Lecture#5

Screwed Fastening
A nut and a screw or a bolt comprises what is know as a
screw pair. Such a pair is used for fastening together

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5 Nut
Nut is a device having internal thread and is used in combination
with a bolt or a stud having external thread. There a re various forms
of nuts and they are used for different purposes.
The following are the nuts in common use
Hexagonal shaped
Square shaped

For nuts, hexagonal shape is preferred to the square one, as it is easy to

tighten even in a limited space. This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn,
the spanner can be reintroduced in the same position.
However, square nuts are used when frequent loosening and tightening is
required, for example on job holding devices like vices, tool posts in
machines, etc
The sharp corners on the head of bolts and nuts are removed by chamfering
ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering
Lecture#5
Bolt
A bolt is a device having external thread on one end and a
head on the other .
The following are the types of bolts in common use
Hexagonal headed bolt
Square headed bolt

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Washer
A washer is a cylindrical piece of metal with a hole to
receive the bolt.
It is used to give a perfect seating for the nut and to distribute
the tightening force uniformly to the parts under the joint.
It also prevents the nut from damaging the metal surface
under the joint

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Lecture#5
Proportions of nuts, bolts and washer
used for engineering drawing

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Draw three views of a hexagonal nut of size M30.

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Draw three views of a hexagonal headed bolt of size M24. the
length of the bolt is 80mm and the thread length is 54 mm

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5

Draw the front and

top views of a
square headed nut
of size M24, when
two faces of the nut
are equally seen in
the front

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Other form of bolt Square neck to avoid rotation of
Bolt while tightening a nut.

Square headed bolt with square neck

: It is provided with a square neck, which fits
into a corresponding square hole in the
adjacent part, preventing the rotation of the bolt

T- headed bolt with square neck

In this, a square neck provided below the head,
prevents the rotation of the bolt. This type of bolt
is used for fixing vices, work pieces, etc., to the
machine table having T-slots

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt

The head of this type of bolt is

of a cylinder shape and a Pin is
inserted into the shank just
below the head.
The projecting part of this pin
fits into a corresponding groove
in the bolt hole to prevent the
rotation of the bolt while
screwing the nut on or off
Rotation of bolt is prevented
by means of a pin
Used when-
Space for accommodating bolt head is less.
Use of spanner is to be avoided.

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Cup-headed or round-headed bolt
The head of this type of bolt is of a cup shape and a snug is
forged on the shank just below the head.
It (snug) fits into a corresponding recess in the bolt hole to
prevent rotation of the bolt.
This bolt is often provided with a square neck .

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Counter-sunk headed bolt
Where the head of a bolt must not project above the surface of
the connected piece, this form of bolt is used.
The bolt is prevented from rotating by the provision of snug or a
neck of square cross-section

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Hook Bolt
This bolt passes through a hole in one part only,
while the other part is gripped by the hook shaped
bolt head.
It is used where there is no space for making a
bolt hole in one of the parts.
The square neck prevents the rotation of the bolt

Eye Bolt
An Eye Bolt is a small screw with a loop on one end
and threads on the other end
In order to facilitate lifting of heavy machinery, like
electric generators, motors, turbines, etc., eye bolts
are screwed on to their top surfaces. For fitting an eye
bolt, a tapped hole is provided, above the centre of
gravity

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5

Eye Bolt

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Headless tapered bolt

Its shank is tapering and it has no head.

It is used mainly in marine shaft coupling

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Tap bolt and Stud
Bolts and nuts can be used only when there is sufficient
space for bolt on one side and nut on the other side.
When there is not sufficient space on one side either a
tap bolt or a stud is used
Tap bolt :
When a bolt passes through a hole in one part
and is screwed into a tapped hole in the second
part, it is called a tap. Tap bolt
It passes through a clearance hole in one
machine part and screwed in a tapped hole in
other.
Tap bolts should not be used when screwing
and unscrewing is required often, otherwise the
threads are damaged particularly if the material
is cast iron Tap bolt Joint

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Lecture#5
Ends of drilled holes and
screwed Pieces
The diameter of the drilled hole is the core diameter of the tapped
hole.
In order to facilitate tapping of a blind hole, the depth of the drilled
hole should be greater than the length of the threaded portion.
The stud/screw should never bear against the bottom of the tapped
hole.
A gap of two to three times the thread pitch is left to allow for
partially cut thread at the bottom of the hole

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Lecture#5 Stud bolt
The disadvantage of tap bolt is eliminated in the use of a studs ,
which are used for components that are removed frequently, like
cylinder heads, covers lids, etc.
A stud is a cylindrical piece threaded at both ends and plain in the
middle.
The end with shorter thread length called metal end goes into the
machine body and is screwed almost permanently to it. The other end
(nut end) is used to clamp a part using a nut. The two ends of the stud
bolt are separated by a plain portion (neck) of length more than or
equal to the bolt diameter

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Common forms of stud bolts are
1.Stud bolt with round neck
2.Stud bolt with square neck : Facilitates gripping of stud while screwing or
unscrewing
3.Stud bolt with collared neck: The collar gives a bearing surface to the stud
and supports the adjoining part

Studs are commonly used to connect cylinder covers to engine

cylinders
The two removing parts can be separated by simply removing
the nut without unscrewing the stud
ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering
Lecture#5 Set screw

A set screw is similar to a tap-bolt, but is

threaded practically throughout its length.
It is used to prevent relative movement
between two pieces.
It is screwed into a tapped hole in the piece
adjoining the screw-head, while its end
presses on the other pieces, thus preventing
relative rotation or sliding.
Heads of set-screws except those which can
be operated by spanners or wrenches are
provided with screwdriver slots.

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Set-screw have heads of various forms :
Hexagonal and Square heads

Round or Cup head

Cylindercal or cheese head

Fillister head

Countersunk head

Rounded countersunk (called instrument screw)

Socket head

Grub screw : has no head

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Lecture#5
Machine and Cap Screw
Machine screw and cap screw are used for fastening purposes.
Usually pass through a clearance hole in one member and screw
into another.
Machine screws and cap screws are similar in shape, differing only
in their relative sizes. Machine screw are usually smaller in size
(diameter).
They are used in Jigs, fixture and dies

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Other form of Nut
Flange Nut
This is a hexagonal nut with a collar or flange, provided
integral with it.
This permits the use of a bolt in a comparatively large size
hole

CAP Nut
It is a hexagonal nut with a cylindrical cap at the top.
This design protects the end of the bolt from corrosion and
also prevents leakage through the threads.
Cap nuts are used in smoke boxes or locomotive and steam
pipe connections

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DOME Nut
It is another form of a cap nut, having a spherical dome at the top

Capstan Nut
This nut is cylindrical in shape, with holes drilled laterally in the curved surface. A
tommy bar may be used in the holes for turning the nut. Holes may also be drilled
in the upper flat face of the nut

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Slotted or Ring Nut
This nut is in the form of a ring, with slots in the curved
surface, running parallel to the axis.
A special C-spanner is used to operate the nut.
These nuts are used on large screw , where the use of
ordinary spanner is inconvenient

Wing Nut
This nut is used when frequent removal is required, such as
inspection covers, lids, etc.
It is operated by the thumb

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Coupler-Nut or Turnbuckle

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Locking arrangement
Nuts fitted on moving machine parts may be unscrewed themselves, if they
are not locked well. This is common, when the screwed parts are subjected to
vibration.
Nuts can be locked by friction or positive locking

Friction locking
Locking by lock Nut
Locking by Spring Washer

Positive locking
Locking by split pin
Locking by Castle nut
Wiless Lock nut
Locking by set screw
Grooved nut
Locking by screw
Locking by plate

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Locking by lock Nut

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Locking by Washer Spring

Locking by set screw

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Locking by Split Pin Locking by Castle nut

Castle nut is a hexagonal

nut with a cylindrical collar
turned on one end.
Threads are cut in the nut
portion only and six
rectangular slots are cut
through the collar.
A split pin is inserted
through a hole in the bolt
body after adjusting the nut
such that the hole in the bolt
body comes in-line with
slots.
This arrangement is used in
automobile works

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5

Wiless Lock Nut Locking by Set Screw

It is a hexagonal
nut with a slot, cut In this
half-way across it. arrangement, after
After tightening the the nut is tightened,
nut in the usual a set screw in fitted
manner, a set screw in the part,
is used from the top adjoining the nut,
of the nut, so that it touches
compressing the two one of the flat faces
parts. of the nut.
For this purpose, The arrangement
the upper portion of prevents the
the nut should have loosening
a clearance hole and tendency of the nut
the lower portion
tapped

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Lecture#5
Locking by Screw
Locking by Grooved Nut
In this, a cap nut with
an integral washer
and with a threaded
hole in the cylindrical
cap, is used.

A corresponding
tapped hole at the
top end of the bolt
is also required for
the purpose.

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

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Locking by plate

A locking plate is
grooved such that it
fits a hexagonal nut
in any position, at
intervals of 30 of
rotation.
It is fixed around
the nut, by means of
a machine screw

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering

Lecture#5
Foundation Bolt
To Fix a heavy machine to its foundation, special forms of bolts
are used. They are known as foundation bolts.
A foundation bolt has its one end threaded to fix the machine
base using nut and washer. The other end goes inside the
foundation block and is fixed permanently.
A fine thin cement grout consisting of equal part of sand and
cement is used to make foundation. Some time molten lead and
sulphure is also used .
The advantage of lead and sulphur is that they set in a few
minutes. Cement grout (Concrete) takes about a week to set.

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Foundation Bolt
Eye foundation bolt Bent foundation bolt

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Foundation Bolt
Rag foundation bolt Lewis foundation bolt

ME-205 : Machine Drawing School of Engineering