CE - Geotechnical Engineering 1 Manual

Geotechnical Engineering 1 Laboratory Manual
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

AASHTO 265 - 93
1.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Experiment

PO. b. ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
PO. d. ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
PO. e. ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
PO. k. ability to use techniques and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
1.2. Experiments Intended Learning Outcomes (EILOs)

At the end of this experiment the student shall be able to:
a. familiarize to the procedures in determining the water content of a soil
b. describe the natural water content of a soil
c. apply the technique in determining moisture content in connection to succeeding experiments
1.3. Objective of the Experiment
The aim of this experiment is to introduce to the student the procedure for determining the water content of
a soil.
1.4. Principle of the Experiment
The behavior of a soil is markedly influenced by the amount of moisture it contains. Moisture content,
therefore, is an important characteristic. By definition, Moisture Content, MC, is the ratio of the
weight/mass of water in the soil to the weight/mass of the dry soil after it has been dried to constant
weight/mass at a temperature of 110 5C.

Moisture Content, MC = = 1 2 x 100
2
where: W1 = weight/mass of container, plus wet soil

W2 = weight/mass of container, plus dry soil
Wc = weight/mass of container
1.5. Materials and Equipment

1 unit Balance sensitive to 0.1 g to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
Oven with temperature control, capable of maintaining 110 5C
1 set Containers with cover and Utensils
Size of Sample Ranges from 25 to 1000 g
The minimum weight of the sample, which depends on the maximum grain size, shall be as follows:
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Table 1.5.1. Minimum Weight of Sample

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT, min
Passing No. 0.425 mm material 25 g
1.6. Procedures
1. Weigh the container with cover, and record as Wc.

2. Take a representative sample of the soil, place in the container and cover immediately.
Weigh and record as W1.
3. Open the container and dry in the oven to constant weight at a temperature of 110 5C.
The drying time will depend on the kind of soil and size of sample. A 25 g sandy material can be
dried in about 2 hours, while the same weight/mass of a plastic, fine-grained soil will require at
least 4 hours to dry to constant weight/mass.
4. Remove the container from the oven to cool to room temperature. Weigh and record as W2.
A sample may be cooled at room humidity if it is weighed within an hour after it has been removed
from the oven. If it cannot be weighed within this period, it should be placed in a desiccator to cool
to room temperature. This is especially significant if the soil is very plastic and the room humidity
is high. Weighing hot containers is not advisable as it affects accuracy of the results.
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1.7. Experiment Report
Course: Experiment No.:

Group No.: Section:
Group Members: Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
1.7.1. Data and Results
Table 1.7.1.1. Results for Determination of Moisture Content
TEST NO. 1 2 3 4 5
Container No. (Can)
Wt. of can + wet soil, g
Wt. of can + dry soil, g
Wt. of can, g
Wt. of dry soil, g
Wt. of water, g
Water Content, w%
Average Water Content: ___________________
1.7.2. Calculations
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1.7.3. Discussion
1.7.4. Conclusion
1.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. (1994). AASHTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications.
Washington D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. (1994). AASHTO ND T 265 - 93. In Laboratory
Determination of Moisture Content of Soils. Washington D.C., United States of America.
Bureau of Research and Standards. (2014). Laboratory Testing Procedures Manual, Soils and Aggregates (Vols. I - Soil and
Aggregates). Philippines: Department of Public Works and Highways.

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EXPERIMENT 2: PREPARATION OF DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE FOR TEST

AASHTO T 87 - 86


a. arrange the preparation procedures of disturbed soil samples for different soil tests
b. classify the prepared soil sample for each soil test
c. practice the preparation of disturbed soil as received from the field relevant to professional
engineering practice
The aim of this experiment is to introduce to the student the method of preparation of disturbed soil sample
for future laboratory testing.
This method describes the preparation of disturbed soil and soil aggregate samples as received from the
field for subsequent tests by reducing aggregates of particles into sizes which will pass certain sieves.

1 unit Balance sensitive to 0.1 g to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
Sample Splitter
1 set Standard Sieves, 19 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.00 mm, and 0.425 mm
Pulverizing Apparatus - Mortar and Rubber-covered Pestle
2.6. Procedures
For Mechanical Test
115 g for sandy soil and,
35 g for silty or clayey soil
Mechanical Analysis material passing 2.00 mm sieve. If sufficient amount of material is retained
on a 2.00 mm or 4.75 mm, the following table shall be used for obtaining samples:
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Table 2.6.1 Minimum Mass of Soil depending on the Largest Particle Size
Largest Particle Size Minimum Mass

9.50 mm 0.5 kg
25.0 mm 2.0 kg
50.0 mm 4.0 kg
75.0 mm 5.0 kg
For Specific Gravity

100 g of clay when the volumetric flask is used and/or,
40 g of clay when the stoppered bottle is used
For Atterberg Limit

200 g of silty clay / clayey soil material
For Compaction Test

3 to 3.5 kg clayey soil material
1. Obtain the required quantity of sample for each test by the method of quartering or by a sample
splitter. The aggregation of soil particle shall be broken up by pulverizing apparatus. Care should
be taken so that individual particles are not broken.
2. Separate the sample for mechanical sieve analysis and physical tests into two portions by means of
a 2.00 mm sieve. Ground the portion retained in the mortar with a rubber-covered pestle to reduce
the size of aggregation into individual grains. Separate the ground soil with the 2.00 mm sieve.
Repeat the pulverizing and sieving operation, if necessary, to obtain a sufficient quantity of samples
passing the 2.00 mm sieve for the mechanical analysis and specific gravity tests. Set aside the
portion retained on the 2.00 mm sieve for coarse analysis.
3. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the 2.00 mm sieve in Step 3, and weigh the required quantity,
as specified under the mechanical sieve analysis.
4. Separate the remaining portion of the sample passing the 2.00 mm sieve into two portions with a
0.425 mm sieve. Ground the portion retained in a mortar with a rubber-covered pestle to further
reduce the size of aggregations. Separate the ground soil with the 0.425 mm sieve. Repeat the
pulverizing and sieving operation, if necessary, to obtain a sufficient quantity of samples passing
the 0.425 mm sieve for the limit tests.
5. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the 0.425 mm sieve in Step 5, and set aside for the limit tests.
6. Separate the sample for compaction test with a 4.75 mm sieve. Ground the portion retained in the
mortar with a rubber-covered pestle to break up particle aggregation. Separate the ground soil
passing the 4.75 mm sieve. Repeat the pulverizing and sieving operation, if necessary, to obtain the
required quantity of sample for the compaction test.
7. Mix thoroughly the portions passing the 4.75 mm sieve in Step 7, and set aside for the compaction
test.
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Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
2.7.1. Discussion
2.7.2. Conclusion
2.8. References
Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1994). AASHTO ND T 87 - 86. In Preparation of Disturbed
Soil Sample. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
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EXPERIMENT 3: DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL

AASHTO T 100 05 06
ASTM D 854 00


a. familiarize with the method of determining specific gravity of soil
b. identify the type of a soil solid by its specific gravity
c. assess the variances of each soil type by its specific gravity
The aim of this experiment is to familiarize the student with the general method obtaining the specific
gravity of soil solids.
Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight/mass of air of a given volume of a material to the
weight/mass in air of an equal volume of water at a stated temperature. It is used in connection with the
gravimetric-volumetric relationship in soils and various laboratory tests.
(
)
Gs = + (
)
where: Gs = specific gravity of soil

WS = mass of sample of oven-dried soil in grams
Wa = mass of pycnometer filled with water at temperature T1 in grams (from Table
Calibration Curve)
Wb= mass of pycnometer filled with water and soil at temperature TX in grams
TX = temperature of the contents of the pycnometer when mass Wb was taken
(temperature after boiling, at room temperature in C)
GTX = density of distilled water at TX
The method covers determination of the specific gravity of soils by means of a pycnometer. When the soil
is composed of particle larger than the 4.75 m, the method for test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of
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Coarse Aggregate shall be followed. When the soil is composed of particles both larger and smaller than
4.75 mm, the sample shall be separated on the 4.75 mm sieve and the appropriate test method used on each
portion. The specific gravity value for soil shall be the weighted average of the two values such as:

Gavg =
+

where: Gavg = weighted average specific gravity of soils composed of particles larger
and smaller than 4.75 mm
R1 = percent of soil particles retained on the 4.75 mm
P1 = percent of soil particles passing on the 4.75 mm
G1 = specific gravity of soil particles retained on the 4.75 mm
G2 = specific gravity of soil particles passing on the 4.75 mm
Specific Gravity of Distilled Water
Table 3.4.1 Specific Gravity of Distilled Water in varying Temperature
Temperature (C) GTx Temperature (C) GTx
20 ____________ 0.9932 31 ____________ 0.9954

21 ____________ 0.9980 32 ____________ 0.9951
22 ____________ 0.9978 33 ____________ 0.9947
23 ____________ 0.9977 34 ____________ 0.9944
24 ____________ 0.9973 35 ____________ 0.9941
25 ____________ 0.9971 36 ____________ 0.9937
26 ____________ 0.9968 37 ____________ 0.9934
27 ____________ 0.8865 38 ____________ 0.9930
28 ____________ 0.9963 39____________ 0.9926
29 ____________ 0.9960 40 ____________ 0.992
30 ____________ 0.9957

Typical values of Specific Gravity of Solids (Gs)
Table 3.4.2 Typical Values of Specific Gravity of Soil Solids

Soil Gs
Sand _____________ 2.26 2.68
Gravel _____________ 2.65 2.68
Inorganic clay _____________ 2.68 2.72
Organic clay _____________ 2.63 2.66
Silt _____________ 2.62 2.68
Organic soil _____________ < 2.0

1 unit Pycnometer either a volumetric flask with a capacity of at least 100 ml or
stoppered bottle having a capacity of at least 50 ml
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Balance sensitive to 0.01 g for volumetric flask and sensitive to 0.001 g for
stoppered bottle to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
1 set Thermometer, covering the range 0-50C, readable accurate to 1C
Calibration of Pycnometer
1. The pycnometer shall be cleaned, dried, weighed and the mass recorded.
2. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water at room temperature.
3. The mass of pycnometer and water, Wa, shall be determined and recorded. A thermometer shall
be inserted in the water and its temperature T1 determined to the nearest whole degree.
4. From the mass Wa, determined at the observed temperature T1, a table of values of mass Wa shall
be prepared for a series of temperatures that are likely to prevail when masses Wb are determined
later.
Size of Sample
1. The soil to be used in specific gravity test may contain its natural moisture or be oven dried. The
mass of the test sample on an oven dry basis shall be at least 25 g when the volumetric flask is to
be used and at least 10 g when stopper bottle is to be used.
2. When the sample contain its natural moisture, the mass of the soil Ws on an oven dry basis shall be
determined at the end of the test by evaporating the water in an oven maintained at 110 5C.
3. When an oven-dried sample is to be used, the sample shall be dried for at least 12 hours, or to
constant mass, in an oven maintained at 110 5C, cooled to room temperature, then weighed and
transferred to pycnometer then weighed. Distilled water shall be added into pycnometer in an
amount that will provide complete sample coverage. Sample shall be soaked for at least 12 hours.
3.6. Procedures
1. The sample as prepared shall have distilled water added to fill the volumetric flask about the three
fourths full or the stoppered bottle about half full.
2. Remove entrapped air by boiling slowly for 10 minutes. Roll occasionally the pycnometer to assist
in the removal of air.
3. Cool the sample to room temperature.
4. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water to the calibrated capacity.
5. Clean and dry the outside of the pycnometer with dry cloth.
6. Weight the pycnometer with water and soil, Wb and record the temperature, TX.
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Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 3.7.1.1. Results for Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil
TEST NO. 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of Flask at 20C
Wt. of container, g
Wt. of container + dry soil, g
Wt. of dry soil, g
Temperature, C, TX
Wt. of Pycnometer + soil +

water, g, Wb
Wt. of Pycnometer + water

(from calibration), g, Wa
Specific Gravity of Distilled

Water @ TX, GTx
Specific Gravity of Soil, GS
Average Specific Gravity of Soil Solids: ___________________

Remarks: ___________________________________________
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3.7.2. Calculations
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3.7.3. Discussion
3.7.4. Conclusion
3.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1994). AASHTO LFRD Bridge Design Specifications.
Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (1994). ASHTO T 100. In Standard Method of Test for
Specific Gravity of Soils. Washington, D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials.
American Standards of Testing and Materials. (2006). ASTM Standard D 854. In Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity of
Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
Bureau of Research and Standards. (2014). Laboratory Testing Procedures Manual, Soils and Aggregates (Vol. I ). Philippines:
Department of Public Works and Highways.
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EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINATION OF VOLUMETRIC - GRAVIMETRIC RELATIONSHIP

ASTM D 422 - 63


a. describe the state of the soil by its weight-volume parameters
b. interpret the dry, moist, and saturated state of the soil
c. apply the technique in determining moisture content in connection to succeeding experiments
The aim of this experiment is to introduce the student the concept of dry and saturated unit weights, void
ratio, and method of computing the specific gravity of a coarse grained soil
In its natural state, soils are a three-phase system consisting of soil solids, air and water. Therefore, it has
been essential to further understand the state of a soil by computing the parameters relating the volumetric
gravimetric relationship between its soil phases.
Dry Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the dry soil per unit volume.
!"## %& '() #%*+
Ddry = dry =
,%+-!. %& /%01"*0.(
Saturated Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the saturated soil per unit volume.
!"## %& #"1-("1.' #%*+
Dsat = sat =
,%+-!. %& /%01"*0.(
Void Ratio, e, is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids.
,2%*'# 0
e = =
,#%+*'# 450
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Specific Gravity, GS, is defined as the ratio of unit weight of the soil solids to the unit weight of the water.
6789:;<=
Gs =
,:;<= (?@ABC8 )

1 unit Container of known volume
Steel straightedge
Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g for material passing No. 10 and sensitive to 0.1% of
the mass of sample passing on No. 10 sieve
Graduated Cylinder (500 to 1000 ml)
Stirring Apparatus
4.6. Procedures
1. Determine the volume of the volumetric container as Vc.

2. Carefully weigh the empty volume container, Wc, and then fill with oven-dry sand gravel soil (say
2 to 20 mm diameter), carefully strike the surface flush, and weigh. Record the weight of soil plus
container, W1.
3. Fill the graduated cylinder with temperature stabilized (approximately 20C) tap water. Slowly
pour the water around the edges of the container of soil to avoid as much as possible any entrapment
of air in the voids of the soil. Fill the volume container level full with water but do not over flow
so that no water is lost. Also, be careful to fill level full and not rounded due to meniscus action.
Observe the sides of the container as you fill it and if air bubbles appear to be trapped, gently rock
the container or lightly tap the container at the bubble to dislodge it.
4. Carefully place the filled container on the balance. Record the weight of soil plus water plus
container, W2. Compare the difference in weight with the volume (ml) of water added. The
difference should only be 2 to 5 grams, it more than this, recheck the graduated cylinder and / or
weighing.
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Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 4.7.1.1. Results for the Determination of Volumetric-Gravimetric Relationship of Soil
TEST DATA
Volume of Container, cc, Vc
Wt. of container + dry soil, g, W1
Wt. of container + dry soil + water, g, W2
Wt. of container, g, Wc
Wt. of dry soil, g, Ws
Wt. of saturated soil, g, Wsat
Volume of water added to saturate, ml, Vv
Vsoil = Vc Vv =___________________ cc
Ddry =____________________ g/cc x 9.807 = =____________________ kN/m3
Dsat =____________________ g/cc x 9.807 = =____________________ kN/m3
Void Ratio, e =____________
Gs of the soil =____________
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4.7.2. Calculations
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4.7.3. Discussion
4.7.4. Conclusion
4.8. References
American Standards of Testing and Materials. (n.d.). ASTM D 422 - 63. In Standard Test Method for Particle - Size Analysis of
Soils. West Conshohocken, P.A: American Standards of Testing and Materials.
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EXPERIMENT 5: DETERMINATION OF UNIT WEIGHT OF COHESIVE SOIL

AASHTO T 84 08
ASTM C 128 - 04


a. familiarize with the rapid method of determining the unit weight of a cohesive soil
b. discuss the concept of unit weight of soil solids
c. distinguish a cohesive soil by its unit weight
The aim of this experiment is to introduce the student a rapid method of finding the unit weight of a cohesive
soil.
Values of unit weight/mass are used in volumetric-gravimetric calculations. In volumetric batching of

concrete aggregates, the unit weight/mass should be known to convert weight/mass into loose volume. The
volumetric measure shall be calibrated by determining the weight/mass of water required to fill it. Volume
of container equals weight/mass of water divided by the unit weight/mass of water at the temperature of
calibration.
Wet / Saturated Unit Weight is defined as the ratio of the weight of the dry soil per unit volume.
!"#$%& () !"& *(#+ /!
wet = =
,(+-." () *(#+ ,*
Volume of Soil, VS = Vcontainer Vwater
Dry Unit Weight is defined as the ratio of the mass of the saturated soil per unit volume.
*0&-10&"2 -3#& !"#$%& 4
dry = =
567 567
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1 unit Container / Flask of known volume described in Test Method C 188
Balance sensitive to 0.1 g to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
Graduated Cylinder (500 to 1000 ml)
1 set Cylindrical Metals/ Plastic Mold, preferably provided with handles and sufficiently
rigid to retain its form under rough usage with dimension as follows: 40 3 mm
inside diameter and 75 3 mm in height
Tamper for Surface Moisture Test shall have a mass of 340 15 g and a flat
circular tamping face 25 3 mm in diameter
Size of Sample
The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to 200% of the weight required to fill the measure, and
shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to essentially constant
weight, preferably in an oven at constant weight, preferably in an oven at 100 5C.
5.6. Procedures
1. Determine the volume of the volumetric container as Vc.

2. Obtain a tube sample of cohesive soil (clay soil passing No. 10 sieve). Make sure to obtain a
specimen that does not contain any obvious holes.
3. Carefully weigh the sample. To obtain weight for best results the test sample container must not
fracture out the specimen.
4. Fill the graduated cylinder with temperature stabilize tap water (approximately 20). Then quickly
fill the volumetric container containing the soil sample, and record the volume of water used as VW.
5. Quickly empty the volumetric container, remove the soil sample, blot surface dry with paper towels,
and reweigh. If the initial and final weights are within 1 or 2 g, the test is quite satisfactory more
than this will require judgment of test acceptance.
6. Place the wet soil in a dish and oven dry night to obtain WS (unless the water content is known).
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Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 5.7.1.1. Results for the Determination of Unit Weight of Cohesive Soil
TEST DATA
Wt. of sample, g, Wt
Volume of Container, g, VC
Initial Graduated Reading, ml
Final Graduated Reading, ml
Volume of Water, ml, VW
Volume of Soil, cc, VSOIl
Wet Unit Weight
/&
wet = ,* =____________________ g/cc x 9.807 = ____________________ kN/m3
Dry Unit Weight
Water Content, % = ______________

dry = 56 =____________________ kN/m3

dry = ,* =_____________________ kN/m3
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5.7.2. Computations
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5.7.3. Discussion
5.7.4. Conclusion
5.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (n.d.). AASHTO T 84 - 08. In Specific Gravity and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate. Washington, D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials.
American Standards of Testing and Materials. (n.d.). ASTM C 128 - 04. In Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density
(Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Aggregates. Conshohocken, P.A: American Standards of Testing and Materials.
P a g e 5 | 5


EXPERIMENT 6: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS MECHANICAL METHOD

AASHTO T 27


a. outline the grain-size analysis of a soil by mechanical method
b. sketch the grain-size distribution curve of the soil
c. distinguish the aggregate grade and parameters of the soil in accordance to its grain-size curve
The aim of this experiment is to introduce the student the method for the mechanical grain size analysis
of a soil and presenting the resulting data.
Sieve analysis reveal the size make up of aggregate particles from the largest to the smallest. A gradation
curve or hart showing how evenly or unevenly the sizes are distributed between largest and smallest is
created in this test. How an aggregate is graded has a major impact on the strength of the base or on the
properties and performance of concrete.
Total Weight Passing, WP
WP = Weight Arriving Weight Retained

Percent Finer, P

P= x 100
# %&'()* +&*,'-&.
Effective Grain Size of the Soil, D10
D10 = Diameter of soil corresponding to 10% finer
/01
Coefficient of Uniformity, CU Cu =
/21
where: D10 = Diameter of soil corresponding to 10% finer

D60 = Diameter of soil corresponding to 60% finer
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(/41)6
Coefficient of Concavity / Gradation, CC Cc =
/01 7 /21
where: D30 = Diameter of soil corresponding to 30% finer

1 unit Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
Mechanical Sieve Shaker, meeting the requirements of AASHTO T 27
1 set Sieves, meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 92
Containers and Utensils
Pulverizing Apparatus - Mortar and Rubber-covered Pestle
Size of Sample
In all procedures, it is required to shake the sample over nested sieves. Sieves are selected to furnish
information required by specifications. The sieves are nested in order of decreasing size from the top to the
bottom and the sample, or a portion of the sample, is placed on the top sieve. The sample may also be sieved
in increments.
Sieves are shaken in a mechanical sieve shaker for the minimum time determined to provide to complete
separation for the sieve shaker being used.
6.6. Procedures
1. Weigh all sieves to be used up to 0.1 g.

2. Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1 g by total weight of sample. This weight will be used to check
for any loss of material after the sample has been graded.
3. Nest the sieves in order of decreasing size from the top to bottom and begin agitating and shaking
the sample for a sufficient amount of time.
4. Conduct the sieving by using the mechanical sieve shaker for 5 to 10 minutes. If a mechanical
shaker is not available, shake by hand (horizontal and vertical motion) for about 10 minutes.
5. After the material has been sieved, remove each tray, weigh each sieve, and record each weight to
the nearest 0.1 g. Be sure to remove any aggregate trapped within the sieve openings by gently
working with a trowel or flat metal.
6. Determine the weight of soil remaining in each sieve by subtracting the weight obtained in Step 1
from those in Step 5.
7. The final total weights retained on each sieve should be within 0.3% of the original weight of the
sample prior to the grading.
8. Plot the grain size versus percent finer on a semi-logarithmic paper.
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Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Soil Sample Size (ASTM D1140 - 54)

Table 6.7.1.1. Minimum Weight depending on the Diameter of the Largest Particle
NOMINAL DIAMETER OF APPROXIMATE MIN. WT. OF

LARGEST PARTICLE SAMPLE, g
No. 10 Sieve 200
No. 4 Sieve 500
inch 1500
Wt. of Dry Sample + Container = __________________________ g

Wt. of Container = ______________________________________ g
Wt. of Dry Sample, WS =__________________________________ g
Table 6.7.1.2. Results for the Mechanical Sieve Analysis
CUMULATIVE
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT
SIEVE NO. DIAMETER WEIGTH % PASSING
SIEVE RETAINED
RETAINED
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DISTRIBUTION CURVE

(SIEVE ANALYSIS)

GRAIN SIZE

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6.7.2. Calculations
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6.7.3. Discussion
6.7.4. Conclusion
6.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T 27. In Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. ASTM E 11. In Specification for Wire - Cloth Sieves for
Testing Purposes. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Offcials.
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EXPERIMENT 7: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS HYDROMETER METHOD

AASHTO T 27


a. outline the grain-size analysis of a soil by hydrometer method
b. classify the aggregate distribution of soil smaller than the AASHTO sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm
diameter)
c. distinguish the aggregate grade and parameters of the soil by sedimentation process
The aim of this experiment is to familiarize the student with a method of obtaining approximate grainsize
distribution of soils where appreciable quantities of the soil pass the No. 200 sieve.
Hydrometer Analysis is a test method covers the quantitative determination of the distribution of particle
sizes in the soil. The distribution of particle size larger than 75m m (retained on the No. 200 sieve) is
determined by the previous experiment Grain Size Analysis by Sieving Method; while the distribution of
particle sizes smaller than 75m m is determined by sedimentation process, using a hydrometer to secure
necessary data.
Corrected Hydrometer Readings, RC
RC = RA zero correction + CT
where: RA = actual hydrometer reading

CT = temperature correction
WC = weight/mass of container
Hydrometer Reading Corrected for Meniscus, R1
where: R1 = (see Figure 7.4.1)

C = RA + meniscus correction
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()
Percent Finer, %P %P = x 100
'(
where: WS = weight of soil sample
A = correction factor depending on the specific gravity of solid if GS is
not known assume a reasonable value between 2.68 & 2.74
)
Velocity of Fall of Soil Particles, V V= (cm/min)
*
where: t = time lapse in minute
Diameter of Particles in Suspension corresponding to Hydrometer Reading, CC

Strokess Equation
+,- ) )
D= =
./, 0(102 * *
where: n = coefficient of viscosity of suspending medium in poise (varies with

temperature)
V = velocity of fall
GM = specific gravity of suspending medium at time of test
L = effective depth (cm)

= L1 + (L2 VB / AGRAD.)
L2 = overall length of the hydrometer bulb, cm
= distance along the stem of the hydrometer
from top of the bulb to the mark of a
hydrometer reading, cm
VB = volume of hydrometer bulb, cm3
= 67 cm3
A = cross-sectional areas of graduated cylinder
= 27.8 cm2 for 1000ml.
L2 For both 151H & 152H Hydrometers
= 14 cm
For hydrometer 151H
L1 = 10.5 cm for a reading of 1.00
= 2.3 cm for a reading of 1.031
Figure 7.4.1. Hydrometer Dimensions and Terms
P a g e 2 | 6


1 unit Timer
Beaker 500 ml capacity
Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g to conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 231
Sedimentation Cylinder essentially 18 in. in height and 2 in. in diameter
Hydrometer ASTM Hydrometer graduated to read specific gravity of the
suspension conforming to the requirements 151H or 152H model
Dispersion Agent Sodium Hexa-Metaphosphate (NaPO3), or Sodium Silicate
(Na2SiO3)
1 set Sieves, meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 92
Soil Dispersion Device (Mixer)
Thermometer, covering the range 0-50C, readable accurate to 1C
7.6. Procedures
1. Weigh 50g of the air-dried sample (199g for sandy soils) passing the No. 200 sieve place in a
beaker, fill with distilled water to about half the depth and allow to soak for at least 18 hours. After
soaking, add 20 ml of sodium silicate as a deflocculating agent, then wash the contents into the
dispersion cup. Add distilled water until it is about 50mm from the brim and disperse the contents
for 1 minute in the mechanical stirring apparatus.
2. Transfer the mixture to the graduated cylinder and add distilled water to bring the water level to the
100 ml mark. Place the cylinder in the constant temperature bath. Stir the suspension frequently to
avoid settlement of particles.
3. Remove the cylinder from the water bath as soon as the temperature of suspension and the water
bath are the same. Shake thoroughly the mixture for 1 minute by turning the cylinder upside down
and back, using the palm of the hand as stopper. The soil should not stick to the bottom of the
cylinder when upside down.
4. Replace the cylinder in the water bath, insert carefully the hydrometer in the suspension and start
the timer.
5. Take hydrometer radians after , 1 and 2 minutes without removing the hydrometer from the
suspension. Read the hydrometer at the top of the meniscus formed around its stem. Repeat the
shaking and reading procedure until a consistent set of readings are obtained.
6. Restart the test but this time take readings after 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 250 and 1440 minutes. Insert
carefully the hydrometer about 15 to 20 seconds before each of these readings. Dry the stem before
insertion. It should be removed carefully and placed in cylinder of distilled water after each reading.
Take the temperature of the suspension immediately following each hydrometer reading and record.
Between hydrometer readings, the top of the cylinder should be covered to minimize evaporation
and prevent collection of dust or dirt from the air.
P a g e 3 | 6


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Hydrometer Analysis
Hydrometer No. = _______________ GS of Solids. = ___________________ a = __________________

Dispersing Agent = ______________ Amount = _____________Wt. of Soil, Ws = __________________
Zero Correction = _______________ Meniscus Correction = ___________________________________
Table 7.7.1.1. Results for the Grain Size Hydrometer Analysis

ACTUAL CORR. HYD.
ELAPSE L from K from
TIME OF TEMP, HYD. HYD. % CORR.
DATE D TIME, TABLE L/t TABLE D, mm
READING C READING, READING, FINER ONLY FOR
min 7-5 7-4
RC RC MENISCUS
P a g e 4 | 6

7.7.2. Calculations
P a g e 5 | 6

7.7.3. Discussion
7.7.4. Conclusion
7.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T 27. In Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. ASTM E 11. In Specification for Wire - Cloth Sieves for
Testing Purposes. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Offcials.
P a g e 6 | 6


EXPERIMENT 8: DETEMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT OF SOILS

AASHTO T 89 - 02


a. describe the procedures in determining the liquid limit of the soil
b. sketch the flow curve for the number of blows to its corresponding moist content
c. apply the technique in determining the liquid limit in connection to succeeding experiments
The aim of this experiment is to introduce to the student the procedure for determining the liquid limit of
soils.
The Liquid Limit is defined as the lowest moisture content at which the soil will flow upon the application
of very small shearing stress. The liquid limit gives a certain measure of the shearing resistance of a soil
when mixed with water. It is a measure of the potential cohesion which in turn depends upon the total size
of the constant areas, or the fineness and shape of the grains. The finer and flatter the grains, the greater
will be the total contact area between the grains, and the higher the amount of water that could be taken
into coat the grains.
Liquid Limit, LL,
% '
= 100
'
where: LL = expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dry

weight corresponding to 25 blows.
W1 = weight of wet soil
W2 = weight of oven-dried soil
Plot the percent moisture as ordinate on an arithmetic scale against the number of blows as abscissa on a
logarithmic scale. Draw a straight line connecting these points. The plot is called the flow curve.
P a g e 1 | 5


1 unit Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm (3 in) in length and about 20 mm (3/4 in) in
width
1 set Evaporating Dish porcelain dish about 115 mm (4 in) in diameter
Liquid Limit Device (Casagrande Atterberg Limit Device) mechanical device
consisting of a brass dish and carriage
Grooving Tool
Containers
Figure 8.5.1. Liquid Limit Device (Casagrande Cup and Grooving Tool)
8.6. Procedures
1. A sample weighing about 150 200 g shall be taken from thoroughly mixed material passing the
0.425 mm sieve which has been obtained in accordance with standard procedures in Preparation of
Disturbed Soil Sample for Test.
2. Mix the sample with 15 to 20 ml of distilled water. Mix it thoroughly by alternately stirring and
kneeding with spatula. Further addition of water shall be made by 1 to 3 ml increments.
3. Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup of the liquid limit device, level off the surface with
spatula to a maximum depth of 10 mm and divide he soil pat into two segments by means of the
standard grooving tool.
4. Mount the brass cup to the carriage such that it can be raised and allowed to drop sharply on the
base through a height of 10 mm by rotating the crank at an approximate rate of two rotations per
second, until the closure of the groove about 13 mm from the bottom. The closure should be by
flow of the soil and not by slippage of the cup.
5. Take a slice of approximately the width of the spatula extending from edge to edge of the soil cake
at right angles to the groove. Place the sample in a drying can for moisture content determination.
6. Repeat Steps 2 to 4 with different moisture contents of the soil in the range of 15 to 35 blows. A
total of 4 determinations should be made.
7. Plot moisture content against log number of blows and draw the flow curve.
P a g e 2 | 5


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 8.7.1.1. Results for the Determination of Liquid Limit of Soils
TEST
Can No.
Wt. of wet soil + can, g
Wt. of dry soil + can, g
Wt. of can, g, Wcan
Wt. of dry soil, g, W2
Wt. of moisture, g
Water Content, w%
No. of blows, N
Flow Curve
P a g e 3 | 5

8.7.2. Calculations
P a g e 4 | 5

8.7.3. Discussion
8.7.4. Conclusion
8.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T 89 - 02. In Standard Method of Test for
Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils. Washington, D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and
P a g e 5 | 5


EXPERIMENT 9: DETEMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND

PLASTICITY INDEX OF SOILS
AASHTO T 90


a. describe the procedures in determining the plastic limit of the soil
b. distinguish the plasticity index of the soil from its liquid and plastic limit
c. apply the technique in determining the plastic limit in connection to succeeding experiments
The aim of this experiment is to introduce to the student the procedure for determining the plastic limit and
plasticity index of soil.
The Plastic Limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil can be readily molded
without breaking or crumbling. Plasticity Index, on the other hand, indicates compressibility; high plasticity
index means high degree of compressibility of a soil. It is also related to permeability; the higher the
plasticity index, the lower the permeability, and vice-versa.
The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to control the characteristics of soil which are to be
incorporated in roadways.
Plastic Limit, PL,
& (
= 100
(
where: PL = expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dried

weight/mass of the crumbled soil thread
Wa = weight of crumbled soil thread
Wb = weight of oven-dried crumbled soil thread
Plasticity Index, PI,
= =
P a g e 1 | 5


width
Ground glass plate, or piece of smooth, unglazed paper to roll the sample
1 set Evaporating Dish porcelain dish about 115 mm (4 in) in diameter
Containers
Size of Sample
1. If the plastic limit only is required, mix thoroughly about 20 g of clay sample obtained in
accordance with standard procedure in Preparation of Disturbed Soil Sample for Test with distilled
water until the mass is plastic enough to be shaped into a ball. Take a portion of the ball weighing
about 8 g for test sample.
2. If both liquid and plastic limit is required, take a specimen sample weighing about 8 g from the
thoroughly mixed portion of the soil prepared in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for
Liquid Limit of Soils.
9.6. Procedures
1. Squeeze and form the 8 g sample into ball.

2. Roll the ball of soil between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure into thread
of uniform diameter throughout its length.
3. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm, break the thread into 6 to 8 pieces.
4. Squeeze the pieces together between the thumbs and fingers into a uniform mass and reroll.
Continue the alternate rolling to a thread of 3.2 mm until the thread crumbles and the soil can no
longer be rolled into a thread.
5. Take some of the crumbled soil and place in drying can. Weigh the container and thread and record
the mass. Oven dry the soil to constant mass at 110 5C at constant weight. Record the loss in
mass as the mass of water.
P a g e 2 | 5


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 9.7.1.1. Results for the Determination of Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soil
TEST
Can No.
Wt. of wet soil + can, g
Wt. of dry soil + can, g
Wt. of can, g, Wcan
Wt. of dry soil, g, W2
Wt. of moisture, g
Water Content, w = PL
Plasticity Index, PI = LL - PL =___________________
P a g e 3 | 5

9.7.2. Computations
P a g e 4 | 5

9.7.3. Discussion
9.7.4. Conclusion
9.8. References
Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils. Washington, D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway and
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T 90. In Standard Method of Test for Determining
the Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils. Washington D.C., United States of America: merican Association of State Highway
P a g e 5 | 5


EXPERIMENT 10: DETEMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT OF SOILS

ASTM D 4943
IS 2720 (Part VI)


a. relate the shrinkage limit of a soil to its liquid and plastic limit
b. estimate the volume change of the soil after shrinkage limit has been determined
c. criticize the values gathered from the liquid, plastic, and shrinkage limits of the soil
The aim of this experiment is to obtain the moisture content below which no further volume change of a
soil mass occurs; and to obtain a quantitative indication of the amount of volume change that can occur.
The Shrinkage Limit is between the semi-solid and solid states of the soil; and is defined as the highest
moisture content of which the mass attains its minimum volume but continues to lose weight/mass.
These are used as important criteria in highway classification systems and in semi-empirical methods of
design in highways and airport construction. They are also widely used in highway and airport
specifications to control the quality of fill, base course, and granular surface course materials.
Shrinkage Limit, SL,
% )
= % 100
+
where: SL = shrinkage limit

% = moisture content
% = volume of wet soil pat
Vf = volume of oven-dried soil pat
WS = weight/mass of oven dried soil pat
P a g e 1 | 6

Shrinkage Ratio, SR,

=
)
where: SR = gives an indication on how much volume change may occur with
changes in water content
SL = shrinkage limit
Vf = volume of oven-dried soil pat

Shrinkage Dish/Mold - porcelain or non-corroding metal dish 45 mm in diameter
and 15 mm height
Glass Cup - 50 to 55 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height
Evaporating Dish - porcelain, about 12 cm in diameter with a pour out and flat
bottom, the diameter of flat bottom, being not less than 55 mm
Ground glass plate, or piece of smooth, unglazed paper to roll the sample
Size of Sample
1. Preparation of Soil Paste Place about 30 40 g of the soil sample obtained in Experiment 2 in the
evaporating dish and thoroughly mix with distilled water in an amount sufficient to fill the soil
voids completely and to make the soil pasty enough to be readily worked into the shrinkage dish
without entrapping air bubbles. In the case of friable soils, the amount of water required to obtain
the desired consistency is equal to or slightly greater than the liquid limit; in the case of plastic soils
it may exceed the liquid limit by as much as 10 percent.
10.6. Procedures
1. Grease the inside of the shrinkage mold with a thin film of petroleum jelly. Weigh the mold and
record.
2. Place about 30 40 g of sample obtained in accordance with standard procedures in Preparation of
Disturbed Soil Samples for Test in an evaporating dish and mix thoroughly with sufficient water to
completely fill the voids to a consistency to as much as ten percent in excess of the liquid limit.
3. Place a portion of the wet soil in the mold (about 1/3 the volume of mold) and tap the bottom on a
firm surface. Add approximately the same amount of soil and tap bottom of mold until thoroughly
compacted and entrapped air is driven off. Add more soil and continue tapping until the mold is
overflowing. Strike off the excess sample with a straightedge, and weigh immediately. Record as
the weight/mass of mold and wet soil.
4. Air dry the soil until its color turns from dark to light; then oven-dry to constant weight/mass at
temperature 110 5C. record as the weight/mass of the dish and dry soil.
P a g e 2 | 6

5. Determine the volume of the wet soil, % , by filling the shrinkage dish/mold with mercury to
overflowing. Remove the excess by pressing a glass plate firmly over the top. Measure in a
graduated cylinder the volume of mercury filling the mold. This is also the volume of the wet soil
pat.
6. Alternatively, weigh the dish and the mercury being about 13.60 g/cc.

= ()
1360
The volume of the dish, Vdish , is also the volume of the wet soil pat, VO.
7. Determine the volume of the dry soil pat, Vf, , by the following procedure:
a. Remove the dry soil pat from the old.
b. Fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury and remove excess by pressing the glass
plate with prongs firmly over the top of the cup.
c. Place the cup with mercury in the evaporating dish and place the soil pat on the surface of
mercury.
d. Carefully force the soil pat under the mercury with the pronged glass plate and press firmly
over the top of the cup.
e. Measure in a graduated cylinder the volume of displaced mercury. This is also the volume
of the dry soil pat.
f. Alternatively, the volume of the dry soil pat is,
K
= ()
13.60
where: AM = weight of the displaced mercury; the difference in weight obtained

in steps 6b and 6f
P a g e 3 | 6


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 10.7.1.1. Results for the Determination of Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soil
TEST
Can No.
Wt. of coated dish + wet soil, g
Wt. of coated dish + dry soil, g
Wt. of coated dish, g, Wdish
Wt. of dry soil, g, WS
Wt. of water, g, WW
Water Content, O%
Volume of Wet Soil, cc, VO
Volume of Dry Soil, cc, Vf
MNMO
Shrinkage Limit, SL = % 100=___________________
PO
+Q
Shrinkage Ratio, SR = =___________________
MR
P a g e 4 | 6

10.7.2. Computations
P a g e 5 | 6

10.7.3. Discussion
10.7.4. Conclusion
10.8. References
American Standards of Testing and Materials. ASTM D4943 - 08. In Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil by Wax
Method. West Conshohocken, P.A.: American Standards of Testing and Materials.
Manak Bhavan, B. S. Part VI: Determination of Shrinkage Factors. In B. Soil Engineering Sectional Committe (Ed.), Indian
Standards: Methods of Test for Soils (First Revision). New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
P a g e 6 | 6


EXPERIMENT 11: CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

AASHTO T 11
ASTM D 2487 - 11
IS 1498


a. identify the soil classification with the 2 systems/methods introduced
b. practice the techniques and methods learned on previous experiments in relation to this activity
c. interpret the soil type and characterizations by its classification
The aim of this experiment is to introduce the student to several methods of soil classification.
This practice describes a system for classifying mineral and organo-mineral soils for engineering purposes.
This classifies soils from any geographic location into categories representing the results of prescribed
laboratory tests to determine the particle-size characteristics, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index. The
assigning of a group name and symbol(s) along with the descriptive information can be used to describe a
soil to aid in the evaluation of its significant properties for engineering use.
The various groupings of this classification system have been devised to correlate in a general way with the
engineering behavior of soils. This standard provides a useful first step in any field or laboratory.
As required
11.6. Procedures
1. Each group will classify the soil according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and
AASHTO Classification System.
P a g e 1 | 5

2. Give some thought to the information required by a particular classifications systems so that the
amount of soil testing is kept to a minimum.
3. Be sure to obtain reasonably representative samples from the soil containers so that you can check
your work if necessary.
4. Use the Washing Method to find the percentage passing the No. 200 sieve; otherwise you may
misclassify the soil. It is not unusual to dry sieve a soil with considerable care and find only 40 to
45 percent passing the No. 20 sieve while with washing well over 50 percent passes.
In order to ensure the aggregate performs as intended for the specific use, a variety of tests must be
performed on the aggregate. One such test is determining materials finer than No. 200 (75 m) sieve in
mineral aggregates by Washing Method. Fine materials such as clay particles or water soluble particles
removed by washing, can cling to larger particles and do not dislodge readily. This test washes the fine
particles through the No. 200 (75 m) sieve to give an accurate determination of fine materials in the
sample.
The determination of minus No. 200 (75 m) material is used to compare material performance with
gradation specifications, and indirectly to gauge such properties as plasticity, permeability, and soils
classifications.
Summary of Test
A known amount of material is placed in a wash container and covered with water, agitated to suspend
the fine size particles in the water, and then poured through a No. 200 sieve (see Figure 11.6.1). After
thorough rinsing, the portion remaining on the No. 200 sieve is transferred to a pan, dried and weighed.
The percentage passing through the No. 200 sieve is then calculated.
Figure 11.6.1. Fines suspended in the water are washed over a

No. 8 (2.36 mm) and a No. 200 (75 m) sieves
5. After size distribution has been computed, be sure to provide a visual description for each soil along
with the classification system symbols. Submit this experiment together with any additional data
sheets used for sieve analysis, grain size distribution curves, Atterberg limits, etc.
P a g e 2 | 5


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 11.7.1.1. Sieve Analysis (Washed, Dry)
SIEVE % PASSING
No. 4
No. 10
No. 40
No. 100
No. 200
!"#
Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu = = _____________________
!$#
(!'#))
Coefficient of Gradation, Cc = =_________________
!"# * !$#
Liquid Limit, LL =_________ Plastic Limit, PL =__________ Plasticity Index, PI =_________
AASHTO Classification = ________________________________ GI = _____________________
USCS Classification (write description) = _______________________________________________
P a g e 3 | 5

P a g e 4 | 5

11.7.3. Discussion
11.7.4. Conclusion
11.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. AASHTO T 11. In Materials FIiner than No. 200 (75 m)
Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Offcials.
American Standards of Testing and Materials. ASTM D2487 - 11. In Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). West Conshohocken, P.A.: Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for
Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).
Manak Bhavan, B. S. Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. In B. Soil Engineering Sectional
Committe (Ed.), Indian Standards: Methods of Test for Soils (First Revision). New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
P a g e 5 | 5


EXPERIMENT 12: COMPACTION TEST / MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION

AASHTO T 99 90
AASHTO T 180 90


a. identify the compaction test utilization between a standard and modified compaction methods
b. sketch the parabolic curve graph between the density and moisture content of the soil
c. illustrate the optimum moisture content of the compacted soil and its corresponding maximum
dry density
The aim of this experiment is to familiarize the student with the laboratory compaction test and to obtain
the moisture unit weight relationship for a given compactive effort on a particular soil.
Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition of water as lubricant. It results in
reduction of pore spaces and increase of density by rearrangement of particle grains. Thus, the mass
becomes more stable and impermeable, which are desirable characteristics of foundations.
The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of most significance. A properly compacted
fill will not settle very much even after the loads are imposed. Therefore, the detrimental effects of
settlement on the structures built on a stable fill are both safe and economical. Compaction also makes the
fill impervious; thus, it reduces the detrimental effects of infiltrating surface water.
Wet Density of the Compacted Soil, DM

&' &
=
&
where: & = wet density of the compacted soil

&' = weight of mold and compacted soil
& = weight of the mold
& = volume of mold
P a g e 1 | 8

Moisture Content,
, -
=
-
where: = moisture content of the specimen

, = weight of wet soil
- = weight of dry soil
Dry Density of the Compacted Soil, DD

=
1 +
where: 1 = dry density of the compacted soil

& = dry density of the compacted soil
= moisture content of the specimen
The moisture content and corresponding dry density of the compacted soil for each determination should
be calculated. Plot the dry density as the ordinate and the corresponding moisture content as abscissa.
Connect the plotted point with a smooth line. Generally, the curve is parabolic in form.

1 unit Oven with temperature control, capable of maintaining 110 5C
Straight edge knife, at least 10 in. in length
Sample extruder (jack) or mechanical pulverizer
1 set Mixing Tools mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula, etc.
Sieve Sizes required
Compaction Molds - solid wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions,
with detachable collar assembly and base plate
1. A 4 in mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.333) 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943
0.000008 cu. m.) with an internal diameter of 4.00 0.016 in.( 101.6 0.406
mm. and a height of 4.584 0.005 in. (116.43 0.1270 mm)
2. A 6 in mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.0750) 0.00075 cu. ft. (0.002124
0.000021 cu. m.) with an internal diameter of 6.00 0.026 in.( 152.4
0.6604 mm. and a height of 4.584 0.005 in.
Rammer
1. Manually Operated metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00 0.005
in (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter, weighing 5.50 0.02 lbs. (2.495 0.009 kg);
equipped with suitable guide to control the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00
0.06 in
2. Mechanically Operated metal rammer equipped with a device to control the
height of drop to a free fall of 12.00 0.06 in.; having a flat circular face of
P a g e 2 | 8

2.00 0.005 in (50.8 0.127 mm) diameter, weighing 5.50 0.02 lbs. (2.495
0.009 kg.
Figure 12.5.1. Standard Proctor Mold and Rammer
Size of Sample
1. Using AASHTO T 99 90 a 5.5 lb. (2.50 kg) Rammer and a 12 in (305 mm) Drop
These methods of test are intended for determining the moisture density relation of soil using a
5.5 lb. (2.50 kg) rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) drop.
2. Using AASHTO T 99 90 a 10.0 lb. (4.54 kg) Rammer and a 18 in (457 mm) Drop
These methods of test are intended for determining the moisture density relation of soil using a
10.0 lb. (4.54 kg) rammer and a 18 in. (457 mm) drop.
Table 12.5.1. Four Alternative Procedures
SIZE OF VOL. OF
NO. OF BLOW/ SIZE OF
METHOD MOLD MOLD
LAYERS LAYER MATL
(inches) (m3)
A 4 0.000943 3 25 Passing No. 4
B 6 0.002125 3 56 Passing No. 4
C 4 0.000943 3 25 Passing in
D 6 0.002125 3 56 Passing in
P a g e 3 | 8

12.6. Procedures
1. Weigh the empty cylindrical metal mold, with the base but without the collar, .
2. Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately 4
percentage points below optimum moisture content.
3. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. or 6 in. mold with collar attached in
three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 5 in. (127 mm). Compact
each layer by 25 (in case of 4 mold) or 56 (in case of 6 mold) uniformly distributed blows from
the rammer dropping free from a height of 12 in. (in case of 4 mold) or 18 in. (in case of 6
mold) above the elevation of the soil. During compaction, the mold shall rest firmly on a dense,
uniform, rigid and stable foundation.
3.1. Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the compacted soil even
with the top of the mold by means of the straightedge. Holes developed in the surface by
removal of coarse material shall be patched with smaller size material. Weigh the mold and
moist soil, .
3.2. After weighing the mold and the moist soil, &' , divide the mass of the compacted specimen
minus the weight of the mold, to the volume of the mold approximately 0.000943 m3 25 (in
case of 4 mold) or 0.002125 m3 25 (in case of 6 mold); this would be the wet density of the
compacted soil, .
4. Remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a representative
sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weigh immediately, .
5. Dry the wet soil and weigh, , in an oven for at least 12 hours, or to constant mass, to determine
the water content.
6. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material and add to the remaining portion of the sample
being tested. Add water gradually in sufficient amounts to increase the moisture content of the
sample by one or two percentage points.
7. Repeat the above procedures for each increment of water added. Continue this series of
determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, , , per cubic meter of
compacted soil.
P a g e 4 | 8


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Table 12.7.1.1. Compaction Test / Moisture Density Relation
SAMPLE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Moisture Can No.
Wt. of wet soil + can, g, W1
Wt. of dry soil + can, g, W2
Wt. of water, g
Wt. of can, g
Wt. of dry soil, g
Water Content, w%
DENSITY DETERMINATION
Wt. of mold, g, WM
Wt. of mold + compacted soil, g, WMc
Wt. of compacted soil in the mold, g
Water Content, w%
Wet Density, kN/m3
Dry Density, kN/m3
P a g e 5 | 8

Optimum Moisture Content, % (based from the graph) = _____________________

Maximum Dry Density, maxdry(lab) =_________________
P a g e 6 | 8

P a g e 7 | 8

12.7.3. Discussion
12.7.4. Conclusion
12.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials. AASHTO T 99 - 90. In Standard Method of Test for Moisture-
Density Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop . Washington D.C., United States of
America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offcials.
Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10.0-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop. Washington D.C., United
States of America: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
P a g e 8 | 8


EXPERIMENT 13: Determination of Density of Soil In - Place by the Sand Cone Method
AASHTO T 191 02


a. identify the laboratory and calibration data needed for the field test
b. modify the relative compaction of the soil from its laboratory and field test results
c. apply the in-place unit weight determination relevant to professional engineering practice
The aim of this experiment is to present the method of determining the density of soil in situ, or in its natural
state.
Density of Soil is defined as the weight / mass per unit volume. It is a very significant engineering property
of soils as strength is dependent upon density.
The field density test is widely used as a control test in embankment construction to ensure adequate
compaction. Highway specifications usually require that the embankment should be compacted not less
than 95% of maximum density. Another application of the test in highway work is in connection with the
determination of pay quantity of borrow materials, when the borrow pit is not amenable to direct
volumetric measurements.
Laboratory Computations
Density of the Sand, DS

&
=
(
where: * = density of the density of sand used (Ottawa Sand)

& = weight of sand to fill the mold
( = volume of mold
P a g e 1 | 8

Weight of Sand to fill the Cone and Guide Plate, WC
WC = &+ -
where: WC = weight of sand to fill the cone and guide plate

&+ = weight of sand cone apparatus full of sand
- = weight of remaining sand in the apparatus
Volume of Test Hole, VH

&0
=
&
where: 0 = volume of test soil

&0 = weight of sand to fill the hole
= WSC WC - WB
& = density of sand used (Ottawa Sand)
Field Computations
Wet Density of the Soil in the Field, DM
where: ( = wet density of the soil in the field

4& = weight of soil removed from the hole
0 = volume of test hole
Dry Density of the Soil in the Field, DD

(
=
1 +
where: 8 = dry density of the soil in the field

( = wet density of the soil in the field
= moisture content of the soil removed from the hole

1 unit Density Apparatus (Sand Cone Apparatus) ) shall consist of 4 L capacity (1 gal)
jar and a detachable cone consisting of a cylindrical valve with an orifice 12.7 mm
(1/2 in.) in diameter
Guide Plate 300 mm x 300 mm with 150 mm hole in the center
Steel Straightedge
P a g e 2 | 8

1 set Digging Tools, such as earth auger, crowbar or chisel

Sieve Sizes required
Sand any clean, dry, free - flowing, un-cemented passing No. 10 and retained in
No. 200 sieve
Figure 13.5.1. Sand Cone Apparatus with Guide Plate
13.6. Procedures
1. Determination of volume of density jar.

a. Weigh the assembled apparatus and record.
b. Place the apparatus upright and open the valve.
c. Fill the apparatus with water until it appears over the valve.
d. Close the valve and remove the excess water.
e. Repeat the procedure described to take at least 2 trials; then solve for the volume.
2. Determine the bulk density of the sand to be used in the field.
a. Place the empty apparatus upright on a firm level surface, close the valve and fill the funnel
with sand.
b. Open the valve, keeping funnel at least half full of sand, fill the apparatus.
c. Close the valve sharply and empty excess sand.
d. Weigh the apparatus full of sand, WS.
e. Repeat the procedures described to take at least 3 trials; then solve for the bulk density.
3. Determine the mass of sand required to fill the funnel / cone.
a. Put sand in the apparatus and secure mass of the apparatus and sand, WSC.
b. Seat the inverted apparatus on a clean, level, plane surface.
c. Open the valve and keep open until after the sand stops running.
P a g e 3 | 8

d. Close the valve sharply, weigh the apparatus with remaining sand, WB, and determine the
loss of sand. This loss represents the mass of sand required to fill the funnel, WC.
e. Repeat the procedure described to take at least 2 trials; take the average.
4. Determine the soil Density In Place.
a. Smooth off a representative spot of sufficient size and lay flat the guide plate on the surface
of the soil layer to be tested.
b. Dig the test hole inside the center hole in the base plate with an auger, knife or any digging
tool to the full depth of the layer under test. Trim the hole carefully to make the sides more
or less vertical and bottom, level.
c. Place all the loosened soil in a container being careful to avoid losing any material. Protect
the material from any loss of moisture. Weigh the material, WWS + pan.
d. Weigh the Sand Cone apparatus with full of sand, WSC.
e. Position the density apparatus into inverted position leveled to the guide plate above the
test hole. Open the valve to release the calibrated sand. Take care to avoid jarring or
vibrating the apparatus on the ground during this step. Close the valve after the sand has
stopped and determine the mass of sand used in the test.
f. Mix the material kept in a container thoroughly and obtain a representative sample for
moisture content determination or use the entire sample. Dry and weigh the moisture
sample.
g. Remove the sand from the test hole; clean for future use.
P a g e 4 | 8


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
Calibration Data
A. Sand Density Determination
Sand Used : _____________________

Volume, VM =____________________ cc
Wt. of sand to fill the volume measure Trial No. 1 =____________________ g
Trial No. 2 =____________________ g
Trial No. 3 =____________________ g
Average Wt., WS =________________ g
49
Density of Sand, & = =_______________ g/cc
:;
B. Weight of Sand to fill the Cone
Wt. of filled jug + cone, WSC = ______________ g

Wt. after Trial No. 1, WB =__________________ g Wt. to fill = _____________________ g
Average Wt.to fill the cone, WC =________________ g
Laboratory Data from Field Test
Table 13.7.1.1. Determination of Density of Soil In - Place (Laboratory Test Data)
DATA
Wt. of pan, g
Wt. of wet soil + pan, g, WWS + pan
Wt. of wet soil, g, WWS
Wt. of wet soil + can, g, W1
P a g e 5 | 8

Wt. of dry soil + can, g, W2
Wt. of can, g
Wt. of dry soil, g
Moisture Content, w%
Field Data (Sand Cone Method)
Table 13.7.1.2. Determination of Density of Soil In - Place (Field Test Data)
DATA
Type of sand used
Unit Wt. of Sand, g/cc3, DS
Wt. of jug + cone before use, g, Wbefore
Wt. of jug + cone after use, g, Wafter
Wt. of sand used (hole + cone), g, WSHC
Wt. of sand in cone (frm calibration), g, WC
Wt. of sand in hole, g, WSH
Volume of Hole, cc, VH
Density of Soil
Wet Density, DM = ____________________ kN/m3
Dry Density, DD =____________________ kN/m3
P a g e 6 | 8

P a g e 7 | 8

13.7.3. Discussion
13.7.4. Conclusion
13.8. References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T 191 - 02. In Standard Method of Test for Density
of Soil In-Place by the Sand-Cone Metho. Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State Highway
P a g e 8 | 8


EXPERIMENT 14: Permeability Test Constant Head Method

AASHTO T 215 70
ASTM D 2434 - 68


a. arrange the permeability device based on the method to be performed
b. classify the permeability test method depending on the soil type to be experimented
c. interpret the permeability of such soil type based on its hydraulic conductivity value
d. relate the methods of performing the test in relation to the succeeding experiments and topics
The aim of this experiment is to determine the permeability of a soil by constant head method.
Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume. It is one of the most
important geotechnical parameters. However, it is probably the most difficult parameter to determine. In
large part, it controls the strength and deformation behavior of soils.
This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability by a Constant Head Method
for the laminar flow of water through granular soils. The procedure is to establish representative values of
the coefficient of permeability of granular soils that may occur in natural deposits as placed in
embankments, or when used as base courses under pavements. In order to limit consolidation influences
during testing, this procedure is limited to disturbed granular soils containing not more than 10% soil
passing the No. 200 sieve (75-mm diameter).
Coefficient of Permeability, K

=

where: K= coefficient of permeability by constant head test, cm/sec

Q = volume of water passed through the sample, cc
L = length of soil sample, cm
A = cross-sectional area of soil sample, cm2
P a g e 1 | 7

h = hydraulic head difference, cm

t = time elapsed, sec
Coefficient of Permeability at standard temperature of 20C, KST

KST = *
20
where: KST = coefficient of permeability at standard temperature of 20C, cm/sec

T = viscosity of water at temperature of test (see table provided)
20 = viscosity of water at standard temperature of 20C

1 unit Timer
Graduated Cylinder
1 set Thermometer
Scale, Clipper, Drying Cans
Constant Head Permeability Cell/Permeameter, 75 mm diameter, with
transparent plastic cells weighing 2.6 kg.; or Constant Head Permeability Cell, 114
mm diameter with transparent plastic cells weighing 6.1 kg.
Manometer Tubes and Stand comprising three glass tubes of constant bore, meter
scale, all mounted on a free-standing panel, weighing 2.8 kg.
Constant Head Tank, a suitable water reservoir capable of supplying water to the
permeameter under constant head.
Figure 14.5.1. Constant Head Permeameter with its porous stones and tubes (figure on the left); Constant
Head Permeameter with manometer tubes and meter scale (figure on the right)
P a g e 2 | 7

14.6. Procedures
1. Measure the inside diameter of the permeameter and standpipe to solve for both its cross-sectional
area.
2. Determine the weight of the empty permeameter, which includes the two porous stones, chamber
caps, compression springs and screws.
3. Place the soil (granular/sandy soil) into the permeameter loosely, with some vibration, or with
considerable effort through 3 layers.
4. Weigh the permeability meter with soil sample.
5. Measure and record the length of the soil sample spaced between the two porous stones, L.
6. Assemble the permeability device the permeameter connected to its manometer tubes and
constant head tank.
7. Start flow to remove entrapped air.
8. Saturate the sample. Open the bottom outlet valve and allow water to flow into the permeameter.
9. Open the bottom outlet valve and raise the constant level head (funnel) to a convenient height to
get a reasonable steady flow of water.
10. Accurately measure the vertical distance between the funnel overflow level and the chamber
outflow level, h, or the hydraulic head difference of the test.
11. Allow adequate time for the flow pattern and/or specimen to stabilize.
12. After equilibrium flow has been established, measure the time taken, t, to have specified volume
of water flowing out, Q. Use a measuring cylinder and a stop watch.
13. Take the temperature of the test.
14. Repeat three or more times using the same test (t = constant).
P a g e 3 | 7


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
A. Permeability Meter / Permeameter B. Standpipe / Manometer Tubes
Diameter = ________________ cm Diameter = ________________ cm

Area =____________________ cm2 Area =____________________ cm2
Length of Specimen =_________________ cm Constant Head, h =_________________ cm

Initial Weight of soil + pan = ___________ g Volume =_________________ cc
0*
Final Weight of soil + pan = ____________ g =____________________
012
Weight of soil sample =________________ g
Table 14.7.1.1. Permeability Test Constant Head Method
TEST NO. TIME, t (sec) VOLUME, V (cc) TEMPERATURE, T (C) KST (cm/sec)
P a g e 4 | 7

C 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
10 1.3012 1.2976 1.2940 1.2903 1.2867 1.2831 1.2795 1.2759 1.2722 1.2686
11 1.2650 1.2615 1.2580 1.2545 1.2510 1.2476 1.2441 1.2406 1.2371 1.2336
12 1.2301 1.2268 1.2234 1.2201 1.2168 1.2135 1.2101 1.2068 1.2035 1.2001
13 1.1968 1.1936 1.1905 1.1873 1.1841 1.1810 1.1777 1.1746 1.1714 1.1683
14 1.1651 1.1621 1.1590 1.1560 1.1529 1.1499 1.1469 1.1438 1.1408 1.1377
15 1.1347 1.1318 1.1289 1.1260 1.1231 1.1202 1.1172 1.1143 1.1114 1.1085
16 1.1056 1.1028 1.0999 1.0971 1.0943 1.0915 1.0887 1.0859 1.0803 1.0802
17 1.0774 1.0747 1.0720 1.0693 1.0667 1.0640 1.0613 1.0586 1.0560 1.0533
18 1.0507 1.0480 1.0454 1.0429 1.0403 1.0377 1.0351 1.0325 1.0300 1.0274
19 1.0248 1.0223 1.0198 1.0174 1.0149 1.0124 1.0099 1.0074 1.0050 1.0025
20 1.0000 0.9976 0.9952 0.9928 0.9904 0.9881 0.9857 0.9833 0.9809 0.9785
21 0.9761 0.9738 0.9715 0.9692 0.9669 0.9646 0.9623 0.9600 0.9577 0.9554
22 0.9531 0.9509 0.9487 0.9465 0.9443 0.9421 0.9399 0.9377 0.9355 0.9333
23 0.9311 0.9290 0.9268 0.9247 0.9225 0.9204 0.9183 0.9161 0.9140 0.9118
24 0.9097 0.9077 0.9056 0.9036 0.9015 0.8995 0.8975 0.8954 0.8934 0.9013
25 0.8893 0.8873 0.8853 0.8833 0.8813 0.8794 0.8774 0.8754 0.8734 0.8714
26 0.8694 0.8675 0.8656 0.8636 0.8617 0.8598 0.8579 0.8560 0.8540 0.8521
27 0.8502 0.8484 0.8465 0.8447 0.8428 0.8410 0.8392 0.8373 0.8355 0.8336
Table 14.7.1.2 Viscosity Correction for

28 0.8318 0.8300 0.8282 0.8264 0.8246 0.8229 0.8211 0.8193 0.8175 0.8157
0*
012
29 0.8139 0.8122 0.8105 0.8087 0.8070 0.8053 0.8036 0.8019 0.8001 0.7984
30 0.7967 0.7950 0.7934 0.7917 0.7901 0.7884 0.7897 0.7851 0.7834 0.7818
31 0.7801 0.7785 0.7769 0.7753 0.7737 0.7721 0.7705 0.7689 0.7673 0.7657
32 0.7641 0.7626 0.7610 0.7595 0.7579 0.7564 0.7548 0.7533 0.7517 0.7502
33 0.7486 0.7471 0.7456 0.7440 0.7425 0.7410 0.7395 0.7380 0.7634 0.7349
34 0.7334 0.7320 0.7305 0.7291 0.7276 0.7262 0.7247 0.7233 0.7218 0.7204
P a g e 5 | 7
35 0.7189 0.7175 0.7161 0.7147 0.7133 0.7120 0.7106 0.7092 0.7078 0.7064
P a g e 6 | 7

14.7.3. Discussion
14.7.4. Conclusion
14.8. References
Permeability of Granular Soil (Constant Head). Washington D.C., United States of America: American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials.
American Standards of Testing and Materials. ASTM D 2434 - 68(2006). In Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular
Soils (Constant Head) (Withdrawn 2015). West Conshohocken, P.A.: American Standards of Testing and Materials.
P a g e 7 | 7


EXPERIMENT 15: Permeability Test Falling Head Method

FM 5-513
ASTM D 5856 - 15


a. arrange the permeability device based on the method to be performed
b. classify the permeability test method depending on the soil type to be experimented
c. interpret the permeability of such soil type based on its hydraulic conductivity value
d. relate the methods of performing the test in relation to the succeeding experiments and topics
The aim of this experiment is to determine the permeability of a soil by falling head method.
Permeability is a measure of the ease in which water can flow through a soil volume. It is one of the most
important geotechnical parameters. However, it is probably the most difficult parameter to determine. In
large part, it controls the strength and deformation behavior of soils.
This test method applies to one-dimensional, laminar flow of water within laboratory-compacted, porous
cohesive materials such as soil. The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials generally decreases with an
increasing amount of air in the pores of the material. This test method applies to porous materials containing
little or no air. The test method is designed to minimize the amount of air in the test specimen. However,
this test method does not ensure complete saturation of the test specimen with water.
Coefficient of Permeability, K
() 12
= 2.303 log10 ( )
*+ 13
where: K= coefficient of permeability by falling head test, cm/sec

a = cross-sectional area of standpipe, cm2
A = cross-sectional area of soil sample, cm2
L = length of soil sample, cm
t = time elapsed, sec
P a g e 1 | 7

h1 = initial head difference at t1 = 0, cm

h2 = final head difference at t = t2, cm
Coefficient of Permeability at standard temperature of 20C, KST

KST = 6
20
where: KST = coefficient of permeability at standard temperature of 20C, cm/sec

T = viscosity of water at temperature of test (see table provided)
20 = viscosity of water at standard temperature of 20C

1 unit Timer
Graduated Cylinder
1 set Thermometer
Scale, Clipper, Drying Cans
Falling Head Permeability Cell/Permeameter, 75 mm diameter, with transparent
plastic cells weighing 2.6 kg.; or Constant Head Permeability Cell, 114 mm
diameter with transparent plastic cells weighing 6.1 kg.
Manometer Tubes and Stand comprising three glass tubes of constant bore, meter
scale, all mounted on a free-standing panel, weighing 2.8 kg.
Funnel, a suitable water reservoir capable of supplying water to the permeameter
under constant head.
Figure 15.5.1. Falling Head Permeameter with its porous stones and tubes (figure on the left); Falling
Head Permeameter with manometer tubes and meter scale (figure on the right)
P a g e 2 | 7

15.6. Procedures
1. Measure the inside diameter of the permeameter and standpipe to solve for both its cross-sectional
area.
2. Determine the weight of the empty permeameter, which includes the two porous stones, chamber
caps, compression springs and screws.
3. Place the soil (cohesive soil) into the permeameter loosely, with some vibration, or with
considerable effort through 3 layers.
4. Weigh the permeability meter with soil sample.
5. Measure and record the length of the soil sample spaced between the two porous stones, L.
6. Assemble the permeability device the permeameter connected to its manometer tubes and
constant head tank.
7. Start flow to remove entrapped air.
8. Saturate the sample. Open the bottom outlet valve and allow water to flow into the permeameter.
9. Fill the standpipe to a convenient height. Measure the hydraulic head across sample to obtain the
initial head difference, h1.
10. Commence the flow of water and simultaneously start timing the test.
11. Allow water to flow through the sample until the standpipe is almost empty or to a convenient
height mark, taken as the final head difference, h2.
12. Take the temperature of the test.
13. Refill the standpipe, and repeat the test to at least 3 times. Use the same h1 and h2 values and obtain
the corresponding elapsed times. Take the temperature for each run.
P a g e 3 | 7


Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
A. Permeability Meter / Permeameter B. Standpipe / Manometer Tubes
Diameter = ________________ cm Diameter = ________________ cm

Area =____________________ cm2 Area =____________________ cm2
:6
=____________________
:3;
Table 15.7.1.1. Permeability Test Falling Head Method
TEST ELAPSED VOLUME, TEMPERATURE,

h1 (cm) h2 (cm) KT (cm/sec) KST (cm/sec)
NO. TIME, t (sec) V (cc) T (C)
Average =
P a g e 4 | 7

C 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
10 1.3012 1.2976 1.2940 1.2903 1.2867 1.2831 1.2795 1.2759 1.2722 1.2686
11 1.2650 1.2615 1.2580 1.2545 1.2510 1.2476 1.2441 1.2406 1.2371 1.2336
12 1.2301 1.2268 1.2234 1.2201 1.2168 1.2135 1.2101 1.2068 1.2035 1.2001
13 1.1968 1.1936 1.1905 1.1873 1.1841 1.1810 1.1777 1.1746 1.1714 1.1683
14 1.1651 1.1621 1.1590 1.1560 1.1529 1.1499 1.1469 1.1438 1.1408 1.1377
15 1.1347 1.1318 1.1289 1.1260 1.1231 1.1202 1.1172 1.1143 1.1114 1.1085
16 1.1056 1.1028 1.0999 1.0971 1.0943 1.0915 1.0887 1.0859 1.0803 1.0802
17 1.0774 1.0747 1.0720 1.0693 1.0667 1.0640 1.0613 1.0586 1.0560 1.0533
18 1.0507 1.0480 1.0454 1.0429 1.0403 1.0377 1.0351 1.0325 1.0300 1.0274
19 1.0248 1.0223 1.0198 1.0174 1.0149 1.0124 1.0099 1.0074 1.0050 1.0025
20 1.0000 0.9976 0.9952 0.9928 0.9904 0.9881 0.9857 0.9833 0.9809 0.9785
21 0.9761 0.9738 0.9715 0.9692 0.9669 0.9646 0.9623 0.9600 0.9577 0.9554
22 0.9531 0.9509 0.9487 0.9465 0.9443 0.9421 0.9399 0.9377 0.9355 0.9333
23 0.9311 0.9290 0.9268 0.9247 0.9225 0.9204 0.9183 0.9161 0.9140 0.9118
24 0.9097 0.9077 0.9056 0.9036 0.9015 0.8995 0.8975 0.8954 0.8934 0.9013
25 0.8893 0.8873 0.8853 0.8833 0.8813 0.8794 0.8774 0.8754 0.8734 0.8714
26 0.8694 0.8675 0.8656 0.8636 0.8617 0.8598 0.8579 0.8560 0.8540 0.8521
27 0.8502 0.8484 0.8465 0.8447 0.8428 0.8410 0.8392 0.8373 0.8355 0.8336
Table 15.7.1.2. Viscosity Correction for

28 0.8318 0.8300 0.8282 0.8264 0.8246 0.8229 0.8211 0.8193 0.8175 0.8157
:6
:3;
29 0.8139 0.8122 0.8105 0.8087 0.8070 0.8053 0.8036 0.8019 0.8001 0.7984
30 0.7967 0.7950 0.7934 0.7917 0.7901 0.7884 0.7897 0.7851 0.7834 0.7818
31 0.7801 0.7785 0.7769 0.7753 0.7737 0.7721 0.7705 0.7689 0.7673 0.7657
32 0.7641 0.7626 0.7610 0.7595 0.7579 0.7564 0.7548 0.7533 0.7517 0.7502
33 0.7486 0.7471 0.7456 0.7440 0.7425 0.7410 0.7395 0.7380 0.7634 0.7349
34 0.7334 0.7320 0.7305 0.7291 0.7276 0.7262 0.7247 0.7233 0.7218 0.7204
P a g e 5 | 7
35 0.7189 0.7175 0.7161 0.7147 0.7133 0.7120 0.7106 0.7092 0.7078 0.7064
P a g e 6 | 7

15.7.3. Discussion
15.7.4. Conclusion
15.8. References
American Standards of Testing and Materials. ASTM D 5856 - 15. In Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic
Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-Wall, Compaction-Mold Permeameter (Vols. West Conshohocken, P.A.). American
Standards of Testing and Materials.
Florida Department of Transportation (Innovation, Mobility and Economic Development). FM 5-513. Florida Method of Test for
Coefficient of Permeability - Falling Head Method. In Florida Sampling and Testing Methods (FSTM). Florida Department of
Transportation.
P a g e 7 | 7

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Geotechnical Engineering 1 Laboratory Manual

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

1.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Experiment

1.2. Experiments Intended Learning Outcomes (EILOs)

1.3. Objective of the Experiment

1.4. Principle of the Experiment

where: W1 = weight/mass of container, plus wet soil

1.5. Materials and Equipment

Size of Sample Ranges from 25 to 1000 g

Table 1.5.1. Minimum Weight of Sample

1. Weigh the container with cover, and record as Wc.

1.7. Experiment Report

Course: Experiment No.:

1.7.1. Data and Results

Table 1.7.1.1. Results for Determination of Moisture Content

Container No. (Can)

Wt. of can + wet soil, g

Wt. of can + dry soil, g

Wt. of dry soil, g

Average Water Content: ___________________

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 2: PREPARATION OF DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE FOR TEST

2.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Experiment

2.2. Experiments Intended Learning Outcomes (EILOs)

2.3. Objective of the Experiment

2.4. Principle of the Experiment

2.5. Materials and Equipment

Largest Particle Size Minimum Mass

For Specific Gravity

For Atterberg Limit

For Compaction Test

2.7. Experiment Report

Course: Experiment No.:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 3: DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL

3.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Experiment

3.2. Experiments Intended Learning Outcomes (EILOs)

3.3. Objective of the Experiment

3.4. Principle of the Experiment

where: Gs = specific gravity of soil

Specific Gravity of Distilled Water

Table 3.4.1 Specific Gravity of Distilled Water in varying Temperature

Temperature (C) GTx Temperature (C) GTx

20 ____________ 0.9932 31 ____________ 0.9954

Table 3.4.2 Typical Values of Specific Gravity of Soil Solids

3.5. Materials and Equipment

3.7. Experiment Report

Course: Experiment No.:

3.7.1. Data and Results

Table 3.7.1.1. Results for Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil

Volume of Flask at 20C

Wt. of container + dry soil, g

Wt. of dry soil, g

Wt. of Pycnometer + soil +

Wt. of Pycnometer + water

Specific Gravity of Distilled

Specific Gravity of Soil, GS

Average Specific Gravity of Soil Solids: ___________________

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINATION OF VOLUMETRIC - GRAVIMETRIC RELATIONSHIP

4.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Experiment

4.2. Experiments Intended Learning Outcomes (EILOs)

20 0.9932 31 0.9954