4.quantum Mechanics NET-JRF VKS

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InstituteforNET/JRF,GATE,IITJAM,JEST,TIFRandGREinPHYSICALSCIENCES

QUANTUM MECHANICS SOLUTIONS
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
1
Q1. The wavefunction of a particle is given by = 0 + i1 , where 0 and 1 are the
2
normalized eigenfunctions with energies E0 and E1 corresponding to the ground state
and first excited state, respectively. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian in the state
is
E E E 2 E1 E + 2 E1
(a) 0 + E1 (b) 0 E1 (c) 0 (d) 0
2 2 3 3
Ans: (d)
1 H E 0 + 2 E1
Solution: = 0 + i1 and H = =
2 3
Q2. The energy levels of the non-relativistic electron in a hydrogen atom (i.e. in a Coulomb
potential V (r ) 1 / r ) are given by E nlm 1 / n 2 , where n is the principal quantum
number, and the corresponding wave functions are given by nlm , where l is the orbital
angular momentum quantum number and m is the magnetic quantum number. The spin of
the electron is not considered. Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) There are exactly (2l + 1) different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm.
(b) There are l(l + 1) different wave functions nlm , for each Enlm.
(c) Enlm does not depend on l and m for the Coulomb potential.
(d) There is a unique wave function nlm for each Enlm.
Ans: (c)
Q3. The Hamiltonian of an electron in a constant magnetic field B is given by H = B .
where is a positive constant and = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) denotes the Pauli matrices. Let
= B / and I be the 2 2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t / simplifies to
t i B t i B
(a) I cos + sin (b) I cos t + sin t
2 B 2 B
i B i B
(c) I sin t + cos t (d) I sin 2 t + cos 2 t
B B

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Ans: (b)
Solution: H = B where = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) are pauli spin matrices and B are constant magnetic
( ) ( )
field. = 1i, 2 j , 3 k , B = Bx i + By j + Bz k and Hamiltonion H = B in matrices
Bz Bx iBy
form is given by = . Eigenvalue of given matrices are given by
Bx + iBy Bz
+ B and B . H matrices are not diagonals so eiH t / is equivalent to
1 1
i Bt
e 0 2 2
S 1 S where S is unitary matrices and S 1 = S = .
i Bt
1 1
0 e

2 2
1 1 i Bt 1 1
i Bt
e 0 2 2 e 0 2 2
S 1 S= where = B / .
i Bt
1 1 i Bt
1 1
0 e 0 e
2 2 2 2
cos t i sin t
eiHt / = which is equivalent to I cos t + i x sin t can be written
i sin t cos t
i B i B
as I cos t + sin t where x =
B B
Q4. If the perturbation H' = ax, where a is a constant, is added to the infinite square well
potential
V (x ) = 0 for 0 x
otherwise.
The correction to the ground state energy, to first order in a, is
a a a
(a) (b) a (c) (d)
2 4 2
Ans: (a)

a2 x a 2 x
Solution: E01 = 0* H ' 0 dx = x sin
2
dx = 0 = sin .
0
0
2





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Q5. A particle in one dimension moves under the influence of a potential V ( x ) = ax 6 , where a
is a real constant. For large n the quantized energy level En depends on n as:
(a) En ~ n3 (b) En ~ n4/3 (c) En ~ n6/5 (d) En ~ n3/2
Ans: (d)
p x2 p x2
+ ax 6 and p x = 2m(E ax 6 ) 2 . [ ]
1
Solution: V ( x ) = ax 6 , H = + ax 6 , E =
2m 2m
According to W.K.B approximation pdx nh
( 2m ( E ax ))
1/ 2
6
dx n
We can find this integration without solving the integration

Px
1 2mE
2 6 1/ 6 1/ 6
p 2
x p x E 6
E= + ax 6 + =1 x =
x
at p x = 0 . (E / a ) (E / a )
2m 2mE E / a a x
Area of Ellipse = semi major axis semiminor axis
2mE
1
3
E 6
= 2mE n E n 2 .
a
1
Q6. (A) In a system consisting of two spin particles labeled 1 and 2, let S (1) = (1) and
2 2
S (2 ) = (2 ) denote the corresponding spin operators. Here ( x , y , z ) and

2
x , y , z are the three Pauli matrices.
In the standard basis the matrices for the operators S x(1)S y(2 ) and S y(1)S x(2 ) are respectively,
2 2 2 2
(a) 1 0 , 1 0 i 0 , i 0
(b)
4 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 i 4 0 i
0 1 0 0 0 i 0 0
0 0 0 i 2 0 0 0 i 2
2
0 0 i 0 , 0 0 i 0
2
1 0 0 0 i 0 0 0
(c) (d) ,
4 0 i 0 0 4 0 i 0 0 4 0 0 0
i 4 0 0 0 1
i 0 0 0 i
0 0 0
0

0 i 0 0
0 1 0
Ans: (c)





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0 0 0 i
2
(1) ( 2 )
2
0 1 0 i 0 0 i 0
Solution: Sx Sy =
4 1 0 i 0 4 0 i 0 0
i 0 0

0

0 0 0 i
i 0
2
0 1 0
2
0 i 0
S y(1) S x( 2) =
4 i 0 1
0 4 0 i 0 0

i 0 0 0
(B) These two operators satisfy the relation
{ }
(a) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = S z(1)S z(2 ) { }
(b) S x(1)S y(2 ) , S y(1)S x(2 ) = 0
(c) [S ( )S ( ) , S ( )S ( ) ] = iS ( )S ( )
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
z
1
z
2
(d) [S ( )S ( ) , S ( )S ( ) ] = 0
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
Ans: (d)
Solution: We have matrix S(x1)S(y2) and S(y1)S(x2) from question 6(A) so commutation is given by
[S ( ) S ( ) , S ( ) S ( ) ] = 0 .
x
1
y
2
y
1
x
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7. The energy of the first excited quantum state of a particle in the two-dimensional
potential V ( x, y ) =
1
2
(
m 2 x 2 + 4 y 2 is )
3 5
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2
Ans: (d)
1 1 1 1 1
Solution: V ( x, y ) = m 2 (x 2 + 4 y 2 ) = m2 x 2 + m42 y 2 , E = n x + + n y + 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 3
For ground state energy n x = 0, n y = 0 E = + 2 =
2 2 2
3 5
First exited state energy n x = 1, n y = 0 + =
2 2





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Q8. Consider a particle in a one dimensional potential that satisfies V ( x ) = V ( x ) . Let 0
and 1 denote the ground and the first excited states, respectively, and let
= 0 0 + 1 1 be a normalized state with 0 and 1 being real constants. The
expectation value x of the position operator x in the state is given by
(a) 02 0 x 0 + 12 1 x 1 (b) 0 1 [ 0 x 1 + 1 x 0 ]
(c) 02 + 12 (d) 2 0 1
Ans: (b)
Solution: Since V ( x ) = V ( x ) so potential is symmetric.
0 x 0 = 0 , 1 x 1 = 0
x = ( 0 0 + 1 1 ) ( 0 0 + 1 1 ) = 0 1 0 x 1 + 1 x 0
Q9. The perturbation H ' = bx 4 , where b is a constant, is added to the one dimensional
1
harmonic oscillator potential V ( x ) = m 2 x 2 . Which of the following denotes the
2
correction to the ground state energy to first order in b?
[Hint: The normalized ground state wave function of the one dimensional harmonic
1/ 4
m 2
oscillator potential is 0 = e m x /2
. You may use the following

1
n 1
integral x e 2n ax 2
dx = a 2
n + ].
2
3b 2 3b 2 3b 2 15b 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4m 2 2 2m 2 2 2 m 2 2 4m 2 2
Ans: (a)
1
Solution: H ' = bx 4 , V ( x ) = m 2 x 2 .
2
1/ 4 m x 2
m
Correction in ground state is given by E = 0 H ' 0 1
0 where 0 = e 2
.





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1 1
mx 2
m 2

m 2 2 2 mx
( )
2
E = bx 0 dx = b x e dx = b x e
1 * 4 4
dx

0 0

n 1/ 2 1
e dx =
2 n n 2
It is given in the equation x n +
2
m
Thus n = 2 and =
1 1 1
2
m 2 2 2 mx m 2 m
( )
2 2 1
E 01 = b x e dx = b 2 +

2
1 5
m 2 m 2 5 3 b 2
E = b
1
= .

0
2 4 m 2 2
Q10. Let 0 and 1 denote the normalized eigenstates corresponding to the ground and first
excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty p in the

1
state (0 + 1 ) , is
2
(a) p = m / 2 (b) p = m / 2
(c) p = m (d) p = 2 m
Ans: (c)
m
Solution: =
1
2
( 0 + 1 ) , p = i 2 (a
)
a
a =
1
2
( 1 1 + 2 2 ) and a =
1
2
(0 + 10 )
p =i
m
2
(a
)
a = 0 , p2 =
m
2
(a 2
+ a 2 ( 2 N + 1) )
m 2 m m 1
p2 = a + a2 2N + 1 = 2N + 1 = 2 + 1 = m
2 2 2 2
2
p = p2 p = m .





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1
Q11. The wave function of a particle at time t = 0 is given by (0) = ( u1 + u 2 ) , where
2
u1 and u2 are the normalized eigenstates with eigenvalues E1 and E2
respectively, (E 2 > E1 ) . The shortest time after which (t ) will become orthogonal to
(0) is
2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2(E 2 E1 ) E 2 E1 E 2 E1 E 2 E1
Ans: (b)
1
iE1t iE2t
1
Solution: ( 0) =
2
( u1 + u2 ) ( 0) =
2
u
1 e + u 2 e
iE1t iE2t
1 1
( t ) is orthogonal to ( 0) ( 0) ( t ) = 0 e + e =0
2 2
iE1t iE2t iE1t iE2t ( E2 E1 )
i
e +e =0e = e e = 1
cos
( E2 E1 ) t = cos t =
E2 E1
Q12. A constant perturbation as shown in the figure below acts on a particle of mass m
confined in an infinite potential well between 0 and L.
V0 V0
2
0 L
L/2
the first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

V0 3V0 V0 3V0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 2
Ans: (b)





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L
L
2
V 2 x 2 x
Solution: E = 1 V p 1
1
1 = 0 sin 2 dx + V0 sin 2 dx
0
2 L L L L L
2
L
L
V 2 1 2x 2V 1 2x
E11 = 0 1 cos dx + 0 1 cos dx
L 0 2 L L L 2 L
2
V0 L 2V0 L V0 2V0 3V0

E11 = + L = + =
2L 2 2L 2 4 4 4
NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q13. The component along an arbitrary direction n , with direction cosines (n x , n y , n z ) , of the
1
spin of a spin particle is measured. The result is
2
(a) 0 (b) nz (c) (n x + n y + nz ) (d)

2 2 2
Ans: (d)
0 1 0 i 1 0
Solution: S x = , S y = , S z =
2 1 0 2 i 0 2 0 1
n = n x i + n y j + n z k and n x2 + n y2 + n z2 = 1 , S = S x i + S y j + S z k
i
0 0 0
n S = nx 2 + n 2 + nz 2
y
i
0 0
2 2 2

nz (n in y )
x

nS = 2 2

(n x + in y ) nz
2 2
Let is eigen value of n S





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nz (n x in y )
2 2
=0
(n x + in y ) n z
2 2
n z2 2

( )
2 2
nz nz
+ ( n x + n y ) = 0
2 2

2
n x2 + n y2 = 0 .
2 2 4 4 4
(n )
2
2
x + n y2 + n z2 + 2 = 0 = .
4 2
Q14. A particle of mass m is in a cubic box of size a. The potential inside the box
(0 x < a,0 y < a,0 z < a ) is zero and infinite outside. If the particle is in an
14 2
eigenstate of energy E = , its wavefunction is
2ma 2
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 3x 5y 6z 2 7x 4y 3z
(a) = sin sin sin (b) = sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 4x 8y 2z 2 x 2y 3z
(c) = sin sin sin (d) = sin sin sin
a a a a a a a a
Ans: (d)
( ) 14 2 2
2 2
Solution: E nx ,n y ,nz = n x2 + n y2 + n z2 =
2ma 2 2ma 2
n x2 + n y2 + n z2 = 14 n x = 1, n y = 2, n z = 3 .
Q15. Let nlml denote the eigenfunctims of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V (r ) . The wavefunction =

1
4
[ ]
210 + 5 211 + 10 211 is an eigenfunction
only of
(a) H, L2 and Lz (b) H and Lz (c) H and L2 (d) L2 and Lz
Ans: (c)
Solution: H = En
L2 = l (l + 1) 2 and Lz m .





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Q16. 2
The commentator x , p is2
[ ]
(a) 2i xp (b) 2i ( xp + px ) (c) 2i px (d) 2i ( xp px )
Ans: (b)
Solution: x 2 , p 2 = x x, p 2 + x, p 2 x = xp [ x, p ] + x [ x, p ] p + p [ x, p ] x + [ x, p ] px
[x 2
]
, p 2 = xp(i ) + x(i ) p + p(i )x + (i ) px = 2i (xp + px ) .
Q17. A free particle described by a plane wave and moving in the positive z-direction
undergoes scattering by a potential
V if r R
V (r ) = 0
0 if r > R
If V0 is changed to 2V0, keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

the Born approximation.
(a) increases to four times the original value
(b) increases to twice the original value
(c) decreases to half the original value
(d) decreases to one fourth the original value
Ans: (a)
V (r ) = V0 , rR
Solution:
= 0, r>R
m 4
Low energy scattering amplitude f ( , ) = V0 R 3 and differential scattering is
2 2
3
2
d 2 2mV0 R 3
given by 1 = f =
d 3
2
d 2 2m ( 2V0 ) R
3 2
2mV0
Now V (r ) = 2V0 for r < R = = 4
d 3 2

d 2 2m ( 2V0 ) R
3 2
2mV0 R 3 d
= = 4 =4 1

d 3 2
3
2
d





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Q18. A variational calculation is done with the normalized trial wavefunction
(x ) =
15 2
5/ 2
( )
a x 2 for the one-dimensional potential well
4a
0 if x a
V (x ) =
if x > a
The ground state energy is estimated to be

5 2 3 2 3 2 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3ma 2 2ma 2 5ma 2 4ma 2
Ans: (d)
15
Solution: ( x ) = 5
(a 2
x2 ), V (x ) = 0 , x a and V ( x ) = , x > a
4a 2
2 2
a
E = Hdx where H =
a
2m x 2
15 2
a
2 d 2 15 2
2 15 2
a
a 4a5/ 2
E = a x 2
( 2 )5/ 2
a x dx = (
5 )
(a 2 x 2 )( 2)dx
2m dx 4a 16a 2m a
a
15 2 2 15 2 4a 3 5 2
E =
16a 5 2m a
( a 2
x 2
) dx =
16a 5 m 3
=
4ma 2
Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential

if x < 0

V ( x ) = V0 if 0 x l
0 if x > l

If there is at least one bound state, the minimum depth of potential is
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8ml 2 2ml 2 ml 2 ml 2
Ans: (a)





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Solution: For bound state V0 < E < 0
Wave function in region I, I = 0 , II = A sin kx + B cos kx , III = cex

2m(V0 + E ) 2m ( E ) V0 o
Where k = 2
, = 2
. l
Use Boundary condition at x = 0 and x = l (wave function is continuous and differential

at x = 0 and x = l ) one will get
k cot kl = kl cot kl = l = cot where l = , kl = .
2mV0l 2
+ =
2 2
2
1/ 2 o 3
2mV0l 2 2 2
For one bound state = V0 = . 2
2

2
2 8ml 2
Q20. Which of the following is a self-adjoint operator in the spherical polar coordinate
system (r , , ) ?
i i
(a) (b) i (c) (d) i sin
sin
2
sin
Ans: (c)
i
Solution: is Hermitian.
sin
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q21. Let v, p and E denote the speed, the magnitude of the momentum, and the energy of a
free particle of rest mass m. Then
(a) dE = constant (b) p = mv

dp
(c) v = cp (d) E = mc2

p +m c
2 2 2
Ans: (c)





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2 2
m0 v m v p 2v 2
Solution: p = mv = p 2 = 0 2 m02 v 2 = p 2 2
v2 v c
1 2 1 2
c c
2 p2 p2 pc
v m0 + 2 = p v = 2 2
2 2 2
v=
c m0 c + p 2 p + m02 c 2
2
c2
Q22. The wave function of a state of the Hydrogen atom is given by,
= 200 + 2 211 + 3 210 + 2 211
where nlm is the normalized eigen function of the state with quantum numbers n, l, m in
the usual notation. The expectation value of Lz in the state is

15 11 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 8 8
Ans: (d)
1 2 3 2
Solution: Firstly normalize , = 200 + 211 + 210 + 211
16 16 16 16
1 9 10
P(0 )= + = .
16 16 16
4 2
Probability of getting (i) i.e. P(i )= and P( i )= .
16 16
Lz 10 4 2 4 2 2
Now, Lz = = 0 + 1 + ( 1 ) = = =
16 16 16 16 16 16 8
1
Q23. The energy eigenvalues of a particle in the potential V ( x ) = m 2 x 2 ax are
2
1 a2 1 a2
(a) En = n + (b) En = n + +
2 2m 2 2 2m 2
1 a2 1
(c) En = n + (d) En = n +
2 m 2 2
Ans: (a)





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p2 1
Solution: Hamiltonian ( H ) of Harmonic oscillator, H = x + m 2 x 2
2m 2
1
Eigenvalue of this, E n = n +
2
p x2 1 px2 1 2 2 2ax a2 a2
But here, H = + m x ax H =
2 2
+ m x +
2m 2 2m 2 m 2 m 2 4 2m 2
2
p2 1 a a2
H = x + m 2 x
2m 2 m 2 2m 2
1 a2
Energy eigenvalue, E n = n +
2 2m 2
Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function

15 (a 2 x 2 )
for a < x < a
( x ) = 4a 5 / 2
0 otherwise

the uncertainty p in its momentum is
(a) 2 / 5a (b) 5 / 2a (c) 10 / a (d) 5 / 2a

Ans: (d)
2
Solution: p = p2 p and

i
15 (a 2 x 2 )
a
15 2
p =

x = ( i ) (a x 2 )dx
a 4a 5 / 2 4a x
5/ 2
a a
=
15
( i ) a x ( 2 x )dx = +ih 2 155
( 2 2
) (a
2
x x 3 dx )
a 16a
5
16 a a
odd func n
=0
a
2 2
( ) ( )
15
p 2
= 2
a x 2
a x 2 dx
2
16a 5 a x 2





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a
a
2 x3
= 2

15
16a 5
(
( 2 ) a 2 x 2 dx = ) 2

15
16a 5
2 a x
3 a
a
15 3 2a 3 15 1 15
2
2
= 2a = 2 2a 3 1 =
2 2
2
16a 5 3 16 3 4a
2
3
5 2
p2 =
2a 2
2 5 2 5
Now, p = p 2
p = 0 =
2a 2 2a
Q25. Given the usual canonical commutation relations, the commutator [A, B] of
A = i (xp y yp x ) and B = ( yp z + zp y ) is
(a) (xp z p x z ) (b) (xp z p x z )

(c) (xp z + p x z ) (d) (xp z + p x z )
Ans: (c)
[
Solution: [A, B ] = (ixp y iyp x ), ( yp z + zp y ) ]
[A, B] = i[xp y , yp z ] i[ yp x , yp z ] + i[xp y , zp y ] i[yp x , zp y ]
[A, B] = i[xp y , yp z ] 0 + 0 i[yp x , zp y ] = i[xp y , yp z ] i[yp x , zp y ]
[A, B] = ix[ p y , yp z ] + i[x, yp z ] p y iy[ p x , zp y ] i[y, zp y ]p x
[A, B] = ix[ p y , yp z ] + 0 0 i[y, zp y ]p x = ix[ p y , yp z ] i[y, zp y ]p x
[A, B] = ix ( i ) p z izi px
[A, B] = (xp z + p x z )
Q26. Consider a system of three spins S1, S2 and S3 each of which can take values +1 and -1.
The energy of the system is given by E = J [S1 S 2 + S 2 S 3 + S 3 S1 ] where J is a positive
constant. The minimum energy and the corresponding number of spin configuration are,
respectively,
(a) J and 1 (b) 3 J and 1 (c) 3 J and 2 (d) 6 J and 2
Ans: (c)





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Solution: If we take S1 = S2 = S3 = +1 i.e.
S1 S2 S3
Then energy, E = J [1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1] = 3J
Again S1 = S2 = S3 = 1 , then
Energy ( E ) = 3J
So, minimum energy is ( 3J ) and there are two spin configuration.
If we take
S1 S2 S3
Then we get Maximum energy E = J .

1
Q27. The energies in the ground state and first excited state of a particle of mass m = in a
2
potential V ( x ) are 4 and 1 , respectively, (in units in which = 1 ). If the
corresponding wavefunctions are related by 1 ( x ) = 0 ( x )sinh x, then the ground state

eigenfunction is
(a) 0 ( x ) = sec hx (b) 0 ( x ) = sec hx
(c) 0 ( x ) = sec h 2 x (d) 0 ( x ) = sec h 3 x

Ans: (c)
Solution: Given that ground state energy E0 = 4 , first excited state energy E1 = 1 and 0 , 1
are corresponding wave functions.
1
Solving Schrdinger equation (use m = and = 1 )
2
2 2 0 2 0
+ V 0 = E0 0 + V 0 = 4 0 ..(1)
2m x 2 x 2
2 2 1 2 1
+ V 1 = E1 1 + V 1 = 1 1 ..(2)
2m x 2 x 2
Put 1 = 0 sinh x in equation (2) one will get
2
20 .sinh x + 2 0 cosh x + 0 sinh x + V 0 sinh x = 0 sinh x
x x





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2

20 + 2 0 coth x + 0 + V 0 = 0
x x
2 0 0 2 0
+ V 0 2 coth x 0 = 0 using relation + V 0 = 4 0
x x x 2
2

0 d 0
4 0 2 coth x 0 = 0 = 2 tanh xdx 0 = sec h 2 x .
x 0
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q28. In a basis in which the z - component S z of the spin is diagonal, an electron is in a spin
(1 + i ) / 6
state = . The probabilities that a measurement of S z will yield the values
2/3
/ 2 and / 2 are, respectively,

(a) 1/ 2 and 1/ 2 (b) 2 / 3 and 1/ 3 (c) 1/ 4 and 3 / 4 (d) 1/ 3 and 2 / 3
Ans: (d)
1 0
Solution: Eigen state of S z is 1 = and 2 = corresponds to Eigen value and
0 1 2 2
respectively.
2 2
1 1+ i
2
2 1 2 2
P = = = = , P = =
2 6 6 3 2 3
Q29. Consider the normalized state of a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator:
= b1 0 + b2 1
where 0 and 1 denote the ground and first excited states respectively, and b1 and b2
are real constants. The expectation value of the displacement x in the state will be a
minimum when
1 1
(a) b2 = 0, b1 = 1 (b) b2 = b1 (c) b2 = b1 (d) b2 = b1
2 2
Ans: (d)





fiziks

Solution: x = b1 0 x 0 + b2 1 x 1 + 2b1b2 0 x 1
2 2
Since 0 x 0 = 0 and 1 x 1 = 0 x = 2b1b2 0 x 1 .
Min of x means min 2b1b2 . We know that b12 + b22 = 1.
x min
2
( ) 2
[
= ( b1 + b2 ) b12 + b22 0 x 1 = (b1 + b2 ) 1 0 x 1 1 (b1 b2 ) 0 x 1
2
] [ ]
for min value of 1 ( b1 b2 ) there must be maximum of ( b1 b2 ) so
2 2
b1 = b2

none of answer is matched but if we consider about magnitude then option (d) is correct .
Q30. The un-normalized wavefunction of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential is
given by
( r ) = zf ( r )
where f (r ) is a function of the radial variable r . The eigenvalue of the operator
L2 (namely the square of the orbital angular momentum) is

2 2 2 2
(a) /4 (b) /2 (c) (d) 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: (r ) = zf (r ) = r cos f (r )
( r = Y10 ( , ) ) , L2 ( r ) = L2Y10 ( , ) where l = 1
L2 = l (l + 1) 2
= 1(1 + 1) 2
=2 2
Q31. If nlm denotes the eigenfunciton of the Hamiltonian with a potential V = V (r ) then the
expectation value of the operator L2x + L2y in the state
/ =
1
5
[
3/ 211 + / 210 15/ 211 ]
is
2 2 2 2
(a) 39 / 25 (b) 13 / 25 (c) 2 (d) 26 / 25
Ans: (d)
Solution: L2x + L2y = L2 L2z L2x + L2y = L2 L2z = L2 L2z





fiziks

9 1 15
L2 L2z = 2 2 1 2 + 0 2 + 1 2
25 25 25
24 50 24 26
L2 L2z = 2 2
2
= 2
= 2
25 25 25
Q32. Consider a two-dimensional infinite square well
0 0 < x < a, 0< y<a
V ( x, y ) =
otherwise
2 n xx n y y
Its normalized Eigenfunctions are nx ,n y ( x, y ) = sin sin
a a a
a a
V 0< x< , 0< y<
where n x , n y = 1,2,3, ..If a perturbation H ' = 0 2 2
0 otherwise
is applied, then the correction to the energy of the first excited state to order V0 is
V0 V0 64
(a) (b) 1
9 2
4 4
V0 16 V0 32
(c)
4 1 9 2 (d)
4 1 9 2
Ans: (b)
Solution: For first excited state, which is doubly degree
2 x 2 y 2 2 x y
1 = sin sin , 2 = sin sin
a a a a a a
2 a / 2 2 x 2 a / 2 2 2 y 1 1 V0
a 0 a 0
H11 = 1 H 1 = V0 sin dx sin dy = V 0 =
a a 2 2 4
2 a/2 x 2 x 2 a / 2 2 y y
H12 = 1 H 2 = V0
a 0
sin
a
sin
a
dx sin
a 0 a
sin
a
dy
4 4 16 16 V
H 12 = V0 = V0 , H 21 = 2 H 1 = V0 2 and H 22 = 2 H 2 = 0 .
3 3 9 9
2
4
V0 16V0
2 2
Thus 4 9 2 = 0 V0 16V0 = 0
16V0 V0 4 9
2

9 2 4





fiziks

V 16V0 V 64
0 = = 0 1 2
4 9 2
4 9
Q33. The bound on the ground state energy of the Hamiltonian with an attractive delta-
function potential, namely
2
d2
H = a ( x )
2m dx 2
using the variational principle with the trial wavefunction ( x ) = A exp bx 2 is ( )

Note : e t t a dt = (a + 1)
0
(a) ma 2 / 4 2
(b) ma 2 / 2 2
(c) ma 2 / 2
(d) ma 2 / 5 2
Ans: (c)
2 2
b 2b b 2b
Solution: For given wavefunction T = and V = a E = a
2m 2m
d E d E 2
2 1 12 4
For variation of parameter =0 = a b =0b= .
db db 2m 2 8m 2
ma 2
E = .
min
2
Q34. If the operators A and B satisfy the commutation relation [ A, B] = I , where I is the
identity operator, then
[ ]
(a) e A , B = e A [ ] [
(b) e A , B = e B , A ]
(c) [e , B] = [e
A B
,A ] (d) [e , B] = I
A
Ans: (a)
A A2
Solution: [A, B] = I and e A = 1 + + + .......
1 2
A2 , B A3 , B
[ ]
A A2
e , B = 1 + +
A
+ ......., B = [1, B ] + [ A, B ] + + .........
1 2 2 3





fiziks

[ ]
eA, B = 0 + I +
A[ A, B ] + [A, B ]A A A , B + A 2 , B A
+
2
[
+ ...........
] [ ]
2! 3!
[e , B] = 1 + A + A2! + ........ = e [ ] [ ]
2
A A
where [A, B] = I , A 2 , B = 2 A and A3 , B = 3 A 2 .
Q35. Two identical bosons of mass m are placed in a one-dimensional potential

1
V (x ) = m 2 x 2 . The bosons interact via a weak potential,
2
[
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4
2
]
where x1 and x 2 denote coordinates of the particles. Given that the ground state
1
mx 2
m 4
wavefunction of the harmonic oscillator is / 0 ( x ) = e 2
. The ground state

energy of the two-boson system, to the first order in V0 , is
V0
(a) + 2V0 (b) +

1

2
(c) + V0 1 + (d) + V0 1 +
2
Ans: (c)
Solution: There is two bosons trapped in harmonic oscillator so energy for ground state without

perturbation is = 2. = .
2
If perturbation is introduced we have to calculate V1,2 where
[
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4 .
2
]
1
m x12 m x22
m 2
But calculating V1,2 on state / 0 ( x ) = e 2 e 2 is very tedious task.

So lets use a trick i.e perturbation is nothing but approximation used in Taylor series. So
[
just expand V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4
2
] and take average value of first term





fiziks

( x1 x2 )
2
[
V12 = V0 exp m( x1 x 2 ) / 4 = V0 (1
2
] 4
+ ...)
V12 = V0 (1
(
m x12 + x22 2 x1.x2 ) + ...)
4
V1,2 = V0 (1
(
m x12 + x22 2 x1 . x2 ) + ...) = V (1 m( 2m + 2m 0) )...
o
4 4
1
2
V12 = Vo (1 ) V0 1 + .
4 2
1
2
So E = + V0 1 + .
2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
1 1 1 + i
Q36. A spin - particle is in the state = in the eigenbasis of S 2 and S z . If we
2 11 3
h h
measure S z , the probabilities of getting + and , respectively are
2 2
1 1 2 9 1 3
(a) and (b) and (c) 0 and 1 (d) and
2 2 11 11 11 11
Ans: (b)
2
1 1 + i 1 2
Solution: P = (10) = 2 = =1
2 11 3 2 11
2
1 1 + i 9
P =
2
( 01) =
11 3 11

i.e. probability of S z getting and
2 2





fiziks

Q37. The motion of a particle of mass m in one dimension is described by the
p2 1
Hamiltonian H = + m 2 x 2 + x . What is the difference between the (quantized)
2m 2
energies of the first two levels? (In the following, x is the expectation value of x in the
ground state.)
2
(a) x (b) + x (c) + (d)
2m 2
Ans: (d)
p2 1 1
Solution: H = + m 2 x 2 + x V ( x ) = m 2 x 2 + x
2m 2 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
V ( x ) = m x + x = m x + 2 x +
2 m 2 2 m 2 m 2 4 m 2 4
2
1 2
V ( x ) = m 2 x +
2 m 2 2m 2
1 2 3 1
En = n + E1 E0 = =
2 2m 2
2 2
Q38. Let nlm denote the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian for a spherically symmetric
potential V (r ) . The expectation value of Lz in the state
=
1
6
[
200 + 5 210 + 10 211 + 20 211 is ]
5 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 6 18
Ans: (d)
1 5 10 20 10 5
Solution: Lz = L z = 0 + 0 + (1 ) + (1 ) = = =1
36 36 36 36 36 18
Q39. If ( x ) = A exp( x 4 ) is the eigenfunction of a one dimensional Hamiltonian with
eiggenvalue E = 0 , the potential V ( x ) (in units where = 2m = 1 ) is
(a) 12 x 2 (b) 16 x 6 (c) 16 x 6 + 12 x 2 (d) 16 x 6 12 x 2





fiziks

Ans: (d)
Solution: Schrodinger equation
2 + V = 0 (where = 2m = 1 and E = 0 )

2
x 2
( 4
) 4
Ae x + VAe x = 0 e x 4 x3 + Ve x = 0
x
4
[{ 4
(
4 3x 2 e x + x 3 4 x 3 e x
4
)}]+ Ve x4 4 4
= 0 12 x 2 e x 16 x 6 e x + Ve x = 0
4
V = 16 x 6 12 x 2
Q40. A particle is in the ground state of an infinite square well potential given by,
0 for a x a
V (x ) =
otherwise
a a
The probability to find the particle in the interval between and is
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) + (c) (d)
2 2 2
Ans: (b)
a a
Solution: The probability to find the particle in the interval between and is
2 2
x x x 1 1 2x
a/2 a/2 a/2
2 2 1
= cos cos dx = cos 2 dx = 1 + cos dx
a / 2
2a 2a 2a 2a a / 2
a 2a a 2 a / 2 2a
a/2
1 a x 1 a a a 1 2a 1 1
= x + sin = + + (1 + 1) = a+ = +
2a a a / 2 2a 2 2 2a 2
Q41. The expectation value of the x - component of the orbital angular momentum L x in the
state =
1
5
[
3 2,1, 1 + 5 2,1,0 11 2,1, +1 ]
(where nlm are the eigenfunctions in usual notation), is
(a)
10
25
( 11 3) (b) 0 (c)
10
25
( 11 + 3) (d) 2





fiziks

Ans: (a)
Solution: L l , m = l ( l + 1) m ( m 1) l , m 1 and L+ l , m = l ( l + 1) m ( m + 1) l , m + 1
L+ + L L + L
Lx = Lx = +
2 2
1
L+ = 3 2 210 + 5 2 211
5
1 1 1
L+ = .3 10 110 = 10(3 11)
25 25 25
1
L = 2 5 211 2 11 210
5
1 1
L = .3 10 10 11
25 25
L+ + L 1
Lx = = 10(3 11)
2 25
Lx =
1
25
.3 10
1
25
10 11 =
10
25
( 11 3)
Q42. A particle is prepared in a simultaneous eigenstate of L2 and Lz . If l ( + 1) 2
and m are
respectively the eigenvalues of L2 and Lz , then the expectation value L2x of the particle
in this state satisfies

(a) L2x = 0 (b) 0 L2x 2 2
( + 1) 2 2
( + 1) 2
(c) 0 L 2
x (d) L 2
x
2 2 2
Ans: (d)
1
Solution: L2x =
2
(
l ( l + 1) 2
m2 2
)
For max value m = 0 and for min m = l
l 2
l (l + 1) 2
L2x
2 2





fiziks

A, B, C are Non zero Hermitian operator.
[A, B] = C AB BA AB Ab = 0 = C
but C0
if AB = BA ie [A, B ] = C false (2)
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q43. Consider a system of two non-interacting identical fermions, each of mass m in an

infinite square well potential of width a . (Take the potential inside the well to be zero
and ignore spin). The composite wavefunction for the system with total energy
5 2 2
E= is
2ma 2
2 x1 2x 2 2x1 x 2
(a) sin sin sin sin
a a a a a
2 x1 2x 2 2x1 x 2
(b) sin sin + sin sin
a a a a a
2 x1 3x 2 3x1 x 2
(c) sin sin sin sin
a a 2a 2a a
2 x1 x 2 x x
(d) sin cos sin 2 cos 2
a a a a a
Ans: (a)
Solution: Fermions have antisymmetric wave function
2 x1 2 x2 2 x1 x2
( x1 x2 ) = sin sin sin sin
a a a a a
5 2 2
En = nx1 = 1, nx2 = 2
2ma 2





fiziks

A particle of mass m in the potential V ( x, y ) = m 2 (4 x 2 + y 2 ) , is in an eigenstate of
1
Q44.
2
5
energy E = . The corresponding un-normalized eigen function is
2
m m
(a) y exp (2 x 2 + y 2 )

(b) x exp (2 x 2 + y 2 )

2 2
m 2 m 2
(c) y exp (x + y 2 )

(d) xy exp (x + y 2 )

2 2
Ans: (a)
m 2 (4 x 2 + y 2 ) , E =
1 5
Solution: V ( x, y ) =
2 2
1 1
V ( x, y ) = m ( 2 ) x 2 + m 2 y 2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1
Now, E n = n x + x + n y + y = n x + 2 + n y +
2 2 2 2
3
En = 2 n x + n y +
2
5
En = when n x = 0 and n y = 1 .
2
Q45. A particle of mass m in three dimensions is in the potential
0 r<a
V (r ) =
r>a
Its ground state energy is
2 2
2 2
3 2 2 9 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2
Ans: (a)
d u ( r ) l ( l + 1)
2
2
Solution: 2
+ + V ( r ) u ( r ) = Eu ( r )
2m dr 2mr 2
d 2u ( r ) 2mE
2
= Ku ( r ) K = 2
, l = 0, V ( r ) = 0
dr





fiziks

u ( r ) = A sin Kr + B cos Kr
Using boundary condition, B = 0,
2 2
u ( r ) = A sin Kr , r = a, u ( r ) = 0 sin Ka = 0 Ka = n E = n =1
2ma 2
1
Q46. Given that p r = i + , the uncertainty p r in the ground state.
r r
1
/ 0 (r ) = e r / a0
a 3
0
of the hydrogen atom is

2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a0 a0 2a 0 a0
Ans: (a)
1 1
Solution: p r = i + , 0 (r ) = e r / a0
r r a0
3
2
Pr = Pr2 Pr

1 r / a
1 e 0
Now Pr = e r / a0 i + 4 r dr
2
0 a 03 r r a 03
4 i r / a0 r / a0 1 1 r / a0 2

r dr
a 03 0
= e + e
e
a0 r
4 i 1

a 03 a 0 0 0
2 r / a0 2 2 r / a0
= e r dr + re dr

4 i 1 2 ! 1 !
= +
a03 a0 ( 2 / a0 ) ( 2 / a0 )
3 2
4 i a02 a02
= + =0 Pr = 0
a03 4 4





fiziks

1

2
2 r / a0
Pr2 = 3 e r / a0 2 2 + e 4 r dr
2
a 0 0 r r r
4 2 r / a0 r / a0 1 2 1 r / a0 2

a03 0
= e e a 2 + r a e r dr
0 0
4 2 1 2 2 r / a0

2

4 2 1 2 ! 2 1 !
a03 0 a02 a0 0
2 r / a0
= r e dr re dr = 2
a0 ( 2 / a0 ) a0 ( 2 / a0 )
3 2
a03
4 2 2 ! a03 2 a02 4 2 a0 a0 4 2 a0 2
= = 4 = =
a03 a02 8 a0 4 a03 2 a03 4 a02
2
2
P = Pr2 Pr = 0 =
a02 a0
Q47. The ground state eigenfunction for the potential V ( x ) = ( x ) where ( x ) is the delta
function, is given by / ( x ) = Ae
x
, where A and > 0 are constants. If a perturbation
H = bx 2 is applied, the first order correction to the energy of the ground state will be
b b 2b b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
2
2
2 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: V ( x ) = ( x ) , (x ) = Ae
x
= 1 ( x ) = e x

E = 1 H 1 = e x bx 2 e x dx
1
1

0

e bx dx = b e x dx = b x e dx + x e dx = b 2 x e dx
2 x 2 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2x
0 0

2! 2! b

2 x
e bx 2
dx = 2b 3
= 2 b 3 =
(2 ) 8 2 2





fiziks

Q48. An electron is in the ground state of a hydrogen atom. The probability that it is within the
Bohr radius is approximately equal to
(a) 0.60 (b) 0.90 (c) 0.16 (d) 0.32
Ans: (d)
2
a0 a0
1 4
4 r dr = 2 r e
r / a0 2 2 2 r / a0
Solution: Probability: e dr
0 a 3
0
ao 0
2
a0
a0
a0
a0 a0
a0
1 4 2 r / a0
e r / a0
4 r dr = 3
2
r e
2 2 r / a0
2 2r e ( )
2 2
0 a03 a0 0 0

a0
a a a
+ 2e 2 r / a0 0 0 0
2 2 2 0
4 2 2aa0 a0 a02 2 a0 / a0 a03 2 a0 / a0 0 a0

3

= 3 a0 e 0 2 2 a0 e e + 2 e
a0 4 4 8
4 a03 1 a03 1 a03 a03 5 1 1

= + = 4 2 + = 5 2 + 1
a03 2 e
2
2 e 2
4e 2
4 4e 4 e
= [ 5 0.137 + 1] = [ 0.685 + 1] = 0.32
Q49. A particle in the infinite square well

0 0< x<a
V (x ) =
otherwise
is prepared in a state with the wavefunction
3 x
A sin 0< x<a
/ (x ) = a
0 otherwise

The expectation value of the energy of the particle is
5 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 2 2
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2ma 2 2ma 2 10ma 2 2ma 2
Ans: (c)





fiziks

3 x
0 0< x<a A sin 0< x<a
Solution: V ( x ) = (x ) = a
otherwise 0
, otherwise
x 3 x 1 3 x
( x ) = A sin 3 = A sin A sin sin 3 A = 3sin A 4sin 3 A
a 4 a 4 a
3 x 1 3 x A a 2 x a 2 3 x
= A sin A sin = 3sin sin
4 a 4 a 4 2 a a 2 a a
A a a
( x) = 3 1 ( x ) 3 ( x )
4 2 2
a 2 a 2 10a 2 32
=1 9 A + A =1 A =1 A =
32 32 32 10a
1 a 32 a 32
( x ) = 3. 1 ( x ) 3 ( x )
4 2 10a 2 10a
3 1
(x ) = 1 (x ) 3 ( x )
10 10
2 2
9 2 2
Now, E1 = , E2 = E = an P ( an )
2ma 2 2ma 2
2 2
1 9 2 1
Probably P ( E1 ) = = , P ( E2 ) = =
10 10
9 2 2 1 9 2 2 9 2 2
E = + E =
10 2ma 2 10 2ma 2 10ma 2





fiziks

NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q50. Suppose Hamiltonian of a conservative system in classical mechanics is H = xp , where
is a constant and x and p are the position and momentum respectively. The
corresponding Hamiltonian in quantum mechanics, in the coordinate representation, is
1 1
(a) i x (b) i x +
x 2 x 2
i
(c) i x (d) x
x 2 x
Ans: (b)
Solution: Classically H = xp , quantum mechanically H must be Hermitian,

So, H = ( xp + px ) and H = ( xp + px )
2 2
i ( x )
H = x ( i ) + = ( i ) x +x

+
2 x x 2 x x
i i
H = 2x + = 2 x + 1
2 x 2 x
1
H = i x +
x 2
Q51. Let 1 and 2 denote the normalized eigenstates of a particle with energy eigenvalues
E1 and E2 respectively, with E 2 > E1 . At time t = 0 the particle is prepared in a state
1
(t = 0) = ( 1 + 2 )
2
The shortest time T at which (t = T ) will be orthogonal to (t = 0 ) is
2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(E 2 E1 ) (E 2 E1 ) 2(E 2 E1 ) 4(E 2 E1 )
Ans: (b)
1 1 iE1T 1 iE2T
Solution: ( t = 0) = ( 1 + 2 ) and ( t = T ) = e 1 + e 2
2 2 2





fiziks

iE1 iE2 iE iE T
1 T 1 T 1T 2T i ( E2 E1 )
*
( 0 ) ( T ) dx = 0 e + e = 0 e = e e = 1
2 2
T
Equate real part cos ( E2 E1 ) = 1 T = cos 1 ( 1) =
( E2 E1 ) ( E2 E1 )
Q52. Consider the normalized wavefunction
= a1 11 + a 2 10 + a3 11
where lm is a simultaneous normalized eigenfunction of the angular momentum
operators L2 and Lz , with eigenvalues l (l + 1) 2

and m respectively. If is an
eigenfunction of the operator L x with eigenvalue , then
1 1 1 1
(a) a1 = a3 = , a2 = (b) a1 = a3 = , a2 =
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
(c) a1 = a3 = , a2 = (d) a1 = a 2 = a3 =
2 2 3
Ans: (b)
L+ + L
Solution: Lx = =
2
For L+ , L+ [ a1 11 + a2 10 + a3 11 ] = a1 0 12 + a2 2 11 + a3 2 10
= a2 2 11 + a3 2 10
For L , L [ a1 11 + a2 10 + a3 11 ] = a1 2 10 + a2 2 11
L+ + L
Given =
2
L+ + L 1
= a2 2 11 + ( a1 + a3 ) 2 10 + a2 2 11
2 2
L+ + L

2
= [a
1 11 + a2 10 + a3 11 ] (Given)
a2
Thus = a1 a2 = 2a1
2





fiziks

a1 + a3 a +a a
= a2 1 3 = 2a1 2 = a3
2 2 2
a22
a12 + a22 + =1
2
1 1
a1 = a3 = , a2 =
2 2
Q53. Let x and p denote, respectively, the coordinate and momentum operators satisfying the
canonical commutation relation [x, p ] = i in natural units ( = 1) . Then the commutator
[x, pe ] is
p
(a) i (1 p )e p (b) i (1 p 2 )e p (c) i (1 e p ) (d) ipe p

Ans: (a)
Solution: [ x, p ] = i
p 2 p3
x, pe p = [ x, p ] e p + p x, e p = ie p + p x,1 p + ....
2 3
p2 2ip 3ip 2
= ie p + p [ x,1] [ x, p ] + x, .... = ie p + p 0 i + ......
2 2 3
p3
x, pe = ie
p p
i p p + ..... = ie p ipe p = i (1 p ) e p
2
Q54. Let = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , where 1 , 2 , 3 are the Pauli matrices. If a and b are two
arbitrary constant vectors in three dimensions, the commutator a , b is equal to (in [ ]

the following I is the identity matrix)
( )
(a) a b ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) (
(b) 2i a b )
(c) (a b ) I (d) a b I
Ans: (b)
Solution: a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k , = x i + y j + z k





fiziks

a , b = a1 x + a2 y + + a3 z , b1 x + b2 y + b3 z

a , b = a1b1 [ x , x ] + a1b2 x , y + a1b3 [ x , z ] + a2b1 y , x + a2b2 y , y

+ a2b3 y , z + a3b1 [ z , x ] + a3b2 z , y + a3b3 [ z , z ]
= a1b1 0 + a1b2 2i z 2ia1b3 y a2b1 2i z + 0 + a2b3 2i x + a3b1 2i y a3b2 2i x + 0
a , b = = 2i a b ( )
Q55. The ground state energy of the attractive delta function potential
V ( x ) = b ( x ) ,
where b > 0 , is calculated with the variational trial function
x
A cos , for a < x < a,
(x ) = 2a
0, otherwise,
is
mb 2 2mb 2 mb 2 mb 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 4 2 2
Ans: (b)
x
Solution: V ( x ) = b ( x ) ; b > 0 and ( x ) = A cos ; a < x < a
2a
2 x
Normalized = cos
2a 2a
a 2 2 2 2
T = * dx =
a 2 m x 2 8ma 2
a 2 b
V = * b ( x ) dx = ( b ) =
a 2a a
2 2
b
E = 2

8ma a
E
2 2 2 b 2 2 2 2
= + 2 =0 +b = 0 a =
a 8ma 3 a 4ma 4ma





fiziks

Put the value of a in equation: E =

b
2
=
2 2
2
( 4mb) b ( 4mb) = 2mb2 2
8ma 2 a 8m 2 2
2
2 2 (2 2 ) ( )
Q56. Let = c0 0 + c1 1 (where c0 and c1 are constants with c02 + c12 = 1 ) be a linear
combination of the wavefunctions of the ground and first excited states of the one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator. For what value of c0 is the expectation value x a
maximum?
1 1
(a) x = , c0 = (b) x = , c0 =
m 2 2 m 2
1 1
(c) x = , c0 = (d) x = , c0 =
2m 2 m 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: = c0 0 + c1 1
X = X
( )
X = 2c0 c1 0 X 1 = c02 + c12 ( c0 c1 ) 0 X 1 = 1 ( c0 c1 ) 0 X 1
2 2

1
For max X = c0 = c1 c02 + c12 = 1 c0 =
2
1 1
X =2 0 X 1 = 0 X 1
2 2
2m
( 0 a+a 1) +
X =
2m
Q57. Consider a particle of mass m in the potential V ( x ) = a x , a > 0 . The energy eigen-
values E n (n = 0, 1, 2, ....) , in the WKB approximation, are

1/ 3 2/3
3a 1 3a 1
(a) n + (b) n +
4 2m 2 4 2m 2
4/3
3a 1 3a 1
(c) n + (d) n +
4 2m 2 4 2m 2





fiziks

Ans: (b)
Solution: V ( x ) = a x , x>0
2 1
According to W.K.B., 1
pdq = n + where 1 and 2 are positive mid point
2
P2
E= + a x P = 2m ( E a x )
2m E / E /
1
2m ( E a x )dx = n +
E/
E /
2
0 E / 1
2m ( E + ax )dx + 2m ( E ax )dx = n +
E / 0
2
E / 1
2 2m ( E ax )dx = n +
0
2
2m ( E ax ) = t At x = 0, t = 2mE; x = E / a, t = 0
2madx = dt
2 mE
2 mE 1 2 1
2ma t1/ 2 dt = n + 2ma t = n+
0
2 3 0 2
4 2 mE 1 4 1
= n + ma ( 2mE ) = n +
3/ 2
ma t 3/2
3 0
2 3 2
2/3
4 1 3a 1
23/ 2 am5 / 2 E 3/ 2 = n + E = n +
3 2 4 2m 2
Q58. The Hamiltonian H 0 for a three-state quantum system is given by the matrix
1 0 0 0 1 0

H 0 = 0 2 0 . When perturbed by H = 1 0 1 where << 1 , the resulting shift
0 0 2 0 1 0

in the energy eigenvalue E 0 = 2 is
(a) , 2 (b) , 2 (c) (d) 2

Ans: None of the answer is correct.





fiziks

1 0 0 0 1 0
Solution: H 0 = 0 2 0 , H =0 1 0 1

0 0 2 0 1 0
2 0 0 1
0 2 in H 0 is not 0 1 0 in H because H is not in block diagonal form. So we
must diagonalised whole H . The Eigen value at H = 0, + 2 0 , 2 0 .
0 0 0

After diagonalisation H =0 0 2 0 , = 0 is correction for Eigenvalue at H 0 .
0 0 2
So 2 0 is the correction for eigenvalue of H 0 = 2

None of the answer is correct.
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q59. The ratio of the energy of the first excited state E1 , to that of the ground state E0 , to that
L
of a particle in a three-dimensional rectangular box of side L, L and , is
2
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 :1 (c) 4 :1 (d) 4 : 3
Ans. (a)
2 2
Solution: E = nx2 + n y2 + 4nz2
2
2mL
For ground state nz = 1, n y = 1, nz = 1
6 2 2
E0 =
2mL2
For first excited state. nx = 1, n y = 2nz = 1
2 2
9 2 2
E = E1 = (1 + 4 + 4 )
2mL2 2mL2
E1 9 3
=
E0 6 2





fiziks

Q60. If Li are the components of the angular momentum operator L , then the operator
i =1,2,3
L, Li equals

(a) L (b) 2L (c) 3L (d) L

Ans. (b)
Solution: Let L = Lx i + Ly j + Lz k
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
L, Lx = Ly , Lx j + [ Lz , Lx ] k = i Lz j + Ly k i

L, Lx , Lx = i [ Lz , Lx ] j + Ly , Lx i i .i Ly j ( i ) Lz ( i ) Lz ( i ) .k = 2 Ly j + Lz k

similarly L, Ly Ly = 2 Lx i + Lz k

L, Lz Lz = 2
Lx i + Ly j

[ L, Li ] Li = 2
i =1,2,3
2 Lx i + Ly j + Lz k = 2 L

put =1
Q61. The wavefunction of a particle in one-dimension is denoted by ( x ) in the coordinate

ipx
representation and by ( p ) = ( x ) e dx in the momentum representation. If the
action of an operator T on ( x ) is given by T ( x ) = ( x + a ) , where a is a constant
then T ( p ) is given by
iap
i
(a) ap ( p ) (b) e ( p)
+ iap
i
(c) e ( p) (d) 1 + ap ( p )

Ans. (c)
ipx
Solution: ( p ) = ( x )e dx
T ( x ) = ( x + a )





fiziks

ipx ipx ipa ip ( x + a )
T ( p ) = T ( x ) e dx = ( x + a ) e dx = e ( x + a )e dx
ipa
T ( p ) = e ( p )
Q62. The differential cross-section for scattering by a target is given by

d
( , ) = a 2 + b2 cos 2
d
If N is the flux of the incoming particles, the number of particles scattered per unit time
is
4 1
(a)
3
(
N a2 + b2 ) (b) 4 N a 2 + b 2
6
1 1 1
(c) 4 N a 2 + b 2 (d) 4 N a 2 + b 2
2 3 3
Ans. (d)
d
Solution: = a 2 + b 2 cos 2
d
2 2
2 b2
= a 2 sin d d + b 2 cos 2 sin d d = a 2 .4 + b 2 .2 = 4 a 2 +
0 0 0 0
3 3
b2
number of particle per unit .N = 4 N a 2 +
3
1
Q63. A particle of mass m is in a potential V = m 2 x 2 , where is a constant. Let
2
m ip da
a = x + . In the Heisenberg picture is given by
2 m dt
(a) a (b) i a (c) a (d) i a

Ans. (b)
1
Solution: V = m 2 x 2
2





fiziks

m ip
a= x +
2 m
da 1 a a
= [ a, H ] + =0
dt i t t
1 m p 2 im 2 1 m 2 p i
= x, + px, x 2 = i + ( 2 x ) i
i 2 2m 2m i 2 2m 2
m p m ip
= i x = i x+ = i a
2 m 2 m
Q64. Two different sets of orthogonal basis vectors
1 0 1 1 1 1
, and , are given for a two dimensional real vector space.
0 1 2 1 2 1
The matrix representation of a linear operator A in these bases are related by a unitary
transformation. The unitary matrix may be chosen to be
0 1 0 1
(a) (b)
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0
(c) (d)
2 1 1 2 1 1
Ans. (c)
1 0
Solution: u1 =
0 1
1 1 1
u2 =
2 1 1
1 1 1
u = u1 u2 =
2 1 1
Q65. The Dirac Hamiltonian H = c . p + mc 2 for a free electron corresponds to the classical
relation E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 . The classical energy-momentum relation of a piratical of





fiziks

2
q
charge q in a electromagnetic potential , A ( ) is ( E q )
2
= c p A + m2 c 4 .

2
c
Therefore, the Dirac Hamiltonian for an electron in an electromagnetic field is
e e
(a) c . p + A. A + mc 2 e (b) c . p + A + mc 2 + e
c c
e e
(c) c . p + e + A + mc 2 (d) c . p + A + mc 2 e
c c
Ans. (d)
Solution: Electromagnetic interaction of Dirac particle
1
qA 2
H = P 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 + q
c
Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian
qA
i = c P + mc + q
2
t c
put q = e
e
H = c . P + A + mc 2 e
c
Q66. A particle of energy E scatters off a repulsive spherical potential
V for r < a
V (r ) = 0
0 for r a
where V0 and a are positive constants. In the low energy limit, the total scattering cross-
2
1 2m
section is = 4 a tanh ka 1 , where k 2 = 2 (V0 E ) > 0 . In the limit V0
2
ka h
the ratio of to the classical scattering cross-section off a sphere a radius a is
1
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d)
2
Ans. (a)





fiziks

2
1
Solution: = 4 a tanh ka 1 2
ka
ka tanh ka 1
2
1
= 4 a 12
ka
ka
H = 4 a 2
H
classically c = a 2
c = 4
NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q67. A Hermitian operator O has two normalized eigenstates 1 and 2 with eigenvalues 1
and 2 , respectively. The two states u = cos 1 + sin 2 and v = cos 1 + sin 2
are such that v O = 7 / 4 and u v = 0 . Which of the following are possible values of
and ?

(a) = and = (b) = and =
6 3 6 3

(c) = and = (d) = and =
4 4 3 6
Ans.: (a)
Solution: u = cos 1 + sin 2
v = cos 1 + sin 2
it is given O 1 = 1
O 2 = 2
7
v O v =
4





fiziks

7 7
cos 2 + 2sin 2 = cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 sin 2 = 1
4 4
3
sin = =
2 3
u v =0
cos cos + sin sin = 0 cos ( ) = 0
5
= or = = + or = = or =
2 2 2 3 3 2 6 6
x
Q68. The ground state energy of a particle of mass m in the potential V ( x ) = V0 cosh ,
L
2
where L and V0 are constants (with V0 >> ) is approximately
2ml 2
2V0 V0 V0 V0
(a) V0 + (b) V0 + (c) V0 + (d) V0 +
L m L m 4L m 2L m
Ans.: (d)
x V
Solution: (
V0 = cosh = 0 e x / L + e x / L
L 2
)
V0 x 1 x V0 x 1 x
2 2
= 1 + + .... + 1 + + ....
2 L 2! L 2 L 2! L
2
V V V x 1V 2
= 0 + 0 + 0 = V0 + 02 x
2 2 2 L 2 L
V0 V0
K= , =
L2 mL2
So, ground state energy is
V0 V0
V0 + V0 + 2
V0 +
2 2 mL 2L m





fiziks

Q69. Let nlm denote the eigenstates of a hydrogen atom in the usual notation. The state
1
2 200 3 211 + 7 210 5 211
5
is an eigenstate of
(a) L2 , but not of the Hamiltonian or Lz (b) the Hamiltonian, but not of L2 or Lz
(c) the Hamiltonian, L2 and Lz (d) L2 and Lz , but not of the Hamiltonian
Ans.: (b)
1
Solution: = 2 200 3 211 + 7 2 10 5 2 1 1
5
13.6
H =
4
So is eigen state of H
But L2 and Lz
So is not eigen state of L2 and Lz
1
Q70. The Hamiltonian for a spin- particle at rest is given by H = E0 ( z + x ) , where x
2
and z are Pauli spin matrices and E0 and are constants. The eigenvalues of this
Hamiltonian are
(a) E0 1 + 2 (b) E0 1 2
1
(c) E0 (doubly degenerate) (d) E0 1 2
2
Ans.: (a)
1 0 0 1 1
Solution: H = E0 ( z + x ) = E0 + H = E0
0 1 1 0 1
if is eigen value, then

(1 )
H I = 0 E0 = E0 1 + 2
(1 + )





fiziks

Q71. A hydrogen atom is subjected to the perturbation
2r
V pert ( r ) = cos
a0
where a0 is the Bohr radius. The change in the ground state energy to first order in

(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2 4
Ans.: (d)
Solution: For First order perturbation
r
1 2r
E11 = 100 V p 100 , 100 = e a , V p = cos
a03 a0
2 r 2 r
1 2r 4 2r
E = 3 e a0 cos 4 r 2 dr = 3 e a0 cos r 2 dr
1
1
0
a0 a0 a0 0 a0
ia2 r i 2 r

2 a0 (1i ) 2
2 r 2 r 2 r (1+ i )
4 e + e 0
0 a
2
= 3 e
a03 0 0
a0
r dr = e r dr + e a0
r 2
dr
a0 0 2

2 2! 2! 1 1
+ +
a03 2
3
2
3
2 (1 i )3 (1 + i )3
(1 i ) (1 + i )
a0 a
0

1 1 1 + 1
+
2 3
3 1+ i
3
4 2 4
i 3 i 3

( ) 1 i
( )
3
2 2 e e 4

2 2
i 34 i 3
3
e + e 4
2 cos 4
4 2 4 2
1
2
4 2 2 4





fiziks

E11 =
4
Q72. The product of the uncertainties ( Lx ) ( Ly ) for a particle in the state a 1,1 + b 1, 1
where l , m denotes an eigenstate of L2 and Lz will be a minimum for
(a) a = ib (b) a = 0 and b = 1
3 1
(c) a = and b = (d) a = b
2 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: = a 1,1 + b 1, 1
L+ = 2 b 1, 0
L2+ = 2 2b 1,1
L = 2 a 1, 0
L2 = 2 2 a 1, 1
L2 = a 2
2 2
+b 2
2 2
( 2
= a + b2 2 ) 2
L2z = a + b 2 ( 2
) 2
Lx = 0, Ly = 0
L2x =
1 2
4
1
4
(
L+ + L2 + 2 L2 L22 = a*b + b*a 2 ) ( ) 2
+2 2( 2
2
)( a 2
+b
2
)
2
L = 2
x
2
( )
a*b + b*a + a 2 + b 2

L =
2 ( )
2 L2 L22 L2+ L2
y
4
2
L 2
y = a 2 + b 2 a*b + b*a
2 ( )





fiziks

(a ))
2
Lx Ly =
2
2 2
+ b a*b + b*a ( 2
a + b =1
2
( )
2
Lx Ly = 1 a*b + b*a (i)
2
1 i 2
Now check option (a) a = ib a = ,b = Lx Ly =
2 2 2
2
Option (b) a = 0, b = 1 Lx Ly =
2
2
3 1
Option (c) a = ,b = Lx Ly =
2 2 4
1 1
Option (d) a = b a = ,b = Lx Ly = 0 option (d) is correct
2 2
Q73. The ground state energy of a particle in potential V ( x ) = g x , estimated using the trail
wavefunction
c 2

( x ) = a5
a x2 , ( ) x< a
0, x a

(where g and c are constants) is
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
15 2 g 2 5 2g2 3 2g2 7 2g2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 m 6 m 4 m 8 m
Ans.: (a)
a
15
dx = 1 c = 16
*
Solution:
a
a
2 15 2 2 10 2
T =
2m 16a 2 a
a 2
x 2
x 2
a( x 2
dx T = )
4ma 2
( )
a
15 2 g 5
V =
16a 05 (
x a 2 x 2 dx V = ga
16
)
E= T + V (i)





fiziks

2
10 5 ga
E= 2
+
4ma 16
1
dE 8 2 3
= 0 a3 = a = 2
da mg mg
put the value of a in equation (i)
1
15 2 g 2 3
E=
16 m






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fiziks

= B / and I be the 2 2 unit matrix. Then the operator e i H t / simplifies to

+ B and B . H matrices are not diagonals so eiH t / is equivalent to

We can find this integration without solving the integration

S (2 ) = (2 ) denote the corresponding spin operators. Here ( x , y , z ) and

= 0 0 + 1 1 be a normalized state with 0 and 1 being real constants. The

expectation value x of the position operator x in the state is given by

excited states of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator. The uncertainty p in the

the first-order correction to the ground state energy of the particle is

V0 L 2V0 L V0 2V0 3V0

(a) 0 (b) nz (c) (n x + n y + nz ) (d)

Let is eigen value of n S

potential V (r ) . The wavefunction =

If V0 is changed to 2V0, keeping R fixed, then the differential scattering cross-section, in

The ground state energy is estimated to be

Q19. A particle in one-dimension is in the potential

Use Boundary condition at x = 0 and x = l (wave function is continuous and differential

(a) dE = constant (b) p = mv

(c) v = cp (d) E = mc2

the usual notation. The expectation value of Lz in the state is

Q24. If a particle is represented by the normalized wave function

(a) 2 / 5a (b) 5 / 2a (c) 10 / a (d) 5 / 2a

(a) (xp z p x z ) (b) (xp z p x z )

So, minimum energy is ( 3J ) and there are two spin configuration.

Then we get Maximum energy E = J .

corresponding wavefunctions are related by 1 ( x ) = 0 ( x )sinh x, then the ground state

(c) 0 ( x ) = sec h 2 x (d) 0 ( x ) = sec h 3 x

/ 2 and / 2 are, respectively,

Q29. Consider the normalized state of a particle in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator:

Since 0 x 0 = 0 and 1 x 1 = 0 x = 2b1b2 0 x 1 .

Min of x means min 2b1b2 . We know that b12 + b22 = 1.

where f (r ) is a function of the radial variable r . The eigenvalue of the operator

L2 (namely the square of the orbital angular momentum) is

( r = Y10 ( , ) ) , L2 ( r ) = L2Y10 ( , ) where l = 1

expectation value of the operator L2x + L2y in the state

Q35. Two identical bosons of mass m are placed in a one-dimensional potential

potential V (r ) . The expectation value of Lz in the state

(a) 12 x 2 (b) 16 x 6 (c) 16 x 6 + 12 x 2 (d) 16 x 6 12 x 2

in this state satisfies

Q43. Consider a system of two non-interacting identical fermions, each of mass m in an

Using boundary condition, B = 0,

of the hydrogen atom is

4 2 2aa0 a0 a02 2 a0 / a0 a03 2 a0 / a0 0 a0

4 a03 1 a03 1 a03 a03 5 1 1

= [ 5 0.137 + 1] = [ 0.685 + 1] = 0.32

Q49. A particle in the infinite square well

operators L2 and Lz , with eigenvalues l (l + 1) 2

(a) i (1 p )e p (b) i (1 p 2 )e p (c) i (1 e p ) (d) ipe p

arbitrary constant vectors in three dimensions, the commutator a , b is equal to (in [ ]

a , b = a1b1 [ x , x ] + a1b2 x , y + a1b3 [ x , z ] + a2b1 y , x + a2b2 y , y

+ a2b3 y , z + a3b1 [ z , x ] + a3b2 z , y + a3b3 [ z , z ]

= a1b1 0 + a1b2 2i z 2ia1b3 y a2b1 2i z + 0 + a2b3 2i x + a3b1 2i y a3b2 2i x + 0

Put the value of a in equation: E =

values E n (n = 0, 1, 2, ....) , in the WKB approximation, are

(a) , 2 (b) , 2 (c) (d) 2

must diagonalised whole H . The Eigen value at H = 0, + 2 0 , 2 0 .

So 2 0 is the correction for eigenvalue of H 0 = 2

(a) L (b) 2L (c) 3L (d) L

Q61. The wavefunction of a particle in one-dimension is denoted by ( x ) in the coordinate

action of an operator T on ( x ) is given by T ( x ) = ( x + a ) , where a is a constant

Q62. The differential cross-section for scattering by a target is given by

(a) a (b) i a (c) a (d) i a

relation E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 . The classical energy-momentum relation of a piratical of