

Middle lower Pleistocene marine

Pleistocene marine
Pleistocene nonmarine
Alluvium
Plio-pleistocene nonmarine
Franciscan formation
Oligocene marine
Pre-Cretaceous metasedimentary rock
Dune sand
Mesozoic granitic rocks
Middle Miocene marine
Lower Miocene marine
Mesozoic ultrabasic intrusive rock
Knoxville Formation

83
 Peak Ace. : 0.64G 2
2
10 10

-
~
,---~,
' '
~ ,,I,-..,.,.....
' \
'\ \

---
i\ ,...'I \ \
C.) ,' ,__ , , ... '
1\ ' I \ \
\ ' ......
c..- t, I
... '' ',' /'-. ...... '
" \

S IOo
<

I 0 -1 10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-4 ST 1: CORRAIJTOS - EUREKA CANYON RD. Fig. 4-5 sr 2: CAPrroLA - nRE STATION

JBZ[Pm1)(:5.4) JTG(Pml](6.8) HCZ[Ool)(15 ..3)

Peak Ace. : 0.47G Peak Ace. : 0.45G

2 2
iO 10
:....
0
~
C.)
~
~
i0 1
=
-
~
0

--- ---
C.)
c..- c..-
0..
o.. i0
e s
< <
-
Q)
~

00
i 0 -1 i 0 "1
0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-6 ST .3: SANTA CRUZ - UCSC/UCK LAB. Fig. 4-7 ST28: LEXINGTON OAI.I - LEFT ABUTMENT

JUC[ me]( 1.0) JLX(Kjf](3.3) JSS(Kjf)( U)

84
 Peak Ace. : 0.33G Peak Ace. : 0.28G
2 2
10 10
:... :...
.....0
~
.....0
~
~ ~
~ ~
r:: 10 1 c:: 10 1
-
0
.....
~
- 0
.....
~

---" ---
~ ~
~ ~

~ - 10
~
"
- 10

.....
Cl)
.....
Cl)

-
U) -
U)

I 0 -1 I 0 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-8 ST22: SARATOGA - ALOHA AVE. Fig. 4-9 ST26: GILROY - 2-STORY HIST COMMERCIAL BLDG.
JSG[Op)(3.5) Averaged sediment site

2
Peak Ace.: O.SOG Peak Ace. : 0.37G
10 10 2
.-
I

.....
0
~
.....0
~
~ ~
~ ~
r::
-
0
.....
10 1
-
-
--
,... 10 1
0
.....
~ ~

--
~

---
~

-s
~ -
- ~

-
0.. 10 0..
~ 10
~ - ~
.....
Cl)
.....
-
Cl)

U) -
U)

10 "1 I I I I II I I 1111 10 "1

0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-10 ST15: GILROY #1 - GAVILAN COUGE, WATER TANK Fig. 4-11 ST21: GILROY - GAVILAN COLL, PHYS. SCI. BLDG.
HCR(Kjfv)(2.0) HCR[Kjfv)(2.2)

85
 2
Peak Ace. : 0.37G Peak Ace. : 0.55G
10 2
10
:...
0
~
c.;
~
~

= 10 1

-
~
0

-
~
c.;

10"1 I.~~.J-~~~~--~J-~~~~ 10 "1

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-12 ST16: GILROY #2- HWY 101/BOLSA RD. MOTEL Fig. 4-13 ST17: GILROY #3 - GILROY SEWAGE PLANT
Averaged eedlment elte Averaged sediment site

Peak Ace. : 0.42G Peak Ace. : 0.17G

2
10
:...
0
~
c.;
~
~

-
~ ~
=
-
0
~ ~

---
c.;
~ ---
~
c.;

~ 10 0.

-
~
',__
~
,....
-
,....

Q)

-
~

00.
10 _,
I 0-1 !

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-14 ST1 8: GILROY /-1, .:_ SAN YSIDRO SCHOOL Fig. 4-15 ST1 9: GILROY /6 - SAN YSIDRO
Averaged sediment site HCA[K)(O. 1)
86
 Peak Ace. : 0.33G Peak Ace. : 0.17G
2 2
10 10
:..c
0
~
u
~
~

= 10 1

-
~
0

---
~
u
,,'
---
~

Q..
lo"O
e
Q..
e
< <
Q)

-
~

00
I 0 -1 I 0 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-16 ST20: GILROY #7.- MANTEW RANCH Fig. 4-17 ST2J: AGNEW - AGNEWS STATE HOSPITAL
HCA[K]( 4.5) Averaged sediment site

2
Peak Ace. : 0.38G Peak Ace. : 0.33G
2
10 I0
:..c
0
~
u
~
~
10 1
=
-
~
0

---
~
u

e lo"O
Q..

<
Q)

-
Q)
~

00 -
~

I0 - 1
I 0 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 I 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-18 ST 4: HOWSTER - SOVTH STREET AND PINE ORNE Fig. 4-19 ST25: SAN FRANCISCO INT. AIRPORT

HPH( Qp )( 1.2) Averaged sediment site

87
 Peak Ace. : 0.26G Peak Ace. : 0.12G
2 2
10 10
-

~
0
u
~
~
0
u
~ ~
~ ~
c:: 10 1
c:: 10 1
-
~
0
-
~
0

-
~ '' ~

--
u "
--u

-
e+-.
-
<-
." 16 Cl. 10
E '........
~
Cl.) Cl.)

-
~

'(fJ -
~

\J).

10 -1 10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-20 ST1.3: OAKLAND - 2-STORY OFFICE BLDG. Fig. 4-21 ST 7: SAN FRANCISCO - DIAMOND HEIGHTS

Averaged sediment site CN[Kjfv )( 1.3.5)

2 Peak Ace. : 0.29G Peak Ace. : 0.09G

10 10 2

~
0
~
u
~
~

c:: 10 1
-
~
0

-
~

--
u

-"
<-
Cl.)
io"O

-
~

rJJ
10-1 10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-22 ST14: OAKLAND - OVTER HARBOR WHARF Fig. 4-23 ST 8: SAN FRANCISCO - RINCON HILL
CMC(Pvr )( 12.8) CN(Kjfv )(8.6)

88
 Peak Ace.: 0.06G
2 2
10 10
;.... ;....
0 0
~ ~

u u
~ ~
~ ~
10 1
= 10 1
=
-
~
0

~
-
~
0

--
u
---
u

-
~ ~

e~ 1o"O e~.100
< <
~ ~

-
~

00 -
~

00
10 -1 10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-24 ST 6: YERBA BUENA ISLAND Fig. 4-25 ST27: SAN FRANCISCO - 18-STORY COMMERClAL BLDG

CAI[Kjfv)(8.4) Averaged sediment site

Peak Ace. : 0.06G Peak Ace. : 0.08G

2 2
10 10

~
-

0
u
~
~

= 10 1

-
~
0

--
u

--
~

<-
~
1o"O

-
~

00
10 -1 '10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]

Fig. 4-26 ST1 0: SAN FRANCISCO - PACIFlC HEIGHTS Fig. 4-27 ST 9: SAN FRANCISCO - TELEGRAPH HILL
CAI[Kjfv)(7.9) CAI(Kjfv )(7.0)

89
 Peak Ace. : 0.16G Peak Ace. : 0.21 G
2 2
10 10
;....
0
.......
u
-
0
.......
u
~ ~
~ ~

= 10
1
= 10 1

-
0
.......
~
-0
.......
~

--
u
---
u

-
~ c:...

e 1o"O
~
Q .,

~-
~
" 10

10 "1
-
.......
r:JJ.
10 "1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-28 ST 5: TREASURE ISLAND Fig. 4-29 STI1: SAN FRANCISCO - PRESIDIO
Averaged sediment site JPR(Os)(1.5)

2 Peak Ace. : 0.11 G

10
-

0
.......
u
~
~
10 1

-=
0
.......
~

--
u

-
~

~ -
"1o"O

-
.......
00
10 "1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20

Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-30 ST12: SAN FRANCISCO - CUFF HOUSE
CA!(Kjfv )( 11.5)

90
Fig. 4-31 to Fig. 4-35
Site amplification factors of S-waves in different geological conditions. The
geological condition is classified into 5 categories, that is (1) rock, (2)
shallow stiff soil, (3) deep stiff soil, (4) soft bay mud and (5) Franciscan

which is a basement at San Francisco area.

91
 2 2
10 10
;...
0
Rock ~
0
Shallow Stiff Soil
~ ......
u u
c;:l c;:l
~ ~
c: 10 1 c: 10 1
-0
......
c;:l
- 0
......
c;:l

--- ---
u u
~ ~

~ 10- 0
8 e~ 10
<Q)
<
Q)

-
~

00. -
......
rJ:J.
10 "1 10 "1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-31 Fig. 4-32

Deep Stiff Soil Soft Bay Mud

2
10 10 2
.
-
0
......
u
c;:l
~

c: 10 1

- 0
......
c;:l
u

10 "1 10"1 ~~~~~--~~~~~

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-33 Fig. 4-34
92
 S.F. Franciscan
2
10

10 -1
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Frequency [Hz]
Fig. 4-35

93
5. Evaluation of site amplifications by the regression analysis of strong motion
spectra

The following pages are eliminated:

pp. 95- 108.

94
5 Evaluation of site amplifications by the regression analysis of strong
motion response spectra.

5.1 Purpose

The objective of this study is to examine validity of empirical formula of strong motion
response spectra as a function of an earthquake magnitude M and a hypocentral distance X.

In engineering field, response spectrum is an important index which describes strength of

ground motions and its empirical formula is widely used for the structural design.

These empirical formulas are obtained by regression analyses using strong motion data

due to small and middle earthquakes in general. Numerous empirical formulas have been

proposed as strong motion data increase. Of cource, each empirical formula can well explain

observation data used for the regression analysis. However, its validity for extrapolation out

of the range of the data remains unclear, because physical meanings of the regression

equations themselves are usually ambiguous. This is an important problem for the

engineering purpose, considering that strong motion prediction for structural design is

frequently required for unexperienced hypothetic earthquakes with small X and large M.

To overcome this problem, Takemura et a1.(1987) and Ohno et al.(1990) presented a new

regression formula for strong motion response spectra and interpreted its regression

coefficients by using a solution for a fault model. Relative site amplifications and Q-values

along the propagation path of seismic waves from source to site can be evaluated from the

results by the regression analysis by using the formula(Takemura et al., 1987).

In this chapter we carry out two regression analyses. One is conducted for Fourier

spectra of S waves and the other is for acceleration response spectra with damping ratio of

5%. We will examine the validity of the empirical formula of strong motion response

spectra through the comparison of the Q-values and the relative site amplifications with those

obtained from inversion analysis in chapter 3.

94
5.2 Data
Strong motion data set used in this study consists of accelerograms observed at 19 sites

during 22 earthquakes occured along the Pacific coast in the southern Tohok:u district, which

is the same one used in chapter 3. Locations of observation sites and epicenters of the

earthquakes are shown in Fig.3-1 and distribution of M and X of the data is shown in Fig.5-

l.

For the regression analysis of Fourier spectra, we use the same spectral data for the
inversion analysis in chapter 3. Meanwhile, response spectra used in regression analysis are
calculated from strong motion accelerograms by the method of Nigam and Jennings(1964).

Effective frequency range of the data is about from 0.5 to 10 Hz in consideration of the

frequency characteristics of accelerometers and of the noise level in the longer period range.

Therefore, we must notice the results in the frequency range from 0.5 to 10Hz.

95
5.3 Method of analysis
We derive a basic regression equation according to Takemura et al.(1987). Fourier

spectra F(t) of strong motion acceleration is expressed by

( 1)

where, Pis the density of medium, f3 is the shear wave velocity, RB~ denotes the radiation
pattern, and Q(t)and G(t) are the quality factor along the propagation path of seismic waves

from source to site and the site amplification factor, respectively. If we assume relation

between the source spectrum Mo(t) and earthquake magnitude M in consideration of the

definition of M by

Mo (f) =Po (f) 10a (f) lVI' (2)

where Po(t) is a constant, and if we take logarithm of equation (1), we get

I og F (f) = a (f) lVI- I og X- b (f) X+ c (f) , (3)

where, a(t), b(t), c(f) are regression coefficients, and are physically interpreted as follows:

a(f) ={log!VIo (f)- logPo (f)}/IVI, (4)

b ( f) = ( I og e ) n f //3 Q ( f) , (5)
c (f) = log { 8~~w 2 Po (f) G(f)/ 4 n p /3 3 } . (6)

If we introduce dummy variables to consider the difference of site amplifications among

plural sites, equation (3) is rewritten as follows:

D

log Fi (f)=a(f) IVI-{IogX+b(f) X}+c.-er (f) +::E.dj (f) .0 ij (7)

j=2

where, Cref(O and dj(t) are the regression coefficients for a reference site and for the j-th site,

respectively, and .Oij is a dummy variable which takes 1 for i=j, and 0 for i=j. Crer<O and

dj(t) are interpreted as follows:

96
 C ref (f) =log{ ~~U> 2 Po (f) Gref (f) /4 7t P /:P }, (8)
dj (f) =log{Gj (f) /Gref (f)} (9)

where Gref(f) and Gj(f) are site amplification factors of the reference site and of the j-th site,

respectively.

First, we will apply the equation (7) to the regression analysis for S wave Fourier spectra.

Secondly, we attempt to apply it to the analysis for response spectra, though the equation (7)

based on the theory for the S-wave Fourier spectra. KDG is used as a reference site in both

the analyses.

97
5.4 Results
Regression coefficients a(f), b(f), c(f) for Fourier spectra and those for response spectra
are shown in Figs.5-2(a) to (c). Multiple correlation is about 0.9 irrespectively of frequency

for both the regression analysis of the Fourier spectra and the response spectra. The values

of the coefficient a(f) for the response spectra are a little smaller than those for the Fourier

spectra, though they show similar frequency characteristics. On the contrary, the values of

the coefficient c(f) for the response spectra are a little larger than those for the Fourier

spectra. The values of the coefficient b(f) for the response spectra and for the Fourier

spectra are in good agreement with each other.

We try to evaluate site amplification factors, Q-values along wave propagation path, and

source spectra from the regression coefficients to compare with those from the inversion

analysis in chapter 3.
Site amplification factors are evaluated from regression coefficients dj(f) by using

equation (9). It is necessary to determine the site amplification factor Gref(f) at the reference

site for evaluating amplification factors at other sites. We adopt the site amplification factor
at KDG as the value of Gref(f), which is obtained in chapter 2.

Figs.5-3(a) to (d) show some examples of site amplification factors obtained from the

regression analyses. They are selected as the sites on the grounds with various geological

ages (Table 3-1 ). The result from the inversion analysis obtained in chapter 3 are also

shown in each figure. Site amplification factors from the regression analysis for the Fourier

spectra are in good agreement with those from the inversion analysis.

Fig.5-4 shows the Q-value obtained from the inversion analysis in chapter 3 and those

obtained from the regression analyses for the Fourier spectra and for the response spectra by

using equation (5) under the assumption of f3 = 3.7km/s. They are in good agreement with
one another in the frequency range from 0.5 to 10 Hz.

98
 These results indicate that the regression analyses give good estimations in the Q-value

and the site amplification factors both for Fourier spectra of S-waves and for the response

spectra.

Although the term of source spectrum in the formula of the inversion analysis is reduced
to the term of a(t)M in the regression equation, we try to estimate source spectra Mo(t) from
the regression coefficients of a(t) and c(f) in order to examine the relation between the
regression analysis and the inversion analysis. By using equation (2), (4) and (6), the

source spectrum Mo(t) may be written as follows:

(10)

Fig.5-5 shows source spectra Mo(t) obtained for M6.5, M5.3 and M4.6 events from the
regression coefficient for the Fourier spectra by using equation (10). Re; =0.6, P =3.0g/cm3

and f3 = 4 km/s are assumed for the calculation. Source spectra obtained from the inversion
analysis in chapter 3 are also shown in this figure. It is found that the source spectra
obtained from the regression coefficients are almost consistent with those from the inversion

analysis, though the corners of the spectra, which are due to the effect of finite fault, do not

clearly appear in the results from the regression analysis.

99
5.5 Conclusions
The site amplification factors, the Q-value along propagation path of seismic waves from

source to site, and the source spectra are obtained from the regression coefficients a(f), b(f),
c(f) and dj(f) to compare with those from the inversion analysis in chapter 3. The same data

are used to calibrate between the results by the regression analysis and by the inversion

analyses. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows:

1. The Q-values along the wave propagation path from source to site and the site
amplification factors can be obtained from the regression coefficients b(f) and dj(f),

respectively. The results are in good agreement with those from the inversion analysis.

2. The source spectra estimated from the regression coefficients for Fourier spectra of S-

waves are almost consistent with those from the inversion analysis except for the comer

of the spectra.

These results indicate that the validity of the regression equation for strong motion spectra

is confirmed by the inversion analysis, and that site amplification can be evaluated from the

regression analysis.

100
References
NIGAM, N.C., and P.C., JENNINGS, Calculation of response spectra from strong motion

earthquake records, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 59,909-922, 1964.

OHNO, S., T. OHTA, T. IKEURA and M TAKEMURA, Estimation of strong-motion spectrum

by regression analysis on near-field records, Proc. of the 8th Japan Earthquake

Engineering Symposium, 295-300, 1990 (in Japanese).

TAKEMURA, M., T. OHTA and S. HIEHATA, Theoretical basis of empirical relations about

response spectra of strong ground-motions, Journal of Structural and Construction

Engineering(Transactions of AU), 375, 1-9, 1987 (in Japanese).

I0I
 4. O~M~7. 0
~ M = 5. 77
aM = 0. 75
43km ~ I og X ~ 243km
~ I o gX = 1. 95(89. 3km)
a I o gX = 0. 13

7
... ...
-
-
.....
~
--
- -
---
.......
UJ

.... ..
0
~

-.. ...
t-
2
6
(.!:)
<C
==
UJ
~
<C
~
0
-.
--- _..
5

:I:
t-

...-
0:::
<C
UJ

50 100 200
HYPOCENTRAL DISTANCE:X km

Fig.5-1 Distribution of earthquake magnitude M and hypocentral distance X of analyzed

data.

102
Fig.5-2 Regression coefficients a(t),b(t),c(t). Thin and thick curves indicate results for the

Fourier spectra of S waves and those for the response spectra, respectively, and

dashed curves show the standard deviation.

103
 1.0
a
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
+- 0.5
c.o
0.4
0.3
0.2
FOURIER SPECTRA
0. 1 RESPONSE SPECTRA
0.0
0. 1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50
0.02
b
0.01

0.005

+- 0.002
..0
0.001

0.0005 FOURIER SPECTRA

RESPONSE SPECTRA
0.0002
0' 1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50

2
c
KDG
0

-1
+-
() -2

-3 ,
_,';, ...... -,
-4 .FOURIER SPECTRA
RESPONSE SPECTRA
-5
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50
FREQUENCY !HZl

104
Fig.5-3 Site amplification factors for IDG, IWK, TMK, ORID. Thick and thin curves
indicate results from regression analyses for response spectra and for Fourier
spectra, respectively. Dashed curve shows the results from the spectral inversion
analysis in chapter 3.

105
 a 10 b 10

IDG z IWK N0.6(GL)

z 5 0
5
0 ......
......
1- 1-
([ ([
u 2 u 2
...... ......
LL LL
...... ......
_j
_j
0.... 0....
L: L:
([ 0.5 ([ 0.5
----REG. FOURIER ----REG. FOURIER
w W'
1- ----REG. RESPONSE 1- ----REG. RESPONSE
...... ......
(f) 0.2 INVERSION (f) 0.2 INVERSION
0. 1 0.1
50 0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50
-
0
O'l
0. 1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5
FREQUENCY CHZl
10 20
FREQUENCY CHZl

c 20 d 100

z TMK NO. 6(GL) z ORID NO.1 (GL)

10 50
0 0
...... ......
1- 1-
([ 5 ([
u u 20
...... ......
LL lL..
...... 2 ...... 10
_j _j
0.... 0....
L: L:
([ ([ 5
w ----REG. FOURIER w
----REG. FOURIER
----REG. RESPONSE

\
1-
...... 0.5 ----REG. RESPONSE 1-
......
Ul INVERSION (f) 2 INVERSION
0.2 1
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50 0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50
FREQUENCY CHZl FREQUENCY CHZl
 5000

2000

1000

500

w 200
:J
_j
a: 100
>
I
0 50

20

10 13 =3. 7km/s
5
---- REG. FOURIER
----REG. RESPONSE
2 ----- INVERS ION
I
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50
FREQUENCY (HZ I

Fig.5-4 Q-values obtained from regression analyses and from inversion analysis in chapter
3. Thick and thin curves indicate results from regression analyses for response
spectra and for Fourier spectra, respectively. Dashed curve shows results from the

inversion analysis in chapter 3. These results are calculated on assumption of f3 =

3.7km/s.

107
Fig.5-5 Source spectra calculated for M6.5, M5.3 and M4.6 events from regression
coefficients for Fourier spectra and those obtained from spectral inversion analysis

in chapter 3. Solid curves indicate results obtained from regression coefficients on

assumption of R9~ = 0.6, PI= 3.0 g/cm3 and f3 = 4.0km/s. Dashed curves indicate

results from the inversion analysis.

108
6. Conclusions

The fmal goal of our study is to obtain a reliable and practical method for evaluating the local

site effect for the strong ground motion. Three different empirical methods, namely the S-wave

method, the regression method, and the coda method, have been applied to observed seismic

data in Japan and in California. The revision of the constraint condition was carried out for the

Japanese dataset based on the numerical approach to the effect of topographic irregularity around

the reference site, in order to obtain the reliable amplification factors at the observation sites.

The relation between the site amplification factors and the surface geology was obtained from

the results by S-wave method. Calibration between the S-wave method and the regression

method has been performed for the Japanese dataset and that between the S-wave method and

the coda method for the California dataset. Not only the site amplifications but also Qs-value

obtained by the regression method are almost consistent with those by the S-wave method in the

frequency range from 1 to 10Hz. The site amplifications obtained by the coda method are also

consistent with those by the S-wave method except for the results for the young sediment sites

in almost the same frequency range.

It is a future problem to clarify the reason for the difference of the site amplification factors at

the young sediment sites obtained by the S-wave method and the coda method at the frequencies

higher than 1 Hz. The non-linearity of the surface soil during large earthquakes may be highly

possible reason for the difference between the results by the S-wave method and by the coda

method. We have developed the empirical approaches to evaluate the local site effects at the
high frequencies in the present study, because the numerical approaches face to the lack of

detailed information of ground structure, and to the limit of computational ability for the

calculation, especially for the evaluation of high frequency strong ground motion. The recent

109
advance of the numerical technique has made quite possible to solve not only 2-D problem but

also 3-D problem at the relatively long periods, in spite of much expense for the calculation. In

the meantime, some projects have been carried out to examine the ground structure from the bed

rock to the ground surface in some specific areas.

Another problem remained in the future is to accumulate the information of the ground

structure and to develop a numerical method for the reliable and practical evaluation of the local

site effect based on the fuformation of the ground structure.

The reliable evaluation of the local site effect in wide frequency range by both the empirical

and the numerical approaches will largely contributed to predict strong ground motion for the

prevention of the damage of structures.

110
Schedule for the presentation in 1991 and 1992

1. International Conference

1-1. The 6th International Seminar Earthquake Prognostics (June 1991, in Berlin).

1-2. XX General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

(August 1991, in Vienna).

1-3. The lOth World Conference of Earthquake Engineering (August 1992, in Madrid).

1-4. International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion

(March 1992, in Japan)

2. Domestics Conference

2-1. Annual Meeting of Seismological Society of Japan (Spring Meeting, April1991,

in Tokyo).

2-2. Annual Meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan (September 1991, in Sendai).

2-3. The 21st Earthquake Engineering Symposium by Japan Society of Civil

Engineering (August 1991, in Tokyo).

2-4. Annual Meeting of Seismological Society of Japan

(Autumn Meeting, October 1991, in Nagoya).

3. Full Papers submitted for scientific journals

3-1. Effect of surface topography in an inversion analysis for evaluation of local site effect from

strong motion spectra (A manuscript will be submitted to J. Phys. Earth. by March, 1991).

3-2. Site amplification of S-waves from strong motion records in special relation to surface

geology (A manuscript will be submitted to Earthquake Spectra by March, 1991).

3-3. Evaluation of site amplifications by the regression analysis of strong motion spectra

(A manuscript will be submitted to a scientific journal by December 1991).

3-4. Site amplifications of S-waves and coda waves in central California (A manuscript will be

submitted to a scientific journal by December 1991).

11 1
 Appendix

Preliminary analysis for evaluation of local site effect

from strong motion spectra by an inversion method.
(Submitted to J. Phys. Earth, 1991)
Preliminary analysis for evaluation of local site effect
from strong motion spectra by an inversion method

Kenichi K.ATo*l, Masayuki TAKEMURA *1, Tomonori IKEURA *2,

Kenji URAO *3, and Tomiichi UETAKE*4

*1 Kobori Research Complex, Kajima Corporation, ToJ..yo, Japan

*2 Kajima Institute of Construction Technology,
Kajima Corporation, ToJ..yo, Japan
*3 Information Processing Center, Kajima Corporation, ToJ..yo, Japan
*4 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Tokyo, Japan

(Running Title : Local site effects by an inversion method)

1 12
Abstract

The separation of source, propagation path, and local site effects from observed

strong motion records is carried out by an inversion method in the frequency range from

1 to 10 Hz with the purpose of evaluating the local site effects empirically in different

geological conditions. The analyzed data are S-wave portions of 167 accelerograms for

20 events at 7 sites along the Pacific coast of Southern Tohoku and Kwanto districts.

These events are shallow earthquakes ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.7 and in

hypocentral distance from 43 to 243 krn. Linear inversion method is applied to the

logarithm of the observed spectra, and solutions for source spectra, inelasticity factor of

propagation path for S-waves (Q~value), and local site effect at each observation site are
- . . . ,.;1;
obtained in least square sense under the constraint condition that the factor of site

amplification for a rock site on the outcrop of bedrpck is equal to 2. The factors of local

site effect are strongly related to the thickness of sedimentary layers on the bedrock under

the observation points and the shear-wave velocity of the layers under the observation

points. ., Qs-value along the propagation path shows frequency dependency, i.e.,
. ~, ~
~~ ~~<~-=~A~hich is almost consistent with the results in the same region
as indicated by other authors. Amplitudes of displacement source spectra have oS-square
...:;
decay in the frequency range higher than the comer frequency. Through the discussion

regarding the correctness of the constraint condition in the inversion analysis, the validity

of the estimated results is confmned up to 6 Hz and the nesessity for the revision of the

constraint condition is suggested in the frequency range higher than 6Hz.

113
1. Introduction

There has been a great progress in the last ten years in the study of strong ground

motions and its engineering applications (Joyner and Boore, 1988). New data observed

by strong motion instruments arrays have provided the basis for the estimation of strong

ground motions in future earthquakes (e.g., Kitagawa et al., 1988 ; Kudo et al., 1988;

Omote et al., 1980; Omote, 1983). In the meantime, there have been some destructive

earthquakes such as the 1983 Nihonkai-chubu event (M;=7.7), the 1985 Michoacan event
~,
(M=8.1), the 1989 Lorna Prieta event (M=7.1) and others. After these events, a new
...~7 ~:,,

understanding was attained of the fact that the ground conditions of the sites are closely

connected with the damage of the structures (e.g., Singh et al., 1988). Many numerical

techniques for estimating the wave propagation in an irregular ground structure such as a

sedimentary basin have been developed to explain the local amplification of seismic

waves during destructive events (e.g., Aki and Lamer, 1970 ; Sanchez-Sesma et al.,

1988; Trifunac, 1971). When these analytical methods are applied to evaluate the local

site effect, a detailed information of ground structure from bed rock to ground surface is

required. However, such information are rarely obtained except for a few sites, because

a large-scale geophysical exploration is necessary for estimating such ground structure.

Furthermore, the applicability of these methods is usually limited to two dimensional

analyses in a relatively long period range, because of the restrictions of the computational

time and the capacity of the computer. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the local site

effect empirically from the observed strong motion records, especially in the high

frequency range.

The empirical method using inversion technique was first proposed by Andrews

(1981) to separate the source and propagation spectra from strong motion records. Iwata

and Irikura (1986, 1988) extended the method to consider both S-wave attenuation

through the propagation path and the local site effect at each station.
.- ....
As indicated by Andrews (1981), there is one unconstrained degree of freedom in

these inverse problems. Iwata and Irikura (1986, 1988) set up a constraint condition that

1 1 tl
the factor of local site effect must be 2 or over because of the free surface amplification.

However, they simultaneously indicated a problem that this constraint condition is

unreliable in high frequency range, because the factor of the site amplification becomes

less than 2 due to the attenuation effect within the surface layers. Abe et al. (1989) used

the same constraint condition as Iwata and Irikura in spite of the problem. Tai et al.

(1990) proposed a different constraint condition for borehole data of less than 950 m

depth that the factor of site amplification in the bed rock must be 1 or over. This

condition is invalid in consideration of the effects of the waves reflected from the ground

surface and reverberated within the sedimentary layers. Another constraint condition

was adopted for deep borehole data (Kinoshita and Mikoshiba, 1988; Kinoshita, 1990)

that the factor of site amplification is 1 at the observation point of GL-2300 m in the bed

rock of the Shimofusa station and that of GL-2750 m of Fuchu station in Kwanto district.

These observation points are located at the bottom of the boreholes. The constraint

condition by Kinoshita and Mikoshiba (1988) and Kinoshita (1990) means that the strong

shaking parts of the observed seismic waves at these observation points are regarded as

the incident S-waves for the bed rock, because the reflected waves from the ground

surface are separated from the incident S-waves at the bottom of the boreholes.

According to Kinoshita (1986), the time difference between the incidentS-waves and the

reflected waves from the ground surface is about 5s on the seismograms at the bottom of

both boreholes. If the duration of incident S-waves is less than 5s, their constraint

condition is acceptable in a sense. However, it is not clear whether the influence of the

reflected waves from the boundaries of sedimentary layers between the bed rock and the

ground surface is negligible or not. In addition, the applicable case of his constraint

condition may be restricted, because the strong motion records at the deep boreholes such

as Shimofusa and Fuchu are rarely obtainable.

In the present study, another constraint condition for the factor of site amplification on

a rock site will be adopted, and the strong motion records observed along the Pacific

coast of Southern Tohoku and K wan to districts are analyzed to evaluate the local site

effect at each station empirically.

1 15
2. Data

The analyzed data are the S-wave portions of 167 accelerograms for 20 events at 7

stations. Fig.l shows the observation stations and the locations of epicenters determined

by JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency). These events are shallow earthquakes ranging

in magnitude M of 4.0 to 6.7 in the JMA scale and in the hypocentral distance from 4Jto
----.~"1
243 km. The magnitudes and the hypocentral distances of observed events are

summarized in Table 1. All of the data were obtained by accelerometers with a flat

amplitude response from 0.1 to 20 Hz. Fig.2 shows the underground structures for

shear-wave velocity and the arrangement of the accelerometers at each station.

Tomioka (TMK) and Iwaki (IWK) stations consist of vertical array of accelerometers

(Omote et al., 1983). The bedrock of grariite layer of Mesozoic with shear-wave

velocity VA of 2800 m/s is located at 920 m depth (GL -920 m) for TMK and at 310 m
--..,.; -<'/
depth (GL -310 m) for IWK. The Palaeogene and Neogene sedimentary layer is

accumulated on the bedrock at TMK, while the Palaeogene sedimentary layers on the

bedrock at IWK. Alluvial or diluvial layers are very thin at both stations. The

underground structures at TMK and IWK were learned from the results of PS-logging,

formation density logging, surface seismic prospecting (refraction method), and

experimental test of core sampling (Omote et al., 1983). The shear-wave velocity YtS\
-.<'1
and QA-value for each layer were also evaluated by the optimal analysis from spectral
............... '/
ratios of observed seismic waves among the observation points in vertical array (Ikeura et

al., 1988).

Idegawa (IDG) and Hokidaira (HKD) are located within 15 km from TMK and

Kodamagawa (KDG) is about 7 km distant from IWK (Takahashi et al., 1988).

According to the results by the refraction method, the thickness of sedimentary layers on

the bed rock is less than 7 m at these stations. The accelerometers are installed on the

ground surface for each station, and also at GL-10rn in the bed rock for KDG. The

predominant frequency of the surface layers over the underground accelerometer at KDG
.....
is over 30 Hz for the shear-wave velocity. Judging from the elastic wave velocity

obtained by the refraction method at each station, geological map, and core sampling of

II 6
the borehole at KDG, it can be guessed that the bed rock at IDG, HKD, and KDG
.....

corresponds with the bed rock at TMK and IWK.

For Ooarai (OAR) and Choshi (CHS) stations, the accelerometers are installed at GL-

14m and GL-18m in sedimentary layers of Mesozoic. The thickness of the sedimentary

layers (Omori et al., 1986) suggests that the depth of the bedrock is about 400 mat CHS,

while there is no information regarding the depth of the bedrock at OAR. The

predominant frequencies of surface layers over the underground accelerometers are about

11 Hz and 8Hz for OAR and CHS.

11 7
 3. Method of Anui;.;is
~ ....

Several authors have tried to separate source, path, and site effects from observed

seismic waves as described in foregoing. Here, the formulation of the inversion by

Iwata and Irikura (1986, 1988) is adopted as follows:

. I

Qi)}f) =~~f) qj~f) Ri~ l'exp( -1t Rr~f/ ~(f) Yj~, (1)
---...... --,(..,.,
where,

-1"'i
..9lli!2 :observed S-wave Fourier amplitude spectrum o~l-th earthquake at j-th station, ,(t; - ./ij
S,i(t) : source amplitude spectrum ofi_-th earthquake,
Aq 11
Gj(f) : local site effect near j-th station,
l'l ---L-- .......,.,.(lj

Ri} : hypocentral distance between i-th earthquake and j-th station,

,ij .....c:.l ~.{~ ~-- ... ,;
Qs(f) :average Q~-value along the wave-propagation path,
.{ 'i ~ ------ -1/j
v~ : averageS-wave velocity along the wave-propagation path ( = 3.7 km/s).
,{ 'i "'---'

Equation (1) is modified,

log Q1J (f) = -log~'cl<+ log~~+ log q~- loge( n l)i~f I Qs~f) v,~).
1
(2)

where _s J~ Napier's number,~~lri,)~!~0.9frt;~d .!}!~i~~he arbitrary normalized

distance. l (Source amplitude spectra) +2. (local site effects) + 1 ~~value) parameters
1'1 -~-; -1'1
from I x J data sets at each frequency are determined by the least squares method. The
-~..{'')

constraint condition is that the factor of local site effect must be 2 at KDG by means of

the free surface amplification on the outcrop of the bedrock, because the accelerometer at

KDG is installed in the bedrock with S-wave velocity of 2200 m/s and the predominant

frequency of surface layers over the observation point of GL-1 Om is very high in

comparison with the frequency range of the inversion analysis, which is from 1 to 10Hz

as described in the following section. The inversion in the present study is executed by

1 18
the least squares method with linear equality constraint by the singular value

decomposition method (Lowson and Hanson, 1974).

The inversion is canied out by the following procedures. The S-wave portions of

two horizontal components (NS and EW) of the seismic ground motion are analyzed.

The data length for the analysis is from 3 to 20s after the onset of the S-waves with

cosine tapered windows, which is determined by taking into consideration of the duration

time of faulting as estimated from the earthquake magnitude by an empirical relation.

Fig.3 shows an example of the accelerograms of NS-component observed at all the

stations. The arrows in the figure show the S-wave onset time and the bars indicate the

analyzed portions.

The acceleration Fourier amplitude spectra of two horizontal components are

computed by the method of the finite Fourier transformation and their vectorial

summations are obtained. Since only the NS component is available at OAR, the

amplitude of the spectra is multiplied by fi instead of the vectorial summation. The

number.!! of frequencies for the computation of Fourier spectrum is 310 in the range from
<'i
0.1 to 20Hz and n-th frequency:,-..............
~~/
fn.,is determined as follows:
,f 'i ,;,.,~

log fi\= -1 + 7.42 xlQ\~ E, !! = 0,1,2;- ,310. (3)

--.... .
~ ... -'~ ... - .r7
/o '7

31 data are obtained for the inversion analysis from the 310 original vectorial

summations by taking the average value of every 10 data. Fig.4 shows some examples

of spectra used for the inversion.

1 19
4. Results

4-1. Source Spectrum

Source spectra of 20 events are obtained by the inversion analysis. Fig.5 shows some

examples of source spectra in the frequency range from 1 to 10Hz for the events of

magnitude M 4.0 to 6.6. In consideration of the accuracy of observed spectral data, only
~'1

the results in the reliable frequency range are shown in Fig.5. The lower limit of the

reliable frequency range is determined by the SIN ratios of the records for the small
events which are affected by the noise of the instruments, though the records for the large

events are still reliable in the frequency range lower than 1 Hz because of their large

signals (Fig.4). The higher limit is determined in consideration of the sampling interval

of digital data and the frequency characteristics of instruments. The sampling interval of

the data is 0.01s at CHS and 0.005s at the other stations.

The source spectrum Mr(f) which is shown in Fig.5 is redefined from ~i(f)_ so that its
_..... ..... o..;..-- ----
{'7 ~;

dimension is identical with that of the seismic moment. Mi(f) is named effective seismic
-..:.. ...~--
/,'}

moment (Kanamori, 1972). When ___

Ml{f) is converted from ---
~'1
.._..., Si(f), the S-wave velocity is
...
/, '1
~

assumed to be 4.0 km/s, density to 3.0 g/crJJ~ and point-source radiation coefficient to

0.6 (Takemura et al., 1989), respectively. In Fig.5, the corner frequencies f<\for the ~--
~-,

events of M~6 are shown, while those for the events of M.>o are not found since they
.q 1)

Mch
may be lower than 1 Hz. The broken lines indicate the values of seismic moment............... '
/;;
and the arrows the comer frequency fQ_evaluated from the records of velocity-type strong
-/:7
motion seismograph at IWK by Takemura et al.(1989). The results in the present study

are almost consistent with the foregoing.

In the meantime, the decay rate of source spectra in high frequency range of f>(<\
~ . . -:;7

changes at about 6 Hz. That is, the amplitude of the spectrum is proportional to~~_q(in

the frequency range lower than 6Hz, while the amplitude shows a more steeper decay in

the frequency range higher than 6Hz. The meaning of the second comer of the source

spectra at about 6llz will be discussed later.

120
4-2. Qs-value

Figure 6 shows the_9:\values as a function of frequency. The solid curve indicates

.<.'!
the result obtained in this study. The results by Aki (1980) and Sato and Matsumura

(1980) were obtained by the single station method from the data at Tsukuba and at

Iwatsuki in the Kwanto district. The result in this study is in-between. The result by

Abe et al. (1989) was obtained from the data along the Pacific coast of Southern Tohoku

district by the same method and the same constraint condition as Iwata and Irikura (1986,

1988). This result has a large scatter in frequency in comparison with other results.

This may be caused by the problem of the constraint condition in high frequency range

indicated by Iwata and Irikura (1986, 1988). A formula of Q ~ 60fl,.O is derived from
-~ - - - --.r---i--
.A':I
the results obtained by the least squares method.

4-3. Local site effect

Figures 7 and 8 show the factor of local site effect -..!.._)...,..-

Gj(f) for each station. qj(f)
----.-:..-----
of
~'1 ~7

KDG is assumed to be 2 irrespectively of the frequency as the constraint condition for

solving the inverse problem. It is found that the values of qJm for the other stations
----;.,
monotonously increase with the frequency except for CHS in the frequency range higher

than 6 Hz. Whether the monotonous increase of Gj.(f) is realistic or not will be
-... ---
/'.'!
discussed in the next section. The frequency of large trough of Qj~f) of CHS at about 8
----
Hz corresponds to the predominant frequency of surface layers over the observation point
, ;']

of GL-18m.

In the meantime, it is found in the frequency range lower than 6Hz that the factors of

local site effect qjm at the observation points on the ground surface and under the thin
'--'-~-.......,{ 'l

sedimentary layers are strongly related to the thickness J:!. of the sedin1entary layers on the
-<1
bedrock under the observation points and the shear-wave velocity \';~of the layers under
....-- A1
the observation points. Here, YtS.is defined as the average shear-wave velocity within
""-" ''1
20m depth from the observation point. The value of qj~f) is 6 to 20 at the ground
~

I 21
surface of TMK with H=920 m and V~500 m/s, while the values are 1.4 to 3 at IDG
1"1 -.J --:-;
and HKD with H<7 m and V~1700 to 2100 m/s. The value at the ground surface of
~J ......,_.-{']
IWK. with H=310 m and V~1100 m/s is 2.5 to 4 and that at CHS with H=380 m and
- .( '1 ---"\., . -~.,
v;~1400 m/s is 4 to 10. Although the depth of bedrock is not known at OAR, it can be
,.:!
deduced to be shallow from the value of-:::..!.
G](f), of which average is about 2. This value
-f'1
is almost the same as the value of KDG, in spite of large fluctuation of Gj'(f).
~ ... ,
Comparing the factors of local site effect GJ~t) on the ground surface with those under
_.._.-f.'?
the thiCk sedimentary layers at TMK and IWK, it is found that not only is the value of

qj(f) for the underground point :;mailer than that for the point on the ground surface, but
~-... /;q

also that the variation of Gj(f) of the underground point in the frequency is larger than
-..<..:. ~:1
that for the point on the ground surface. The large variation in the frequency is caused

by the absorption of seismic energy with the characteristic frequencies of response due to

the surface layers.

122
5. Discussions

Figure 9 shows the transfer functions from the bedrock to each observation point

calculated by the multiple reflection theory of SH-waves (Haskell, 1953) at TMK and

IWK. The incident angle of the waves for the bedrock is assumed to be 0 degree. The

shear-wave velocity and damping factor for each layer used for the analysis are obtained

by lkeura et al. (1988). In comparison with the factors qJ(f) oflocal site effect optained
---1'1
for the same observation points shown in Fig.8, the results of qj(f) are explained by the
. ,..._,._.... i'l

theoretical transfer functions in the frequency range lower than 6 Hz. The peaks and

troughs with narrow frequency band of the theoretical transfer functions cannot be

identified in the factors of GJ(f), while the peaks and troughs over their wide frequency
~_ .. ,~

band correspond to those of Gj~f). This is because the data of the observed spectra used
.....:..~---~ I"J

for the inversion analysis are smoothed for the frequency. The consistency between the

factors of OJ() and the transfer functions indicates that the Qj(f) obtained in the present
---- ,{ 1 -~vJ A?
study shows the transfer functions from the bedrock to the corresponding observation

points and that the waves observed at KDG with a half amplitudes correspond with the

incident waves for the bedrock of IWK and TMK at least in the frequency range lower

than 6Hz.

In order to examine whether the second comers of source spectra at 6Hz, as shown in

Fig.5, and the monotonous increasing of Gj(f) in the frequency range higher than 6Hz,
.._,._._. .{'J

as shown in Figs.7 and 8, are realistic or not, the validity of the constraint condition

which is applied to the factor Gj(f) of local site effect at KDG is discussed. As described
---~7

before, the constraint condition is that Q}(f) is 2 at KDG, irrespectively of the frequency.
_..........,...A'/
Fig.10 shows a mean value of acceleration spectra at KDG, which are corrected to the

values with hypocentral distance R of 100 km .by the geometrical spreading factor R\/
........... A,''l --"' , . ,.-~,

To avoid the influence of the comer frequency (C\, the mean spectrum is calculated for the
--'- f?
7 events of M?6, which f<\ is lower than 1 Hz. QSrvalue does not influence the form of
~'I --.('1 --<-..-1' 1}

the mean spectrum, since that is proportional to -~L<t~;ing to the result in the present

study. The mean spectrum is almost constant in the frequency range from I to 6Hz and

123
 decreases over 6 Hz. The frequency of the corner of the mean spectrum is almost the

same as that of the second comers of source spectra.

According to Hanks and McGuire (1981), Boore (1983), and Joyner (1984), the

displacement source-spectra for moderate earthquakes of 5<_M~ are explained by the

.. . 'I"{

oi- square spectrum

........, . with a high frequency cut off f~ -~
The value of_frhclx,
..._____ was
lr'1 ,('I ,(1
determined to be 15Hz by Boore (1986) so as to simulate the observed peak and r.m.s.

accelerations subjected to the events in western North America. If the displacement

source-spectrum has~-oJJfall
..__,... i'i
off in the frequency range of f>(d the acceleration spectrum
- - ,(!
1

observed on the bedrock shows a constant value for the same frequency range, because

Qs1value along the wave-propagation path is proportional to ..h.o .

~- i 1 ~- I 'I
In this case, the form

of observed spectrum represents the frequency characteristics of local site effect.

The characteristic of the mean spectrum being constant in the frequency range lower

than 6 Hz at KDG is, therefore, consistent with the constraint condition applied in the

present study. But the characteristic of the mean spectrum decreasing in the frequency

range higher than 6 Hz is inconsistent with the constraint condition. There are two

possible extreme interpretations about the corner at 6Hz of the mean spectrum from a

viewpoint of origin of the cutoff frequency (~3:x,. One is that the corner is caused by the
------,f.]
source-controlled J!:!j~,and the other is that the corner is caused by the site-controlled
.1,'.:
~~"(Kinoshita, 1988). If the former interpretation can be adopted, it is concluded that
/~'?

the second corner of the source spectrum, which is shown in Fig.5, is due to the source-

controlled~\
-<9
Kinoshita and Mi.koshiba (1988) analyzed the strong motion records of the 1987 east

off Chiba prefecture earthquake (M=6.7) observed in the deep borehole and on the
~.(/]

ground surface at Simofusa, and estimated the source spectrum from the borehole data.

According to the result of source spectrum, the source-controlledJfn)xjs identified at 22

"'I
Hz, while the frfulx,identified in the observed spectrum on the ground surface is lower
~4//

than 10Hz. The .frt1<x,of the :'pectrum on the ground surface was interpreted as the site-
;. i

controlled_fE_~~(~iaused by the t ffect of ~v~~e of the sedimentary layers on the bedrock.

--- I

Hoshino and Kinoshita (1988) md Kinoshita(1986) also indicated that the site-controlled

121
._r~\is about 4.8 Hz from the observed spectra on the thick alluvium in Tokyo lowlands.
~l
The frequency of the corner of the mean spectrum at KDG is very low, in comparison

with the source-controlled t:nGx" for the 1987 event.

-,.'1 Besides, it cannot be easily

explained by the site-controlledJ..r@caused by the effect of q;:.value of the sedimentary

7 -J. 17
layers, because there is no sedimentary layer under the observation point ofKDG.

The observation point of KDG is located near the bottom of the valley as shown in

Fig.ll. Accordingly, an effort is made to examine the effect of surface topography

around the KDG station. Two dimensional elastic half space model of the vertical cross

section of the valley is made from the topography around KDG (Fig.12). The S-wa ve

velocity and density are assumed to be 2200 m/s and 2;5 g/cnh: The transfer function

for incident SH-wave is calculated numerically by the boundary element method (BEM)

for the two-dimensional model. Incident angle of the input waves is assumed to be 0

degree. Fig.13 shows the result of the transfer function, which has a corner at about 6

Hz. The form of the transfer function is found to be similar to that of the mean

spectrum. According to this result, the corner of the mean spectrum at about 6 Hz is

supposed to be the effect of the topography around KDG. This indicates that it is

necessary to revise the constraint condition in the frequency range higher than 6 Hz,
while its validity in the frequency range lower than 6 Hz is supported by the result in
)

Fig.l3. The second corner of source spectrum and the characteristic of the monotonous

increase of Gj(f) may be eliminated by the revision of the constraint condition.

.......! \.. __ .
~_....

l(/

125
6. Conclusion and Remarks

The source, propagation path, and local site effects are separated from the S-wave

portions of strong ground motions observed at the stations along the Pacific coast of

Southern Tohoku and Kwanto districts by a linear inversion method in the frequency

range from 1.0 to 10Hz. To solve this problem, the constraint condition is adopted that

the factor of local site effect is 2 irrespectively of frequency at KDG, which is regarded as

a site on the outcrop of the bedrock. The validity of the constraint condition is discussed

based on the mean acceleration spectrum obtained from the observed records at KDG

and the transfer function calculated by BEM for the two dimensional model taking into

consideration of the surface topography. It is concluded that the constraint condition is

not satisfactory in the frequency range higher than 6 Hz, while that is satisfactory in the

frequency range lower than 6Hz. The revision of the constraint condition is a further

study to obtain the reliable results also in the frequency range higher than 6Hz.

The results in the frequency range lower than 6Hz are summarized as follows:

(1) The factors of local site effect ~}.9,~t the obs~rvation points on the ground surface

and under thin sedimentary layers are strongly related to the thickness Ji of the
/,7
se~imentary layers on the bedrock under the observation points and the shear-wave

velocity ~~of
v;..... 1 'J
the layers under the observation points. That is, qJm is increasing with
-~--:7

H and is decreasing with V,s1

~'1 ....;_ (J

(2) The variation of Gj~f) for the frequency at the observation point of underground is
--:--'-'1
larger than that of ground surface, because of the absorption of seismic energy with the

characteristic frequencies of the response caused by the surface layers over the

observation point of underground.

(3) The factors qJ(f) obtained in the present study correspond to the transfer functions of
~q

the sedimentary layers from the bedrock to the observation points. This indicates the

126
waves observed at KDG with a half amplitude correspond with the incident waves for the

bedrock of TMK and IWK.

~
(4) ~-~alue along the propagation path shows frequency dependency, i.e., q~~~~
'\ '1 -~~.----~ -i?
C?o,~60, .q.~l.O. These values are almost consistent with the results in the same region
~,~...-"'-'1'1

as indicated by other authors.

(5) Amplitudes of displacement source spectra for the events of.M from 4.0 to 6.7 have
~ ~7
Q?.-square decay in the frequency range higher than the corner frequency.
II')

127
Acknowlcdg.:11ents

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to Professor Kojiro Irikura and Dr.

Tomotaka Iwata of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University for

providing them with the origina.l computer code for the inversion analysis and valuable

discussions. The authors also express their hearty thanks to Drs. Tokiharu Ohta and

Masamitsu Miyamura of Kajima Corporation who induced the motivation for doing this

study and to Mr. Katsuya Takahashi and Dr. Masato Motosaka of Kajima Corporation

who provided valuable comments and advice. ~ ...

Valuable earthquake data were offered by "Committee of Strong-Motion Instruments

Array" (Chairman is Prof. S. Omote) sponsored by the ten electric power companies in

Japan.

128
Figure Captions

Fig.l The locations of observation stations and epicenters determined by JMA (Japan

Meteorological Agency).

Fig.2 Shear-wave velocity of underground and the location of accelerometer at each

station. J2 and ~denote the depth from the ground level and the shear-wave velocity.
1'} <-']

Double circles indicate the observation points used in this study.

Fig.3 An example of the accelerograms of NS-component observed at all the stations for

the event of April 23 in 1987 with M.-of 6.5 in JMA scale. Arrows indicate the S-wave

onset times and bars the analyzed portions detennined by taking into consideration of the

duration time of the faulting.

Fig.4 Two examples of acceleration Fourier amplitude spect;ra on the ground surface at

I\VK station. Dash lines indicate the standard deviation for the spectra. The spectrum

for the 1984 event (M.,] 4.0) increases in the frequency range lower than 0.5 Hz due to
the noise of the instrument, while that of the 1987 event (M = 6.7) is not affected by the
-<?
noise because of its large signals in the same frequency range.

Fig.5 Some examples of seismic moment density functions. Arrows and broken lines

indicate the comer frequency and the seismic moment obtained by Takemura et al.

(1989).

Fig.6 Qs1 values as a function of frequency. Solid line indicates the Qs.-yalue evaluated
~~ . . .1 -""" ... "}
in this study. Solid circle and rectangular show the results by Aki (1980) and Sa to and

Matsumura (1980) for Kwanto district and solid triangle by Abe et al. (1989) for the

Pacific coast of Southern Toh9ku district.

129
Fig.7 The factors of local site effect G:J(f) for the stations of KDG, IDG, HKD, OAR,
__....A'~i

and CHS. At KDG station, the factor is assumed to be 2 as the constraint condition.

Fig.8 TI1e factors of local site effect Gj(f) for the stations of TMK and IWK. Solid lines
------i'i
indicate the factors on the ground surface. Dash and broken lines indicate the factors in

the sedimentary layer and in the bed rock.

Fig.9 Transfer functions from the bedrock to each observation point at TMK and IWK

stations obtained by the multiple reflection theory of SH-waves with incident angle of 0

degree.

Fig.l 0 The mean value of the acceleration Fourier amplitude spectra at KDG for the 7

events of which magnitude is over 6.

Fig.ll Surface topography around KDG. Bold line from mark A to B corresponds to

the range for BEM analysis.

Fig.12 Vertical cross section for the valley at KDG. This section is used for the two

dimensional elastic half space model for BEM analysis.

Fig.13 Theoretical response amplification at KDG obtained by BEM analysis for SH-

waves with incident angle of 0 degree.

Table 1 Origin time, magnitude in JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale, focal

depth, and hypocentral distance of observed events used in this study.

130
References

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seismometer array, Proceedings of the 20th JSCE Earthquake Engineering Symposium,

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131
IWATA, T. and K. IRIKURA, Source parameters of the 1983 Japan Sea earthquake sequence,

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SANCHEZ-SESMA, F.J., F.J. CHAVEZ-GARCIA, and M.A. BRAVO, Seismic response of a clasS

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133
 Hypocentral Distance (km)
Date (JST) M Depth
(JMA) (km) IWK TMK KDG IDG HKD CHS OAR

82 AUG 28 21: 12 4. 9 60 64 68
82 SEP 14 03:03 5. 0 60 90 73
83 JUL 2 07:03 5.8 54 64 74 145
83 NOV 16 19:44 5.3 39 85 71
84 MAR 26 03:59 5. 2 42 86 73
84 MAY 1 10: 15 5.2 46 92 74
84 DEC 18 01:07 4.0 37 48 43
84 DEC 19 04:35 5.3 44 75 70 73 73
84 DEC 19 04:50 4.5 45 70 65 67
85 AUG 12 12:49 6.4 52 124 103 125 243 197
86 FEB 12 11:59 6. 1 44 88 111 92 109 101 91 62
86 OCT 14 06: 17 5. 7 52 60 63 63 64 61 111
87 FEB 6 21:23 6.4 30 99 98 104 101 168 140
87 FEB 6 22: 16 6. 7 35 97 96 102 99 170 139
87 FEB 13 19:01 5.2 48 72 93 76 91 84 71
87 APR 7 09:40 6.6 37 100 88 103 95 200 161
87 APR 17 04:23 6.0 42 77 76 81 78 78 128
87 APR 23 05: 13 6.5 49 81 79 85 81 81 171 131
87 APR 24 13:32 4.6 52 78 73 81 75 76
87 APR 30 22:36 5. 1 54 76 72 79 74 74

134

Table 1
 (
') (
I \
r--~/ }
I I
I I
I ,'
l r'
'f + ,t...... , ......,
I I \''"'"-""- (
I I \ 1
\ I I 1
'"'"\,.... ... ., ......."' '> \ .... r ... J
I
,'
I '
' ... ....,. . v ...... .;~ I

I
I
r'
I
\
I
,,....__J
r ---J
(

'I
I
I
I
\
.... ,I
I
I
I
I
\ I r,
'-'( ___ fJ

I
l.,
I
(
I

0
I
I
l
-- I
...
I

(
I
0
..
142 E
141 E + 36 N
+
0 50Km
I l
0 4 < M< 5
0 5 < M< 6

0M : Mag
6 < M< 7
n i t u de

135

Fig. 1
 TMK IWK KDG lOG HKD OAR CHS
D Vs D Vs Vs 0
D (km/sec) Vs D Vs D Vs D Vs
(km/sec) (km/sec) (km/sec) (km/sec) (km/sec) (km/sec)
(m) r. 1 2 3 (m) 1 2 3 (m) 11 f y (m) :\ 1 f ~
r:;;
(m) r.; :"1
1 2 3 (m) 1?3 (m) 1 2 ~
~ I I I ,.:; t\ I I I I I
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0.5 - 1.0 0.3 o.2-
-
C/..1
c:n
~~ 0.7 0
1.3-
'----
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0.7
0.4
100-
200- 1.5 10~~ 10- 10- 10- 10-
0 2.2 2.0 1.0
0.9 - 2.7 ~~
- 1.0
20 ~ ~ 11.4
1.2 200-0
20 20 20 20
400-

600-
-
1.2-
1.4
300--<
~ ~2.81 Location of Accelerometer

.,
.
<0 800-

~~
2.~
2.8
1000
 (Gal. sec) (Gal. sec)
~ 10 : r-----r-----r--,---.----r----.----. ~
of-1
.10 1
0 ~ IWK (GLOm)
Q)
0..
IWK (GLOm) 0..
(J) (J)
Q) Q)
-o -o
::J ::J
of-1 of-1

0.. 10 ~--~~~------~~
E
<(
'1- '1-
Q) Q)
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::J ::J
0 0
LL LL
c 10-1~---~~--+-~ c 10 -1 f--------+--------t---l
0 0
of-1 of-1
Ci) Ci)
'1- '1-
Q) Q)
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0 0
0 0
-n <( 10 -2 L _ _ . J _ _ . . . J ._ _l_____!__i___.J____.J <( 10 -2 L__.J__...J._..J_____!__J...__L_____l

.
(.Q
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 . 2 5 10 20
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) .

(a) Dec. 18, 1984 (M = 4.0) (b) Feb. 6, 1987 (M = 6.7)

 (dynecm)
1 0 2 6

1 0 2 0 '------1--.....1.---L..--1.--L..--1-.1..-.L-.1

1 2 5 1 0
Fig. 5
.138 Frequency(Hz)
 "1 0 3

I
--
<l)

~
=
~

> 1 0 2
I
V'l
.c;

- - - This study
-------. Aki (1980)
----Ill Sato and
Matsumura (19 )
.A- --A Abe (1989)

1
1 0
1 2 5 1 0
F r e que n c y (Hz )

139

Fig. 6
 ~
<:...,.
'---'
...... 10
0 KDG
5
-
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0
()
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LL
c
0
~ 2
(1j
()
~

a. 1
E
<{ 1 2 5 10
Q)
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Frequency (Hz) .
(/)

10 10
OAR
5 5
~ ~
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...... ......
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2 2
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0 0
t5 t5
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c 1 2 5 10 1 2 5 10
c
0 Frequency (Hz) 0 Frequency (Hz)
cu
()
cu
0
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10 10
a. a.
<{
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<{
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Q)
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1 1
1 2 5 10 1 2
Frequency (Hz)

140
Fig. 7
 100 .---.--..---r--r--r--.-r-,-, 10.---~-..--~~~~
...........
c'--" TMK c:.....
.....,
'--" IWK
.....,so Cj 5 G. Om
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....
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0
r
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1 \ ,/
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0 :g _.../ \\ f GL -330m
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I
I

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y
GL-950m 0.2

1c_____ __j__.L__l..___I_--'--L...L.LJ
0.1
1 2 5 10 1 2 5 10
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

14 1

Fig. 8
 ~
10
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100

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,
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Frequency (Hz)

142

Fig. 9
 (Gal. sec)
1
m 10
~
+-'
(_)
Q)
0..
(f)
Q)
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1 0
Mean Spectrum
0..
( M>6.0)
E
<(
~
Q)
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0 1 0 -1
LL
c
0
-
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m
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Q)
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(_)
<( 1 2 5 1 0
Frequency . (Hz)

143

FiQ.1 0
 ~- KDG observation site
~The Kodama river

0 500m
:.0 I - I
 200 Cross Section of KDG Site
Observation point
.....--.. ...., :-:' ~...
:-:......... ............
-:--:-l""t-

E
...__..
...... c
.;:..
CJ1 0
+--' 100 0
.....................
0 0 0 0 0 0

.......................................... . ..................... .
0 0. 0 0.

C\J 0 0 0 0 0 0....

>
w
Q)
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~:
o

o 0 0 0 o 0 I 0 0 0 0 o o o o 0 o
0
I
0
0

0 0 0 0 0 o I o o 0 o o
0.
o o
0
0

0 o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 O O

B
0 ~~------~----~------~~----~----~
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200
[North] [South]
Distance (m)
.-
:a
 Response Amplification

0 0 0 0
I I 0
N --'

.....
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c:n l......l
CD N
..0
c
CD
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