Transilvania University of Brasov

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics
Research center: Advanced Electrical Systems
www.unitbv.ro/sea

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

Course 1

Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC normatives

Lecturer Dr. Eng.

Marius Daniel CLIN

Braov, 2016-2017
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Definition Live and let live!

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC):
- biunivocal relationship between two electrical devices / installations - one possibly disturbing (emitter) and
one possible disturbed (receptor/receiver) in such a manner that the minimum signal for receptor sensitivity
( electromagnetic immunity) and the maximum level of disturbances produced by the emitter
( electromagnetic interference) to not overlap;
- non-confrontational coexistence between emitters and receptors of electromagnetic energy (emitters
transmit the energy / the information only to desired receptors without mutual interference unwanted);
- the ability of an electrical device to operate satisfactorily in the electromagnetic environment in such a
manner that the environment that belongs also to other devices to not be inadmissible disturbed (as emitter
produces tolerable emissions-low interference and as receptor has an acceptable susceptibility to harmful
emissions-adequate immunity);
- discipline of study that approach radio disturbance control and correct operating of the electrical systems
that are not means of communication (embedded automotive electronics, automation of power systems,
management processes of industrial enterprises, power transmission network, the household appliance, etc.)

EMITTER Coupling mechanism RECEPTOR

(disturbing element) (disturbed element)

A system is electromagnetically compatible if it satisfies three criteria:

1. It does not cause interference to other systems;
2. It is immune to emissions from other systems;
3. It does not cause interference with itself.

Give some examples of electromagnetic energy emitters?

Give some examples of electromagnetic energy receptors?
Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Definition
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI):
- action of an electromagnetic nature phenomenon (electromagnetic disturbance) on an electromagnetic
energy receiver, that can cause deficitary operation or even malfunction and damage of the receiver, depending
on the magnitude, duration and behavior particularity of the overall disturbance;
- electromagnetic emissions from a device or system that interfere with the normal operation of another
device or system.
! The problem of EMI is associated with signals in all of the frequency bands, from DC to extremely high
frequency (EHF), which can be the sources of power quality problems.
Knowing the frequency bands of electromagnetic waves is important - the mode of interference coupling may
be significant different and the treatment of the EMI problem could be radically different.
Usually, the problem of EMI is more readily associated with signals in the low frequency.

Interpret the concept of electromagnetic immunity (susceptibility) of an electric device / equipment!

What are the kinds of electromagnetic interferences? Give examples for each type!
Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Electrical fields Magnetic fields

The field exists whenever a charge differential The field exists when two poles of the opposite
exists between two points in a medium. orientation are present: the north pole and the
south pole of strength m magnetic moments.

0 = 410-7 H/m

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Interferences due to electric and magnetic fields

Both electrical and magnetic fields are able to produce interference in sensitive electrical and electronic devices.
The means of interference coupling for each is different:

- Electrical fields are due to potential or charge difference between two points in a dielectric medium.
- Magnetic fields (of concern here) are due to the flow of electrical current in a conductive medium.

- Electrical field exert a force on any electrical charge (or signal) in its path and tend to alter its amplitude or
direction or both.
- Magnetic fields induce currents in an electrical circuit placed in their path, which can alter the signal level or
its phase angle or both.

Either of these effects is an unwanted phenomenon that comes under the category of EMI.

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Electromagnetic interference terminology

DECIBEL (DB)
The decibel is used to express the ratio between two quantities. The quantities may be voltage, current, power or
other.

Example:
- If a filter attenuate the voltage from 10 V to 100 mV , it will results: U1/U2=100, and U(dB) = 20lg(100) = 40dB.
- If the power input of an amplifier is 1 W and the power output is 10 W, the power gain is P(dB) = 10 dB.

RADIATED EMISSION
Radiated emission is a measure of the level of EMI propagated in air by the source. Radiated emission requires a
carrier medium (air or other gases) and is usually expressed in volts/meter (V/m) or microvolts per meter (V/m).

CONDUCTED EMISSION
Conducted emission is a measure of the level of EMI propagated via a conductive medium such as power, signal,
or ground wires. Conducted emission is expressed in millivolts (mV) or microvolts (V).

ATTENUATION
Attenuation is the ratio by which unwanted noise or signal is reduced in amplitude, usually expressed in decibels
(dB).

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Electromagnetic interference terminology

SHIELDING
A metal enclosure or surface intended to prevent noise from interacting with a susceptible piece of equipment.
Shielding may be applied at the source (if the source is known) or at the susceptible equipment.

COMMON ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) SOURCES

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Classification of electromagnetic disturbance sources

- By origin:
- natural (atmosphere, galactic noise, thermal noise, etc.) - unavoidable phenomena;
- created by man - controlled phenomena by local limitation and disciplined use of the spectrum frequency.
- By the duration of time:
- permanent (harmonics in network power supply, radio / TV emissions, etc.);
- transient (lightning - LEMP, electrostatic discharge - ESD, etc.).
- By the frequency spectrum :
- low frequency (<30MHz) - transmitted by conduction and radiation;
- high frequency (>30MHz) - transmitted by radiation.
- By the reversibility:
- reversible (crackling noises in radio receivers, interrupted communications, etc.);
- irreversible (damage to electrical and electronic components produced by ESD, LEMP, etc.).
- By the environment:
- terrestrial (atmospheric discharges, etc.);
- extraterrestrial (galactic noise, etc.).
- By the transmitted power:
- low power (control systems, communications, computers, etc.);
- high power (power grids, industrial apparatus, electric motors, power converters, etc.).
- By the intention of production:
- functional / intentional sources (communications transmitters, industrial high frequency generators, etc.);
- dysfunctional / unintentional sources (auto ignition systems, electrified transport, switching devices, etc.).
- By the disposal in the frequency domain:
- narrow band (radio transmitters, computers, switched-mode power supply-SMPS, etc.) - presents a discontinuous frequency
spectrum;
- broadband (appliance noise, urban crowded areas, etc.) - presents a continuous frequency spectrum.
- intermittent (gas discharge lamps, auto ignition systems, brush motors, etc.);
- transient (ESD, LEMP, NEMP, MHD-EMP, etc.)
- By the disturbance nature
- conducted disturbances (U, I);
- of differential mode (normal) - disturbance current enter through one of receiver terminal and exits through other;
- of common mode - disturbance current enter through both terminal of receiver and it closes parasite.
- radiated disturbances (E, H).
Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Characterization of electromagnetic frequency spectrum - frequency classification

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Electromagnetic interference susceptibility

To produce electromagnetic interference, three components must exist:
(1) a source of interference,
(2) a victim susceptible to EMI,
(3) a medium for the coupling of EMI between the source and the victim

EMI treatment is done in one of three ways:

Treatment of the EMI source by isolation, shielding, or application of filters
Elimination of coupling medium by shielding, use of proper wiring methods and conductors routing
Treatment of the victim by shielding, application of filters, or location

Shielding for radiated emission

Metals of high conductivity such as copper, aluminum are effective shielding materials in high-frequency EMI
applications.
In order that the shield to be effective, the thickness of the shielding must be greater than the skin depth of the
electromagnetic fields, corresponding to the frequency of the EMI and for the material used as the shield.

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Anti-disturbance measures
At emitter:
- electromagnetic shielding;

Emitter

- electromagnetic spectrum limitation;

0.00E+00

- directive antennas;

At coupling mechanism:
- electromagnetic shielding;
- filtering;
- optical transmission;
- grid topology;

At receptor:
- electromagnetic shielding;
- local filtering;
- optimal design of electrical schema;
EUT

! It is important in the design phase of a system firstly to obtain a satisfactory electromagnetic compatibility at the
emitter (primary measures) and after to take action over the receiver (secondary measures)
Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Fundamental quantities and units of measurement:

- Electric voltage U [V];
- Electric current intensity I [A];
- Electric power P [W];
- Electric field intensity E [V/m];
- Magnetic field intensity H [A/m];

Quantitative assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility / the electromagnetic disturbances

Level - report a signal quantity to a fixed reference value.
- absolute level
- disturbance level (reported value of a disturbance quantity to a reference quantity);
- disturbance threshold level (minimum reported value of a rated signal, which if exceeded by the
disturbance signal is seen at the reception as disturbing signal);
- rated signal level (reported rated value of a rated signal).
- relative levels
- safety disturbance interval (the ratio between the minimum rated signal and the disturbance threshold)

Ux
Electric voltage level: u dB = 20 lg dBV, U0=1V dB
U0

signal
signal level
P
Electric power level: PdB = 10 lg x dBpW, P0=1pW
P0 safety disturbance interval

noise
disturbance level
Give the levels relationship for the remaining usual TPE quantities!
f [Hz]
Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems
 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Quantitative assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility / the electromagnetic disturbances

Transfer ratio - report the input and the output quantities of a system.
- serve to characterize the transfer properties of the system

! If the duration of action of a disturbance is smaller than the delay switching time of an specified circuit, the
disturbance levels can be tolerated (it can be accepted higher disturbance voltages for shorter periods of time)

! Shortening the switching time produces the broadening/expansion of the frequency spectrum, resulting an
increasing electromagnetic interference (capacitive and inductive coupling pathways shows a transfer
characteristic proportional to frequency)

Disturbance attenuation - typical transfer ratio which serves to characterize the effectiveness of the anti-
disturbance means (filters, screens, etc.)

U1 He
a Filter = 20 lg a Screen = 20 lg
U2 Hi

What kind of values take the attenuation (positive ones, negative ones or both)?

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Directives with requirements for CE-marking

CE mark - Conformit Europenne

EC - European Community
EU Directive - European legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a
particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. It can be distinguished from regulation which
are self-executing and require specific implementing measures. Directives normally leave member states with a
certain amount of freedom as to the exact rules to be adopted.

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Directives with requirements for CE-marking

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Example of generic standard - overview on Immunity (06/2011)

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Example of generic standard - overview on Emission (09/2011)

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Assesment - Find the pair of the crossed issues :

1) Electromagnetic environment A) Electromagnetic frequency spectrum

2) Electromagnetic compatibility B) EMI
3) Conducted disturbances C) High frequency [HF EHF]
4) Electrical fields D) Conductive medium (metals)
5) Electromagnetic interference E) Disturbing element
6) Electromagnetic shielding F) Isolation, shielding, filtering, local disposal
7) Radiated disturbances G) Low frequency [DC MF]
8) Magnetic fields H) Dielectric medium (air, other gases, etc.)
9) Electromagnetic immunity I) EMC
10) Emitter J) Disturbed element
11) EMC normative K) Level of an signal physical quantity
12) EMI treatment L) Metalic enclosure
13) Receptor M) Electromagnetic disturbance
14) Decibel N) IEC 61000 standard collection

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

IEEE
IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society: www.emcs.org

The Society
Conference organization
Student support for conferences
Large conference discounts for members
Local chapter activities
Distinguished lectures
Society awards

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility

Electronic access to all papers

Online applications for IEEE membership: www.ieee.org/join

360,000 members
IEEE student membership fee $30/20 /year
IEEE full membership fee $150/year

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems

 Course 1. Disturbances in electromagnetic environment. Overview of EMC regulations

Bibliography:

Adascalitei B. et al Electromagnetic compatibility-testing and measuring - theory, Editia I, 2002, The

University of Warwick, United Kingdom, ISBN 0902683543, p. 321.
Adascalitei B. et al Electromagnetic compatibility-testing and measuring - practical, 2002, Leonardo da Vinci
Pilot Project.
Badic M., Pislaru-Danescu L., Stefan M. Bazele Ecranarii Electromagnetice, 2007, ed. Electra, Bucuresti, p.
212.
Schwab A. Compatibilitate electromagnetica, 1993, Editia a treia, Traducere din limba germane, Editura
Tehnica, Bucuresti, 1996, p. 400.
Mardiguian M., Electro Static Discharge: Understand, Simulate, and Fix ESD Problems, Third Ed., 2009,
IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 299.
Voldman H. S. ESD: Failure Mechanisms and Models, 2009, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., USA, p. 408.
Hill D. A.,Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities: Deterministic and Statistical Theories, 2009, IEEE Press, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 280.

Testing to electromagnetic disturbances of technical systems