DEVELOPMENT OF

1 rrr1rT1
0000073627
\BASE SYSTEM FOR

SURAIN BINTI SAZALI

AA08043

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of
Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

JUN 2012
 vi

ABSTRACT

One of the vital works before a construction begin was a site investigation
which was the site exploration to gain the result for the soil characteristics at the
construction area. By undergo some necessary required test such as deep borehole
logs, water level measurement, JKR Probe, standard penetration test (SPT) and
others, the engineers able to design a suitable, safety and economic structures for the
building. Usually, the report for the site investigation was in a hard copy and it
required a lot of papers for one site investigation report. Other than that, it hard to
retrieve the data for site investigation report from all places in one time because of
the data was in different hard copy. To solve this matter, a database system for soil
characteristic was developed to make all the site investigation data report easily to
retrieve in one time and able to be updated from time to time if there was any new
result obtained. This database system was developed for Kuantan area only. There
were 16 site investigation report data was successfully collected and had been placed
in one database system. The tools that had been used to develop this database system
were Geographical Information System (GIS) and Visual basic 6.0 (VB6.0). GIS tool
was used to provide the map for Kuantan areas. Meanwhile, VB6.0 was used to make
the interface design and created the database system for the site investigation data
report. To ensure that the map from GIS tools were able to relate with the database
system from VB6.0, a hyperlink was created. So, by selecting the site investigation
point from the map in GIS, the result of the site investigation appeared easily without
used much time. Lastly, this database system would be one of the necessary database
systems in construction field because of it availability to retrieve data easily and all
the site investigation data was placed in one database system.
 vii

ABSTRAK

Sebelum sesuatu kerja pembinaan dijalankan, salah satu kerj a yang penting
adalah kerja-kerja penyiasatan tapak yakni dengan melakukan kerja-kerja
penyiasatan tapak ini, ciri-ciri tanah dapat diperoleh bagi kawasan pembinaan.
Beberapa ujian akan dilaksanakan dalam kerja-kerja penyiasatan tapak seperti ujian
kedalaman lubang jara, ujian paras air bawah tanah, JKR proba, ujian tusukan
piawaian dan lain-lain ujian. Dengan melaksanakan ujian-ujian ini, jurutera dapat
membuat reka bentuk struktur yang sesuai, selamat dan tidak melebihi kos
pembinaan. Laporan penyiasatan tapak biasanya dalam bentuk salinan kertas laporan
dan ia memerlukan penggunaan kertas yang banyak. Selain itu, ia juga sukar untuk
mendapatkan maklumat ujian penyiasatan tapak bagi kawasan yang berlainan dalam
satu masa. Bagi menyelesaikan masalah ini, satu sistem pangkalan data untuk ciri-
ciri tanah telah direka bagi memastikan semua laporan penyiasatan tanah mudah
dicapai dalam satu masa dan boleh diubah dari semasa ke semasa jika maklumat-
maklumat baru yang berkaitan dengan ujian penyiasatan tanah diperolehi. Sistem
pangkalan data ini direka untuk kawasan Kuantan sahaja. Terdapat 16 laporan ujian
penyiasatan tanah telah berjaya diperolehi dan telah diletakkan dalam satu sistem
pangkalan data. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan sistem pangkalan data
ini adalah dengan menggunakan sistem Geographical Information System (GIS) dan
Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6.0). Sistem GIS digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta bagi
kawasan Kuantan manakala sistem VB6.0 digunakan untuk mereka bentuk sistem
pangkalan data bagi semua laporan ujian penyiasatan tanah. Satu pautan direka untuk
mengaitkan sistem GIS dan sistem VB6.0. Titik laporan penyiasatan yang terdapat
dalam peta boleh dipilih dan keputusan laporan tapak penyiasatan akan dapat
diperolehi dengan mudah. Kesimpulannya, sistem pangkalan data ini sangat
diperlukan dan dapat membantu kerja-kerja pembinaan dengan lebih cekap.
 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE
THESIS STATUS DECLARATION FORM
SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION 11

STUDENT'S DECLARATION 111

DEDICATION lV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT Vl

ABSTRAK Vll

TABLE OF CONTENTS Vlll

LIST OF FIGURES Xl

LIST OF TABLES XIV

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1

1.2 Problem Statements 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of Study 4

1.5 Significant of the Proposed Research 5

 ix

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 The Site Investigation 7

2.2.1 The Site Investigation Phase 9

2.3 Field Exploration in Site Investigation (SI) Work 10

2.3.l Boring 10

2.3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 13

2.3.3 Termination Criteria 15

2.3.4 Soil Sampling 16

2.3.5 The JKR Probe/Mackintosh Probe 17

2.3.6 Ground Water Level Measurement 19

2.4 Laboratory Testing 19

2.4.l Liquid Limit (LL) 20

2.4.2 Plastic Limit (PL) and Plasticity Index (PI) 21

2.4.3 Linear Shrinkage (LS) 22

2.4.4 Moisture Content 22

2.4.5 Sieve Analysis 23

2.5 Soils 25

2.6 Soil Formation 26

2.7 Shear Strength of Soil 27

2.8 Lateral Earth Pressure 28

2.9 Consolidation 28

2.10 Bearing Capacity 29

2.11 Slope Stability 29

2.12 Permeability and Seepage 30

2.13 Geographical Information System 31

2.14 Visual Basic 6.0 32

 x

3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Identify Issues 36
3.3 Identify Objectives 36
3.4 Literature Review 36
3.5 Data Collection 37
3.6 Pre-Processing 39
3.7 Processing 44
3.8 Writing Report 56

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Data Collection 57
4.3 The Map and Site Investigation Points 62
4.4 The Design of Database Interface 63
4.5 The Soil Characteristics Database System 66
4.6 Discussion 77

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Conclusion 78
5.3 Recommendation 80

REFERENCES 81
 xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Information and activity flow chart for geotechnical 9

site investigation

2.2 Helical auger 11

2.3 Boring work process (JKR) 12

2.4 Multi-speed rotary wash boring machine (JKR) 12
2.5 Standard dimension of SPT split-spoon sampler 13

2.6 Component of SPT split-spoon sampler 13

2.7 JKR probe/Mackintosh Probe procedure 17

2.8 Summary of geometry and general arrangement of JKR Probe 18
2.9 Atterberg limits and indices 20
2.10 Sieve size 23
2.11 The dimension of sieves 24
2.12 Components for GIS-based geotechnical information system 32
2.13 Tools and the actions 33
3.1 Flow chart of methodology 35
3.2 The eye level setting location 37
3.3 The Map Window table 38
3.4 Shape to Earth for capturing images 38
3.5 Add icon location 39
3.6 Add data table 40
3.7 Combine images in Arc Map 40
 xii

3.8 Location of tools button 41

3.9 ArcCatalog and file button 42
3.10 Feature class table 42
3.11 The layer of the points and points 43

3.12 The attribute table 44

3.13 The new project form in VB6.0 45

3.14 Process to put the name of project 46

3.15 The process to create the parameters button 47
3.16 The main interface of the database 48

3.17 Select the add form icon 48

3.18 Add form table 49

3.19 New form created 49

3.20 The code command for form one 50

3.21 The code command for form 2 51

3.22 Code of command for exit and home button. 51

3.23 The address or object name of the project 53

3.24 The step to create link between ArcMap and VB6.0 54

3.25 The link icon in identify table 55

4.1 The example of deep borehole logs result. 58

4.2 The example of soil properties result 59

4.3 The example of laboratory test result 59

4.4 The example of SPT versus N graph 60
4.5 The boundary of Kuantan area 63
4.6 The example of front interface for database system 64
4.7 The site plan interface design in database system 64

4.8 The example for deep borehole logs interface in database system 65
4.9 The example for laboratory test result interface in database system 65
4.10 The example for geotechnical report interface in database system 66
 xiii

4.11 The location of Identify icon ( 0 ) in ArcMap 67

4.12 The identify table 67
4.13 The link icon ( fl ) in identify table 68
4.14 The site plan parameter chosen 69
4.15 The site plan interface 69
4.16 The result of site plan 70
4.17 The geotechnical report parameter chosen 70
4.18 The result of geotechnical report 71
4.19 The SPT versus N graph parameter chosen 71
4.20 The SPT versus N graph interface design 72
4.21 The SPT versus N graph result 72
4.22 The deep borehole logs result chosen 73
4.23 The deep borehole logs interface design 73
4.24 The example of deep borehole logs result 74
4.25 The laboratory test parameter chosen 74
4.26 The laboratory test result interface design 75
4.27 The example of Atterberg limit test result 75
4.28 The example of sieve analysis test result 76
 xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 The termination criteria 15

2.2 The type of soil samples 16
2.3 Basic properties of particle size of soil 26
2.4 Slope stability - probability of failure 30
3.1 The example code of command for all forms 52
4.1 The lists of SI report 61
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

One of the challenging and popular work fields that attract many companies
all over the world is construction industry. This field also contribute to the economy
development for a country such as Malaysia. There are many parties involved in this
field such as geotechnical engineers, structural engineers, technicians, contractors,
labourer and others. All of them work together as a team to produce a great
construction works. In order to produce a great construction works which can fulfil
the customers need, a good plan and project management is very necessary.
Construction works is not an ease works and it need to follow the right guidelines or
procedures. The guidelines or procedures can avoid any problems in the future. Some
of the critical works in construction process are geotechnical investigation and
structural design.

Geotechnical site investigation is the process where all the information and
evaluations of the condition of the site for the purpose of designing and constructing
the foundation for a structure such as building, bridge and plant. This process is very
important to examine the potential of the development site areas before the
construction work start, to explore the subsoil conditions, ground water table, soil
properties for the proposed areas and others. Geotechnical site investigation involved
many process such as boring test, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), soil sampling,
 2

termination criteria, laboratory test and ground water level measurement. For the
government project, it may involve the Public Work Department (PWD) probe. Good
management and planning in geographical site investigation is the key to obtain
correct and sufficient information for designing a structure. Some of the key for
successful geographical site investigation are comprehensive planning, collection of
sufficient data, clear reporting and compliance with site investigation report data.
During the geographical site investigation process, all the utilities or equipments
needed should be provided in order to smooth the works progress and can reduce the
time and cost planning.

From day to day the construction technologies are updated such as

equipments, process in construction works or software system. One of the technology
or software systems that had been widely used all over the world is Geographical
information System or GIS. Geographical Information System (GIS) can be effective
tools for geotechnical engineers since many data in geotechnical work is in the types
of spatial data or geographical data. Thus, Geographical information System (GIS)
can be used to create better database for site investigation report which give benefit
to the geotechnical engineer and construction work progress. Moreover, the system is
expected can be connect to the other existing GIS applications for further
applications.

1.2 Problem Statements

From many years ago, before the technologies in construction industry had
been developed, the practical way to record the data for construction work is in
variety of hardcopy or paper formats from site works or referenced books. This way
require many sheet of papers, cannot update the latest information or collection data,
ease to lose if there is no proper facilities and asset management from the person in
charge and other peoples cannot access the data easily. This can affect the quality of
construction work. Moreover, it requires a lot of work space which is the suitable
 3

place to keep all the collection data and ensure that the place can access easily by the
users.

Other than that, in site investigation data record, an effective data record such
as by developing the database for site investigation report is not practice widely in
this country. So, it may affect the cost of the project and the time consuming of the
construction project. These factors can burden the contractor and owner of a project.
They need to reschedule their progress work in order to make sure the project finish
on the planned time. Moreover, without effective and proper recording data, the
engineers will difficult to retrieve data they need easily. It also may exist a problem
where some important collection data for site investigation missing or lost. This
required them to do the same work in order to complete the data they needed.

In site investigation work, there are only some chosen points are taken to do
the test such as boring, soil sampling, water table measurement and other. For other
points or area which not having the tests, the soil properties is undefined. To
overcome this problem, the correlation between two points for the construction area
is important to identify the soil properties or characteristics for the area. This also can
make the engineer work easier without doing too many site explorations at same
places and can save the costs. This also can help the future project to identify the soil
properties at the nearer areas.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

a) To develop soil database system in Kuantan by using Geographical

Information System (GIS) and Visual Basic (VB).
b) To compile soil properties through soil investigation (SI) existing
data using GIS and VB database at Kuantan, Pahang.
 4

1.4 Scope of Study

This study was conducted at Kuantan, Pahang. The data was taken from the
site investigation report of some construction project in Kuantan areas. All the data
required such as deep boreholes results, soil profile results, vane shear test results,
laboratory test results, and site plan were found in the site investigation report. These
data was taken from Public Work Department of Kuantan, Pahang and Kumpulan
Ikram Sdn. Bhd. All the collection data ware analysed and processed. Then, the
database system was developed based on the data information from site investigation
report. To obtain the database system, Geographical Information System (GIS) and
Visual Basic 6.0 were the tools that used as medium to analyse and process the data.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) was the tool used to analyzed,
manipulated and processed the existing spatial data. This system also produces a
unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. The maps or
images of Kuantan areas were needed to identify the coordinates of the selected area.
In order to get the images of Kuantan areas, Google earth, map window GIS and
shape to earth tools were used to capture the entire image in Kuantan areas. Other
method that can be used to produce the image of Kuantan area is by converting the
plan image from AutoCAD into the ArcMap. After that, the spatial data collected
will be processes by using ArcGIS which involved the uses of the ArcCatalog,
ArcGlobe, ArcMap, ArcReader and ArcScene. After all the procedures or steps
finish, the database system for site investigation report obtained.

So, this study was done to create an effective system or database for soil from
the site investigation report data by using Geographical Information System (GIS),
Google earth, map window GIS and shape to earth. This database system can easily
to update by time to time if there any new information about the soil properties.
Other than that, this study also made to provide correlation of site investigation
existing data between two points. This correlation is very important to know and
obtain the soil properties at the areas which not having the site investigation tests.
 5

This can save the cost and time consuming for construction project and ease to
retrieve by the engineers that involve in a project.

1.5 Significance of the Proposed Research

To develop effective soil database system which can easily to retrieve the
data by the geotechnical engineer is very important in construction industry. This can
help the engineers to do their work easily without using much period of time. The
data collected in site investigation report were analyzed, organized and structured
into geographical database. Then it was turned to information system which can be
used by the engineers as a guide for the preliminary design in construction process.
The correlation of the site investigation report data between two points can produce
the characteristic of the soil around the two point's boundary. Correlation between
two points can help the geotechnical engineers obtain the soil properties at the point
which not having the soil investigation tests. All the data can be updated anytime.
This can reduce the cost and time of the project and ease the engineers work.
 CHAPTER2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Before construction works begin, the exploration of the site area which is site
investigation was done first to identify the soil properties for the area. This is a
common step that was done in every construction project in order to do the
preliminary design which is foundation design. Identifying and collecting the data
information of the soil properties can help the geotechnical engineer to design the
most economical foundation, able to support maximum load and can resist any major
problems regarding to the soil sliding issues. This is important to avoid any
hazardous incident during the construction progress and after the project completed.

Site investigation works have its own phases that need do in order to get the
data information. There are many methods and devices can be use which is from
simple method to the complex method. Usually, some of the methods are applicable
in subject study. The tests that cover in site investigation work can be done in
laboratory or at the site or field area. The results from doing this site investigation
will be analysed and recorded for engineers uses. Other than that, the correlation at
the site area can be also obtained by doing some calculation.
 7

2.2 The Site Investigation

Subsurface exploration program is one of the major and necessary works that
need to be implemented properly in civil engineering work. The processes of
subsurface exploration are to identify the layers of deposits and their physical
characteristics that underlie the proposed structured. Sometimes, it will be done for
project which are altering and additional of existing structure. There are many
purposes of subsurface exploration program such as to obtain information in
determining the location of the water table, estimate the probable settlement of a
structure, evaluate the load bearing capacity of the foundation and identify the
potential foundations problems (M. Das, 2011). Some steps are included in subsoil
exploration program which is collecting the preliminary or existing information data
for the subsoil condition, reconnaissance of the proposed construction site and
detailed site investigation (M. Das, 2010).

There are many definitions regarding to site investigation process. One of the
ations of the site investigation is the process whereby all relevant information
concerning the site of a proposed civil engineering or building development and its
surrounding area is gathered (Simons, et al., 2002). All the collected information is
obtain through some lab test and insitu test. After that, the result are recorded in a
report which also known as site investigation report. Standard Penetration Test (SPT),
boring, termination criteria, soil sampling, ground water level measurement and
laboratory testing are the scope of work that to be done in site investigation work.
Sometimes, if the client of the project is from government, the site investigation
work will include the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) probe. These are the necessary
standard that had been used in Malaysia when doing the site investigation work.

The objectives of handling site investigation are to obtain geotechnical

information at the site, explore the subsoil condition at the proposed site by
exploratory boreholes, obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for visual
examination, determine the parameters of the soil, obtain the shear strength values on
soft soil and measure the ground water table at the site (Kumpulan Ikram Sdn. Bhd.).
 8

Other than that, by doing site investigation work, the access of general suitability of
the site with the environments can be obtained, enable adequate and economic design
to be prepared, and the best method of construction can be planned (Simons, et al.,
2002). There are some procedures that need to plan and manage properly for site
investigation works. Without proper planning, it may cause a problem such as delay
in time and error in the test results. It will also affect the future construction of the
building whether during or after construction completed.

The other two phase of subsurface exploration program which are collection
of preliminary information and reconnaissance of the proposed construction site will
be done first before starting the site investigation work. The collection of
preliminaries information can be divided into two which are compilation of the
existing information regarding the structure and collection of existing information for
the subsoil condition. This phase is important to obtain the information about the
type of structure that will be constructed and its general used. All the loads that
related to the structure, the important factors or characteristic required for the
structure, the topography and the types of soil involved at the site areas need to be
known. For the reconnaissance phase, the engineer should make visual inspection of
the site and surrounding area to obtain some information such as type of vegetation
at the site and general topography of the site (M. Das, 2011 ).

2.2.1 The Site Investigation Phase

A good planning and management of site investigation work will produce a

good result and information about the type of soil for the construction area. The site
investigation phase of the exploration program consist of planning, making test
boreholes and collecting soil samples at desired intervals for subsequent observation
and laboratory test (M. Das, 2010). Therefore, there many factors that needs to be
considered to obtain good quality result of site investigation work. There are some
critical success factors such as identification of ground hazard, provision for better
 9

management of ground risk, provision for better value for clients and users, and
efficient processes which continually improved (Simons, et al., 2002). Figure 2.1
shows the information and activities flowchart for geotechnical site investigation.

Evaluate client's requirement

Jt
Preliminary Conceptual Design

lt
Desk study and walk-over survey

D
Hazard identification _, Risk register
/
y

Foundation YES
lt
Conceptual design Case study
-:::
A

contractor /
' ""
appointed
~1
Parameters determination ) Write report

YES
Jt
I -
~

Final design

Additional
inspection testing lt
Construction groundwork
I ~

Figure 2.1 : Information and activity flow chart for geotechnical site investigation
(Simons, et al., 2002).
 10

2.3 Field Exploration in Site Investigation (SI) Work.

Field exploration is the exploration of the site to obtain the sample and result
for in-situ test. There are some test had been carried out at the construction site such
as boring, standard penetration test (SPT), termination criteria, soil sampling,
mackintosh probe and ground water level management. Basically, in Malaysia the SI
work was done by Kumpulan Ikram Sdn. Bhd. This organization usually carried out
all the field exploration and provides the complete SI report to the client such as
Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). Only qualified person can perform the listed tests at the
site. In the SI report, there are also the stated the proposed recommendation type of
foundation for the site which is involve the size of the foundation, length (for the
purpose of the tendering process), the allowable bearing capacity, negative friction of
the pile and the loading test for the pile.

2.3.1 Boring

There are many types of boring test that carried out during field exploration.
The simplest method and usually used at site is auger boring. There many types of
auger boring which is depend on the deep of the boring and the size of the project
structure. First type of auger boring is hand auger. Hand auger can be divided into
two types of hand auger which are posthole auger and the helical auger.. This type of
auger boring can only used for advancing hole to depth exceeding 3m to Sm only.
Other type of boring which can deeper advancing hole is continuous-flight auger.
This type of auger was used when the power available. This type of boring is the
most common method that had been used for advancing hole. Boreholes up to about
60m to 70m can easily made by this method (M. Das, 2011 ).

In Malaysia, the most common boring method that had been carried out was
rotary boring or also known as rotary wash boring. This boring method was capable
 11

to drill until lOOm depths. For this boring, a boring hole used a drilling fluid such as
water or mud pumped down a rod fitted at the bottom some sort of cutting bit. The
soil below the road caused by the cutting bit dislodged. This means the advancing
hole achieved. The drilling fluid under some pressure transported the cutting to the
surface. The multi-speed rotary wash boring machine was used for the field
exploration. The boreholes were drilled by trained driller. To circulating water
washed the boreholes and the disturbed samples were collected for visual
examination. The rotary drilling had been used as the procedure because this kind of
procedure can be used in sand, clay and rock (M. Das, 2010). This technique can
make the diameters of the boreholes ranging from 50mm to 200mm.

Figure 2.2 shows one of the examples of hand auger which id helical auger.
Meanwhile, in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.4 show the rotary-wash boring machine. The
process of boring work in these figures was taken from boring work for the school
project at Kuantan, Pahang area. The project was 'Cadangan Membina dan
Menyiapkan Blok Dewan Perhimpunan dan Blok Kantin serta Kerja-Kerja Berkaitan
di Sekolah Menengah Agama Al-Ihsan, Kuantan, Pahang.

Figure 2.2: Helical auger (M. Das, 2011)

 12

Figure 2.3: Boring work process (JKR).

Figure 2.4: Multi-speed rotary wash boring machine (JKR).

 13

2.3.2 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Standard Penetration Test or SPT is the test used to obtain soil samples for
the site. This test method is used extensively in a great variety of geotechnical
exploration projects. Moreover, many local correlations and widely publishes
correlations which relate blow count or N-value, and the engineering behaviour of
earthworks and foundation are available by this test method (ASTM 1999-2012). In
Malaysia, usually SPT was carried out by using split-barrel sampler. This method
used in field to obtain soil samplers which are generally disturbed but still
representative. For very soft and soft clays soil, this method is not suitable to be used
as a method to obtain the sample of the soil. The necessary equipment for this test is
drilling equipment, sampling rods, split-barrel sampler, and drive weight assembly.

Figure 2.5 shows the section or standard dimension of SPT split-spoon

sampler while Figure 2.6 shows the component of SPT split-spoon sampler.

0.l in.
(2.Smm) Head RoUpin

LUU/II.~~~~~~~~~~
f~~ ~~h
160lO1311 I
~
.
I ~ I
I B
ab
Vent
I t0 2in. 1810 30 in.
(1Sto50mm) (4571Q 7621nm)

Figure 2.5: Standard dimension of SPT split-spoon sampler (ASTM, 1996-2012).

 14

C OW PIPE SAMPLER

Figure 2.6: Component of SPT split-spoon sampler (Mohr, 1940).

The procedure for this test is started with test hole. The hole drilled to the
desired sampling depth and all the disturbed materials were cleaned out. If the type
of drill that had been used was wet drill, so the cuttings need to flush out. After that,
the equipment needs to set up properly. The split-barrel sampler attached to the A-
rod and lowers it into the hole until it reached on the undisturbed materials.
Assembly attached the drive weight to it. A hammer lifted with a predetermined
height and allowed it to fall on the anvil delivering for one seating blow. The drill
rod marked in three successive with 0.1 Sm increment. After setting up the equipment,
proceed with the penetration test. Raised and dropped the hammer at predetermined
height. Do not use more than 2.025 wraps around the cathead. Other than that, the
hammer operated between 40 to 60 blows per minute and should drop freely. Then,
continue driving until 100 blows had been applied.

Every 0.15m of penetration, the number of blow recorded. For the first 0.15m
increment was the seating drive. Then, the summation of blow for second and third