CHNG 3: KHC PHC CC YU T NH HNG

N H THNG TRUYN DN TN HIU S

3.1 San bng

Mt trong nhng nh hng c bn ca knh lin tc ti cht lng truyn
dn s l vic gy ra ISI, do c tnh tng cng ca h thng, bao gm c mi
trng truyn, khng tha mn tiu chun truyn dn khng c ISI. Cc knh tiu
biu nh vy l cc knh v tuyn, bao gm c knh v tuyn chuyn tip ln knh
thng tin di ng. Mt trong nhng c im ht sc quan trng ca cc knh v
tuyn l s bin i theo thi gian mt cch ngu nhin. iu ny dn n my thu
c thit k nhm chng li cc tc ng ca tp m v ISI phi c c tnh t
thch nghi, tc l phi c cc tham s c t ng iu chnh mt cch ti u bm
theo cc tc ng ca knh truyn. Mt trong nhng gii php nhm hn ch n
mc rt thp cc mo tuyn tnh gy bi ng truyn khng l tng bin i ngu
nhin theo thi gian l s dng cc mch san bng (equalizer).

Hm truyn tng cng ca h thng khng c san bng c th c vit di

dng:
t E ( )=C ( ) . H ( ) . E ( ) =C ( )

Trong : C(w) l hm truyn khi khng c ISI

H(w) th hin cc tc ng khng mong mun ca knh lin tc

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E(w) hm truyn ca mch san bng = 1/H(w)

Do cc knh v tinh c c tnh bin i kh r rt theo thi gian nn ti cc

thi gian nn ti cc thi im khc nhau H(w,t) c th c dng khc nhau do vy
cc mch san bng cn phi hot ng theo mt thut ton cho php iu chnh
E(w,t) bm theo s bin i ca H(w,t).

Trong cc h thng dng dy trn, cp xon v cp ng trccc b san

bng cng thng c p dng v c thc hin trn min tn s di dng cc
mch iu chnh cosine hay cc mng cn bng cp. Do ng dy thng tin c c
tnh bin i rt chm theo thi gian nn cc b san bng ny c thit k hu nh
c nh, vic iu chnh chng thng c thc hin bng tay da trn cc php o
nh k ng dy. Thc t cc mch san bng nh vy ch cho php sa c
nhng sai lch tng i ln v do vy tc truyn s liu trn cc knh thoi c
san bng c nh nh vy rt hn ch, vi cc tc s liu ln hn na th mch
san bng ni trn tr nn khng thch hp.

Trong cc h thng v tuyn s tc ln, do cc knh v tuyn c c tnh

bin i kh r rt theo thi gian nn ti cc im khc nhau H ( , t) c th c
dng khc nhau, do vy cc mch san bng cn cn phi hot ng theo mt thut
ton cho php iu chnh E (, t ) bm theo c cc thay i ca H ( , t ) , tc
l cc mch san bng phi c c tnh thch nghi (adaptive Equalizer) c gi l
my thu thch nghi (adaptive receiver). Nh vy mch san bng thch nghi l mt
mch tuyn tnh bin i theo thi gian v c th m t y c bi hm truyn
E (, t ) hay phn ng xung e ( t , ) . Do l mt mch bin i theo thi gian nn
vic biu din phn tch v thit k mch san bng s thun li hn trn min thi
gian. Cc mch san bng thch nghi i vi cc h thng truyn dn s nh th tn
gi chung l mch san bng thch nghi trn min thi gian ATDE (adaptive Time
Domail Equalizer).

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 Cc ATDE thng c thit k dng gi chm tng khu (TDL: Tapped
Delay Line) s dng mch lc gin (transversal filter) gm 2L+1 khu gi chm vi
thi gian gi chm ca mi khu l T, thng thng T =T s , mc san bng c
nhim v tr li 2L+1 mu ca L symbol trc, L symbol sau v c L symbol ang
xt, c lng cc thnh phn ISI t L symbol trc v L symbol sau tc ng n
L symbol ang xt v b kh chng.
Li ra ca mch san bng l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc mu c lu tr:
L
~i ( n )=
ci . v ( n )
i=L

Trong c i l trng s ca khu th i, v(n) l gi tr mu ca tn hiu li

vo ti nhp th n.
Nh vy v bn cht nh tr li cc mu tn hiu v s dng cc thut ton
thch hp nhm xc nh cc trng s c i , b san bn c th ti thiu ha hoc loi
b ISI tc ng t cc symbol trc v sau n cc symbol ang xt.
~
Mt cch l tng chng ta mun chui i(n ) li ra lp lai chui symbol
l(n) c pht i t phn pht. Tuy nhn vi s khu gi chm 2L+1 th mong
mun ny khng th t c thm ch ngay c khi khng c tp m.
Lng mo chun ha cc i:
max = ' |h k|
k

Trong du phy sau k hiu c ngha l tng b qua s hng cch s

k=0
~
Sau san bng phn ng xung i(t) c dng:
ti T s
ci v
L
~( )
i t =
i=L
~
Ta cng xt phn ng ri rc tng ng chun ha ca i(t) k hiu l :
L
q n= c i hni
i=L

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 Mo ti a li ra max c xc nh theo:
max = ' |qk|

Cc h s c i phc ca mi mt ca cc phn thc v phn o cn lm cho

ph hp theo thut ton nghch thch nghi, nh vy ISI t cc symbol trc hoc sau
ti symbol ang x l s gim bt. Tc l chn ng cc ci th max < max v
max t thp nht.
Trong thc t cc thut ton san bng thch nghi thng gp l cc thut ton
da trn tiu chun sai s trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu (LMSE:Least Mean
Square Error) hay cc thut ton khng da trn tiu chun LMSE m thut ton
cng p khng (ZF: Zero Forcing) l mt thut ton tiu biu, rt hay c p
dng trong cc h thng v tuyn s chuyn tip mt t.
Nhim v ca cc thut ton ZF l bin i cc h s ck nhm cng p
cc im i qua xung ca phn ng xung tng cng ca c h thng ng vo cc
thi im t=k T s (k 0) nh vy loi b ISI. Tc l i vi thut ton ZF cc thut
ton c chn (iu chnh) sao cho:
q n= 0,n ,|n| L

Trong i , j l Delta Kronecker:

{
i , j = 1i= j
0, i j
Cc h s c k c th xc nh theo cng thc truy ton hi t dn ti trng
thi cng p khng (ZF) ca b san bng:
c k (n +1)=c k (n) . n . I nk
ck ~
Trong : c k(n) l gi tr h s ti nhp th n n=I n I n vi
I n=i ( nT s ) l gi tr ca tn hiu thu (c ri rc ha) trong trng hp l tng,
tc chnh l cc gi tr ri rc ca tn hiu i(t) c pht i phn pht cn
~ ~
I n=i(n T s) ; l h s t l, nh hng ti tc hi t ca php tnh truy
ton
i n c gi tr ph thuc vo symbol c pht i phn pht nn khng bit trc.

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Thc t, h thng c BER thp th c th s dng ^I n thay cho I n trong ^I n

l gi tr thc t thay cho I n .

M hnh thut ton ZF (lc thch nghi) rt gn li thnh xc nh cc c k v
vi nhng gi tr tnh c ca chng ng vi trng thi ZF, ISI t L symbol trc
v L symbol sau ti L symbol ang xt s b loi tr tc l:
q n=0, n= 1, 2, . , L
Ngoi cc mch san bng trn min thi gian ni trn, trong cc h thng m
ng truyn thay i rt phc tp vi mt lot tc ng nh fading tri tr, hiu
ng Doppler do cc trm thu pht chuyn ng so vi nhau, nh trong cc h thng
thng tin di ng chng hn, th cc bin php san bng cn phc tp hn na phi
c p dng. trong cc h thng nh th, bn cnh thng tin hu ch c truyn,
h thng cn truyn c cc thng tin dn ng hay thm d knh nhm hun
luyn cho phn thu bit v qu trnh thay i ca ng truyn nhm san bng mt
cch hiu qu.
3.2 Cc bin php nhm khc phc mo tuyn tnh
Mt trong nhng ngun gy mo tuyn tnh rt ln i vi cc h thng v
tuyn s l fading a ng, chng ta thy rng i vi cc h thng v tuyn s
dung lng thp v trung bnh th fading a ng c th c xem l fading phng
v c th chng li c bng cch tng cng sut pht hay m bo lu tr
fading (fade margin) ln, vic tng cng sut pht trong cc h thng v tuyn
dung lng cao tuy vy khng gii quyt c cc mo gy bi fading nhiu tia
chn lc theo tn s. i vi cc h thng nh vy, ngoi vic s dng ATDE cn c
th p dng cc bin php b tr khc na nhm khc phc fading a ng chn
lc theo tn s:
+ La chn s dng tn hiu khng b mo nh phn tp (diversity) vi o
mch hoc b t hp tn hiu (combiner)
+ Gim mt cch tng i nh s dng h thng truyn dn nhiu sng
mang

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 + S dng m chng nhiu nhm gim xc sut li gy bi mo tn hiu (sa
cc bt li do mo tn hiu gy ra).
Trong s cc phng php khc phc fading a ng chn lc theo tn s
trong cc h thng v tuyn ni trn, vic p dng ATDE l phng php xem ra l
ng n nht. Tuy nhin do cc hn ch hin nay v cng ngh cng nh do thiu
hiu bit trit v cc tnh cht ca fading a ng, ch ring cc b san bng
thch nghi khng loi b cc mo tuyn tnh n mc c c mt cht lng
hay tin cy lin lc theo yu cu. Do vy, trong cc h thng v tuyn dung lng
ln cc b san bng thng c s dng kt hp vi mt s bin php khc phc
khc ni trn.
3.2.1 Phn tp
Trong cc bin php b tr ni trn, phn tp l bin php thng c s
dng rng ri nht. Cc bin php phn tp c th c p dng trong cc h thng
s bao gm phn tp theo khng gian, phn tp theo tn s v phn tp theo gc.
Phn tp theo khng gian l vic s dng nhiu ng-ten thu (thng l 2 ng-
ten). Mt khi 2 ng-ten c t cch xa nhau xa th vic xy ra fading do truyn
dn a ng i vi cc ng-ten c th xem nh c lp vi nhau. Phn tp
khng gian thot tin c pht trin cho cc h thng v tuyn s c dung lng t
thp n trung bnh chng fading a ng phng. Tuy nhin nh phn tp theo
khng gian, xc sut mo tuyn tnh mnh ng thi trn c hai ng-ten cng gim
thp, nh vy c th lm gim tc ng ca mo. iu ny c xc nhn bi cc
kt qu thc nghim. Vic phn tch l thuyt v hiu qu ci thin cht lng c th
c tin hnh da trn cc m hnh knh, chng hn m hnh Rummler cc h
thng trong gm hai knh vi hai tp tham s A, B, f 0 v cho tng knh.
Cc c trng thng k cng nhau c xc nh bng thc nghim cho m hnh
h thng phn tp 2 ng-ten. Theo Rummler, A1 v A2 l cc bin ngu nhin
Gao-x tng quan vi nhau. H s tng quan ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc
ng-ten cn cc gi tr k vng ca cc bin A1 v A 2 th ph thuc i cht

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vo kch thc ca ng-ten. Cng theo Rummler, mt cch tng i th th cc
bin B1 v B2 c th xem nh cc bin ngu nhin phn b m c lp vi
nhau. Cc tn s khe fading f 01 v f 02 cng c lp vi nhau, cn vn
c xem l hng s.
Phn tp khng gian mc d l mt bin php kh hiu qu song xem ra li
km kinh t do phi s dng hai ng-ten, hai mch thu siu cao tn v phi x l
trung tn cho vic t hp tn hiu. Thm vo ct ng-ten cng cn phi khe hn
chu c ti trng ca hai ng-ten.
Bin php phn tp kinh t hn thng c s dng l phn tp theo tn s.
Phn tp theo tn s c bit kinh t nu nh (i) tuyn v tuyn c mt knh d
phng;(ii) knh d phng ny cho mt hiu qu ci thin tha ng khi c s
dng nh knh phn tp. i vi cc ng trc dung lng ln, iu kin th nht
hu nh lun tha mndo cc tuyn v tuyn s ny thng c trin khai theo cu
hnh N+1 (N knh v tuyn knh tc v 1 knh d phng).
iu kin th hai v mt thc t hu nh lun tha mn mc d iu ny mi
c bit n cha lu. Thc t chng t rng i vi cc h thng v tuyn s
dung lng ln vic phn tp theo tn s gim mo v hai tn s phn tp cng gn
nhau hiu qu phn tp cng cao.
Hiu qu kinh t cao cng c th t c nh phn tp gc, trong trn
cng mt ng-ten ngi ta b tr hai hay nhiu u thu sng nhm hng cc sng
truyn ti ng-ten thu theo nhiu gc ti khc nhau.
3.2.2 Truyn dn nhiu sng mang
i vi cc h thng c ph tn hiu qu rng dn n rt kh m bo
bng phng ca c tnh ng truyn, bin php c th c p dng l truyn dn
nhiu sng mang. Lung bt cn truyn c bin i thnh nhiu lung con song
song v mi lung con c iu ch bng mt sng mang ring bit. Nh vy, bng
tn hiu rt rng c tch thnh nhiu bng con, trong c tnh tn s ca h
thng d bo m bng phng hn. Tr gi ca phng php ny l tnh kinh t do

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phi s dng mi mt h thng con cho mi lung con. Thm vo , ph chim ca
tn hiu tng cng trong trng hp ny ln hn mt cht so vi trng hp truyn
dn mt sng mang do cc mch lc phn cch cc bng con khng th ch to vi
cc bin hm truyn hon ton dc ng c. Chnh v vy bin php ny ch p
dng trong nhng trng hp nht nh, chng hn trong nhng trng hp bng tn
hiu qu rng hay trong mt s h thng m tuyn truyn dn i qua khu vc c b
mt nc (rt hay xy ra fading a ng mnh).
3.2.3 M chng nhiu
Cc li bt gy nn do san bng v phn tp khng trit tiu hon ton ISI cn
c th sa tip bng cc m chng nhiu. v bn cht m ha chng nhiu l vic
bin i tp cc t m cn truyn thnh tp cc t m chng nhiu vi cc phn t
d dng pht hin v sa cc bt li. Tr gi ca phng php ny l tng tc
bt truyn dn v do m rng ph chim ca tn hiu. nhn chung, m ha chng
nhiu c s dng tng i ha hon nh mt bin php khc phc ca fading a
ng trong cc h thng v tuyn s dung lng cao do cc kh khn v cng
ngh: cc b m ha v gii m tc rt cao thc hin kh kh khn ngay c vi
linh kin v thit b hin i.
3.3 Cc bin php nhm khc phc mo phi tuyn
Cc mo phi tuyn trong h thng truyn dn s ch yu c gy ra do cc
mch khuch i cng sut ca my pht v/hoc ca trm chuyn tip (nh b
khuch i trn cc b pht p i vi cc h thng thng tin). c im ca mo
phi tuyn l mc mo tn hiu khc nhau vi cc tn hiu c cng sut (tc l c
bin ) khc nhau. iu c ngha l cc h thng iu ch bin rt km chu
ng vi mo phi tuyn.
khc phc nh hng ca mo phi tuyn, c th chn im lm vic
mc tn hiu tng i thp, tc l chp nhn mt li cng sut (BO: back-Off)
ln tnh t cng sut bo ha ca b khuch i. Trong trng hp ny ta phi
chp nhn hoc l lng ph hiu qu cng sut ca thit b dn n phi dng cc b

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cng sut ln hn, cng knh nng n hn v t tin hn hoc l phi chp nhn
cng sut ra ca tn hiu thp hn dn n gim c ly lin lc.
Trong trng hp khng th chp nhn BO ln, ngi ta thng s dng cc
loi iu ch vi tn hiu c ng bao khng i (t nhy cm vi mo phi tuyn).
Cn phi lu gi tr BO khng th tng mi t tuyn tnh cao do vic tng
BO dn n gim cng sut tn hiu pht v do vy t s tn/tp u thu gim lm
tng xc sut li.
Mt trong nhng bin php khc cng thng c p dng gim mo
phi tuyn ca cc b khuch i cng sut l s dng cc mch mo trc
(predistorter).V l thuyt, b khuch i cng sut c th lm cho tuyn tnh mt
cch ty bng cch chn BO tht ln, tuy nhin nh trn thy BO khng th
chn ln ty c m c mt gi tr ti u. Do vy mo phi tuyn vn cn rt
ng k.
Nhn chung khi chnh lch cng sut nh v cng sut trung bnh ca tn
hiu khng qu ln th i vi b khuch i cng sut dng bn dn mt lng BO
thch hp l cng tc mt cch tng i tuyn tnh. Vi cc b khuch i
cng sut dng TWT, vi cng mt lng BO nh th th b khuch i c th c
mo iu ch ln nhau ba bc ln.Trong trng hp ny, vic p dng mt mch
mo trc t ngay trc b khuch i c th cho php khng cn n lng BO
ln n th, nh vy hiu sut cng sut li ra tng.
i vi cc h thng c QAM c s mc iu ch ln hn (64QAM hay
256QAM) vic p dng mo trc thng l bt buc do h thng ht sc nhy cm
i vi mo phi tuyn, hn na vic ch p dng mt gi tr BO ln nhm m
bo tn hiu nh khng tr nn bo ha thng dn n cng sut trung bnh ca tn
hiu li ra thp do chnh lch cng sut nh v cng sut trung bnh vi cc h
thng ny kh ln. Cc b mo trc c th bng tn gc, trung tn hoc tn s
v tuyn.

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 Cc b mo trc bc ba c th loi b c phn ln cc tc ng ca mo
phi tuyn, rt tic l cho n ngy nay ngi ta vn khng th kh hon ton c
mo phi tuyn do khng th ch to c cc mch c c tnh mo ngc hon ho
cho ti cc bc cao hn na, thm ch ngay c i vi mo bc ba th cc mch mo
trc hin nay cng vn cha hon thin.
3.4 Cc h thng tri ph
Mt trong nhng bin php tng i hiu qu nhm chng tc ng ca can
nhiu, c bit l nhiu c (jamming) l s dng bin php tri ph tn hiu.
Sau chin tranh th gii th hai, xut pht t nhng vn bo mt v chng
nhiu c (do i phng gy ra ch p) t ra i vi thng tin v tuyn v rada
trong thi gian chin tranh, t cui nhng nm 1940 qun i M, m c th l cc
chuyn gia nghin cu ca ITT( International Telephone and Telegraph:cng ty in
thoi v in bo Hoa K) theo yu cu ca b quc phng M xc tin v mt
nguyn tc thng tin hon ho mi lc by gi d trc tip trn cc cng trnh
nghin cu ca Claude Elwood Shannon: thng tin da trn nguyn tc tri ph tn
hiu.
Nhng u im c bn m k thut thng tin tri ph c c l kh nng
chng nhiu c v mc bo mt thng tin rt cao. Thm vo thng tin tri
ph cng cho php chng fading a ng rt tt.
tng v thng tin tri ph da trn nh l th ba ca Shannon, nh l
ny c pht biu nh sau: Vi mt knh c tp m trng chun cng tnh
(AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise), tng quan gia dung lng knh, cng
sut, rng di tn v cht lng c cho bi:
C=B . log 2 ( 1+S / N )
Trong C l dung lng ca knh, B l rng ph tn chim ca tn hiu
cn S/N l t s cng sut tn hiu v tp m.
Nh vy vi cng mt thng lng xc nh C, c th truyn c tn hiu
vi t s tn trn tp m rt thp nu tn hiu c ph rt rng v nu c kh nng

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bin mi tp nhiu v c dng nh hoc gn nh AWGN. iu ny c th t c
nh thc hin tri rng ph tn hiu cn truyn phn pht v nn (gii tri) ph
phn thu. Trn c s ny cho php h thng lin lc tt trong cc iu kin c nhiu
mnh, thm ch che du tn hiu chm vo trong nn nhiu, nh i phng thm
ch rt kh pht hin c khi no c, khi no khng truyn tin. Hn th na, nh
vic s dng cc dy gi ngu nhin tri ph nn v mt thc t i phng hu
nh khng th gii m c thng tin.
c im c bn ca h thng thng tin tn hiu ph tri l ph tn hiu c
truyn i rt rng.Tuy vy khng phi loi h thng thng tin no c ph rng cng
l h thng thng tin tri ph. Mt h thng c nh ngha l h thng tri ph nu
n tha mn 3 yu cu sau:
- Tn hiu truyn i chim mt rng bng truyn dn W ln hn rt nhiu
ln b rng bng tn ti thiu B i cn thit truyn thng tin.
- Vic tri ph tn hiu c thc hin nh tn hiu tri thng gi l m tri
ph c lp vi d liu cn truyn. Tn hiu tri c la chn nhm to ra
mt ph tng cng gn ging ph tp m.
- Qu trnh nn ph c thc hin nh tnh tng quan gia tn hiu thu c
v tn hiu gii tri l bn sao ng b ca tn hiu tri s dng phn
pht.
Nh vy, cc h thng iu ch bng rng nh iu ch tn s, cc h thng iu
ch xung m mc d tha mn iu kin ph tn hiu rng xong khng phi l h
thng tri ph.
Hiu qu c c nh tri ph tn hiu ca h thng thng tin tri ph c nh
gi qua tng ch x l (PG: Processing Gain). Ni chung, tng ch x l c xc
nh theo:
PG=W / Bi
Tn hiu tri theo tiu chun th 2 nu trn dc thc hin bng cc chui cc
chip gi nhiu (PN: Pseudo Noise) vi tc ni chung ln hn nhiu so vi tc
s liu. Vic tri ph ni chung c thc hin bng cch nhn chui s liu cn

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truyn vi chui gi ngu nhin. Ty theo cch s dng PN tri ph, cc h thng
tri ph c chia thnh cc loi c bn sau:
H thng tri ph nhy tn (FH: Frequency Hopping), trong tn hiu gi
ngu nhin PN c s dng iu khin tn s sng mang.
H thng tri ph chui trc tip(DS: Direct Sequence), trong chui s
liu c nhn trc tip vi chui gi ngu nhin PN

3.4.1 H thng tri ph nhy tn

S khi n gin ca mt h thng tri ph FH c minh ha nh hnh di

Tn hiu truyn i x ( t ) c th c biu din theo:

x ( t )=s ( t ) . exp j [ ( t ) + L 0 ] t

Trong L0 l tn s t do ca b dao ng ni khi cha c iu khin

nhy tn, ( t ) l gia s tn s iu khin bi chui PN. Gi s chui PN c chu
k l n, khi s cc gi tr c th ca (t ) l 2n1 v ph tn hiu u ra s
c rng W = ( 2n1 ) . khng ph thuc vo tc chip. S ph thuc ca tn
s tn hiu li ra c m t theo hnh sau:

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 Khi T c >T 0 vi T c v T 0 ln lt l rng thi gian ca xung chip
v xung s liu th h thng c gi l nhy tn chm. Ngc li h thng c gi
l nhy tn nhanh. Gi tr ca trong c hai loi h thng nhy tn v l thuyt
c th chn ty song trong thc t thng chn sao cho cc tn s nm tch bit
do thng chn.
= Max . [ 2 /T c , 2 /T 0 ]

3.4.2 H thng tri ph chui trc tip

Trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip (thng dng trong cc h thng
thng tin s) chui s liu c nhn (hoc cng m-un 2) trc tip vi chui
PN.Nguyn tc hot ng ca h thng c th c din t mt cch vn tt nh
sau. Xt h thng bng gc tng ng, gi chui s liu l d(t) vi ph D ( )
v chui gi ngu nhin l c(t) vi ph C( ) khi tn hiu truyn i s c dng
d(t).c(t). Ph ca tn hiu truyn i (bng D ( ) . C( ) ) s ph thuc ch yu
vo ph ca c(t)do tc chp trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip rt ln hn tc
d liu. Tc l ph ca tn hiu c dng ging ph tp m. Ti phn thu, tn hiu
thu c l tng ca tn hiu tri ph, tp m trng chun v cc nhiu ph hp (tn
hiu ch p chn hn). Di tc ng nhn tn hiu gii tri (l bn sao ng b ca
c(t) dng phn pht) vi tn hiu thu c phn tn hiu hu ch c nn ph

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tr li d liu ban du do c 2 ( t )=1 , tch d(t).c(t).c(t)=d(t). Cc nhiu gii hp do
c nhn vi c(t) nn c tri ph ra nh tn hiu c tri phn pht, do vy
hm mt ph cng sut ca nhiu li vo thit b quyt nh my thu s gim
hn, thp hn nhiu so vi tn hiu hu ch c nn ph tr li nh vy t s
tn/tp ti li vo thit b quyt nh tng. Vic tri ph v tri gii hu nh khng c
tc dng ci thin vi tp m bng rt rng nh tp nhit. Trong cc h thng c
nhiu tn hiu tri ph khc nhau v m PN nh cc h thng a truy nhp phn chia
theo m (CDMA: code Division Multiple Access), cc tn hiu t cc my khc ti
my thu ang xem xt cng l tp m bng rng, do vy chng c cng cng sut
ti li vo thit b quyt nh v v vy cn c bin php kim sot thch hp.
S khi n gin ca mt h thng tri ph c m t trn cc hnh v
di y:

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3.5 Khc phc fading bng cch tnh ton d tr
- D tr fading che khut chun-log (d tr fading chm - Slow/Shadowing
Fading Margin). Khon ny tnh c da trn xc sut rt cuc gi cho php do
fading chm gy nn, thng n l 1% theo nhiu ti liu. Lng d tr fading
chm ny tnh c nu ta c c ng cong mt xc sut fading che khut
(dng chun-log). Ci ng cong mt ny c c nh phng php thng k
(nh o bng driving-test c c lch qun phng (zigma) hay cn gi l
lch chun - standard deviation - ca bin ngu nhin mc fading che khut, v
mt phn b chun c k vng bng khng hon ton xc nh c pdf ca n nu
bit zigma).
- D tr fading nhanh (Multipath Fading Margin) Ci ny c rc ri hn i
cht. Vi cc h thng bng hp nh GSM (tc d liu trn knh thp do ch yu
ch phc v dch v thoi v d liu tc thp) th multipath fading xem c l
flat-fading. Khi d tr fading nhanh c th xc nh c theo phn b ca mc
fading nhanh. Vi cc mi trng khc nhau, s c cc phn b khc nhau, tri t
phn b chun (knh Gauss) hay Ricean (knh Rice) cho ti Rayleigh (knh
Rayleigh), trong knh Rayleigh l knh ti nht, rt hay gp trong mi trng
macro khu vc th. Do vy, khi tnh ton thit k v tuyn (tnh ton ph sng)

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ngi ta thng tnh vi trng hp xu nht l vi knh Rayleigh. Pdf (Probability
Density Function - hm mt xc sut) Rayleigh ca bin ngu nhin l mc
fading nhanh cng hon ton xc nh c nu c c lch qun phng
zigma ca n. Ci ny (zigma) cng phi xc nh bng o lng (driving-test). T
ta c th xc nh c d tr fading nhanh bo m xc sut rt cuc gi
do fading nhanh gy ra thp di mt mc no , cng thng l 1%.

3.6 Cc phng php khi phc tn hiu ng h

Mt trong cc u th ca truyn dn tn hiu s so vi tn hiu lin tc l kh
nng ti sinh tn hiu s thu c. Vic ti sinh bn cht l mt th tc ly mu tn
hiu thu c, thc hin vo cc thi im thch hp. Ti thi im thch hp ny.
T s tn hiu tp l cao nht v xc xut xuyn nhiu l nh nht. my thu bit
c thi im ny. Thong tin thch hp phi c truyn theo cch no t my
pht n my thu.
V mt l thuyt thng tin ng h c th c truyn trn mt knh ring
bit xong phng php ny rt hy hu mi c s dng.
Thng tin ng h lin quan n mt bt T, c cha trong cc chuyn i
ca tn hiu s c pht i. Tn hiu pht trong thc t cha mt s ln cc
chuyn i. C iu l ph ca tn hiu a pht khng cha thnh phn ph vch ca
tn s ng h 1/T nu iu ch ngu nhin c p dng; thnh phn ny do
phi c ti to bng mt thut ton phi tuyn no . Ch khi tnh n mt dng
bt ngu nhin, trong xc sut chuyn i bng 1/2 th ch c vn ti to mt
vch ph tn s ng h l cn phi gii quyt. Trong trng hp ny mt php ton
phi tuyn chn c p dng th hin nh hnh sau:

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 Mch lc thng thp k hiu bng H () c th th hin mch lc my thu
chng hn n c th l mt mch lc phi hp. B lc thng thp ng sau mch phi
tuyn c thc hin bi mt PLL cn c tnh vo-ra ti u ca phn t phi tuyn
c cho bi y=ln [ cos h x ] .

Thc ra phi tuyn c th thc hin c khng ch bi mt mch c c

tnh vo ra m c th thc hin c theo nhiu cch khc. Cc th d cho cc
phng n khc c trnh by tong hnh b v c.

Do tp m ca tn hiu thu c, cc mch m t hnh trn s c mt sai

lch thi gian T m n c phng sai l:

T 3 B1
2 T ; R=E/ N 0
R

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 Mt gii php tt hn nhn c bng cch t phi tuyn vo bn trong
mt vng kn, mch nh vy ngi ta gi l mch cng sm mun.Vi thit k ti
u phng sai lch nh thi ca mch ny nh hn n 5dB so vi mch cho
hnh trn.

3
1 T BL
2 T =
3 R

Ta gi s rng mi mt bt cha mt chuyn i mc. Thc t iu ny c th

t c nh p dng cc tn hiu RZ (Return-to-Zero) i cc, tc l xung c
di nh hn T. Tuy nhin i vi cc tn hiu NRZ th iu khng ng: cc
chuyn i mc xut hin ch ti cc chuyn i bit 1 0 hay 0 1. Mch
khi phc ng h ch nhn c thng tin li vo ti cc chuyn i ny. Tnh
trng ny c khi phc sng mang ghp theo thi gian vi tn hiu tham chiu
c pht. Hin tng ny to ra mt sai lch nh thi ph ngay c khi khng c
tp m.

chnh xc ca khi phc tn hiu ng h ph thuc ch yu vo thng tin

c truyn i. Chng ta thy rng bn cht nhu nhin trong tn hiu ti gy nn
mt s tng phng sai ca sai s nh thi v ng b ng h c th thm ch mt
hon ton do tn hiu c mt dy di cc s 0 hay 1. Do vy, mt vi bin php khc
phc no i hi phi c p dng nu xc sut xy ra cc dy di khng c
chuyn i trong tn hiu ti l ng k: hoc l mch ng b ng h phi c
thit k nhmg chu c nhng dy di khng c chuyn i nh th vi 2 chp
nhn c hoc mt s cc chuyn i phi c to ra mt cch nhn to.

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