BI 1: CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH

BI 1: CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH

I. L thuyt:
1.1 nh lut Kirchhoff I (v dng in):

Hnh 1.1: nh lut Kirchhoff v dng

Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bt k bng khng: =0
trong ik(t) dng qua nhnh k.
Hoc pht biu di dng:Tng cc dng in i vo 1 nt bng tng
dng i ra nt .

1.2nh lut Kirchhoff II (v in p):

Hnh 1.2: nh lut Kirchhoff v p

Tng i s cc in p trn cc phn t trong mt vng kn bng khng:
=0 trong uk(t) l gi tr in p trn cc phn t ca
vng kn k.
1.3 Phng php in th nt:

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Hnh 1.3: Phng php in th nt

Phng php ny tm in th ti tng nt trong mch:

phn tch mch bng phng php in th nt trong mch c d nt
ta lm nh sau:
1. Chn 1 nt lm gc =>gc =0
2. Lp h phng trnh in th nt cho d-1 nt cn li:

Trong : Ykk : l tng dn np t cc nhnh ni n nt k.

Ykl : tng dn np ca cc nhnh ni gia nt k v l.
k : in th ti nt k.
Jnk : tng i s ngun dng chy vo nt k, mang du (+)
nu ngun chy vo nt k, mang du (-) nu ngun chy ra t nt k.
3. Gii h phng trnh tm in th ti tng nt. T suy ra gi tr
in p, dng in trn cc nhnh, cng sut v.v.

1.4 Phng php dng in vng (mt li):

Hnh 1.4: Phng php dng in vng

Phng php ny ta dng tm dng in chy trong cc vng kn
trong mch (dng in ny do ta gn):
phn tch mch bng phng php dng mt li c n nhnh d nt,
ta lm nh sau:
V chiu dng in vng Ivk cho (n-d+1) mt li.
Lp h phng trnh dng in vng cho (n-d+1) mt li.

Vi L=n-d+1
Zii l tng tr khng ca cc nhnh thuc vng i.
Zij l tng tr khng ca cc nhnh chung gia 2 vng i v j.
Ivi l dng in vng i.
Evi l ngun (sc in ng) ca vng i.

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Gii h phng trnh trn ta tm c gi tr ca dng Ivi. T ta suy

ra gi tr cc i lng cn li ca mch.

1.5Phng php xp chng:

Hnh 1.5: Phng php xp chng

p ng to bi nhiu ngun kch thch tc ng ng thi bng tng
cc p ng to bi mi ngun kch thch tc ng ring r.
phn tch mch bng phng php xp chng ta lm nh sau:
Cho mi ngun kch thch lm vic ring r. Cc ngun khng lm vic
ta i x nh sau: ngun p th ngn mch, ngun dng th h mch. Tm p
ng ca ring ngun kch thch .
Tng cng cc p ng ca mch do cc ngun kch thch ring r gy
ra.

1.6 Phng php phn tch mch dng nh l Thevenin v Norton:

Hnh 1.6: Mch in phn tch thnh 2 thnh phn

nh l Thevenin/ Norton cho php thay thmt phn mch tng

ng bng mt ngun p mc ni tip vi tr khng hoc mt ngun dng
mc song song vi tr khng.

nh l Thevenin:

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Hnh 1.7: M hnh mch Thevenin

C th thay tng ng mt mng mt ca tuyn tnh bi mt ngun
in p bng in p trn ca khi h mch mc ni tip vi tr khng Thevenin
ca mng mt ca.

nh l Norton:

Hnh 1.8: M hnh mch Norton

C th thay tng ng mt mng mt ca tuyn tnh bi mt ngun
dng in bng dng in trn ca khi ngn mch mc song song vi tr khng
Thevenin ca mng mt ca.
Cch xc nh tr khng Zth:
-Trng hp 1:Phn mch A khng cha ngun ph thuc trit tiu cc
ngun c lp vi quy tc (ngn mch ngun p v h mch ngun dng) ri
dng php bin i tng ng tnh ra Zth.
-Trng hp 2:Phn mch A c cha ngun ph thuc ta c 2 cch tm
Zth nh sau:
a. Ln lt h mch v ngn mch tm Uhm v Inm. Sau suy ra Zth
theo cng thc: Zth =Uhm/Inm.
b. Trit tiu tt c cc ngun c lp trong A. Kch thch ca ab mt
ngun p E c gi tr ty , xc nh dng chy vo I ri suy ra gi tr Zth bng
cng thc: Zth =E/I.
Hoc kch thch ca ab mt ngun dng J c gi tr ty , xc nh
gi tr in p U trn ca ab suy ra Zth = U/J.

II.Mc ch:
Gip sinh vin nm r cc phng php phn tch mch.

III.Bi chun b:
Sinh vin xem trc phn l thuyt v cch thc vn hnh cc dng c th
nghim.
M phng mch ng vi cc dng ngun tc ng khc nhau v trn cc tn s
khc nhau (bng cc phn mm Orcad, Proteus, Workbench).

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IV. Thc hnh:

1/ Dng c, thit b thc hnh:
-B ngun F.A.C.E.T.
-Kit DC Network Theorems.
-VOM.
2/ Thc hnh:
2.1 nh lut Kirchhoff v dng (KCL):
Rp mch nh hnh 1.9 (Trn khi Kirchhoffs Current Law):

Hnh 1.9 Mch Kirchhoff I

a. Dng VOM o v ghi li gi tr in p ca ngun.
b. Da vo vng mu trn in tr xc nh gi tr ca R1 v R2.
c. Da vo cng thc cho sn hy hon tt bng di:

IR1= IR2= IT=IR1+IR2

IR1 IR2 IT
MAX MAX MAX
NOM NOM NOM
MIN MIN MIN
Bng 1.1
d. Dng VOM o v ghi li gi tr IR1, IR2, IT.
e. So snh kt qu o c v kt qu tnh ton.Nhn xt.
f. Hy gii thch mi quan h gia cc dng trong KCL.
g. p dng cng thc tnh IT=VS.(R1//R2)
h. So snh kt qu tnh ton vi kt qu o c.Nhn xt.
2.2 nh lut Kirchhoff v p (KVL):
Rp mch nh hnh 1.10(Trn khi Kirchhoffs Voltage Law):

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Hnh 1.10: Mch Kirchhoff v p

a. Tnh dng tng I ca mch t suy ra p ca cc in tr
R1,R2,R3.
b. Da vo kt qu tnh ton mc a. Nhn xt in p ca ngun c
bng tng ca cc in p thnh phn khng.
c. Dng VOM o in p trn R1, R2, R3 v so snh vi kt qu tnh
ton mc a.Nhn xt.
d. o dng trong mch bng cch o trc tip v o gin tip qua in
tr sau so snh vi kt qu tnh ton trn.

2.3 nh lut Kirchhoff tng hp:

Mc mch nh hnh 1.11 (Trn khi Kirchhoffs Laws Combined) :

Hnh 1.11: Mch Kirchhoff tng hp

a. o gi tr in p ngun v ghi li.
b. Dng VOM o v ghi li gi tr dng in tng ca mch.
c. Da vo hnh v xc nh in tr no m dng in tng i qua.
d. Da vo nh lut Ohm tnh in p qua cc in tr ny.
e. T cc bc thc hin trn suy ra gi tr in p trn R2.
f. Kim tra li bng cch dng VOM o gi tr in p trn R1 v R3
sau p dng KVL tnh R2.
g. Nu p VR3 tng th lc gi tr in p trn R1 v R2 thay i nh
th no?
h. Tnh dng in tng bng nh lut Kirchhoff.
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i. p dng cng thc chia dng suy ra dng in chy qua R2 v R6.
j. Vi dng nhnh c c p dng nh lut Ohm suy ra in p ri
trn cc in tr R4, R5, R6.
k. Dng KVL kim tra li tng in p trn R4, R5, R6 c bng in p
trn R2 khng. Nhn xt.

2.4 ng dng nh lut Kirchhoff vi 2 ngun c lp:

Mc mch nh hnh 1.12 (Trn khi Kirchhoff Solution With 2 Sources):

Hnh 1.12: Mch Kirchhoff vi 2 ngun c lp

a. Dng VOM o v chnh 2 ngun c lp v gi tr: 10V

b. Vit phng trnh m t mi quan h ca VS1, R1 v R3.
c. Tng t tm phng trnh m t mi quan h ca VS2, R2, R3.
d. Dng VOM o gi tr in p trn cc in tr. Ghi li gi tr ln
hnh 1.13 v ch r chiu dng in.

Hnh 1.13
e. Da vo vng mu trn cc in tr suy ra gi tr ca n.
f. Dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff (phng php dng nhnh) xc nh
dng in i qua cc in tr.
g. Vi s mch nh hnh 1.13 th thnh phn no khi ta xc nh
c s gii quyt c c m hnh mch.
h. Theo bn in p ti nt 1trn hnh 1.13 l (-) hay (+)so vi t.
i. Vi gi tr in p trn R3 cu trn suy ra in p v dng in
trn cc thnh phn mch cn li.

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j. So snh kt qu tnh ton vi kt qua o c v dng in v in

p.Nhn xt.
k. Dng VOM chnh li gi tr in p ca 2 ngun c lp l : 5V.
l. Vit cng thc 2 dng in vng nh hnh 1.14.

Hnh 1.14
m. Tnh gi tr ca cc dng in vng => Chiu dng in, in p trn
R3 => Gi tr IR3 v VR3.
n. o in p trn R3 v so snh vi kt qu cu m.Nhn xt.
o. Vi cc d liu c trn ta c th xc nh c in p trn
R1 v R2 cha?
p. So vi phng php dng nhnh th phng php dng vng c u
im g hn?

2.5 Phng php th nt v phng php xp chng:

2.5.1 Phng php xp chng:
Mc mch nh hnh 1.15 (Trn khi Supersition):

Hnh 1.15 Phng php xp chng

a. Chnh gi tr ngun v: 10V

b. Da vo vng mu xc nh gi tr in tr R1, R2, R3.
c. Tnh v ghi li cc gi tr in tr R3//R1, R3//R2.
d. Dng phng php xp chng tnh gi tr in p trn R1, R2, R3.

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e. Ngn mch ngun VS2. o VA (vi VA l p ng ca R3 tc ng

bi ngun VS1).Ghi li gi tr vo hnh 1.15
f. B ngn mch ngun VS2 v ngn mch ngun VS1. o VB (vi VB
l p ng ca R3 tc ng bi ngun VS2).Ghi li gi tr vo hnh
1.15
g. Vi kt qu ca 2 bc trn => VR3.
h. o trc tip in p trn R1, R2, R3. Nhn xt kt qu tnh ton l
thuyt vi kt qu o trc tip v kt qu o theo phng php xp
chng.
2.5.2 Phng php th nt:
Mc mch nh hnh 1.16 (Trn khi Supersition):

Hnh 1.16: Phng php th nt

a. Chnh ngun v gi tr: 10V
b. Dng phng php th nt tnh gi tr in p v dng in trn cc
thnh phn mch.
c. Tnh dn in ca mi in tr.
d. Dng VOM o in p R3. Nhn xt gi tr o c vi gi tr tnh
ton.
2.6 Phng php Thevenin/Norton:
2.6.1 Phng php Thevenin:
Mc mch nh hnh 1.17 (trn khi Thevenin Circuits):

Hnh 1.17: Mch Thevenin

a. Hy xc nh thnh phn no trong mch s b thay th bi m hnh
Thevenin.
b. Tnh gi tr RTH
c. Ngn mch ngun VS v rp mch o gi tr RTH. So snh vi kt
qu tnh ton.

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d. Tnh v ghi li gi tr ca VTH

e. Rp mch v dng VOM o p VTH, xc nh chiu ca p
VTH.So snh kt qu vi cu d v nhn xt.
f. Tnh v ghi li gi tr dng qua ti v in p ti.
g. o in p ri trn ti R3. So snh vi kt qu tnh ton dng m
hnh mch Thevenin.
h. Nhn xt gi tr o c v gi tr tnh ton khi p dng m hnh
mch Thevenin v khi khng p dng phng php Thevenin c s
khc bit khng v ti sao?
Rp mch nh hnh 1.18:

Hnh 1.18
*Ghi ch: R2 khng phi l ti ca mch
a. Chnh ngun v gi tr: 10V
b. Thnh phn no s b thay th bi m hnh mch Thevenin.
c. Tnh gi tr RTH
d. Rp mch o gi tr RTH v so snh vi kt qu cu c.
e. Tnh v ghi li gi tr VTH
f. Rp mch o ngun VTH v so snh vi kt qu cu e.
g. Lp thm ti R3 vo mch. Tnh dng qua ti R3.
h. o in p trn ti R3 =>dng in qua ti R3.So snh vi kt qu
tnh ton bng phng php Thevenin.

2.6.2 Phng php Thevenin i vi mch cu:

Lp mch nh hnh1.19 (Trn khi Thevenin a bridge circuit):

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Hnh 1.19: Mch cu

a. Xc nh nhnh ti trong m hnh mch cu.
b. Gi tr RTH ny bn ng vo hay ng ra ca mch cu.
c. Tnh v ghi li gi tr RTH
d. Ngn mch ngun p, dng VOM o gi tr RTH. So snh kt qu o
vi gi tr l thuyt. Nhn xt.
e. Nu ta tnh RTH ti 2 u A&C ca mch cu th kt qu c thay i
khng?
f. So snh gi tr RTH ta tnh c trn v gii thch ti sao gi tr RTH
b thay i?
Lp mch nh hnh 1.20:

Hnh 1.20: Mch cu vi ngun

a. Thnh phn no ca mch s b thay bi m hnh Thevenin.
b. tnh ngun VTH th ta phi g in tr no ra?
c. p dng phng php xp chng tnh p VTH.
d. Da trn cc s liu c c hon tt hnh 1.21:

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Hnh 1.21
e. o p 2 u A&B ri so snh vi kt qu cu c.
f. Gn in tr R5 vo mch. o v ghi li VR5.
g. p dng m hnh mch Thevenin tnh gi tr in tr ti.
h. o gi tr in tr ti RL. So snh vi kt qu cu g. Nhn xt.

2.6.3 Chuyn i m hnh mch Thevenin /Norton:

Lp mch nh hnh 1.22 (Trn khi Thevenin/Norton Conversion):

Hnh 1.22

a. Chnh ngun p dng v gi tr 7.94V.

b. Nhn vo hnh in p trn 2 u no i din cho U h mch? Gi
tr ca in p ny l bao nhiu?
c. o p h mch v so snh kt qu vi cu b.
d. Da vo hnh trn xc nh in tr ti v tnh gi tr in p, dng
in i qua n.
e. Dng VOM o p trn ti RL =>IRL v so snh vi kt qu tnh ton.
f. iu g s xy ra khi ta ngn mch ng ra m hnh Thevenin.
g. Ngn mch ng ra mch Thevenin v o gi tr in p h mch.
Nhn xt.
h. Da vo cc bc lm trn hy suy ra dng IN (Dng IN tng
ng vi dng ngn mch ca mch Thevenin).
i. Hy nu mi quan h gia RTH trong mch Thevenin v RN trong
mch Norton.
j. Hon tt hnh bn di:

Hnh 1.23
Rp mch bn m hnh mch Norton:

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Hnh 1.24
a. Gn RN vo mch.
b. Da vo kt qu tnh ton trn => IRN v IRL trn m hnh Norton.
c. Suy ra in p VRL trn m hnh Norton.
d. o dng khng ti trn m hnh mch Norton v so snh vi dng
ngn mch hnh Thevenin.
e. So snh in p khng ti v c ti ca mch Thevenin v mch
Norton. Nhn xt.
f. S dng VOM quan st dng in tng m hnh mch Norton.Gn
ti RL& RN vo mch ghi li gi tr c c trn VOM. Tho ti ra.
Dng tng c thay i khng. Ti sao?
g. Tho RN ra khi mch. Dng tng c thay i khng. Ti sao?

V. n tp v m rng:
Trong 3 phng php dng nhnh, in th nt, mt li th phng
php no c s phng trnh nhiu nht?
Mch Thevenin c gii c bi ton ngun ph thuc m phn iu
khin khng thuc phn Thevenin khng? Ti sao.
Mch cu cn bng th c dng in qua nhnh gia khng?

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Ph lc A:

Mu Gi tr Sai s
en 0
Nu 1
2
Cam 3
Vng 4
Lc 5
Lam 6
Tm 7
Xm 8
Trng 9
Vng kim 0.01 10%
Bch kim 0.1 5%
Khng mu __ 20%
Bng 2.2 Bng vng mu in tr

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 BI 2: KHO ST MCH RC, RL

BI 2: KHO ST MCH RC, RL

I. L thuyt:
Thi hng ca mch l thi gian cn thit cho dng in trong mch in cm
hoc cho in p trong mch in dung t n xp x 63% gi tr ln nht ca n.
Thi hng () ca mch RC ph thuc vo gi tr ca R (in tr) v C (in dung).
= RC
Trong cng thc trn, l thi gian tnh theo giy, R l in tr tnh theo Ohm, C l t
in tnh theo F. Thi hng ca mch RL ph thuc vo gi tr R v L (tnh theo H).
=L/R
Bi v in tr thun phn nh tc thi s thay i ca in p v dng in nn thi
hng khng nh hng n mch ch cha in tr thun.
Phng trnh sau trnh by cch tnh thi hng ca mch RC.
=RC
=10k * 5F
=50 ms

Hnh 2.1: Mch RC in hnh

Khi cng tc ng (gi s khng c in tch ban u trn t in), in p trn C1

( VC1) bng 63% in p cung cp (VA) sau mt thi hng hoc sau 50 ms.
VC1=VA * 63%
=10 * 0.63
= 6.3 VDC .

Sau 5 thi hng, in p t n xp x 99 % gi tr ti a ca n. T c xem l np

y (hoc c x) sau 5 thi hng. Trong v d ny, thi gian c yu cu t
in np y (hoc x ht) l:

5 =5 * 50 ms
=250 ms

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Hnh 2.2 trnh by mt biu thi hng ph bin. Vi s h tr ca biu ny, ta

c th xc nh lng in p hoc dng in qua mt t in hoc mt cun dy vi
thi gian cho trc nu bit c thi hng. Cc ng cong np v x l bng nhau
v i nhau, iu ny ch ra rng mt t in hoc mt cun cm np v x vi cng
mt tc .

Hnh 2.2:Biu thi hng ph bin

gii thch cch s dng biu thi hng ph bin ny, tham kho mch RC
hnh 2.3. Gi s t in C1 c np y n 10 Vdc. Khi cng tc c ng, t
in x qua R1. T in x tc c iu khin bi thi hng RC.

=RC
=50k* 3F
=150 ms

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Hnh 2.3: Mch RC vi t in ban u c np n 10 Vdc

By gi ta mun bit in p qua C1 sau 450 ms (3). T biu thi hng ph bin
ta c th thy rng in p qua t in bng 5 % gi tr ban u sau 3 thi hng.

VC1 = VA * 5%
= 10 * 0.05
= 0.5 Vdc
II.Mc ch:
Tnh ton,o thi hng mch RC, RL.
Kho st nh hng ca thi hng trong mch RC, RL.

III. Bi chun b:
Mch RC:
Yu cu:
V mch RC
Tnh thi hng
M phng mch RC bng phn mm (Orcad,Proteus,Workbench .)
quan st sng trn t C.
Kho st nh hng ca trong mch RC.

Mch R :
Yu cu:
V mch RL
Tnh thi hng
M phng mch RL bng phn mm (Orcad,Proteus,Workbench ..)
quan st sng trn cun dy L.
Kho st nh hng ca trong mch RL.

IV. Thc hnh:

1/Dng c,thit b thc hnh:
Dao ng k
My pht sng
B ngun F.A.C.E.T

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Kit th nghim AC1 Fundamentals

2/ Thc hnh:
2.1 Thi hng RC:
Mc mch nh hnh:

Hnh 2.4: Mch RC

Quan st VR1 bng dao ng k (mode DC) nhn v gi cng tc S1,
in p VR1 tng mt cch tc thi hay c s tr hon ca thi hng?

Mc mch nh hnh 2.5:

Hnh 2.5

a. Dng dao dng k quan st tn hiu trn t,nhn S1 n khi t np y

sau th S1 ra, nhn S2. Nhn xt.
b. Tnh thi hng trong mch hnh 2.5
c. Dng biu thi hng xc nh in p np trn t sau 1.

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Hnh 2.6: Biu thi hng

d. Tnh v ghi nhn tng thi gian np ca t bng cng thc l thuyt.
e. X ht in tch trn C1 bng cch nhn S2 vi giy, dng OSC quan st
tn hiu trn C1, nhn S1, o thi gian t np n 99% VA. Nhn xt.
f. Da vo cng thc l thuyt tnh v ghi nhn thi gian x ca t.
g. Nhn S1cho n khi t np li y. Nh S1 lp tc nhn S2, o thi gian
C1 x n gi tr 1% VA. So snh vi kt qu cu f.
h. Mc thm t C2 =10uF vo mch nh hnh 2.7. Tnh v ghi nhn thi
hng mi ca mch. Nhn xt nh hng ca in dung i vi thi
hng ca mch.

Hnh 2.7: Mch RC mc thm t C2 song song vi C1

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i. Dng biu thi hng xc nh in p ca C1 v C2 sau khong thi

gian 2 tnh t lc VA bt u cp in. Ghi nhn kt qu.
j. Nhn S2 x ht in trn C1 v C2. Xc nh in p trn C1 v C2 sau
thi gian 2 bng cch nhn S1, nh n sau 2, o ngay lp tc gi tr
in p ny. So snh vi kt qu cu i.

2.2Dng sng ca mch RC v RL:

Dng mch RC/RL WAVESHAPES mc nh hnh 2.8:

Hnh 2.8: Mch RC

a. Tnh v ghi nhn thi hng RC ca mch.
b. Dng OSC quan st dng sng trn t. Cn bao nhiu thi gian v thi hng
t np y.
c. Dng biu thi hng, tnh in p Vc sau khi n np c 3 .
d. o v ghi nhn gi tr ca t sau khi n np c trong khong thi gian
3.So snh vi cu c.
e. iu chnh OSC thu c dng sng nh hnh 2.9, cn bao nhiu thi
hng t x hon ton.

Hnh 2.9
f. S dng biu thi hng,tnh in p VC sau khi np c 2.
g. o v ghi nhn VC sau khi np c 2. So snh vi cu f.
h. Mc mch nh hnh 2.10. VGEN sng vung c Vpp =8Vpp, f =5kHz. Quan
st in p trn R2, nhn xt v dng sng ca dng in trong mch.

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Hnh 2.10

Mch RL:
a. Tnh v ghi nhn thi hng ca mch trong hnh 2.11. Vi VGEN l sng
vung c Vpp=8V, f =5kHz.

Hnh 2.11:Mch RL

b. Quan st dng sng ca VL1 bng OSC cn bao nhiu thi hng cun
dy np y.
c. Dng biu thi hng hnh 2.6 tnh in p trn cun dy khi np
c 1 .
d. o v ghi nhn in p trn VL1 sau khi n np c 1. So snh kt qu
cu c.
e. Mc mch nh hnh 2.12 quan st dng sng trn R cho bit dng in
trong mch ln nht u chu k np hay cui chu k np.

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Hnh 2.12

V/ n tp v m rng:
Ghi cng thc tnh thi hng trong mch RC,RL.
Trong mch RC in hnh, ta mc thm R // R th gi tr tng hay gim. Ti
sao.
Cho xung vung ng vo vi tn s 5kHz mch RC in hnh. Gi tr thi hng
phi nh th no p ra trn R c dng vi phn, tch phn.

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

BI 3:MCH LC TH NG
I. L thuyt:
1.1/ Cc b lc thng thp v thng cao:
Cc mch lc c s dng trong rt nhiu ng dng v vi nhiu tn s khc
nhau. Mc ch c bn ca cc mch lc l chn (hoc lm yu) cc tn s khng
mong mun v cho cc tn s mong mun i qua vi s suy gim t nht. Ta c nhiu
loi mch lc nh lc thng thp, thng cao, thng di v.v. Cc mch lc thng
thp ngn vic truyn cc tn s cao, cn cc mch lc thng cao loi b cc tn hiu
tn s thp. Hnh 3.1 minh ha cc ng c tuyn truyn in hnh v l tng ca
cc b lc thng cao v thng thp. Nh ta thy trn hnh v, mt b lc l tng
khng lm suy gim cc tn s trong bng thng v ch lm suy gim cc tn s ngoi
bng vi p ng l tng l c bin suy hao v mc 0. Thc t ta khng th c
mach lc m c p ng l tng ny, mc d cng c mt vi kiu b lc c th c
c tnh gn l tng mt cch hp l.

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Hnh 3.1 Cc ng c tuyn l tng v thc t ca cc b lc thng thp v thng

cao

Hot ng ca cc b lc RC v RL l da trn s bin i in khng xut

hin trong cc t in v trong cc cun dy khi tn s bin i. Nhiu b lc thng
thp, thng cao n gin ch gm mt t in hoc mt cun cm phi hp vi mt
in tr.

Tn s ct (fc) ca mt b lc thng thp c nh ngha l tn s m ti

bin tn hiu ra bng 70.7% (-3 dB) so vi bin ca cc tn hiu c tn s thp
hn n (l tng l 1Hz). Nu tn s cng tng th bin tn hiu ra cng gim.

Tn s ct (fc) ca mt b lc thng cao cng c nh ngha tng t nh

vy, ch khc l n xc dnh gii hn tn s thp ca b lc, bin tn hiu ra cng
ngy cng gim khi tn s gim.

Decibel (dB) thng c dng din t t s gia in p hoc dng in

u vo v u ra. Cng thc tng qut biu din mt t s in p bng dB l:
dB =20log (Vout /Vin )

i vi dng in cng thc vn nh trn ch khc l t s dng in l Iout /Iin.

Cc b lc thng thp v thng cao hp thnh bi cc phn t RC hoc RL c

suy gim l 6 dB trn 1 octave ( m) khi tn s vt trn im ct. C ngha l
suy gim ca kiu b lc thng thp ny tng ln 6dB mi khi tn s tng ln gp
i. V d nu tn s ct (fc) ca mt b lc thng thp l 6 kHz th bin tn hiu ra
s thp i 9dB so vi bin trong bng thng tn s 12kHz, gim i 15dB tn s
24kHz .(tn hiu ra ca b lc suy gim 3dB tn s 6kHz ).
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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

dc 6 dB trn 1 octave ca cc b lc RC v RL cng c th gi l 20 dB trn 1

decade, ngha l mi ln tn s tng ln 1 h s 10, suy gim ca b lc thng thp
tng ln 20 dB. i vi b lc hnh v 3.1 (tn s ct l 6kHz) tn hiu ra gim i 23
dB khi tn s l 60kHz (10 ln tn s ct).

Hnh 3.2 m t cc b lc thng thp hp thnh bi cc phn t RC v RL. Tn

hiu ra ca b lc thng thp RC c ly qua t in. Khi tn s tng ln, in khng
ca t in gim i v bin in p ra tt xung nhanh chng. u ra ca mt
mch thng thp RL c ly qua in tr. Khi tn s tng ln, in khng ca cun
cm tng ln dn n in p ra trn in tr gim xung. n gin ta c th hnh
dung cc mch lc ny nh l mt chit p iu chnh bng tn s trong tng
tr trn con chy tng ln so vi tng tr di con chy khi tn s tng.

Tn s ct ca 1 b lc thng thp RC c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Fc =

Tn s ct ca 1 b lc thng thp RL c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Fc =R /(2 *L)

Hnh 3.2 Cc b lc RC v RL thng thp

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Hnh 3.3Cc b lc RC v RL thng cao

Mc d c tnh ca 2 kiu b lc ny l nh nhau nhng b lc kiu RC

thng c dng tn s thp nhiu hn so vi b lc RL bi v cc cun cm cng
knh, nng v t hn tn s ny.

Hnh 3.3 trnh by cc b lc thng cao RC v RL. Tn hiu ra ca b lc thng

cao RC c ly qua in tr, cn tn hiu ra ca b lc thng cao RL c ly qua
cun cm. Chit p iu chnh bng tn s cng c p dng tng t cho mch
ny, ch khc l tng tr trn con chy gim i so vi tng tr di con chy khi
tn s tng ln.

Cc cng thc tnh tn s ct ca mch lc tn s cao v tn s thp l nh

nhau bi v cc mch lc ny ging nhau ch khc cc im m tn hiu u ra c
ly ra.

1.2/ Cc b lc thng di v chn di:

Cc b lc thng di cho php i qua cc tn s trong bng thng nhng loi
b (hoc lm suy gim) cc tn s cao hn hoc thp hn. Cc b lc chn di lm suy
gim cc tn s trong mt dy no ca tn s trung tm nhng li cho php cc tn
s thp hn hoc cao hn i qua m khng b suy gim.

Cc b lc thng di c cc phn t R, L, C vi tn s cng hng ca cun

cm v t in (fr) chnh l tn s trung tm. Phng php ghp ni cc phn t ny
trong mch xc nh dy tn s c thng. Tn s cng hng c xc nh bng
cng thc:
Fr =1/ 2

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Nh hnh 3.4 ta thy cc phn t khng c th c ghp ni tip hoc song

song cho mt b lc thng di. i vi mt b lc thng di, tn hiu ra c ly trn
phn t ca mch c tng tr cao hn khi cng hng.

Hnh 3.4 Cc b lc thng di ni tip v song song

Cc gii hn bng thng c xc nh l cc im trn v di cc im c

suy hao-3dB hoc l cc tn s bin tn hiu ra gim xung ti 70.7 % so
vi bin ti tn s trung tm. Cc tn s thp hn hoc cao hn ny thng c
gi l f1 v f2. rng ca bng thng (hoc BW) c xc nh bng cng thc:
BW = f2-f1

Hnh 3.5 p ng ca b lc thng di

rng bng thng c xc dnh bng Q ca mch. N l hp hay c chn

lc cao khi Q cao. Nu mt mch cng hng ni tip c dng nh mt phn ca
b lc thng di th Q c xc nh bng cng thc sau y, trong in tr R l
in tr tng ca mch:
Q = XL /R
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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Nu s dng mt mch cng hng song song th Q ca mch c xc nh

bng cng thc di y, trong R l in tr c ghp song song vi mch thng
cha.
Q = R / XL

Bng thng BW cn c th c biu din theo Q v tn s cng hng nh sau:

BW =fr / Q

Cc b lc chn di c thit k c suy gim ln nht ti tn s cng

hng fr. Hnh 3.6 trnh by cch s dng cc mch RLC ni tip v song song trong
cc b lc chn di. Nh rng tn hiu ra ca b lc chn di c ly qua phn t
(cc phn t) c tng tr thp hn khi cng hng.

Hnh 3.6 Cc b lc chn di ni tip v song song

Bng thng ca mt b lc chn di c tnh theo cch tng t nh i vi

b lc thng di, ngha l chn di c o gia cc im -3dB nh hnh 3.7. Bng
thng BW cng c tnh bng cng thc tng t nh trong thng di.

Hnh 3.7:p ng ca b lc chn di

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Mt b lc chn di vi Q cao s c dy suy hao hp nh hnh trn. Kiu b

lc ny thng c gi l b lc rnh . Q ca mt b lc chn di c tnh cng
cc cng thc dng cho cc b lc thng di cng hng ni tip v song song.

S o hiu qu ca mt b lc chn di l lng suy gim pht sinh ti tn s

cng hng fr so vi cc tn s trn v di cng hng (bnh thng l cc gi tr
10*fr hoc 1/10 ca fr ). Khi bit ln ca cc tn hiu u ra tai tn s cng hng fr
v ti mt trong nhng tn s ngoi dy, suy gim tnh bng dB s l:
dB = 20 *log (Vch /Vra)

II. Mc ch:
Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin xc nh c tn s ct ca mch lc, s
thay i ca tn hiu khi qua mch lc th ng.
Kho st c tuyn tn s ca cc mch lc th ng.

III. Bi chun b:
Mch lc thng thp (mch lc tn s cao):
Yu cu:
V mch lc thng thp RC v RL.
Xc nh hm truyn.
Vit cng thc tnh tn s ct, BW.
V c tuyn bin theo tn s.
M phng mch bng phn mm (Orcad, Proteus, Workbench).

Mch lc thng cao (mch lc tn s thp):

Yu cu:
V mch lc thng cao RC v RL.
Xc nh hm truyn.
Vit cng thc tnh tn s ct, BW.
V c tuyn bin theo tn s.
M phng mch bng phn mm (Orcad, Proteus, Workbench).

Mch lc thng di:

Yu cu :
V mch lc thng di mc ni tip v song song.
Xc nh hm truyn.
Vit cng thc tnh tn s ct, BW, h s phm cht Q.
V c tuyn bin theo tn s.
M phng mch bng phn mm (Orcad, Proteus, Workbench).

Mch lc chn di:

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Yu cu :
V mch lc chn di mc ni tip v song song.
Xc nh hm truyn.
Vit cng thc tnh tn s ct, BW, h s phm cht Q.
V c tuyn bin theo tn s.
M phng mch bng phn mm (Orcad,Proteus,Workbench).

IV. Thc hnh:

1/ Dng c th nghim:
Dao ng k
My pht sng
B ngun F.A.C.E.T
Kit mch AC2 Fundamentals

2 / Thc hnh:
2.1 Mch lc thng thp:
2.1.1 Mch lc thng thp RC

Hnh 3.8: Mch lc thng thp th ng RC

Mc mch LOW PASS FILTER RC nh hnh 3.8 vi ngun VGEN 15Vpp
f=100Hz.
a. Tnh tn s ct ca mch vi cc gi tr hnh 3.8
b. Thay i tn s VGEN t 100Hz n 50kHz. Dng dao ng k quan st
tn hiu ra trn t C1. Nhn xt.
c. Thay i tn s VGEN ng vi cc gi tr trong bng 3.1 (lu bin
nh-nh ca VGEN vn l 15Vpp). o cc gi tr ng ra VC1 tng ng,
tnh ton suy hao tn hiu theo dB (p dng cng thc
dB=20lg(Vout/V100Hz)) ghi vo bng 3.1.

Tn s Chu k Vout (VC1) dB

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

100Hz 10 ms
20kHz 50 us
40kHz 25 us
Bng 3.1: D liu ra ca mch lc thng thp RC

d. Tnh mc in p ng ra trn VC1 ti im -3dB.

e. Thay i tn s VGEN ng ra c gi tr bng gi tr va tnh cu
d,xc nh tn s ct fc
f. V c tuyn bin (dB) theo tn s (Hz)
g. Xc nh suy gim dB /octave.
h. Xc nh d suy gim dB /decade gia 50kHz v 500 kHz.

2.1.2 Mch lc thng thp RL:

Hnh 3.9 Mch lc thng thp RL

Mc mch LOW PASS FILTER RL nh hnh 3.9
a. Tnh tn s ct vi cc gi tr cho nh hnh 3.9
b. t VGEN sng sine vi Vpp =15 V, f=1Khz. Dng dao ng k quan st
VR2, thay i tn s my pht t 1kHz n 50 kHz. Nhn xt.
c. Thay i tn s my pht (bin khng i) ghi cc gi tr vo bng
3.2 (dB=20log(Vout/V1kHz))

Tn s Chu k Vout (VR2) dB

1kHz 1 ms
40kHz 25 us
80kHz 12.5 us
Bng 3.2: D liu ra ca mch lc thng thp RL

d. Tnh gi tr VR2 ti im -3dB.

e. V c tuyn bin (dB) theo tn s (Hz)

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

f. Thay i tn s my pht VR2 c gi tr nh cu d, xc nh tn s ct

fc
g. in tr s tm c cu f vo th cu e.
h. So snh bin ng ra ti 2 tn s 40kHz v 80kHz.
i. Tn hiu c tn s 1kHz c c truyn qua vi t suy gim hay b chn
li vi suy gim ln.
j. So snh mch lc RC v RL.

2.2 Mch lc thng cao:

2.2.1 Mch lc thng cao RC:

Hnh 3.10 Mch lc thng cao RC

Mc mch HIGH PASS FILTER RC nh hnh 3.10
a. T cc tr s trn hnh 3.10 tnh tn s ct.
b. t VGEN sng sine c Vpp =15 V, f =100kHz. Thay i tn s my pht
t 100kHz xung 100Hz, quan st VR2. Nhn xt.
c. o VR2 ti mi tn s trong bng 3.3 (bin ca my pht khng thay
i) (dB=20log(Vout/V500kHz)).
Tn s Chu k Vout (VR2 ) dB
100 Hz 10 ms
5 kHz 200 us
500 kHz 2 us
Bng 3.3: D liu ra ca mch lc thng cao RC
d. Tnh in p ng ra ti im -3dB.
e. V c tuyn bin ng ra (dB) theo tn s (Hz). Xc nh bin ng
ra (dB) ti im 500 Hz v 5 kHz .
f. Thay i tn s my pht in p ng ra t gi tr nh cu d. Tm tn
s ct ca mch.
g. Xc nh suy gim (dB/decade) t 5kHz n 500Hz.
h. Nhn xt nh hng ca t n tn s ct.

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

2.2.2 Mch lc thng cao RL:

Hnh 3.11 Mch lc thng cao RL

Mc mch HIGH PASS FILTER RL nh hnh 3.11
a. T cc tr s trn hnh, tnh tn s ct ca mch lc fc.
b. t my pht: Vpp=15V, f =100kHz, sng sine. Thay i tn s
my pht t 100kHz n 1kHz. Quan st in p ng ra VL1, nhn
xt.
c. Xc nh gi tr in p ng ra ti im -3dB.
d. Thay i tn s my pht ng ra c gi tr nh cu c, tm tn s
ct fc.
e. Xc nh suy hao (dB/octave) ti tn s c gi tr bng fc.
f. Xc nh suy hao (dB/decade) ti tn s c gi tr bng ( ) fc.
g. T cu e v cu f v gn ng c tuyn bin (dB) theo tn s.
h. Nhn xt nh hng ca L n fc.

2.3 Mch lc thng di:

2.3.1 Mch lc thng di ni tip:

Hnh 3.12: Mch lc thng di mc ni tip

Mc mch SERIES BAND PASS FILTER nh hnh 3.12

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

a. t VGEN =15Vpp sng sine. Thay i tn s VGEN t 5kHz n 50kHz.

Nhn xt in p ng ra Vout.
b. o in p ri trn R2. Thay i tn s VGEN xy ra hin tng cng
hng, o v ghi li gi trin p ng ra trn R2.
c. o chu k v tnh tn s cng hng fr ghi vo bng 3.4 :

R2 =1.5k
fr
f1
f2
BW
Q
Bng 3.4
d. Xc nh in p ng ra ti V-3dB.
e. Gim tn s my pht, quan st in p ng ra Vout, khi Vout t gi tr
cu d, o chu k v tnh tn s ct di f1, ghi vo bng 3.4.
f. Tng tn s my pht qua fr quan st Vout, khi Vout t V-3dB, o chu k
v tnh tn s ct trn f2, ghi vo bng 3.4.
g. Tnh BW, Q ghi vo bng 3.4.
h. Tnh Q bng cng thc l thuyt, so snh kt qu cu trn. Nhn xt.
i. Nhn xt nh hng ca R2 n Q v BW.

2.3.2 Mch lc thng di song song:

Hnh 3.13 Mch lc thng di mc song song

Mc mch PARALLEL BAND PASS FILTER nh hnh 3.13

a. t VGEN = 15Vpp, f =5kHz, sng sine. Thay i tn s VGEN mch
t cng hng. o chu k ca sng ra, tnh tn s cng hng fr. Ghi
vo hnh 3.14.
b. o v ghi Vout vo hnh 3.14.

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

Hnh 3.14
c. S dng gi tr Vout cu trn, xc nh V-3dB ghi vo hnh 3.14.
d. Gim tn s my pht xung di fr Vout t gi tr V-3dB, o chu k v
tn s ct di f1 ghi vo hnh 3.14.
e. Tng tn s my pht qua fr quan st Voutkhi Vout t V-3dB, o chu k v
tnh tn s ct trn f2 ghi vo hnh 3.14.
f. Tnh BW, Q.
g. Tnh Q bng cng thc, so snh vi kt qu cu f. Nhn xt.
h. Thay i VGEN t 5kHz n 50kHz, quan st in p ng ra, nhn xt.
i. Thay i R1 nh hng th no n Q.

2.4 Mch lc chn di:

2.4.1 Mch lc chn di ni tip:

Hnh 3.15 Mch lc chn di mc ni tip

Mc mch SERIES BAND STOP FILTER nh hnh 3.15 (Ngn mch R2):
a. Chnh VGEN =15 Vpp, f =1 kHz, sng sine. o v ghi li Vout.

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 BI 3: MCH LC TH NG

b. Thay i tn s my pht mch t cng hng, ghi tn s cng

hng fr vo bng 3.5.
R1 =1.5K
fr
f1
f2
BW
Q
Bng 3.5

c. Tnh v ghi li in p ng ra ti tn s ct V-3dB. in vo hnh 3.16.

Hnh 3.16
d. Gim tn s my phtquan st Vout t V-3dB cu c, xc nh tn s
ct di f1 ghi vo bng 3.5.
e. Tng tn s my phtquan st Vout t V-3dB cu c, xc nh tn s
ct trn f2 ghi vo bng 3.5.
f. Tnh BW, Q ghi vo bng 3.5.
g. Tnh Q bng cng thc l thuyt, so snh vi Q trn.
h. Nhn xt R1 nh hng th no n BW v Q.

2.4.2 Mch lc chn di song song:

Hnh 3.17: Mch lc chn di song song

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Mc mch PARALLEL BAND STOP FILTER nh hnh 3.17.

a. Chnh VGEN =15Vpp, f =1kHz, sng sine.
b. Lp li cc bc t cu b dn cu h, in cc thng s vo bng 3.6

R1 =1.5k
fr
f1
f2
BW
Q
Bng 3.6
V. n tp v m rng:
Nu cng thc tnh tn s ct mch lc RC, RL.
Tnh Q trong cc mch RLC thng di ni tip v song song. Khi ta thay i
gi tr t C th Q c thay i khng?
Ti sao mch lc RLC li c gi l mch lc th ng?
Cc mch lc thng cao RC v thng thp RC khc nhau nh th no. Tng
t cho mch RL.
Nu mch RC nh hnh di (R//C) c c gi l mch lc khng? Nu c
hy tnh tn s ct ca mch?
Mch RLC thng di ni tip v mch RLC di ngng ni tip khc nhau nh
th no? Ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch RLC ni tip thng di v ngn di
c gi tr nh th no?
Hy v mch lc thng thp, thng cao gm 3 phn t RLC.

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B

TH NGHIM

I.Mc ch:
-Gip sinh vin lm quen v cch thc vn hnh thao tc cc thit b th nghim.

-Trang b cho sinh vin kin thc vn hnh lm quen vi dng c th nghim
II.Gii thiu:
Thit b th nghim trong mn L thuyt mch bao gm:
My dao ng k KENWOOD CS-4125
My pht sng KENWOOD AG-203D
KENWOOD FG-273A
VOM SANWA YX 360 TRF
B ngun F.A.C.E.T:Lab-Volt Base Unit
Kit th nghim DC Network,AC2 Fundamentals

1/ Dao ng k (Oscilloscope)KENWOOD CS-4125:

Hnh1: Dao ng k
1.1/Tng quan:
Dao ng k l thit b dng hin th o c cc tn hiu in hoc
khng in (tn hiu t cm bin v) nh dng sng, xung vv.Mt dao ng
k thng gm 2 knh c th biu din dng sng theo thi gian hay theo mt
i lng c a vo.
Dao ng k c ng dng rng ri trong rt nhiu lnh vc nh:k
thut, khoa hc, vin thng v y hc v.v
1.2/Hng dn s dng:
Ta chia Oscilloscope lm 5 phn:

a. Mn hnh: l mt hnh ch nht vi 10 ngang x 8 dc s dng

cng ngh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

b. Khi ngun: gm cc nt iu chnh tt m my, iu chnh

sng ti ca mn hnh, nt ca tn hiu v.v
Nt Power: Tt m my
Nt xoay Insensity: Chnh sng ca tn hiu
Nt xoayFocus: Chnh sc nt ca tn hiu
Nt vn Trace Rota: Chnh tia sng v nm ngang khi tia
sng b nghing
c. Khi Vertical v Triggering: Khi qut dc v khi kch.
Khi Vertical: Khi qut dc c chc nng chn tn hiu hin th trn
mn hnh nh knh 1, 2 hay c 2 knh v.v.
Cn gt Mode: CH1, CH2, ALT, ADD, CHOP
CH1: Chn knh 1.
CH2: Chn knh 2.
ALT: Hin th lun phin knh 1 v knh 2.
CHOP: Hin th theo kiu ng ngt gia 2 knh 1 v 2.
ADD: Hin th cng lc 2 knh 1 v 2.

Nt nhn CH2 INV: Nt ny o tn hiu knh 2.VD V2

thnh V2
Nt nhn X-Y: Nt ny dng hin th 2 tn hiu input vi
nhau . Vi knh CH1 l trc Y (trc tung) v knh CH2 l trc X (trc honh)

Khi Triggering: Khi ny iu khin mch qut ng b tn hiu.

Cn gt MODE:AUTO,NORM,FIX,TV FRAME,TV LINE.
AUTO: Ch qut t ng
NORM: Ch qut bnh thng, ch ny khi khng
c tn hiu kch khi mch qut ngang s khng hot ng
v s khng c tn hiu trn mn hnh.
TV FRAME: Ch qut theo Frame tivi
TV LINE: Ch qut theo ng k ngang mn hnh tivi

Cn gt SOURCE: Chn ngun tn hiu kch khi nu chn sai

s b tri hnh:
VERT MODE: Chn ngun kch khi t khi qut dc
CH1, CH2: Chn knh 1, 2 lm ngun kch khi
LINE: Chn ngun kch khi l tn s in li cung cp
(50Hz)
EXT : Tn hiu c cung cp t jack EXT TRIGGER
Nt xoay LEVEL: Cho php hin th mt chia tn hiu ng b
vi im bt u ca dng sng (chnh sai hnh s b tri). Nt ny dng iu chnh
hnh khng b tri ngang trn mn hnh.

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

Nt xoay SLOPE: Chnh dc ca mch qut l cnh ln hay

cnh xung.
d. Khi tn hiu vo dc CH1, CH2 hoc X, Y : Khi ny dng
chnh tn hiu vo.
CH1 or Y:
Nt xoay Position: iu chnh v tr tn hiu di chuyn
theo chiu dc.
Nt xoay Variable: Thay i gi tr ca tn hiu theo chiu
dc (Bnh thng ta xoay nm ny v bn phi ti ht ch
CAL m bo my o ng chun theo chiu dc).
Knob Volts /Div: iu chnh phn gii mc in p/.
AC-GND-DC: AC: o tn hiu dng AC m khng
ti DC.
DC: o tn hiu c DC v AC.
GND: Tn hiu c ni vi mass =>khng c tn
hiu trn mn hnh.
CH2 or X:
Tng t nh knh CH1

e. Khi Horizontal: Khi ny iu chnh tn hiu qut ngang

Nt xoay Position: Chnh v tr tn hiu dch chuyn theo
chiu ngang.
Nt xoay Variable:Dng phi hp vi nt Trigger Level
chng tn hiu b tri theo chiu ngang. (Bnh thng
chnh nt ny v bn phi ti ch CAL m bo s
chnh xc ca my dao ng k theo b ngang).
Nt nhn X10 MAG:Phng to tn hiu 1 theo chiu
ngang ra 10 ln.
CAL 1Vpp: Tn hiu sng vung chun chnh my, c
bin 1Vpp tn s 1kHz.

Chng ta nm c chc nng c bn ca my dao ng k v by gi ta

cn phi chnh my v chun s o c v hin th c chnh xc:
Mc nh khi s dng ta cc gi tr nh sau:
Triggering ta ch AUTO.
Triggering SOURCE ta ch VERT MODE.
Cc nt Var knh CH1, CH2 v Horizontal xoay ht
theo chiu kim ng h ti ch CAL.

2/My pht sng (Function Generator) KENWOOD AG-203D:

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

Hnh 2: My pht sng

2.1/Tng quan:
My pht sng l thit b nh tn gi ca n l to ra cc dng sng khc
nhau vi cc tn s khc nhau phc v cho cng tc o c, kim tra v nghin cu.
Ty theo cch thc to ra tn hiu m ta phn bit my pht sng analog
hay digital.
2.2/Hng dn s dng:
My pht sng KENWOOD AG-203D gm cc nt sau:
a xoay tn s c gi tr t 1-> 100
Cc nt nhn chn tm: Chn tn s ra x1, x10, x100, x1k,
x10k
->Kt hp gia nt chn tm v da xoay ta c kt qu tn s
ra mong mun.
Nt chn Waveform: Chn kiu sng ra l sng vung hay
sng sine.
Nt xoay Amplitude: iu chnh bin tn hiu ra vi
gi tr max l 24Vpp.
Nt xoay Attenuator (dB): Chnh suy hao bin t 0-
>>50dB
3/My pht sng (Function Generator) KENWOOD FG-273A:

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

Hnh 3: My pht sng

Cc nt nhn chnh tm tn s: 10 Hz->> 1MHz
Nt xoay chnh gi tr t 0->>2
->> Kt hp gia nt nhn v nm xoay ta c kt qu tn s ra mong mun.
Cc loi nt nhn chn loi tn hiu ra: sng vung, sine hay sng tam
gic.
Nt xoay Amplitude chnh bin tn hiu ra:Max 23Vpp
Nt Push TTL/Pull CMOS ADJ: Khi nt ny trong s cho ra tn hiu
sng vung TTL vi bin 4 Vpp c nh ng ra TTL/CMOS. Khi ta ko
nt ny ln th ng ra TTL /CMOS l tn hiu sng vung CMOS c bin
thay i c t 5V->15V.
Offset /Pull ADJ: Nt iu chnh offset ng ra, mun iu chnh phi
ko nm ny ra v vn, nu ta vn v bn tri tc du (-) th tn hiu c mc
offset m v ngc li ta c mc offset dng khi vn v bn phi tc du (+).
Duty /Pull inv: Nm ny dng chnh chu k lm vic ca sng vung
sng tam gic . , ko ra l ta thay i theo hng ngc li so vi khi nt
khng ko.
-20dB, -40dB: Nt iu chnh suy hao ng ra mc -20dB v -40dB.
Width /Pull on: Ko nt ny ra l cho php mch qut thay i
rngxung TTL /CMOS phi kt hp vi ko nt Rate ra.
Rate /Pull log: Ko nm ny ra l thc hin qut theo kiu logarit.
4/ VOM SANWA YX 360 TRF:
4.1/Tng quan:
ng h o vn nng l dng c dng o dng, p v gi tr in tr,
kim tra pin v.v.
ng h o c nhiu loi khc nhau v d nh hin th kim, s .
4.2/ Hng dn s dng:
ng h o c bn gm nt xoay chn tm v chnh chc nng, mt kim
hin th, v nt iu chnh 0 v 2 probe o.
- Nt xoay chnh chc nng v chn tm:
Phn DCV trn nt xoay dng o in p mt chiu vi
tm t 0.1VDC -> 1000 VDC.

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

Phn DCA trn nt xoay dng o dng in 1 chiu vi

tm o t 50A -> 250 mA.
Phn ACV dng o in p xoay chiu tm t 10VAC -
> 750 VAC.
Phn o in tr vi tm x1 -> x1k.
Phn o t C ti 10F.
Cui cng l v tr OFF tt my.
- Mn hnh hin th gm cc vng gi tr ng vi mi kiu o.
- 2 Probe o kt ni vi i tng o vi que ni vi u m
ca pin VOM v u en ni vi cc dng ca pin VOM.
- Nt chnh 0 dng chnh gi tr v 0.
5/ Lab Volts Base Unit:
th nghim vi b ngun DC =15V v ngun iu chnh c tm
10V c sn v khe dng kt hp vi kit th nghim.
6/ Kit DC Network Theorems, AC2 Fundamental:
Kit DC Network Theorems dng th nghim cc phng php phn
tch mch.
Kit AC2 dng th nghim cc dng mch lc th ng thng thp,
thng cao, thng di, ngng di.
III. n tp v m rng:

Bi tp lm quen vi thit b:
1-T my to sng AG203D to tn hiu sng vung tn s 1 kHz bin
4Vpp ri cho hin th ln knh CH1 ca Oscilloscope.

Bc 1: Thao tc bt cng tc ngun my pht sng v nhn chn tn

hiu xung vung sau iu chnh tn s ra chn tm x100 ri xoay a v gi
tr 10 c tn hiu ra l 1kHz.
Bc 2: Nhn nt power dao ng k sau ta kt ni probe knh
CH1 vi my pht sng. Ch : Tn hiu mass (dy en ) ca c my pht v
Oscilloscope phi c ni chung nu khng tn hiu s b nhiu.
Chnh gi tr Volts /div v Time /Div phn CH1 v Horizontal
sao cho tn hiu trn mn hnh cao 4 v b ngang cho mt chu k cng l 4 .
c v ghi li gi tr Volt /div v Time /Div sau suy ra chu k ca tn
hiu.

2-Sau ta xoay gi tr Var mc CH1 ngc chiu kim ng h. Ta

thy c s thay i vbin ca tn hiu ra. Ghi li v nhn xt.

3-Ta ko nt x10 MAG bn phn Horizontal v tnh li chu k trong

trng hp ny.

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 PH LC: THAO TC VN HNH THIT B TH NGHIM

4-Trn my pht sng ta vn nt Attenuator sang mc -20dB.Sau

chnh li gi tr Volt /div trn knh CH1 sao cho d thy v hy o gi tr mi
ny.
5-Bit cng thc tnh dB nh sau:
A (dB )=20log (Vmoi /Vcu )
Vi A y l -20 v Vcu = 4Vpp
Tnh Vmoi v so snh vi kt qu o.

Cu hi m rng:
Nu cch o lch pha dng dao ng k.
Tn hiu CH1 v CH2 phi c pha nh th no khi chuyn sang xem
ch X-Y th l hnh trn.

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