9/5/2017

Learning Objectives

Recall the basic types of Computer-Based systems

Systems, Roles, and Understand how users working in context with new
technologies change the dynamics of a system
Development Methodologies Realize the roles of Systems Analyst
Comprehend the 3 development methodologies
Kenneth Kendall | Julie Kendall Understand the CASE tools
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)

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Information
Information is an organizational resource, which
must be managed as carefully as other resources.
Strategic Level
Costs are associated with information processing.
Higher Level
Information processing must be managed to take
Knowledge Level
full advantage of its potential.
Operational Level

Processed Data Levels of the Organization

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Categories Transaction Processing Systems

Information systems fall into one of the following eight TPS are computerized information systems that
categories:
Transaction processing systems (TPS).
were developed to process large amounts of data
Office automation systems (OAS). for routine business transactions such as payroll
Knowledge work systems (KWS).
Management information systems (MIS).
and inventory.
Decision support systems (DSS). Payroll System
Expert systems (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Group decision support systems (GDSS) and Computer-Supported
Payment to employees
Collaborative Work Systems. Payment to Suppliers
Executive support systems (EES).
TPS is residing in a very important level (GIGO)

To automate repetitive transactions

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Office Automation Systems and Knowledge Work

Systems Knowledge Work Systems
Office Automation Systems (OAS) support data workers, KWS support professional workers such as
who do not usually create new knowledge but rather scientists, engineers, and doctors by aiding them in
analyze information to transform data or manipulate it in their efforts to create new knowledge and by
some way before sharing it with, or formally disseminating
it throughout, the organization and, sometimes, beyond.
allowing them to contribute it to their organization
Word and Spreadsheet processing, Desktop publishing,
or to society at large.
scheduling, voicemail and emails, teleconferencing Flood Alert Level System
Bank System

Create and Contribute new knowledge

Productivity Tools / Document Processing

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Decision Support Systems Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

DSS are similar to the traditional management Artificial intelligence (AI) can be considered the
information system because they both depend on a overarching field for expert systems. The general thrust
database as a source of data. of AI has been to develop machines that behave
intelligently.
Decision support systems are more closely tailored to the
person or group using them than is a traditional Two avenues of AI research are
management information system. (1) understanding natural language (NL)
(2) analyzing the ability to reason through a problem to its logical
Supports problem-specific decision making (Groupware) conclusion.

Sometimes they are treated as systems Robotics science and technology of making
focusing on Business Intelligence (BI) robots

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Group Decision Support Systems and Computer-Supported

Expert System (Knowledge Based Systems) Collaborative Work Systems
Expert systems are a very special class of Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS), which are
information system that has been made used in special rooms equipped in a number of different
practicable for use by business as a result of configurations, permit group members to interact with
electronic supportoften in the form of specialized
widespread availability of hardware and softwareand a special group facilitator.
software such as personal computers (PCs) and
expert system shells. Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems
(CSCWS)
Give the computer the ability to make suggestions
and act like an expert in a particular field
Groupware a network-based
Expert in a particular field collaborative software
(Eliza Waxman Psychologist)
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Executive Support Systems Management Information Systems

Executive support systems (ESS) help executives MIS are computerized information systems that
organize their interactions with the external work because of the purposeful interaction
environment by providing graphics and between people and computers.
communications technologies in accessible places
such as boardrooms or personal corporate offices. help integrate some of the computerized
Modelbase and MMS
information functions of a business.
Database and DBMS provides routine information to managers/decision makers

Extend and support top executives to

sense their environments. helps the org do things right

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Biometrics - refers to metrics related to human characteristics

New Technologies and traits.
New technologies are being integrated into
traditional systems:
Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business activities.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal of
integrating many different information systems within the
corporation.
Wireless and handheld devices, including mobile commerce
Open source software.

How about Face Detection?

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Ecommerce Applications and Web Enterprise Systems

Systems
Benefits to mounting or improving an application Enterprise systems, also called Enterprise Resource
on the Web
Planning (ERP) systems, are designed to perform
Increasing user awareness of the availability of
a service, product, industry, person, or group.
integration.
The possibility of 24-hour access for users. SAP and ORACLE
Improving the usefulness and usability of the
interface design.

Creating a system that can extend globally

rather than remain local, thus reaching people
in remote locations without worry of the time
zone in which they are located. Proprietary Software Customized
Software

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Systems for Wireless and Mobile Devices Open Source Software (OSS)

Net-Based Devices & Apps

CLOUD - Allow people to get information they need
from the Internet
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Apache for web server | Mozilla Firefox | Mozilla
Thunderbird | Linux OS
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Four Types of Open Source Communities: Reasons for Participating in Open

Source Communities
Ad hoc
General structure
Standardized Rapidity with which new software can be
Environment developed and tested
Organized
Goals Faster to have a committed group of experts
Commercial
Methods develop, test, and debug code
User community This fosters creativity
Licensing Have many good minds work with innovative
applications
Six Key Dimensions that Differentiate
Open Source Communities
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Open Source Contribution and

R O L E S
Differentiation
Consultant
Contributions to the open community and
differentiation from the open community are for Supporting Expert Problem Solver
the following reasons: Agent of Change Communicator
Cost Strong personal and
Managing resources
professional ethics
Time it takes to bring a new product to the market
Self-disciplined and
self-motivated
Q U A L I T I E S

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Incorporating Human-Computer Interaction

Systems Development Life Cycle (HCI) Considerations
HCI is that aspect of a computer that enables communications
and interactions between human and computer.

Adopting HCI principles examines a variety of user needs:

physical or ergonomic factors
usability factors
pleasing, aesthetic, and enjoyable aspects
behavioral aspects
SDLC is a phased approach to analysis and design that holds
What are the users physical strengths and
that systems are best developed through the use of a limitations?
specific cycle of analyst and user activities.
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1. Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and

2. Determining Human Information Requirements
Objectives
Problems - generally the reason the analyst was called in Interviewing
in the first place. Sampling and investing hard data
Opportunities -situations / state that the analyst believes
Questionnaires
can be improved through the use of computerized Observe the decision makers behavior and
information systems. environment
Prototyping
Objectives - how can the business reach its objectives by Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and
addressing specific problems or opportunities. why of the current system
Challenges for blind, hearing-impaired,
without limbs

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3. Analyzing System Needs 4. Designing the Recommended System

Tools such as data flow diagrams (DFD) to chart the I-P-O The systems analyst uses the information collected
businesss functions earlier to accomplish the logical design of the
Activity diagrams or sequence diagrams to show the information system.
sequence of events, illustrate systems in a structured, Devising the HCI
graphical form. (Flowchart can also be used)
User Interface (GUI)
Data dictionary is developed that lists all the data items
Designing the database using DBMS
used in the system, as well as their specifications.
Design controls and backup procedures

systems analyst prepares a systems proposal that summarizes what has been found out
Layout for I/O | UML | File Specs
about the users, usability, and usefulness of current systems; provides cost-benefit
analyses of alternatives; and makes recommendations on what should be done.
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5. Developing and Documenting Software 6. Testing and Maintaining the System

the analyst works with programmers to develop
A series of tests to pinpoint problems is run first
any original software that is needed.
with sample data and eventually with actual data
analyst works with users to develop effective from the current system.
documentation for software: System Test
Procedure manuals (SRS)
Unit Test
Online Help
Web Sites featuring Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Read Me files

Documentation tells user how to use Eliminate Syntax and Logical errors
software and what to do if problems occur

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7. Implementing and Evaluating the System The Impact of Maintenance

The analyst helps implement the information
system. Maintenance is performed for two reasons:
1. Removing software errors
This phase involves training users to handle the known anomalies bugs in
system. commercial PC software
2. Enhancing existing software
old formats to new ones, building a database, capabilities.
installing equipment, and bringing the new system into
production

Conversion from OLD to NEW system

Some Researchers Estimated that the Amount of Time Spent on Systems Maintenance May Be
as Much as 60 Percent of the Total Time Spent on Systems Projects
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Approaches to Structured Analysis and Design

Resource Consumption over the System Life
and to the Systems Development Life Cycle

1. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

tool
2. Agile Approach
3. Object-Oriented (O-O) Systems Analysis and
Design

Time and Money spent on systems development and maintenance

sometimes FEASIBLE to CONDUCT and CREATE another system.

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CASE Tools Lets make it more TECHNICAL

CASE tools are productivity tools for systems Upper CASE tool allows the analyst to create
analysts created explicitly to improve their routine and modify the system design
work through the use of automated support (i.e.
VISIBLE ANALYST) CASE Repository large collection of records, elements,
Reasons for using CASE tools diagrams, screens, reports, and other information.
Increasing analyst productivity
Improving analyst-user communication Lower CASE tool used to generate computer
Integrating life cycle activities source code, eliminating the need for
programming the system.
Logic of the system (PSEUDOCODES &
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FLOWCHART
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Agile Approach, Values, Resources (AVR) Five Stages of Agile Development

A software development approach based on:
1.

Agile Approach Agile Values Agile Resources

3.
2.
Values Communication Time
Principles Simplicity Cost
Core Practices Feedback Quality
Courage Scope 4.

5.

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Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design (OOAD)

1. Define the use case model:
an approach that is intended to facilitate the development of Use case diagram
systems that must change rapidly in response to dynamic business
Use case scenarios
environments.
Analysis is performed on a small part of the system followed by design and 2. Create UML diagrams
implementation
3. Develop class diagrams
Unified Modeling Language to break down a system into USE CASE model.
4. Draw statechart diagrams
OO Programming 5. Modify the UML diagrams
Traditional Programming
6. Develop and document the system
Top to Bottom Programming by Object
programming (Interpreter) (Compiler)
Objects the representation
of some actual thing or event P H A S E S
Customers, orders, items
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When to Use SDLC When to Use Agile

Systems have been developed and documented using
SLDC
It is important to document each step
Upper level management feels more comfortable or safe
using SDLC
There are adequate resources and time to complete the
full SDLC
Communication of how new systems work is important
There is a project champion of agile methods in the
organization
Applications need to be developed quickly in response to
a dynamic environment
A rescue takes place (the system failed and there is no
time to figure out what went wrong)
The customer is satisfied with incremental improvements
Executives and analysts agree with the principles of agile
methodologies

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When to Use Object-Oriented Choosing the BEST System Development Method

The problems modeled lend themselves to classes 1. SA needs to understand the
An organization supports the UML learning organization
Systems can be added gradually, one subsystem Understand the
Needs
at a time 2. SA needs to budget their
Reuse of previously written software is a time and resources and
possibility Budget
Preparation
develop a project proposal
It is acceptable to tackle the difficult problems first 3. They need to interview
organizational members
Data Gathering
and gather detailed data
by using questionnaires and
sample data
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