C bn v Shell

A. Gii thiu chung

1. Gii thiu v shell
Khi chng ta mun thc hin mt lnh no trong h iu hnh Unix chng ta cn phi ra
lnh Unix hiu c chng ta mun lm g. Vic ra lnh ny c thc hin qua shell. Nh
vy chng ta c th hiu mt cch n gin shell l giao din giao tip gia ngi s dng
v Unix. Shell nhn lnh t ngi s dng sau dch v chuyn n h thng nhng hot
ng cn thc hin p ng yu cu.
Hin nay c mt s loi shell trong cc h thng Unix, trong mt s trng hp trong mt
h thng no c th c mt hoc nhiu shell cng tn ti. Mt s loi ph bin ang tn ti
nh: Bourne shell, Korn shell, C shell, ... Mi loi c s khc nhau nhng tt c u cung cp
y cng c thit lp mi trng giao tip gia ngi s dng v Unix.

2. Mc ch ca shell
Shell c 3 mc ch chnh nh sau:
- Tng tc (interactive use)
- t bin mi trng i vi mi ngi s dng
- Lp trnh

Tng tc
Trng hp c coi l n gin khi s dng shell, shell i ngi s dng g cc lnh ti
du nhc, sau gi ti h thng yu cu t lnh nhn c.

t bin mi trng i vi mi ngi s dng

Unix shell xc nh cc bin iu khin mi trng ca ngi s dng i vi mi
phin s dng. Vic t cc bin ny s xc nh vi h thng nhng tham s nh th mc
no s c s dng lm th mc chnh, ni t mail, nhng th mc no c s dng mc
nh khi bn gi n cc lnh Unix, ... Mt s bin h thng c th c t trong tp khi
ng (start-up file) v c c khi bn login (ng nhp). Trong tp khi ng bn c th t
cc lnh ca Unix, nhng ch l nhng lnh ny s c thc hin mi khi bn login.

Lp trnh
Shell cung cp tp hp cc lnh c bit m t c th to nn nhng chng trnh, khi
c gi l shell script. Trong thc t hu ht cc lnh ny c th s dng trong ca s
lnh ca Unix v ngc li, cc lnh ca Unix u c th vit trong shell script. Shell script
rt tin li trong vic gp nhiu lnh c lp vo mt v thc hin nhiu ln.
Ngoi nhng lnh n gin ca h thng Unix, shell cn c b sung thm cc cu trc
phc tp nh iu khin r nhnh (if/case), vng lp (for/while).

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 Mt tp chng trnh ca shell khng quan trng n tn v ui, khng cn dch cng nh
khng c mi trng pht trin. Vic son tho mt tp shell c th s dng bt k mt cng
c son tho no, ch cn ghi tp vi dng text, sau i thnh dng tp c th chy
c. Xem v d 1 trong phn sau hiu thm chi tit.
Shell lun gn lin vi h iu hnh Unix, nhng hiu v hc shell khng nht thit bn
cn hiu su v h thng cng nh cc lnh ca Unix. Tuy nhin thng qua nhng v d
chng ti nu y cc bn c th hiu thm cch s dng lnh v bin h thng.
Ch : Chng ti ch nhc n h iu hnh Unix khi gii thiu cng nh hng dn s dng,
nhng thc t hin nay Linux l mt h iu hnh k tha ca Unix. Linux cng c nhng
shell tng t v bn c th s dng nhng gii thiu v shell y vi cc h thng Linux.

3. Nhng loi shell hin thi

Hin nay c kh nhiu loi shell c s dng trong cc h thng Unix, nhng y chng
ti ch cp n 3 loi c bn v ph bin, l:
- Bourne shell, c coi l shell chun, c ng v l loi n gin nht.
- Korn shell, cao cp hn Bourne shell v cho php son dng lnh.
- C shell, s dng c php ca ngn ng lp trnh C v c thm nhiu chc nng tin li.
Thng thng cc h thng c t nht l mt loi shell v thng thng Bourne shell c s
dng vit shell script, cn s dng mt loi khc cho vic tng tc.
Tp /etc/passwd s xc nh loi shell no s c s dng mc nh trong h thng cho
mi phin lm vic ca bn. Trong phn cui ca dng cha tn bn, bn c th tm thy
thng tin v loi shell no c s dng. Mi khi bn login, h thng s c tp ny ly
thng tin khi to cho shell.
Thng tin c th gm mt trong nhng dng sau:

/bin/sh Bourne shell

/bin/jsh Bourne shell, c thm phn iu khin tc v (job control)
/bin/ksh Korn shell
/bin/csh C shell

Bn c th thay i shell mc nh sang mt loi khc bng cch s dng lnh:

V d chuyn t Bourne shell sang C shell:
exec csh
hoc c th i shell mi bng lnh:
chsh [<tn shell>]
Cu trc lnh chsh nh sau:
chsh [-s <tn shell>] [ -l ] [<tn ngi>]
chsh -l lit k cc loi shell hin c (thng tin cha trong tp /ect/shells).

Trong phn tip theo, chng ti s gii thiu v Bourne shell, loi tiu chun, n gin v
ph dng nht hin nay trong cc h thng Unix.

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B. Bourne shell
1. In mt dng ch ra mn hnh
V d 1: Bn to ra mt tp vi tn vidu1, sau g vo nhng dng sau:

#!/bin/sh
#vi du dau tien
echo Vi du dau tien voi shell.

Bn c th s dng vi, emacs, .. son tho tp trn. Sau dng lnh chmod chuyn tp
vidu1 thnh tp c th chy c, lnh nh sau:
chmod +x thidu1
chy th bn ch vic g: vidu1 <enter>
Vic to v dng chmod u cn thc hin i vi mi tp sau khi to ra v cn chuyn thnh
tp chy c, chng ti s khng nhc li v sau na. Nhng i tp c chuyn mod
mt ln th khng cn lm li khi thay i ni dung hay i tn.

Gii thch:
- Dng u tin l dng c bit, dng xc nh loi shell c s dng v gi chng
trnh thng dch shell tng ng.
- Dng th hai bt u bng du # ch mt dng ch thch.
- Lnh echo dng in ra mn hnh xu k t hay cc bin, echo c cu trc nh sau:
echo [-n] [xu k t]
Nu c chc nng -n, con tr khng b ngt xung dng sau khi in xu k t.
Ngoi ra, bn trong xu xu k t cc bn cn c th s dng mt s chc nng khc nh:
\b li li mt k t (backspace).
\c khng xung dng (nh -n).
\n xung dng.
\t in ra k t tab.
\\ in ra k t \.
\0n in ra k t c s n (s thp phn) trong bng m ASCII.
Cc bn c th in ra nhng k t c bit bng cch t sau k t \, v d: \ in k t
nhy kp () ra mn hnh.
V d:
echo \Thong bao co loi! \, \c \007

2. Thc hin cc lnh h thng

V d 2: V d thc hin mt lnh ca h thng.

#!/bin/sh
#vi du 2
echo

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echo Danh sach cac thu muc va tep:
ls l
echo
echo Vi tri hien thoi: `pwd`

Trong lnh ls -l l mt lnh ca h thng c thc hin m khng cn g t du nhc.

Ngoi ra tt c cc lnh v tham s khc ca h thng u c th c thc hin mt cch
tng t, v d nh: cd, cp, mkdir, chmod, cat, ...

3. Bin v tham s h thng

Cng nh cc ngn ng lp trnh, shell c th s dng bin nhng khng cn khai bo v
nh ngha kiu. Cc tham s ca mi trng v h thng c th s dng trc tip bng tn.
Tn ca cc tham s thng l mt ci tn, mt k t, s hay mt trong cc k hiu *, @, #,
?, -, $, !\^.
V d 3: V d v d sng tham s h thng.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 3
echo "Ten tep [$0]"
echo "Bien vao thu nhat [$1]"
echo "Bien vao thu hai [$2]"
echo "Chi so cua process [$$]"
echo "So bien dau vao [$#]"
echo "Tat ca cac bien dau vao [$@]"
echo "Co cua process [$-]"

Cc bn c th hiu thm khi thc hin lnh: vidu3 vi du 3

Gii thch:
- Trong , $0 l bin cha tn ca tp va chy.
- $n, n=1,..9 l cc tham s dng lnh c a v khi chy.
- $$ l ch s ca tp va chy (ID process).
- $# l s tham s dng lnh c a vo.
- $@ lit k tt c cc tham s dng lnh.
- @- c ca process.
Tng t nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, shell script cung cp cc php gn v ly
gi tr ca bin. V d c bin vi tn var, vic gn v ly gi tr c hiu nh sau:
var = <gi tr> gi tr y c th l mt s, mt xu k t hay t mt bin khc.
$var dng ly gi ca bin var.

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4. Lnh vo ra
Lnh in ra echo nh c gii thiu trong cc v d trc, lnh read c dng c
vo t bn phm.
V d 4: V d v lnh c vo v in ra d liu.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 4
echo Ban ten gi:
read ten
echo Chao ban $ten

Gii thch:
- read dng nhn gi tr t bn phm sau gn vo bin ten.
- $ten tr ra gi tr m n lu tr.
Lnh read cn c th nhn nhiu bin cng mt lc v c cu trc nh sau:
read <bin 1> [bin 2] [bin 3] ...
V d:
read ten dienthoai diachi

Khi bn g vo: Hung 0123456 334 Nguyen Trai

Bn dng cc lnh sau in th cc bin ra mn hnh:

echo Ten : $ten

echo Dien thoai : $dienthoai
echo Dia chi : $diachi

Trn mn hnh s in ra:

Ten : Hung
Dien thoai: 0123456
Dia chi: 334 Nguyen Trai
Nh vy c th hiu nh sau: Cc bin c nhn gi tr ln lt cho n du cch, bin cui
cng s c nhn ton b phn cn li. i vi bin cui cng, nu khng cn d liu th s
nhn gi tr rng (null).

5. Phn bit du huyn ( ` ), nhy n ( ' ) v nhy kp ( " )

Trong shell c ba du `, , c dng trong cc lnh in ra mn hnh hay lnh gn, nhng
ngha v phng thc thc hin i vi nhng du ny l khc nhau.

5.1 Du ( ` )
V d trong mt tp shell c nhng lnh sau:

currentdir = `pwd`

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 linecount = `wc l $filename`

Lnh th nht s c thc hin v gn ng dn hin thi vo bin currentdir, lnh th hai
c thc hin v m s dng trong tp c tn trong $filename ri gn vo bin linecount.
Nh vy bn c th hiu mt cch n gin l nhng g vit trong gia hai du ` ` s c coi
l lnh ca h thng v c thc hin, nhng tham s sau cc lnh h thng cng c t
ng gn trong phn ny.

5.2 Du ( ' ) v ( " )

Khc vi du huyn ( ` ), nhng thng tin gia hai du nhy (nhy n hoc nhy kp) c
coi l thng tin c s dng trong lnh echo v s c in ra mn hnh hay c gn vo
bin dng xu. Nh vy, khng th vit cc lnh h thng gia hai du nhy m ch cc cc
xu k t hay cc bin. Chng ta xem xt nhng dng v d sau:

myname = "Viet Hung" # gn gi tr cho mt bin

echo "$myname" # kt qu ra mn hnh: Viet Hung
echo '$myname' # kt qu ra mn hnh: $myname

Bn c th d thy s khc bit ca hai du nhy n v nhy kp qua nhng dng lnh trn,
i vi nhy kp (), khi in ra s c thc hin vi gi tr ca bin sau du $. i vi du
nhy n () th s in ra y nguyn nh trong dng vn bn. Thng thng du nhy n t
c s dng nhng li rt tin li khi mun in y nguyn mt dng vn bn, c bit l khi c
cc k t c bit nh $, \.

6. Cc cu trc phc tp
Nh gii thiu, ngoi nhng lnh n gin nh c, in ra mn hnh v thc hin cc lnh
h thng, shell cn h tr vic s dng cc lnh phc tp hn nh if-then-else, for/while.
Phn di y chng ti s gii thiu n nhng cu trc ny.

6.1 Cu trc vng lp: for

Cu trc vng lp for c xy dng nh sau:

for <bin k t> in <xu>

do
<cc lnh cn thc hin>
done

Qua v d di y bn c th hiu r hn cu trc vng lp for.

V d 5: V d v vng lp for.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 5

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word= "abcde" # khi to mt xu
dem = 0 # khi to bin count
for letter in $word # vng lp vi bin letter
do # lnh bt u vng lp
count=`expr $count + 1` # tng bin count ln 1
echo "Letter $count is [$letter]" # in ra bin letter
done # lnh kt thc vng lp

C th gii thch nh sau: vi mi letter trong word th thc hin nhng lnh nm trong do-
done, trong v d trn bao gm tng bin count v in bin letter ra mn hnh.
Ch : Trong v d trn c dng lnh expr gi lnh thc hin tnh ton ca h thng tnh
php cng trc khi gn vo bin count.

6.2 Cu trc vng lp: while

Cu trc ca vng lp while c th hin nh sau:

while [ <iu kin> ]

do
<cc lnh>
done

V d 6: V d v vng lp while.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 6
word= "abcde" # khi to mt xu
dem = 0 # khi to bin count
while [ $count lt 5 ] # vng lp vi bin letter
do # lnh bt u vng lp
count=`expr $count + 1` # tng bin count ln 1
echo "Letter $count is [$letter]" # in ra bin letter
done # lnh kt thc vng lp

Cc bn c th thy ngay cu trc hai vng lp trn gn hon ton ging nhau, ch khc
dng for/while. Trong v d trn, $count -lt 5 c coi l iu kin ca vng lp. Php so
snh -lt l php so snh nh hn hoc bng (less-than) trong lnh test ca Unix/Linux.
Lnh kim tra iu kin trn s tr ra gi ng (1) tr hoc sai (0) thc hin tip hay thot
khi vng lp.
Ngoi php so snh -lt" cn c -gt-ln hn, -eq-bng, -ne-khng bng. Trong phn ph
lc chng ti c lit k li cc lnh, tham s v php ton ca shell, cc bn c th c bit
thm cc php ton khc.

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 Ch : Trong phn iu kin ca vng lp while cng nh trong nhng iu kin khc, sau
du [ v trc du ] bt buc phi c du trng (du cch).

6.3 Cu trc vng lp: until

Chng ta c th hiu vng lp until tng t nh while. Cu trc ca vong lp until nh sau:

until [ <iu kin> ]

do
<cc lnh>
done

6.4 Cu trc r nhnh: if - else

Cu trc r nhnh c th c hiu qua cc t kha c cu trc nh sau:

if [ <iu kin> ]
then
<lnh>
[ elif <lnh> then <lnh> ] ...
[ else <lnh> ]
fi

i vi cu trc ny c hai dng, n gin v phc tp. Sau y chng ti s gii thiu hai
v d cc bn hiu cch s dng.
V d 7: Cu trc if n gin.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 7a
echo Nhap so a:
read a
echo Nhap so b:
read b
if [ $a lt $b ] #kim tra a nh hn b khng
then
echo so a nho hon so b.
elif [ $a eq $b ] #kim tra nu a bng b
then
echo so a bang so b.
else #trng hp cn li
echo so a lon hon so b.
fi #kt thc

V d trn thc hin i vi cc s, di y l v d i vi ng dn v tp trn a.

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#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 7b
if [ -f $dirname/$filename ]
then
echo "Tep [$filename] da ton tai."
elif [ -d $dirname ]
then
echo "Duong dan [$dirname] da ton tai."
else
echo "Ca duong dan [$dirname] va tep [$filename] khong ton
tai."
fi

Trong v d trn, f l c kim tra s tn ti ca mt tp, d l c kim tra s tn ti mt th

mc.
V d 8: Cu trc if phc tp. Trong v d ny bn s hiu cch s dng iu kin kp; &&
(v), || (hoc).

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 8a
echo Nhap so a:
read a
echo Nhap so b:
read b
echo Nhap so c:
read c

if [ $a lt $c ] && [ $b lt $c ] #xem c c ln nht khng

then
echo so c l so lon nhat.
fi

Trong v d trn, && (v) l du kim tra kp kt hp hai iu kin. Ta c th hiu iu

kin sau if nh sau: Nu a nh hn c v b nh hn c th ... Ngoi ra cn c || (... hoc ...).

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 8b
if [ -f $dir/$file ] || [ -f $dir/$newfile ]
then
echo "Hoac tep [$file] "
echo "hoac tep moi [$newfile] da ton tai"

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elif [ -d $dir ]
then
echo "Duong dan [$dir] da ton tai"
else
echo "Ca duong dan [$dir], tep [$file va tep moi $newfile]
deu khong ton tai"
fi

6.5 Cu trc r nhnh nhiu trng hp: case

Cu trc case c th c hiu qua tp cc t kha sau:

case <bin>
in
bin-1)
<lnh>
bin-2)
<lnh>
bin-3)
<lnh>
...
*) #cn li
exit
esac

V d 9: V d v case i vi tham s u vo ca mt tp chng trnh.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du 9
size=0
page=200
option =
while [ "$1" != "" ]
do
case $1
in
-?) echo Su dung cac tham so l,-p,-s.
exit;;
-l) line = 50
page = 500
option = $option page[$page] line[$line]
shift;;
-p) line = 40

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 option = $option page[$page] line[$line]
shift;;
-s) size = 10;
shift 2;;
*) echo "Tham so vao khong co trong [p, l, s]";
exit;;
esac
if [ $size = 0 ]
then
size=`echo "$page / $lines" | bc`
else
lines=`echo "$page / $size" | bc`
fi
done
echo $option $lines $size

Trong v d trn a ra cch s dng cu trc case, ng thi gii thiu cch nhn v x
l tham s u vo khi chy mt tp shell script. Lnh shift l lnh dch tham s u vo sang
tri 1 thc hin cc tham s tip theo. c bit trong cn ch cch gi my tnh s vi
s cn tnh c a vo trc.

6.6 Hm

Shell h tr khai bo v s dng hm con, y l mt h tr rt hu ch nhng cn phi khai

bo trong phn khi ng ca ngi s dng, c th l trong tp .profile.
Mt v d n gin:

uppercase()
{
echo $1 | tr 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' \
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
}

Hm trn dng s dng lnh tr ca h thng nhm chuyn cc ch thng thnh ch hoa.
Vic gi hm trn ch cn vit:
uppercase thu chuyen doi
hoc
smallword = thu chuyen doi
uppercase $smallword
Nhng nh ni v s khc bit ca kt qu trong du nhy kp, kt qu ca hai dng lnh
sau:
largeword = `uppercase $smallword`

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 largeword = `uppercase $smallword`
l khc nhau. Dng th nht tr ra: THU CHUYEN DOI, cn dong th hai se tra ra:
THU.

7. Lm vic vi cc tp
Trong v d 7b chng ti gii thiu cch kim tra s tn ti ca mt tp hay mt ng dn
nn trong phn ny s khng cp n na m ch a ra cch c v ghi mt tp.

#!/bin/sh
#Vi du dem so tep trong thu muc
count=1
for file in `ls -1 *`
do
echo "$count: $file" >> $mnu0
count=`expr $count + 1`
done

#Vi du doc va ghi tu tep inputfile sang tep outputfile

filelength=`wc -l $inputfile | cut -c1-8`
filelength=`expr $filelength + 0`
while $filelength
do
line=`tail -$filelength $inputfile | head -1`
words=`s_count_args $line`
echo "$line = $words words" >> $outputfile
file_length=`expr $filelength - 1`
done

Trong v d trn c s dng mt vi k thut nh c phn cui ca tp u vo (vi lnh

tail)sau li ly dng u ca on (vi lnh head -1) ly ra c tng dng t trn
xung ca tp u vo. Hai tham s -c1-8 ca lnh wc dng b phn tn tp trong kt qu
lit k s dng trong tp . Ngoi ra, cc bn c th dng lnh:

Cat >> <tn tp> <<-EOA

to ra mt tp trc vi tn trong <tn tp>.

8. Tm hiu lnh test

test l l lnh kim tra s tn ti ca cc tp, th mc v so snh bin s. Cu trc ca lnh
test nh sau:
test <iu kin>
hoc [<iu kin>]

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 C cc tham s nh sau:
iu kin vi cc tp, th mc:
-f <tn> s tn ti ca tp thng thng.
-d <tn> s tn ti ca th mc.
-c <tn> s tn ti tp dng k t.
-r <tn> s tn ti v c th c c.
-s <tn> s tn ti v c kch thc ln hn 0.
-w <tn> s tn ti v c th ghi c.
-x <tn> s tn ti v c th chy c.
iu kin vi cc xu k t:
-n s1 xu s1 c di ln hn 0.
-z s1 xu s1 c di bng 0.
s1 = s2 hai xu s1 v s2 ging nhau.
s1 != s2 hai xu s1 v s2 khng ging nhau.
s1 < s2 xu s1 ng trc xu s2 theo th t ca bng m ASCII.
s1 > s2 xu s1 ng sau xu s2 theo th t ca bng m ASCII.
string bin string khng rng (not null).
iu kin vi cc s:
n1 -eq n2 so snh bng.
n1 -ge n2 so snh ln hn hoc bng.
n1 -gt n2 so snh ln hn.
n1 -le n2 so snh nh hn hoc bng.
n1 -lt n2 so snh nh hn.
n1 -ne n2 so snh khng bng.

V d:
if test $# -gt 0 nu c tham s
if [ -n $1 ] nu tham s khc trng
if [ $count -lt 5 ] nu gi tr ca bin count nh hn 5

Ph lc
Danh sch php ton, lnh v tham s m trng

$0 tn tp ang c thc hin

$1 tham s th nht
$2 tham s th hai
...
$# s tham s
$@ lit k tt c cc tham s
$$ ch s ca process

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$- c (flag)

+ php cng
- php tr
* php nhn
/ php chia
% php ly phn d
== so snh bng
!= so snh khng bng
< so snh nh hn
> so snh ln hn
>= so snh ln hn hoc bng
<= so snh nh hn hoc bng
|| hoc
&& v

$USER tn ngi s dng hin ti

echo in ra mn hnh
read c t bn phm

$HOME/$home th mc chnh ca ngi dng hin ti

$dir
$path

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