Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Last but not least, I am very thankful to my project partners without whose
kind cooperation it was difficult and impossible to go through the leaps and
bounds while preparing this project. Also thanks to them who directly or indirectly
co-operated and contributed during work.
ABSTRACT
Paper Cutting & Rewinding Machine is one of the simplest machine which cuts
rolled paper in needed amount and re-winded form. The conventional paper rewinding
machine has complex mechanism and bulk size. We made some modification to the
conventional machine and eliminating its defects. The main peculiarity of machine is its
simplicity, reduced size, weight. And also reduces floor space. This project can be
directly implemented to paper cutting and rewinding machines in Paper mills. This
machine can also use in textile mills, plastic and rubber sheets cutting and rewinding
process in various industries by changing its cutting components.
By applying these modifications to the conventional machine reduce
maintenance and servicing cost, floor area and overhead expenditures. It is well suited
for small scale industries.
CONTENTS
TOPIC NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE-NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 4
3. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 12
4. MARKET SURVEY 13
6. SITE SELECTION 20
8. COMPONENTS OF MACHINE 30
9. MANUFACTURING PROCESS 35
14. DRAWINGS 47
16. CONCLUSION 54
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
INTRODUCTION
Definition Of Project :-
A project is a group of unique, inter-related activities that are planned
and executed in a certain sequence to create a unique product or service, within a
specific time frame, budget and the clients specifications. Some of the
characteristics of the task that qualify to be projects are:
1) Unique Activities
2) Attainment of a specific goal
3) Sequence of activities
4) Specified time
5) Interrelated activities
A project is investment activities where resources are create some capital assets
that will produce some benefits over a spread of time. Every project will definitely have
the following characteristics.
The whole cycle of a project has to come through seven different stages
1) Containing of idea (identification of an activity)
2) Formulation of a scheme (here we prepare the project report)
3) Project reports Appraisal
4) Project monitoring
5) Implementation
6) Evaluation of the project implementation
7) Taking corrective measures for improvement
Once a project has been identified the first step is to find out the price of
machinery and raw materials. Get the latest quotations for the machineries.
After ascertain the price of plant, machinery and raw materials. Find out the mages of
employees prevalent in the area. Now calculation regarding the profit return and break-
even point etc. has to be done.
A detailed market study had to be conducted and the same should be
incorporated into the project report (it is a must when the project cost is over 20 lakhs).
The market study should certain in the total demand for the product and present
manufacturers of the product, their installed capacities. Marketing arrangement
including channels of distribution, logistics, etc.
I. Topic covered:
1) Selection of the materials
2) Arc welding
3) Types of fits
4) Types of threading
5) Estimating and costing
6) Quality control
7) Production drawing
ORGANISATION
FOR FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE
Under the scheme financial assistance to the extent of 90% of the fixed
cost of this. Project subjected to a maximum of Rs.20 lakhs one in the case of
techno craft is available to technically qualified entrepreneurs who set their
units.
BANK
State bank of India operates a scheme of coordinate credit assistance to
small scale industries. The financial assistance is provided to craftsman and
technical qualified entrepreneurs who have sound project and are not able to
provide what is called owner equity of minimum capital usually required to
secure loan.
The small scale industries assistance mainly from the following financial
bodies,
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
The capital structure and source decides the blending owned and
borrowed funds in the total financial requirements. It also implies determination
of the sources, timing and procedure to obtain funds, which an enterprise needs
for its long terms and conditions of different financial resources very
significantly depending up on the financial image of the enterprise. The financial
management should have full knowledge of the different sources of funds along
with their advantages and limitations to make use of them in the best interest of
the enterprise. Different types of securities and debentures may raise the funds
or they could be borrowed from financial institution or banks.
These are certain routine functions, which are falling within the
jurisdiction of the financial management. Generally, these functions are
delegated to the subordinate staff in the finance department some of the
important routine functions are,
Control on cash
Custody and safe guard of the document
Record keeping
Management reporting
INCREASE IN PROFILES
A firm should increase its revenues in order to maximize its value. The
profits of the firm are maximized, when the firm is in the equilibrium. At stage
in the average cost and the revenues are equal.
REDUCTION INCOST
A firm should make efforts to reduce the cost of the capital and to launch
its economy in its operation.
A firm should make a judicious choice of funds so that they maximize its
value. The financial should carefully evaluate the financial risk involved before
making an investment decision when achieving the goal of maximization of
project or value of the firm.
CAPITAL
Capital plays a vital role in the life of modern productive system. Capital
is the life blood of any business production without capital is not possible.
Nature cannot furnish goods and materials to man unless he has the tools and
machinery, for mining, farming, forecasting, finishing etc. with the growth of
technology and specialization, the capital has to play a vital role. Productivity of
the modern economy is mainly due to the extensive use of the capital, i.e.;
machinery tools or equipments in the productive system.
Capital is one of the important factors of production. It plays a strategic
role in raising productivity. Economic development is not possible without
making and using machinery, construction of irrigation work, the production of
agricultural tools and implements, building dams, bridges and factories, railway,
airports ships, harbors, etc. which are all capital.
The role of small scale industries in the national economy has been greatly appreciated
and it has in to distinct entity of its own. The small scale industries provided rest scope
of increasing employment. They are labor intensive and comparatively little capital to
start with. They help production on prices, and they accelerate the rate of industrial
growth. This help in equitable distribution of national wealth.
The steps involved to start small scale industry are conduct market survey and
study the products as regard their demands in the market and select one of them.
The selection of production is guided by,
MARKET ABILITY
PROFITABITITY
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
STABILITY
The proposed product should have stable sails all the year round otherwise the
cost of production may go up and make product unstable. This may cause difficult to
plan May production and procurement program. In such cases it necessary to find out
alternatives uses for man machinery and equipments during the slack season.
The proposed product should give reasonable growth over a period of time in
order to ensure a progressive return to the entrepreneurs.
PROJECT CAPACITY
After conducting market survey the capacity of the project must be decided
considering the amount of money can be arranged i.e.; by partnership, through banks,
financial corporation or shares. While deciding the capacity of the project following are
the factors which should also be considered.
1) Demand product
2) Whether the demand is regular or fluctuating
3) Quality of powder, water, land, material available
4) Nature of product
SITE SELECTION
SITE SELECTION
Having taken a decision to start a factory it is important to select a suitable site
or location. The site has great effect on the success or failure of the operation of the
factory, so maximum importance should be given to the site selection. Therefore while
selecting a site the owner or management must consider technical, commercial and
financial aspects and then to select a site the owner or management must consider
technical. Sometimes it is not an easy affair to find a place where possess all
requirements. In such cases we have to analyses the merits and demerits of the place to
be selected and taken a favorable decision.
The problem of site selection of factory can be solved in the following two
stages
As far as possible, the site selected should be nearer the source of raw materials.
This will reduce the cost of transportation of raw materials from the place to the plant.
Further if the raw materials are bulky and heavy it becomes very essential to select the
site near it. This why the most of the iron and steel located in Orissa and Bihar due to
proximity of the raw material such as coal and iron ore.
The cost transportation of the finished goods and distribution cost etc. will be
reduced if the factory is situated near the market. The goods can be sold at cheaper rate
and moreover it will be help in quick service to customer. Their requirements also
studied.
3. TRANSPORTATION FECILITIES
Transportation costs play a very important role then we have to see that the cost of
transportation should remain fairly small in production to the total cost depending upon
the order of raw materials and finished goods. A suitable method of transportation like
road, rail, air and water is selected and accordingly the plant location is decided.
All factories need soft and pure water for various uses as chemical industry
require a large quantity of water for processing, so should not be set up at a location
which is famous for storage, if pure water is not available in one location of water to the
location.
Due to development of electricity this factor has not much effect. Even then we
have to see that where the electricity is cheaper but most of the steel industries are
located near the source of fuel.
7. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
It is governing factor for fuel several industries, textile factories require moist
climate that is why most of the textile mills have been located at Bombay and
Ahmadabad but now a days with the use of air conditioning facilities it has been
possible to control the atmospheric moisture content in the factory according to the
requirements.
8. LAND
Topology, area and shape of the site, cost drainage and other facilities are also to
be considered at the time of the site selection.
9. COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
1) The availability of cheap land to build and expand the plant in future.
2) The cost of leveling the land and providing foundation subsoil and drainage.
3) Cost of building materials like granite, bricks, literate sand and cement, lime.
4) Facilities for transport in getting and sending materials.
5) Facilities for housing the workers and if necessary,
6) Cost of installation of electricity, gas and other facilities.
7) Cost laying the water supply and providing the sewage.
8) Cheap possibilities of disposing of trade waste efficient treatment.
REGISTRATION OF PLANT
The next step is to ensure the implementation of the project. If in case, the
entrepreneur is interested in getting financial assistance from institutional agencies, it is
necessary for him to prepare and submit a feasible project report for their acceptance.
To apply and avail of the various facilities, incentives and assistance available from
various instructions like district industrial Centre, national small scale Industries
Corporation and various financial institutions. It is necessary for the unit to itself
registered with director of industries and commerce. The registration of the unit is done
in two stages via
1) Provisional registration
2) Regular registration
PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION
Provisional registration is meant to enable party to make necessary steps during the unit
into existences. A provisional registration is valid up to six months and it can convert to
regular registration later on. The provisional registration entities the part to
REGULAR REGISTRATION
When the party has taken all steps for establishing the unit, i.e.; when the factory
building is ready, power connection is given the machinery has been installed etc. and
he can apply for the machinery has been installed etc. and he can apply for the regular
registration of the unit. Within the seven days on the receipt of application, the district
industries officer or other designed officer will inform the party to the date and time for
inspection of the unit. On being satisfied that the unit is capable of production activity, a
registration certificate is issued by the directorate of industries and commerce.
MANAGEMENT
MARKET SURVEY
INTRODUCTION
The following points area of the most importance while making market
survey.
MARKET RESEARCH
All industries enterprises it develops product for direct market applications
without having any idea in advance of consumer acceptance of the product takes
quicker risk.
On the country another concern lends to learn consumer action to product prior
to manufacturing the same.it does not involve any risk associating high
expenditures.
Market research may be defined as organized approach which includes all our
research activities involved in the market.
Depending upon the percentage of carbon, plain carbon steels are classified into
following three groups:
They contain less than 0.3% carbon. It is popular as 'mild steels'. Low carbon
steels are soft and very ductile. They can be machined and welded easily.
However, due to low carbon content, they are unresponsive to heat treatment.
So M.S is used for project.
a) Where strength of weld is more than the strength of parts joined together.
b) Where strength of weld is less than strength of parts joined together.
In first category the failure occur in the parts joined together by weld while
in second one it will occur in the weld deposit. Strength of weld deposit is more than
the strength of connected parts under the following conditions:
a) The components are mead up of mild steel with less than 0.3% of carbon.
b) The welding electrode contains 0.15% carbon.
c) Electrode is coated resulting in shielded wilding.
During the welding process coating on the electrode gives off an inert gas
which acts as a shield, protecting the arc from the surrounding atmosphere. Coating
also forms the slag on the molten metal and protects it during cooling process. When
components are mead up of material such as high carbon steel or alloy steel the weld
deposits is weaken than the strength of connected components.
a) Riveted joints required additional cover plates, gusset plates, straps, clip
angles and a large number of rivets that increase weight.
c) Welded structures are lighter than corresponding iron casting by 50% and
steel casting by 30%.
e) Strength of welded joint is high, very often the strength of weld is more than
the strength of the plates that are joined together.
The main components of Paper Cutting & Rewinding Machine are listed
below.
1) BASIC FRAME
The entire unit is mounted on a rigid frame. The frame is made of
mild steel C- Channels (75X40 mm) connected in rectangular form and weld
at their joints.
2) ROLLERS
The rotation of motor is transferred to the one of the four rollers on which
cut paper is mounting in operation. The rotating roll makes all other three rollers
to rotate. The roller is supported at its two ends by Plummer block with ball
bearing blocks. The main functions of roller are to favor the cutting operation by
moving paper and rewind it to rolls.
4) PLUMMER BLOCK
5) BEARINGS
Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other
kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the
balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and
outer races.
6) INDUCTION MOTOR
An induction or asynchronous
motor is an AC motor in which all
electromagnetic energy is transferred by
inductive coupling from a primary winding
to a secondary winding, the two windings
being separated by an air gap.
The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or
sheave), with the result that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to
wedge into the groove as the load increases-the greater the load, the greater
the wedging action, V-belts may be homogeneously rubber or polymer.
Belts are looped over pulleys. The belt drives the pulleys in the same
direction. As a source of motion, the belt is one application where the belt is
adapted to continuously carry a load between the motor and pulley fitted on
the roller.
C-clamp with the two bolts are used to clamp the cutter to the frame
and one extended piece of flat for mounting of cutter.
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. They are
made up of Mild Steel. Nuts and Bolts of different size is used for fixing
the Plummer block to the main frame and to install the cutter clamp.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Step One:
First cut the c-channel in pieces of length 71" (i.e. 6 feet [180 mm]- two pieces)
and in 36" (i.e. 3 feet[91.5 mm] - three pieces). Then Put the two lengths of 6 feet
parallel to each other at a distance of 3 feet from each other. Then put the lengths of 3
feet on either end of two parallel lengths and weld them as shown below. The two
diagonals must be same.
Step Two:
Then cut four pieces of c-channel of length 24" (i.e. 2 feet[61 mm]) and weld
two of them on one end of rectangular structure vertically using engineers block. Then
weld remaining two pieces vertically at a distance of 30" from previous pieces.
Step Three:
Then brought the two pieces of flat of size 75 X 12 X 760 mm and weld them on
the top of four columns as shown.
Step Four:
Step Five:
Step one:
First, brought the hollow pipe of required dimensions. I.e. of required outer,
inner and length. If it not available, then cut it on hacksaw machine.
Step two:
Then brought two circular plates of 10 mm thickness, face them from both
sides by holding them on lathe machine. And turn out to the diameter as equal to
inner diameter of hollow pipe so they can fit into pipe for welding purpose.
Step three:
Take solid bar of M.S. of 50 mm diameter cut it to length 110 mm. Hold
this bar on lathe chuck and turn it out up to the diameter 38 mm so that it can be fit
in pedestal self-aligning bearing block.
Step four:
Now, weld the turned solid bar to each of two s o l i d circular plates axially.
Step five:
Step six:
The c-clamp with the two bolts to clamp and one extended piece of flat for
mounting of cutter is welded. It is used to hold the cutter.
Step One:
First take the flat of 25 X 10 and cut it by bend saw in size of 90 mm,
65mm, 60 mm and 40 mm.
Step Two:
Weld the pieces of 90, 65, and 60 mm to form C. Then take the piece of 40 mm
in length and weld it on the 65 mm side of clamp.
Step Three:
By using drilling machine, make three holes of 10 mm at the points shown below in
the complete assembly of cutter. Afterwards perform the tapping operations using
tap of inch.
V. WORKING OF MACHINE
Then paper is passed around roll (B) to ensure that paper remain
straight and tight. Then it passed through the cutter and grooved roll on top
of machine, where it is cut. Because of our modification to this cutter roll the
wt. of machine is decreased.
Then the paper which is cut is come to the roll at bottom, The roll is
powered by 1 Hp motor with 1440 rpm. This rotating roll makes other roll
(C) to rotate and not only wound the paper but also pull the paper to make the
operation going.
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING
Marking :-
Cutting :-
C-Channel, M.S Flat, M.S Rod, G.I Pipe, M.S Circular Plate,
Cast Iron Block.
Grinding :-
Grinding operation are used for finishing the surfaces which are
previously file or cut by a hack saw. Grinding is also for removing
excess material and foe smoothing the sharp curves of the welded
portion. A grinding machine which is either fixed or flexible is used for
the above operations.
Welding :-
Drilling :-
Lathe operations :-
Cleaning :-
Inspection :-
Assembling :-
Painting :-
Advantages
Disadvantages
SPECIFICATIONS OF MACHINE
6 feet ( 152.4")
Length
= 387.096 mm
Width 0.914 feet ( 36") = 91.44 mm
DRAWINGS
SL
DESCRIPTION QTY. RATE AMOUNT
No.
760 X 89 mm G.I
1 25 Kg. Rs. 81 per Kg. Rs. 2025.00
Pipe(4 Nos )
M.S. Rod
2 135 mm X 50 mm 24 Kg. Rs. 58 per Kg. Rs. 1392.00
C-channel
5 76 Kg. Rs. 58 per kg. Rs.4400.00
75 X 40 ( 12.2 meter )
Plummer Blocks
6 8 No. Rs.200 per block
No 208 i.e. 40 mm Rs.1600.00
Total Rs.14,962.00
CONCLUSION
The matters discussed in the earlier pages just have a broad outline for starting
and managing an industry in small scale sector. We have tried our level best to give a
clear picture about the needs, and requirement of industries which produces. We have
been made an attempt to reduce handling cost and material movement. The main
consideration in the layout and planning is practical rather than the accuracy of facts and
figures. It is hoped that the report will be an immersed us to all investigator Interested in
preparing the project. However it shall be always born business and practical standpoint
BIBLIOGRAPHY