Module 9 FM THEORY PDF

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JO-ANN V.
MAGSUMBOL
1
OBJECTIVES:
1. Define and explain the process of Frequency

Modulation
2. Analyze and FM signal with respect to modulation

index and sidebands
3. Illustrate an FM wave
FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 2
ENGR. JO-ANN C. VIAS
XPRNCOM
ANGLE MODULATION
- Is a type of analog modulation wherein the frequency

or phase of the carrier is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 3
XPRNCOM
2 TYPES OF ANGLE
MODULATION
1. FREQUENCY MODULATION
- angle modulation where the instantaneous frequency of a
carrier is caused to vary by an amount proportional to the
modulating signal amplitude.
2. PHASE MODULATION
- angle modulation where the phase angle of a carrier is
caused to depart from its reference value by an amount
proportional to the modulating signal amplitude

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 4
XPRNCOM
HOW FM SIGNAL IS
PRODUCED

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 5
XPRNCOM
FREQUENCY MODULATION

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 6
XPRNCOM
FM APPLICATIONS
1. FM broadcasting
2. Private land-mobile radio systems
3. Direct Satellite broadcasting
4. Transmission of the sound signal in
standard TV
5. Cordless and Cellular telephone system

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 7
XPRNCOM
CATV HEAD-END
EXTENSION

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 8
XPRNCOM
STL

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 9
XPRNCOM
SPECIALIZED DATA
NETWORK

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 10
XPRNCOM
SATELLITE BROADCASTING

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 11
XPRNCOM
FREQUENCY DEVIATION
- The amount of frequency change from the carrier center

frequency.
- Is the difference between the carrier frequency and the lowest

output frequency or the difference between the highest output
frequency and the carrier frequency.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 12
XPRNCOM
FREQUENCY DEVIATION

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 13
XPRNCOM
REST FREQUENCY
- Is defined as the output frequency with no modulating signal applied

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 14
XPRNCOM
THE TWO MAJOR
CONCEPTS
1. The intelligence amplitude determines the amount of carrier

frequency deviation.
2. The intelligence frequency (fi) determines the rate of carrier

frequency deviation.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 15
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
An FM signal has a center frequency of 100MHz but is
swinging between 100.001 MHz and 99.999 MHz at a rate of
100 times per second. Determine:
a) The intelligence frequency

b) The intelligence amplitude
c) What happened to the intelligence amplitude if the
frequency
deviation changed between 100.002 and 99.998 MHz.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 16
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
Assume a carrier frequency of 50 MHz. If the peak amplitude of
the modulating signal causes a maximum frequency shift of 200
kHz. Determine the range of frequency deviation.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 17
XPRNCOM
FM VS. PM
= sin +

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 18
XPRNCOM
ANGLE-MODULATED
WAVE IN THE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 19
XPRNCOM
ANGLE-MODULATED
WAVE IN THE TIME
DOMAIN

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 20
XPRNCOM
THE SUBTLE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FM AND PM
1. If the instantaneous FREQUENCY of the signal is directly

proportional to the amplitude of the input signal, it is FM.
2. If the instantaneous PHASE of the signal is directly

proportional to the amplitude of the input signal, it is PM.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 21
XPRNCOM
DEVIATION EFFECTS ON
FM/PM BY INTELLIGENCE
PARAMETERS

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 22
XPRNCOM
MODULATION INDEX
Where:
f - frequency deviation
fm - frequency of the modulating signal

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 23
XPRNCOM
FM ANALYSIS
= sin + sin
where:
e(t) instantaneous voltage
Ec peak value of original carrier wave
c carrier angular velocity
mf FM modulation index
m modulating signal angular velocity

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 24
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
In an FM system, when the audio frequency (AF) is 500 Hz
and the AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 kHz. If the
AF voltage is now increased to 7.2 V, what is the new
deviation? If the AF voltage is raised to 10 V while the AF is
dropped to 200 Hz, what is the deviation? Find the
modulation index.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 25
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
Find the carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulation
index, and the maximum deviation of the FM wave
represented by the voltage equation v(t) = 12 sin ( 6 x 108 t
+ 5 sin 1250 t ). What power will this FM wave dissipate in
a 10 resistor?

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 26
XPRNCOM
FM PERCENT MODULATION

% = 100

Where:
- actual carrier deviation
- maximum carrier deviation

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 27
XPRNCOM
FCC RULES
()
FM 75 kHz 15 kHz
TV SOUND 25 kHz 15 kHz
PUBLIC SAFETY SERVICES 5 kHz 3 kHz
AMATEUR RADIO 3 kHz 3 kHz

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 28
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
An FM broadcast band transmitter has a peak deviation of

60 kHz for a particular input signal. Determine the %M.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 29
XPRNCOM
DEVIATION RATIO, DR OR
MFMAX
- wherein the maximum allowable frequency deviation and the

maximum modulating frequency are used in computing the
modulating index.
- expression of the worst case modulation index

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 30
XPRNCOMl
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
1. FM has an infinite number of sidebands.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 31
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
2. The J coefficients eventually decrease in value
as n increases, but not in any simple manner.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 32
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
3. The sidebands at equal distances from f have c
equal amplitudes, so that the sideband distribution
is symmetrical about the carrier frequency.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 33
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
4. Looking from the Bessel function, we see, as mf
increases, so does the value of a particular J
coefficient.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 34
XPRNCOM
PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 35
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
5. In FM, the total transmitted power always remains
constant, but with increased depth of modulation the
required bandwidth is increased.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 36
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
6. The theoretical bandwidth required in FM is infinite.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 37
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
7. In FM, unlike in AM, the amplitude of the carrier
component does not remain constant. Its J coefficient is
Jo, which is, of course, a function of mf.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 38
XPRNCOM
PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 39
XPRNCOM
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
OF THE FM WAVE
8. It is possible for the carrier component of the FM
wave to disappear completely. This happens for
certain values of the modulation index, called
eigenvalues.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 40
XPRNCOM
PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 41
XPRNCOM
BANDWIDTH OF FM
1. Practical Bandwidth (using Bessel Functions)
= 2
where n: Number of Sidebands
2. Carsons Formula
The number of sidebands selected should be
the minimum number that will result in the
transmission of no less than 98% of the total
power.
= 2 + = 2 1 +
PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 42
XPRNCOM
BANDWIDTH OF FM
3. Narrowband FM
= 2 < 1 >
4. Wideband FM
= 2 > 1 <

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 43
XPRNCOM
FM POWER RELATIONS
2
= 2
2
=
2
=
2 2 2 2
= 0 + 21 + 22 + 23 +

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 44
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
Determine a bandwidth required to transmit an FM signal with
fi = 10 kHz and a maximum deviation f = 20 kHz.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 45
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
What is the bandwidth required for an FM signal in which the modulating
frequency is 3 kHz and the maximum deviation is 10 kHz?

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 46
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
An FM signal, 2000 sin (2 x 108 t + 2 sin x
104 t), is applied to a 50 antenna. Determine
a) The carrier frequency
b) The transmitted power
c) mf
d) fm
e) Bandwidth (by two methods)
f) Power in the largest and smallest sidebands

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 47
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
For an FM modulator with a modulation index m = 1, a
modulating signal vm(t) = Vmsin(21000t), and an
unmodulated carrier vc(t) = 10sin(2500kt), determine
a) Number of sets of significant side frequencies
b) Their amplitudes
c) Draw the frequency spectrum showing their relative
amplitudes

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 48
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation f =

10kHz, a modulating-signal frequency fm = 10kHz, Vc = 10V,
and a 500-kHz carrier, determine
a) Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table
b) Approximate minimum bandwidth using Carsons rule
c) Plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel
approximation

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 49
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
An FM transmitter has a power of 10 W. If the index of
modulation is 1.0, determine the power in the various
frequency components of the signal.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 50
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
1. Determine the permissible range in maximum
modulation index for commercial FM that has
30 Hz to 15 kHz modulating frequencies.
2. Repeat for a narrowband system that allows a

maximum deviation of 10 kHz and 100 Hz to
3-kHz modulating frequencies.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 51
XPRNCOM
CARRIER SWING
- the total variation in frequency from the lowest

to the highest
. . =
. . = 2

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 52
XPRNCOM
CARRIER SWING

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 53
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
ECE BOARD EXAM March 1996
The carrier swing necessary provide 80%

modulation in the FM broadcasting band is
___________ .

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 54
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
A 107.6 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by
a 7kHz sine wave. The resultant has a
frequency deviation of 50 kHz.
Determine:
a) Carrier swing (C.S.)
b) fmax and fmin
c) Modulation index (mf)

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 55
XPRNCOM
EXAMPLE
What is the mf of an FM signal having a CS of 100 kHz
when the modulating signal has a frequency of 8kHz.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 56
XPRNCOM
FREQUENCY SWING
. . =

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 57
XPRNCOM
ADVANTAGES
1. Better noise immunity
2. Noise performance and signal-to-noise improvement
3. Rejection of interfering signals because of the
capture effect
4. Better power utilization and efficiency

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 58
XPRNCOM
LIMITER
- A device that prevents a waveform from
exceeding a specified value

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 59
XPRNCOM
NOISE SUPPRESSION
FM limiter
and
detector
AM
detector

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 60
XPRNCOM
CAPTURE EFFECT
- Refers to the case of two co-channel or
adjacent channel FM signals being received at
the same time by an FM receiver.
- Causes the receiver to lock on the stronger

signal by suppressing the weaker but can
fluctuate back and forth when the two are
nearly equal.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 61
XPRNCOM
ADVANTAGES
a. Standard frequency allocations provide a guard
band between commercial FM stations, thus, there
is less adjacent interference than in AM.
PREPARED BY:
62
ADVANTAGES
b. FM broadcasts operate in the upper VHF
and UHF frequency ranges, at which there
happens to be less noise than in the MF and
HF ranges.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 63
XPRNCOM
ADVANTAGES
c. At the FM broadcast frequencies, the space wave is
used for propagation, so that the radius of
operation is limited to slightly more than line of
sight.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 64
XPRNCOM
DISADVANTAGES
1. Wider bandwidth
2. Complex circuit and costly
3. Limited to LOS

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 65
XPRNCOM
PRE-EMPHASIS
- A circuit in FM transmitter, used to amplify
more the high frequency audio signals so as
to increase the signal-to noise ratio.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 66
XPRNCOM
PRE-EMPHASIS CIRCUIT

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 67
XPRNCOM
PRE-EMPHASIS CURVE

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 68
XPRNCOM
OCTAVE
- An interval representing a frequency ratio of
2:1.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 69
XPRNCOM
DE-EMPHASIS
- a circuit found in FM receivers, which reduces the

amplitudes of the high- frequency intelligence
signals back to their original level.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 70
XPRNCOM
DE-EMPHASIS CIRCUIT

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 71
XPRNCOM
DE-EMPHASIS CURVE

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 72
XPRNCOM
EMPHASIS CURVE

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 73
XPRNCOM
ASSIGNMENT
1. Determine the deviation ratio and bandwidth
for the worst case(widest-bandwidth)
modulation index for an FM broadcast band
transmitter with a maximum frequency
deviation of 75kHz and a maximum
modulating-signal frequency of 15kHz.
2. Determine the deviation ratio and maximum
bandwidth for equal modulation index with only
half the peak frequency deviation and
modulating-signal frequency.

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 74
XPRNCOM
ASSIGNMENT
3. 5-2 Prob Kennedy and Davis: 3rd edition
4. Section 3; Questions and Problems By Gary

Miller Modern Communication #s 12, 15, 19,
20, 22
5. 4-2, 4-3 Frenzel; Critical Thinking

PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 75
XPRNCOM
SEATWORK
1. A 500 Hz modulating voltage fed into a FM
generator produces a frequency deviation of 2.25
kHz. What is the mf? If the amplitude of the
modulating signal is kept constant, but its frequency
is raised to 6 kHz, what is the new frequency
deviation?
2. The equation of an angle-modulated voltage is v =
10sin (108 t + 3sin 104 t). What form of angle
modulation is this? Calculate the carrier and
modulating frequency, mf, frequency deviation, and
the power dissipated in a 100 resistor. Draw the
frequency spectrum output, with its corresponding
power components. Also solve the bandwidth using
the two methods, the carrier swing, fmax, and fmin.
PREPARED BY:
ECE DEPARTMENT 76
XPRNCOM

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PREPARED BY: ENGR. JO-ANN V.

1. Define and explain the process of Frequency

2. Analyze and FM signal with respect to modulation

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

- Is a type of analog modulation wherein the frequency

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

- The amount of frequency change from the carrier center

- Is the difference between the carrier frequency and the lowest

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

- Is defined as the output frequency with no modulating signal applied

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

1. The intelligence amplitude determines the amount of carrier

2. The intelligence frequency (fi) determines the rate of carrier

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

a) The intelligence frequency

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FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

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1. If the instantaneous FREQUENCY of the signal is directly

2. If the instantaneous PHASE of the signal is directly

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FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

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An FM broadcast band transmitter has a peak deviation of

FEU-EAST ASIA COLLEGE

- wherein the maximum allowable frequency deviation and the

- expression of the worst case modulation index

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For an FM modulator with a peak frequency deviation f =

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2. Repeat for a narrowband system that allows a

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