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A.1 Introduction
This manual provides information on data file preparation and a description of the vari-
ables used in preparing a data file, and it gives instructions for running the reservoir simu-
lator on a PC. The simulator models the flow of single-phase fluid in reservoirs. Model
description (flow equations and boundary conditions) for incompressible, slightly com-
pressible, and compressible fluids, well operating conditions, and methods of solving the
algebraic equations of the model are described in detail in the previous chapters of this
book and by Ertekin, Abou-Kassem, and King (2001). The simulator (written in FOR-
TRAN) was developed to provide solutions to single-phase flow problems in undergrad-
uate courses in reservoir simulation. The simulator can be used to model irregular
rectangular reservoirs and single-well in r - z radial-cylindrical coordinates using either a
block-centered grid or a point-distributed grid. The purpose of presenting this simulator as
part of this book is to provide the user with intermediate as well as final results so the
user's solution for any given problem can be checked and any errors can be identified and
corrected. Educators may use the simulator to make up new problems and obtain their
solutions.
421
422 Appendix A User's Manual f o r Single-Phase Simulator
black-oil simulation. The CD that accompanies this book contains four examples of
data files prepared for the problems presented in Example 7-1 (ex7-1.txt), Example 7-7
(ex7-7.txt), Example 7-12 (ex7-12.txt), and Example 5-5 (ex5-5.txt).
Each format procedure is introduced by a title line (line 1), which includes the identification
name and the group of data to be entered, followed by a parameter sequence line (line 2),
which lists the order of parameters to be entered by the user. Only format procedure D has
an additional parameter sequence line (line 3). The user, in each subsequent data line,
enters the values of the parameters ordered and preferably aligned with the parameters
shown in the parameter sequence line for easy recognition. Both format procedures B and
E require a single-line data entry, whereas format procedures A, C, and D require mul-
tiple-line data entry and terminate with a line of zero entries for all parameters. The var-
ious groups of data and any specific instructions for each format procedure are presented
in the following sections.
number of grid blocks in the x, y, and z directions; fluid density; fluid and porosity com-
pressibilities and reference pressure for porosity; and simulation time. Note that the values
of the parameters are entered in line 3. They are ordered and aligned with the parameters
shown in the parameter sequence line (line 2) for easy recognition.
DATA03B Units
MUNITS Option for units of input data and output
= 1, customary units
= 2, SPE preferred metric units
= 3, laboratory units
NOTE I.TOLERSP and DXTOLSP are convergence tolerances. Compressible flow problems use
TOLERSP. Iterative linear equation solvers use DXTOLSP. The correct solution to a simu-
lation problem is obtained using the recommended tolerances.
2. If stricter convergence tolerances are specified, the program uses the recommended tol-
erances to save on iterations. Stricter tolerances do not improve the pressure solution
but rather increase iterations. Relaxed tolerances, however, influence the solution and
may result in unacceptable material balance errors.
3. Options marked with (x) are not active in this version.
426 Appendix A User's Manual for Single-Phase Simulator
NOTE 1. A number of gridblocks (or gridpoints) that are part of the reservoir are deactivated on
purpose in order to simulate a specified gridblock (or gridpoint) pressure.
2. DX, DY, and DZ are supplied for all gridblocks (or gridpoints) whether active or inactive.
3. Ratio is the desired fractional change of a property value entered by the user or internally
calculated by the simulator. Modifiers can be applied to the block porosity, block eleva-
tion, block bulk volume, and transmissibilities in the x, y, and z directions.
4. For a point-distributed grid, define the gridpoint spacing in a given direction (DX in i
direction, DY in jdirection, DZ in kdirection) by setting the upper limit of a parallelepiped
region in that direction only equal to the coordinate of the upper limit gridpoint in the
same direction minus one.
A.3 Description of Variables Used in Preparing a Data File 427
NOTE Gas FVF and viscosity are supplied in a table form. The pressure is entered in increasing
order using equal intervals.
K1, K2 Lower and upper limits in the zdirection of a parallelepiped region or a reservoir region in
single-well simulation
IFACE Block boundary subject to boundary condition
= 1, block boundary in the negative direction of zaxis
= 2, block boundary in the negative direction of yaxis
= 3, block boundary in the negative direction of xaxis or rdirection
= 5, block boundary in the positive direction of xaxis or r direction
= 6, block boundary in the positive direction of yaxis
= 7, block boundary in the positive direction of zaxis
ITYPBC Type of boundary condition
= 1, specified pressure gradient at reservoir boundary, psi/ft [kPa/m]
= 2, specified flow rate across reservoir boundary, STB/D or scf/D [std m3/d]
= 3, no-flow boundary
= 4, specified pressure at reservoir boundary, psia [kPa]
= 5, specified pressure of the block on the other side of reservoir boundary, psia [kPa]
SPVALUE Specified value of boundary condition
ZELBC Elevation of center of boundary surface for block-centered grid (or elevation of boundary
node for point-distributed grid) below selected datum, ft [m]
RATIO Property modifier for area open to flow or geometric factor between reservoir boundary
and boundary gridblock (or gridpoint), dimensionless
= 0.0, property is not modified
> 0.0, property is increased by that ratio
< 0.0, property is decreased by that ratio
NOTE 1. All reservoir boundaries are assigned a no-flow boundary condition as a default. There-
fore, there is no need to specify no-flow boundaries.
2. For ITYPBC = 5, ZELBC is the elevation of the point (node) that represents the block
whose pressure is specified.
3. DATA 25A has no option identifier at the beginning of the parameter sequence line (line 2).
4. For single-well simulation using point-distributed grid, a specified FBHP must be simu-
lated as a specified pressure boundary condition.
NOTE 1. The NOW line can be repeated for different times, but each subsequent line must have a
time specification larger than the previous time specification.
2.The NOW line can be used to specify new values for DELT, PWFMIN, or PWFMAX at
desired times during simulation.
3.The specified value of PWFMIN and PWFMAX must be within the range of the pressure
specified in the PVT table. For realistic simulation of slightly compressible and compress-
ible fluids, these two parameters need to be specified. However, setting PWFMIN < -10 6
and PWFMAX > 106 deactivates the function of these two parameters.
4.This data group terminates with a line o zero entries.
5. Each IWD line enters specifications for r~ne well. This line must be repeated NOW times if
NOW > O.
6. Both IWOPC and the specified rate are positive for injection and both are negative for
production.
7. For single-well simulation using point-distributed grid, a specified FBHP must be simu-
lated as a specified pressure boundary condition.
8. RADW is specified here to handle options IWOPC = 1 or -1.
430 AppendixA User'sManual for Single-Phase Simulator
The user responds using the names of five files, each enclosed within single quotes sepa-
rated by a blank space or a comma as follows and then hits the "Return" key.
'MY-DATA.TXT','MY-0UT1.LIS','MY-0UT2.LIS','MY-OUT3ilS','MY-0UT4.LIS'