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I. TNG QUAN
iu tr khng sinh da trn s khc bit sinh ha gia ngi v vi sinh vt. Thuc khng sinh
c hiu qu trong iu tr nhim trng bi chng c c tnh chn lc (selective toxicity), tc l
cc khng sinh c kh nng km hm, tiu dit vi khn k sinh m khng lm tn thng t bo
c th. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, c tnh chn lc ca khng sinh ch mang tnh tng
i, nng thuc khi s dng phi m bo kim sot nhim khun v c th bnh nhn
vn dung np c.
nhp vo no, tr cc cht c kch thc phn t nh v c bn cht thn du. Kh MBC l nng khng sinh thp nht
nng xm nhp v nng ca cc khng sinh trong h thn kinh trung ng b nh tiu dit 99,9% vi khun ( trong v d
ny MBC = 32)
hng bi cc yu t sau:
1.Tnh thn du (Lipid solubility): y l mt yu t quan trng quyt nh kh nng
thm nhp vo no ca thuc. Cc khng sinh c bn cht thn du nh Cloram-
phenicol, Metronidazole d dng xm nhp vo h thn kinh trung ng, trong khi h Hnh 2:
-Lactam b ion ha pH sinh l, t tan trong lipid, v vy chng gn nh khng qua Xc nh nng c ch ti thiu (MIC)
v nng dit khun ti thiu (MBC)
hng ro mu no trong iu kin bnh thng. Khi mng no b vim, khng m
ca khng sinh
nhn c chc nng mt cch trn vn, tnh thm tng, mt s khng sinh h
-Lactam c th i qua, t nng c tc dng trong h thn kinh trung ng.
105
104 Thm KS km khun 3.Kh nng lin kt vi protein: Thuc dng t do khng lin
(VD:chloramphenicol)
kt vi protein huyt tng l yu t quan trng hn quyt
103
Thm KS dit khun nh vic xm nhp vo h thn trung ng so vi tng lng
(VD: Penicillin) thuc hin din (dng t do + dng lin hp vi protein huyt
102
Thi gian tng). Do cc thuc c mc lin kt protein huyt
Thm khng sinh tng cao kh nng thm nhp vo thn kinh trung ng s
b gim.
Hnh 3
nh hng ca khng sinh dit khun
v khng sinh km khun ln s pht
trin ca vi khun
E. C a bnh nhn:
Trong la chn khng sinh, phi ch nhiu n yu t c
a bnh nhn nh: tnh trng h min dch, chc nng gan,
thn, tun hon, tui Ph n c thai, cho con b cng l
nhng i tng cn thn trng khi ch nh khng sinh.
1.H min dch: Vic loi tr cc vi khun gy bnh ph thuc
vo tnh ton vn ca h min dch, y l h thng phng
ng gip c th loi tr cc vi sinh vt xm nhp. Nghin
ru, nhim HIV, mc i tho ng, ngi cao tui cng
nh bnh nhn ang s dng cc thuc c ch min
dchc th nh hng n chc nng min dch ca c
th. Nhm bnh nhn ny, cn s dng cc khng sinh dit
khun liu cao, thi gian iu tr ko di.
2.Suy thn: Suy thn c th gy tch ly thuc khi s dng mt
s khng sinh. Trong trng hp ny, cn hiu chnh liu
trnh tch ly thuc v cc tc dng ph. Creatinine huyt
tng l ch s thng dng nh gi chc nng thn v
hiu chnh liu khng sinh. Tuy nhin, vi mt s khng sinh
(VD: Vancomycine, Amyloglycoside) ngi ta thng xc
nh trc tip nng thuc trong mu nhm xc nh gi tr
ti a v/hoc ti thiu gip phng nga c tnh ca thuc.
(Ch : S lng Nephron gim dn theo tui, do bnh
nhn ln tui l i tng d b tch ly thuc khi s dng
cc khng sinh thi tr qua thn).
3.Suy gan: Cc khng sinh tch ly hoc thi tr ti gan (VD:
Erythromycin, Docyxycline) phi c s dng thn trng
cc bnh nhn suy gan.
4.Gim ti mu vng nhim khun: Gim ti mu n
mt s vng ca c th, v d vng chi di bnh nhn i
tho ng, lng khng sinh a n khu vc ny gim,
cc nhim khun ti cc v tr ny s kh iu tr hn.
6
ng ung, vi cc khng sinh ny, cn dng ng tnh mch
5
1 MIC
t hiu qu iu tr
4
6
5 4 MIC Mt s khng sinh nh Amyloglycosid, Daptomycin c t l dit
4 16 MIC
khun tng ng k khi tng nng khng sinh ln t 4 n 64
64
4 MIC
IC
CC
3
ln MIC ( Hnh 6 A). Cc thuc trn thuc nhm khng sinh tc
2
dng dit khun ph thuc nng v nn s dng 1 liu cao duy
0 2 4 6 8 nht/ngy nhm y nng thuc ln cao, gip tiu dit vi khun
Time (hours) gy bnh nhanh hn.
T l dit khun tng khng ng k
khi nng KS tng t 4 n 64 ln
MIC. B.Khng sinh dit khun ph thuc thi gian:
Tri vi cc v d trn -lactam, glycopeptide, marclorides, clinda-
Hnh 6 mycin v linezonid khng thuc nhm khng sinh c tc dng dit
A. Hiu qu dit khun ca Tobramycin khun ph thuc nng (Hnh .6B). Hiu qu lm sng ca cc
ph thuc vo nng thuc loi khng sinh ny ph thuc thi gian nng thuc trong mu
B. Hiu qu dit khun ca Ticarcillin khng
ph thuc nhiu vo nng thuc duy tr cao hn MIC, iu ny i khi cng c gi l tc dng
(cfu = khun lc; dit khun khng ph thuc nng . V d: c hiu qu cao
MIC = Nng c ch ti thiu)
nht, Penicillin v Cephalosporin cn m bo 50-60% thi gian
thuc lu hnh trong mu nng phi cao hn MIC. V vy truyn
tnh mch chm (thng 3-4h) hoc truyn lin tc trong 24h c
th c s dng thay v a thuc lin tc (khong 30 pht)
ko di thi gian nng thuc cao hn MIC, gip dit khun tt
hn.
Khng thuc do thay Khng thuc do lm gim tch ly Khng thuc do to ra enzyme
i ch tc dng thuc trong t bo vi khun bt hot thuc
Gim tnh thm Tng thi tr
thuc
Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides
Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones
b-Lactams b-Lactams b-Lactams
Macrolides Macrolides Macrolides
Rifampin
Sulfonamides
Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline
Trimethoprim
Vancomycin -Lactam xm nhp vo vi Trc y,Tetracycline
khun Gram m nh l lc iu tr Bacteroides rt
porin. Enterobacter khng hiu qu, tuy nhin hin
Cephalosporin do tit -Lactamase (penicillinase)
ti vi khun ny
enzyme -Lactamase, tuy ph hy khng sinh bng
khng thuc do to ra
nhin vi khun cng c th cch thy phn vng lactam.
Thay i enzyme ch, khng thuc bng cch
cc knh protein, y
thuc khi t bo. Hin nay lu cu
DNA gyrase,dn n kt thay i h thng knh (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
qu fluoroquinolone porin lm thuc khng khng Penicillin rt mnh
b khng vo c t bo vi khun.
do tit ra enzyme ny.
Hnh 8
Mt s c ch khng khng sinh.
4
VIII. S DNG KHNG SINH D PHNG S dng khng sinh d phng
trc khi tin hnh phu thut
Mt vi tnh hung lm sng, v d nh lm th tht, phu thut gip gim t l nhim khun
hu phu. D phng ch c
nha khoa cn s dng khng sinh d phng nhim khun (Hnh hiu qu d phng cc loi
9). S dng khng sinh d phng ba bi c th dn n bi vi khun thng gp,
khng phi tt c tc nhn
nhim v khng thuc, do ch s dng hn ch trong cc gy bnh.
trng hp li ch em li vt tri hn so vi nguy c. Thi
gian s dng khng sinh d phng cng cn gim st cht ch Hnh 9
nhm hn ch khng thuc. Mt vi trng hp c ch nh s dng
khng sinh d phng.
THNH T BO
MNG T BO
Thuc tc dng
DNA trn chc nng
mng t bo.
THFA Isoniazid
Amphotericin B
Ribosomes mRNA Polymyxins
PABA
c ch tng hp
c ch chc nng
protein
c ch tng hp v tng hp acid
thnh t bo nhn
Tetracyclines
Thuc khng des
Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones
chuyn ha -Lactam
ms
-Lactams Macrolides Rifampin
Vancomycin Clindamycin
Sulfonamides Daptomycin Chloramphenicol
Trimethoprim Telavancin Linezolid
Fosfomycin
Hnh 10
Phn loi khng sinh theo v tr tc dng trn t bo vi khun (THFA = tetrahydrofolic acid; PABA = p-aminobenzoic acid.)