Student's

1NTERMEDIATE
Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley
~

2
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4

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~~ ~ ~ ~
~ /

" -..
~i

-- -

~
 ~
~

NTERMEDiAT ~

~~ ~ ~Z~~

Virginia Evans-Jenny Dooley

4 2
Express Puishing
Pu ished by Express Pu ishing

Liberty House, Greenham Business Park, Newbury,

Berkshire RG19 6HW, United Kingdom
1.: (0044) 1635 817 363
Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
email: inquiries@expresspu ishing.co.uk
www.expresspu ishing.co.uk

Virginia Evans Jenny Dooley, 2014

Design and 111ustration Express Pu ishing, 2014

First pu ished in this edition 2014

Second impression 2015

Made in EU

11 rights reserved. No part of this pu ication be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any
means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the pu ishers.

This book is not meant to be changed in any way.

1SBN 978-1 -471 5-2345-8

Acknowledgements
Authors Acknowledgements

We would like to thank 11 the staff at Express Pu ishing who have contributed their skills to producing this
book. Thanks for their support and patience are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief),
5tephanie Smith and Sean Todd (senior editors), Michael 5adler and Andrew Wright (editorial assistants),
Richard White (senior production controller), the Express design team, and Kevin Harris, David Smith, Timothy
Forster, 5teven Gibbs, Eric Simmons and Eric Taylor. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers
who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invalua e in the production of the
book.

Photograph Acknowledgments

Mrs Sparkles of Sparkles Hote1 (www.sparkles.co.uk ) for the photographs on p. 7

Whi1e every effort has been made to trace 11 the copyright holders, if any have been inadvertently overlooked
the pu ishers wi11 be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
 Contents

UN1T 1 is my Castle ...................................................................................................... . 4

UN1T 2 Whi1e there's 1ife, there's hope ......................................................................................... . 10
UN1T 3 Travel Broadens the Mind ................................................................................................. . 16
UN1T 4 Earth is Dearer than Go1d ................................................................................................. . 22
UN1T 5 Ear1y to Bed ... ................................................................................................................... . 28
UN1T 6 Better 5afe than Sorry ...................................................................................................... . 34
UN1T 7 Penny Wise, Pound Foolish ............................................................................................... . 40
UN1T 8 You Are What you Eat ...................................................................................................... . 46
UN1T 9 Every Man to his Taste ...................................................................................................... . 52
UN1T10 5pread the News ............................................................................................................... . 58

Grammar

UN1T 1 Present 5imple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous,
5tative Verbs, Prepositions of 1 ................................................................................. . 64
UN1T 2 Past 5imple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Used to .............. . 72
UN1T 3 Future 5imple, Be going to, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect
Continuous, Time Clauses, Type 0/1 Conditionals ........................................................... . 80
UN1T 4 lnfinitive, -ing Form, Comparisons, Fairly Quite Rather Pretty, Enough ....... p. 88
UN1T 5 1 Verbs, Question Tags ............................................................................................. . 98
UN1T 6 The Passive, Relative Clauses ............................................................................................ . 106
UN1T 7 Causative Form, Reported 5peech, Say 11 Ask ......................................................... . 114
UN1T 8 Reported Commands, Requests, Suggestions, Quantifiers ............................................. . 122
UN1T 9 2 and 3 Conditionals, Wishes, Had Better/Wou1d Rather ....................................... . 130
UN1T 10 Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous, Linking Words, Both/Neither
11/None Either ............................................................................................................... . 138

lrregularVerbs .......................................................................................................................................... . 145

Tapescripts........................................................................................................................................... .146

3
 is 2 Match the character adjectives to their meanings.
Use them to make up sentences about l you
know, as in the example.

my Castle dynamic
l
adventurous
creative
anxious aggressive
talkative cheerful

Vocabulary a is willing to take risks and try new things

~ a. ldentify the rooms and then put the objects in b gets angry very easily
the right rooms. 5 objects can be used c worries about everything
more than once. Finally, describe each room. d rarely gets stressed or angry
e likes to chat a 1ot
sink sofa armchair bath wardrobe f is always happy and in a good mood
cooker basin refrigerator coffee t g is fu11 of energy
dressing t cupboard bookcase h always thinks of new ideas, artistic
toilet dishwasher television desk
chair l picture rug kettle aunt is very dynamic. 5he is always fu11 ofenergy.
cabinet fireplace four-poster bed
3 Complete the sentences by filling in the correct
word from the 1ist.

harsh moat l draught extension

kitchen:
sin .....................
.............................
.............................
~~~~~
airy sculpture barn converted convince
1 The artist made a beautiful ......................... of an
Egyptian queen.
2 Living in the countryside doesn't really ..................
to me.
3 We needed more space, so we built an .................
to our house.

................ ~
;,
~ 4
5
The winters in Russia are very ..........................
This 1 factory is being ......................... into a
................ ~ OCk Of fl tS.
................ 6 There is a terri e .................... coming from under
~~ the door.
7 Most ancient castles had a ........................ to help
keep out enemies.
8 Our flat has large windows, so it is light and
......................... .
9 The children decided to sleep in the ......................
when they stayed at their grandparents farm.
10 We tried to ......................... her that she should
move to a smaller f1at.

. _._. ._....... . _ . . .
4 Match the items with the l where they are
stored, then make sentences, as in the l .

sheets and towels fridge

dirty clothes linen cupboard
biscuits/sugar sideboard
milk wardrobe

clean clothes laundry basket
crockery larder
b. Use words from the list to describe your
bedroom, living room and kitchen. Mi1k is stored in the fridge.

~
5 Replace the adjectives in bold with their opposites. 8 Replace the phrases in bold with the correct form
of the phrasal verbs from the 1ist.
1 The house that Jane lives in has
got a very spacious living room. break down bring up break up bring back
2 This flat is very cheap. break in bring sth out
3 1 don't think that this house is
impractical. Dear 5usie,
4 That sofa is rather comforta e. Thanks so much for your letter. Hearing from
5 We live in a very quiet area. you a(ways 1) makes me remember happy
6 That building looks ancient.
memories of the summers we used to spend
together.
Well, now that lm 2) raising two chi(dren of
own, summers will never be the same again! The
Cross out the odd word. What aspect of housing boys school 3) finished for the summer holidays
does each set of words refer to? last week. 1 had the great idea of taking them to
see their favourite band in concert last weekend,
1 reasona e - expensive - economical- secure
but it ended in disaster.
2 terraced - isolated - semi-detached - three-storey We were halfway to the concert when my car
3 spacious - tiny - cosy - huge suddenly 4) stopped working. 1 ca(led for help, but
4 sma11 - airy - secure - comforta e the mechanic couldnt fix the problem, so he had to
5 village - city - overpriced - suburbs tow my car to the garage. Well, we missed the
concert and when we qot home we found that
someone had 5) entered by force and sto(en my
jewel(ery
] Look at the pictures.ln pairs, think of three
The boys were upset that they didn't see their
positive and three negative things which you l heroes, but 1 told them that 1 would buy them their
say about each house. Think about: cost, new CD when they 6) put it on the market. lm
convenience,location, specia! features. Use your ideas really upset about jewellery, but 1 don't suppose
to make sentences, as in the l . 1'(( ever see it again.
Well, 1 hope youre having a better week than 1
! Write again soon.
Love,
(aire

1 ................................ 4
2 ................................ 5
3 ................................6

9 Match the words in column A to the words in

column B, then use some of the phrases to
complete the sentences.

security . new
short of scratch
central the lawn
fitted system
brand hands
from 1ie
mow heating
bare money
white kitchen
A Positive: countryside, B Positive: lowfuel bi(1s,
private . ......................... ..................................... 1 After the burglary, we fitted our house with a
..................................... ................................
Negative: isolated, 2 Tony built his house ................................ 11 by
Negative : ................ himself.
3 is very strong. He can tear a phone book in half
with his ................................

House A is located in the countryside. 5

 4 1 am a 1ittle ............................... this week, so 1 1 2 Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
cant go shopping. using the phrases, as in the l .
5 1t's freezing in here. The ............................... isn't
working.
6 1 cant believe this radio is broken. 1t is

~ o Complete the sentences with two to five words,

including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
meaning of the original sentence.
.. . -
~~ ___
1 James has decided to start his own business.
up lames has decided .......................... ' . . - ~~ ___
.................................... business.
2 5 11 has a with hay fever every summer. .
-
_~_~
from 5 11 ...............................................
............................ every summer. This dress isn't suita e for dinner party.

abroad.
3 A fire started in the 1 1 museum late last night.
out

back

appeals
fire ..............................................
...... 1 1 museum late last night.
4 That song always reminds me of my first holiday

That song .......................................

.............. first holiday abroad.
5 This house is ll attractive and interesting.
This house really ...................... .
Speaking
~ 3 a. Look at picture A and complete the dialogue.

6 gas and electricity don't cost very much.

fuel My ................................... very 1ow.

1 1 Circle the correct responses.

1 A: Excuse me. 1s this seat free?

A: Where do you think picture A was taken?
: a Yes, can 1 help you?
: 1) ...................................................................... .
b Yes, it is.
c 1' sorry to hear that. : Can you describe the picture to me?
: Yes. 1 see 2) ...................................................
2 A: How much is the rent?
: a No more than 450.
b lust two.
c 1t's f450 a month.

3 A: 11, Mrs lenkins. This is Tony Ma11et.

: a 11 , Mr Ma11et. What can 1 do for you?
b Mrs lenkins speaking.
c This is Mrs lenkins.

4 A: Good afternoon. Can 1 help you?

: a 1 hope so.
b That's fine. b. Look at picture B and in pairs act out a similar
c Not at 11. dialogue.

5 A: When can we view the house?

: a How about tomorrow at 1 'clock?
b 111 see you tomorrow, then.
c 111 send someone to look at it right away.

6 A: How much are you willing to spend?

: a Not at 11.
b lust two.
c No more than 600.

l~
 Reading
14 a. Look at the pictures. Where do you think t1
were taken? How are they related to the ti
of the article? Read the article and check ~
answers.
b. Choose the most suita e sentence from th
A-G for each gap 1-6. There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.
where
eams
~
The Sparkles Hote1 in Blackpool, England is a family hotel
with a difference.1~ There is the Cinderella lounge,
where the chairs are giant silver slippers and the Lost City
of Atlantis dining room.2 Every detail in every room
of the hotel, even the bathrooms, has been carefully chosen
to give it a fun and unique atmosphere.
In fact, a 1ot of work has gone into making each of the
sixteen rooms special.3~ After replacing the roof
and planning a whole new interior, the owner, aptly
named Mrs Sparkle, began to totally transform the place.
She says, "It was hard work redecorating each
, making the curtains, painting the wa11s and
restoring old furniture; but it was fun as we11." Now that
the work is finished and each room has its own make
believe theme, she has no doubts that it was definitely
worth the effort.
Mrs Sparkle always dreamt about living in a doll house.
"I just want to be able to provide a l where
other l's dreams can come true, too," she says.
A There are ce ainly some amazing rooms to pick from.
B What makes it stand out from 11 the other hotels in
town, is that each room has its own individual theme.
C Sparkles hotel offers a fantasy world for the whole
family to enjoy.
D 1t was so much work that it is difficult to believe that
just one year before it opened, the hotel was a run-
down building with a huge hole in the roof.
5~ Guests can choose to stay in the Teddy Bear's
Picnic room, the Barbie room, the Ruined Castle room,
the Dinosaur den, the Chocolate room or even the
African den, which is designed to make you feel like
youre deep in the jungle complete with toy monkeys and
animal prints. A11 the rooms are stocked with toys and
books so your children won't get bored, even if the
English weather lets you down.
In addition to the fantastic guest rooms, Sparkles has
much more to offer its young visitors. Every time you
book a room, you can be sure that entertainment, most
of which is organised by Mrs Sparkle herself, is included
in the package. To give busy parents a break in the
morning, there is the games hour in the Sparkle's den, a
large play area, and in the evening, puppet shows and
story-telling mean that there is never a dull moment.
So if you want to give your children a holiday to
remember or even to relive your own childhood dreams,
Sparkles is the place for you.
E Now she is very happy that she has been
to turn this fantasy into a reality.
F This room is especially designed to be the
perfect l for you to enjoy your fish and
chips.
G The hotel itself attracts lots of tourists every
.
c. 1n pairs, ask and answer questions based on the
text.
A: Where is the Sparkles Hote1?
B: 1n Blackpool. What type of hotel ...? 7
 LOAN APPLICATION
Listening PERSONAL DETAILS
...........................................
Name: 1) ..............
1 S'~~
' You wi11 hear a man talking Marital Status: 2 ) .......................
about applying for a 1 .
Listen to the interview and EMPLOYMEa ~ .....................
ion: 3) .....................
...
fi11 in the application form. Employer: 4) ....................
Then ask and answer, as in ..... .
Length of Employment: 5)
the l . ....................... ........
Salary:6)
A: What's his name? LOAN DETAILS ..............
Current loans: 7) ......................
8: John Michaels.
Purpose of new 1oan: 8) ......... .
b. In pairs, take roles and act : 9) ......................
out a similar dialogue. of 1
Amount of 1oan: 10) ...................................

Communication: Giving Directions

~6 a. Complete the dialogue with phrases from the 1ist.

go aiong/up/down at/on the corner on the left/right (just) past opposite/across from
turn right/teft take the first/second etc right/1eft between at the traffic lights/stop sign/junction/roundabout
in the middle of the block

Parkway Avenue

A: Excuse me, could you te11 me how to get to the Parkside Restaurant?
B: Of course. 1) .......................... Long Street and 2) .......................... into Mi11s Street at the 3) .....
A: Yes, 1've got that.
B: Then, 4) .......................... Mi11s Street and turn left at 5) .......................... . wi11 see the Parkside Restaurant
6) .......................... . 1t's 7) .......................... Gino's Pizza.
A: Thank .

b. 1n pairs, ask for and give directions for the following situations.

You are at the museum and you want to go to the Park Hote1.
You are at the chemist's and you want to go to the hospital.
You are at the cinema and you want to go to the Frontire Caf.
:
 Writing an advertisement

~ Advertisements can be found in a newspaper/ FOR SALE

magazine as classified ads, on the lnternet or on
notice boards. Advertisements normally start with Whirlpool washer/dryer, l AWG 320
information such as: For rent, For sa1e, Wanted and end hardly used, good condition 150
with a name and/or a telephone number for contact. A
11 Tina: After 227-3905
classified ad contains abbreviations. Fu11 verb forms are
not normally used. Sometimes they can include a picture.
An lnternet ad includes a detailed description. 1t is usually
characterised by fu11 sentences and extensive use of
adjectives to attract the reader's attention. 1t can also
b. Read the advertisements again and answer the
include pictures and music. Advertisements for notice
boards are rather short and include only the main following questions.
information.
1 What is being advertised in each case?
2 Who is going to read each advertisement?
~ 7 a. Read the three advertisements below. Look at
3 1s the style used formal or informal?
the style and decide where you would find them.
4 What information does the writer include in each
On the lnternet advertisement?
1n a newspaper
On a notice board 1 8 a. Look at the following abbreviations and fi11 in
~ the anks.

FOR RENT 500 , Mitcham, North London. p/f .......................... furnished

Lge ground floor studio f[at, /f, s/ with bathroom, f/f fu11y ..........................
spacious living area. Kitchenette has fridge, m/w, w/T, GCH Gas .......................... Heating
d/w and gas cooker. Security system and GCH. Suit s/ self-contained
prof /s. Close to bus routes and local shops. Availa e d/w dish ..........................
immediately. m/w micro ..........................
w/m .......................... machine
Contact London Property Management Ltd at
prof professional
020 8378 2439
n/s .......................... smoker
per calendar ..........................
1ge

b. Rewrite advertisement A using the completed

expressions above.
Situated on 1.5 acres of the most
valuable real estate in the iai
~
~ ~ 9 Your flatmate has just moved out and you need to
Caribbean, the heavenly A1an find someone to share the rent. Use the
Bay House in Barbados has just ~.1 information below and write three different
come onto the market. This ~ advertisements for: the lnternet, the classified
traditional stone house has been section of your 1 1 newspaper and the notice
completely renovated inside using white pine to board in your university cafeteria.
create a l Barbadian atmosphere. The property has a
spectacular ocean view and is hidden from i view
fully grown mahogany trees. The swimming l is Location: Large view of the park close to
university and bus to the town centre
surrounded by lush tropical gardens. The property
: 2 bedroom flat
includes: a large entrance ha11, a reception room, dining
Special
, kitchen, study, 6 bedrooms with en suite
features: fu11y furnished, gas central heating,
bathrooms, wide balconies on two sides and a two-
cooker, washing machine, dishwasher
bedroomed guest cottage.
Rent: 280 a month
For more inforntation send an e-mail or call Special
International Resort Properties Inc at 020 7438 5610 requirements: non-smoker
Availability: April1st
Contact: Robert lohnson, te1: 01865-515688

~
 Whi1e there's 2 Use these adjectives to complete the ta es, then
use them to describe your neighbours.

1ife, there's ta11 broad-shouldered square thick long

snub wide spiky bushy muscular
middle-aged arched button almond-shaped
blond oval in his early/late teens/twenties rosy

hope short grey curly dark freckled l

ginger medium high hooked fair overweight

Vocabulary
~ Match the descriptions to the l . Write
descriptions for the other two l .

MrJones is in his late thirties. He is ta11 and we11-built with ...

3 Match the phrases to the l in the pictures, then

use the phrases to talk about their daily routines.

get up l
turn on the ovens
practise with musicians
start work at 4
perform on stage
have breakfast at 1
finish work at 1
start work at 9
~. .
prepare dough
have lunch at 8
.+
~ ~
finish work at 3
get up late -
write musical arrangements ....... ,:
bake bread _;

1
This person is old with brown eyes and a wide
nose. has short, grey hair and a moustache.
~
2
This person is a young adult with hazel eyes,
thick eyebrows and fu11 1ips. He has an oval face
and very short dark hair.
3
This person is a young adult with long straight
n hair. She has a long face with arched
eyebrows, green eyes, a sma11 nose and a square
Ch1n.
This person is a young adult with an oval face, a
square chin and a wide mouth. He has brown
eyes and medium-length wavy brown hair.
10
4 Fi11 in the correct word from the list below. 7 Underline the correct word.

visi e basement resume waste vibrations 1 She was so sad/nervous/angry about her
financially transmitted registered hearing interview that she left her purse at home.
electrical 2 Mum was depressed/misera e/furious when she
saw what a mess we had made in the kitchen.
1 When the children went to nursery school, she
3 was delightful/excited/interested when he
was to ........................ her career.
found out that his favourite band was coming to
2 The interview was .................... by satellite around
town.
the world.
4 She is such (n) expressive/easy-going/delighted
3 11 used .................... speech to teach deaf mutes
person that nothing seems to annoy her.
how to communicate.
5 Everyone was annoyed/irritated/shocked by the
4 thought that the experiment was a ..................
sound of the explosion.
of time.
5 The ........................ wires carried the current to
the socket. Look at the situations below. Explain how you
:
6 The young boy lost his ........................ as a result would feel and why, using the adjectives below.
of an accident.
7 ...................... the birth of his son at Somerset
House.
8 Sam lives in a ........................ flat near the centre
of town. upset angry
9 The ....................... of the train made the vvindows w exdted
shake. irritated depressec
10 She has been having pro ems coping ................... satisfied
since her accident.

5 Replace the adjectives in bold with their opposites.

your purse was stolen
influential strong huge remarka e
your favourite aunt is i11
close exciting similar
your parents bought you a new car
1 After the accident 1 noticed there was a tiny someone you know told everyone that you were a
scratch on the car door . ........................ liar
2 Kathy and Henry have different tastes in music. a colleague praised your work
you have been stuck in traffic for an hour
3 Alexander Graham 11 was (n) ordinary man. you didn't get the job you wanted

4 There was a faint sme11 of perfume in the air. lf purse was stolen,l' fee1... because...

5 That was the most tiresome l 1've ever seen.

Match the words/phrases, then use them to
........................ complete the sentences below.
6 His father is a very unimportant person in this town.

as different as authority
7 1 like to spend my holidays with distant friends.
by from
dismissed in the clouds
have one's head chalk and cheese
6 How are these l related to you?
leading heart
your mother's brother and sister
..................................... 1 You would never know they are twins. They are
your father's brother's son and daughter ......................................... .
..................................... 2 He is Britain's ................:........................ on eating
your grandmother's brother and sister disorders.
3 1 heard that Tom was .........................................
your husband's mother his job yesterday.
..................................... 4 Jane is a daydreamer. 5he always .......................
your mother's mother and father .................. .
..................................... 5 When 1 was at school, we had to learn passages
your brother's son and daughter from Shakespeare ..........................................
 ~ o Complete the sentences with two to five words,
including the words in bo1d. Do not change the 4 A: 1t's bad news 1' afraid, Jim didn't get the job.
meaning of the original sentence. : a Wow! That's amazing!
b Oh no! That's a shame!

1 Shakespeare is cailed one of the greatest writers of c He must be very excited.

11 time.
known Shakespeare ................................... Speaking
................................. one of the
greatest writers of alI time. ~ 3 a. 1n pairs, look at the photograph and complete
the dialogue. Then, read the dialogue l .
2 had to lose weight because of his health.
sake He had to lose weight .....................
................................. his health.

3 1t took him a long time to get over his illness.

from 1t took him a long time to ............... ~
................................. his illness. r1lt

4 Sam doesn't want to play football any more.

interest Sam has ..........................................
..................... football anymore. ~.~

5 Computer5 can get viruses from the lnternet.

~
transmitted Many computer viruses ...................
the lnternet.

A: Where do you think the picture was taken?

What did l use to /did not use to do a
hundred years ago? Use the prompts and make up
sentences, as in the l .
grow their own vegeta es / buy frozen vegeta es
travel by steamboat / travel by plane
in cash / by credit card
read books / surf the lnternet
go to the theatre / go to the cinema
A hundred years ago, l used to grow their own
vegetaes. They didn't use to buy frozen vegeta es.
1 2 Circle the correct response.
B: 1t was 1) ...............................................................
A: What does it show? San you describe the picture
to me?
: 2) .........................................................................
.......................................................................
A: How do you think the young man feels?
: 3) ...................................................................
A: Do you think a degree is necessary to a successful
career?
: 4) .........................................................................
.................................................................
A: Are such ceremonies held in your country?
: 5) .............................................................

1 : lm afraid 1 can't make it tonight, 1 have to b. Look at the photograph and act out a similar
study for my test tomorrow. dialogue.
: a That's a shame! 1t won't be the same
without you.
~ _ .
b Wow! That's terrific!
c You must be very excited!

2 A: Guess what! 1 just passed my driving test!

: a What a shame!
b You must be thrilled!
That's too bad!

3 : Have you heard? Sa11y broke her 1eg skiing.

: a Oh no, how awful!
b That's terrific!
c She must be really pleased!

12
 Redd111g which speaker:
returned to an old hobby? ~
1
~ 4 a. The peopie in the text have has always enjoyed doing it? ~
2
changed their lifestyle. What do ~
3
had an inactive life before?
yoU think they were doing
was affected by the weather?
before? Read and check if your
had to study in order to change career?
guesses were correct.
is planning to expand their business?
had to learn a new language? ~
7
b. Read the article again and for is starting to become successful?
questions 1-10, choose from the has learnt to risk?
speakers A-E. The speakers may got inspired by another person? 10
be chosen more than once.
c. Read the article again and say why each person changed
his/her lifestyle. How do you feel about their decisions?

S##ing 11 over again!

~ I was an accountant at a large accounting firm in the city. I
spent all time glued to the computer screen, even at home.
That meant I rarely spent any time with family. Then,
day it hit that I was missing out on the truly important things
in 1ife. kids were growing up fast an I felt I wasn't playing a
large enough role in their lives. I knew that it was time to give
up the rat race and get back to basics. So, we sold our town
house and moved to a cottage in the country, where we have a
sma11 market garden. Gardening had been a hobby of mine
when I was younger but when I was working, I just didn't have
the time. Now I have all the time in the world. Financially,life is
difficult, but I think it's safe to say that the whole family is
much happier now that we've escaped from the hectic pace of
lf
"t ' Bi11
~ Ever since I can remember, I've enjoyed making
own clothes. My friends were always commenting on my
original designs, so I often made clothes for them as well.
It never occurred to me that I could make a living at it
until a friend of a friend asked me to make her wedding
dress and offered to pay me. Suddenly, more and more
l started approaching me and asking to make
clothes for them. It soon reached the point where I was
spending all spare time at the sewing machine an
designs were bringing in more money than job! I
handed in my notice at work an rented a small shop
with a flat above which I turned into my workshop. I'
happy to say that business is booming; I now employ ten
l and I' about to open a second branch!

r I used to work as a sales

Jean

manager in a large department store.

When I finished university I decided to take off an work abroad. It
h was quite a good job, but not very
was a decision which changed 1ife. I got a job teaching English in Spain, so I
warding. I knew I wanted to change
packed my clothes, stored everything else an headed for the Mediterranean. I
career; the trouble was, I didn't
didn't speak a word of Spanish at fnst, so it took a while to settle in. The of
know what to do. Then sister
life was different, too; much slower an more relaxed than in England. Most of all,
soggested that I a nurse, as I
though, I noticed the difference in climate an the way that affected
am good with people an I dont faint
personality. Being under clear blue skies and a azing sun gave me more energy
ar the sight of blood! The more I
than I' ever had before. I felt positive an content. After a few months, I knew
thought about the idea, the more it
that I didn't want to leave, so I decided to settle there an sent for the rest of my
aQpealed to me, so I decided to have
belongings. I've been here for three years now; I' fluent in Spanish an I have a
a go at it. Of course, it meant that I
tan all year round! s
had to retrain. I spent three years at
mnsing college, which was really hard
k. I was permanently exhausted, ~ The most important lesson I've learnt in my life is that you have to take risks.
as I had to work regular shifts on If there is something you really want to do, you have to give it a try, even if it means
hospital wards as well as attend giving up the security of receiving a monthly cheque. I had always wanted to
actures an complete coursework. It write, but with all commitments, I simply couldn't find the time. Finally, I
Ras worth the effort, though. Now I decided to follow dream an that meant the job had to go. It's been ll hard
have a job l enjoy an which makes work, but I' managing to se11 enough stories and articles to pay the bil1s. Now,
feel that I' really making a there's a puisher interested ' my first novel: Life just couldn't be better!
difference.
Ann Stewart

13
 Communication: Introductions Listening
~ 5 a. Complete the dialogue using the phrases ;You wi11 hear five l talking about their
below. Then, in pairs, read the dialogue l jobs. Choose which of the statements A-H refers to
each speaker 1-5. There are three extra letters that
Please do. Thank you. Please, 11 Tony you do not need to use.
ld like to introduce Tony Barton.
A This speaker has a business partner.
A: Good afternoon. Please, sit down. B This speaker earns a high salary.
: 1) ....................................................................... . C This speaker runs his own home.
A: Before we get down to business, 1et me make the D This speaker wears costumes to work.
introductions. Lisa Edwards, 2) ............................. E This speaker helps people to lose weight.
Tony's the CEO of Barton Enterprises. F This speaker works from home.
: 1t's good to meet you at 1ast, Mr Barton. G This speaker is not happy with their job.
: 3) ....................................................................... . H This speaker works long hours.
A: And Tony Barton, this is Lisa Edwards, Senior
Consultant at Unitech. Speaker Speaker
C: 1t's a pleasure to meet you. May 1 11 you Lisa? Speaker Speaker
: 4) ....................................................................... . speaker ~

A: Wonderful. So, now that we 11 know each other,
1et's talk about why we are here today. Lisa,
perhaps you would like to start the ba11 rolling.
Writing a biography
: Yes, thank .
.~

b. Now use the business cards below to act out

When we write a short biography of a person ~
similar dialogues. we divide it into four paragraphs. 1n the
introduction, we write the person's name, date of birth
ITC Iriternational (and death) and why he/she is famous or important. ln
the second paragraph, we write about his/her family
Steven PhilipS background, childhood and education. 1n the third
Managing Director paragraph, we write about his/her career and
achievements. 1n the conclusion we write our comments
1: (09) 471 3281 and feelings about the person and their work. We usually
use past tenses when we write a biography, except in the
F'ax . (09) 471 3280
conclusion, where we can use present or future forms.

IPAC Computers

Janet Shaw ~ % Which of the points below should be included in a

Design Consultant
short biography of a famous person?

1921 Ottawa ontn
(613)773141 8
1: (613)7281416 F important dates
physical description
l who influenced his/her life
how other people felt about him/her
NUTRICOM family background
favourite foods
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Analysing a 1 Text
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Nei1 Mitc6e11 1 8 a. Read the biography of a famous musician and
Marketin DIanager put the paragraphs in the correct order.
(: 21 (57 7438
Fax: (02) 157 7436

14
 1 QJ1Pt
Family background,
~ George Harrison died of cancer
childhood and education
at the age of 58. wi11 always be '
Date of
remembered as a talented musician
as we11 as a caring and generous man who was birth/death,
what he is Career and
more interested in making music than being a star.
famous for achievements
~ In the early 1960s, the band changed its name to The
Beatles. Their first single, `Love Do was a success
and `Beatlemania' was born. In 1970, The Beatles
disbanded but Harrison's solo career was only just
beginning. George went on to release many songs, Death, comments and
sometimes combining his talents with other famous feelings about him
musicians. He also started his own record and movie
companies and was deeply involved in charity work.
~ was born in Liverpool, England where his father
20 Read the rubric below. Who l you write
worked as a bus driver. When he was 12 years old, he
met and became good friends with a boy called Paul about? What information wi11 you include?
McCartney who was a member of John Lennon's band,
The Quarrymen. In 1958, George, a gifted guitar A l literary magazine is going to pu ish
player, joined the band too. ~ special edition of the magazine ll Twentieth
~ George Harrison was born in 1943 and died in 2001. ~ Century Writers. You have been asked to write a
was the youngest member of a famous pop group " biography of a famous writer for the special edition.
called The Beatles. He was also we11 known for his song
aiting and guitar playing.
Making l Sentences
b. Which paragraphs include the following?

Career and achievements 21 loin the sentences below, using the words in bo1d.
Family background and childhood
1 was born in South Africa. His family moved
Name, date of birth/death, what he is famous for
back to England in 1896. (but)
Comments/feelings about the person
2 Tolkien went to Oxford University. He studied
English Language and Literature. (where)
Brainstorming ldeas
3 served in the British Army. He worked on the
~ 9 Read the biographical information about Tolkien and Oxford English Dictionary. (after)
then use the information to complete the spidergram. 4 He wrote many short stories. He is most famous
for The Lord of the Rings. (although)

22 a. Use your answers in Ex. 19 to answer the

John Ronald Reue1 Tolkien questions in the p1an.

1892 - 1973
famous books, TheHobbitand TheLordoftheRings
born in South Africa
family moved to England in 1896
grew up in Birmingham
studied English Language and Literature at Oxford
University
worked on the Oxford English Dictionary
became a professor at Oxford University
pu ished first book The Hobbit in 1937
pu ished The Lord of the Rings between
~ $ 1954 and 1955
son Christopher pu ished Tolkien's
other works after his father died
~ creator of a magical world in The
Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings
lntroduction
(Para 1) Who are going to write about? When was
he/she born? When did he/she die? What is
helshe famous for?
Main Body
(Para 2) Where was he/she born? Where did he/she grow
up? Where id he/she go to school ?
( 3) What were his/her early jobs? What was his
main job? What did he achieve?
Conclusion
(Para 4) When did helshe die? How do feel about
the person?
b. Write your biography using the information
above (140-190 words). 15
 Travei Broadens 2 a. Match the adjectives to the nouns.

snow- beaches
narrow snops

the Mind unspoiled

expensive
ruins
souvenirs
ancient mountains
handmade streets

b. Look at the pictures below. Match the items

Vocabulary from Ex. 2 to the photographs, then make up
~ ldentify the objects below, then complete the sentences, as in the l .
sentences.

narrow streets
~
Paris, France.

~ '~~ R 61~
". ~ -.,... ~.~

1t's exciting to walkalong Rome's narrowstreets.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct words

from the list below.

restored self-contained conveniences

award-winning moors aspiring
handmade wander
1 1f take some ............................ with you when
1 is a celebrity because he has written three
you go on holiday, you won't get bitten by insects.
novels.
2 You should always keep a ............................ in the
2 We bought ........................... rug at the arts and
car in case of an emergency.
crafts fair.
3 Don't ever go sunbathing without ........................
3 an eye on the children. Don't 1et them
and a good pair of .............................
off.
4 When you travel abroad you must take your
4 We live in a ............................ flat above the shop.
....... as identification.
5 careful! A 1ot of people get lost on the
5 1f they lose your ............................. the airline wi11
at night.
you compensation.
6 We bought an old run-down Victorian house and
6 When you go to a nature reserve, don't forget
it to its original condition.
your ............................ so you wi11 be to see
7 spends 11 his free time practising the piano. He
the animals more clearly.
is (n) ............................ pianist.
7 Unfortunately we forgot our ............................. so
8 Our caravan has all the ............................: a
we couldn't take any holiday snaps.
cooker, a fridge, and even a microwave oven.

16
4 Underline the correct word(s), then match the
sentences to the means of transport in the pictures
below.
a Please make sure your seat belt is tied/fastened
during take-off and landing.
b Don't drink and drive/steer.
c Do not 11 cord, except in case of (n) danger/
emergency.
d Do not talk to/look at the driver while vehicle is in
motion.
e The lifeboats/lifeguards are on the upper deck.
f 1t is illegal/wrong not to wear a helmet.
~ a. Read the sentences below and replace the
words in bold with their opposites from the 1ist.
warmer below sheltered wet
freezing l 11 heavy clear meaning of the original sentence.
1 1n the morning, northern areas wi11 experience
l skies with temperatures around 10 .
2 There may be some light showers in the early
evening.
3 Further south, it should be much cooler with some
clouds later in the day.
4 Temperatures are going to remain above freezing
11 day.
5 on Saturday we can expect it to be boiling hot.
To summarise, it's going to be a l and dry day
for most of the country.
7 There wi11 be spells of bright sunshine throughout
the day.
8 Temperatures in exposed areas wi11 be about 2 .
1 ............................ 5
2 ............................ 6 5 This l pot was made in the middle ages.
3 ............................ 7 dates
4 ............................ 8 the middle ages.
b. Use the words from Ex. 5 to talk about the
weather in your country.
6 Circle the correct response.
1 A: Wou1d you like to come to the cinema with us
tonight?
: a 1' not sure. 111 1et you know tomorrow.
b 1' rather not, 1' not keen on Chinese
food.
c Thanks, 1' love to.
2 A: Have you got time for a coffee?
: a 1' love to, but 1' just going for a coffee.
b No thanks, 1 only drink coffee.
c Yes, that's a great idea!
3 A: That new band is playing at The Palais next
Saturday night. 1 was wondering if youd like to
go.
: a That would be great. 1 love the ballet!
b 1 dont ll feel up to it. 1' a bit tired
today.
c 1' rather not. 1' not keen pop music.
4 A: There's a ll good l on at the theatre.
Sha11 1 buy tickets?
: Sorry, 1 can't buy the tickets. 1' working 11
day.
b That would be great!
c 1' not sure if 1 can make it. 1've got to buy
tickets for the theatre.
Complete the sentences with two to five words,
7
including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
1 1 enjoy eating in expensive restaurants, buying
expensive clothes and travelling first class.
finer 1 enjoy ...............................................
in 1ife.
2 We stayed in a hotel that was very close to the
beach.
throw We stayed in a hotel that was ...........
from the beach.
3 There were a 1ot of l we wanted to invite to
our wedding.
extensive We had an ........................................
for wedding.
4 1 wanted to try 11 the 1 1 dishes.
miss 1 didn't want to .................................
any of the 1 1 dishes.
This l pot ......................................
17
 6 When 1 hear my children laughing, 11 trou es
are forgotten.
washed 11 my trou es ..................................
when 1 hear my children laughing.
7 The hotel is in the central part of London.
heart The hotel is .......................... London
8 Be sure to make fu11 use of the hotel facilities
during your stay.
advantage Be sure that you ................................
8
the hotel facilities during your stay.
Read the sentences. Who would say the following
in a hotel: a maid (M)? a guest (G)? the hotel
manager (HM)?
Wou1d you like me to make up your
room now?
Could 1 book a double room for next
Thursday?
1' afraid breakfast isn't included in
the price.
Sha11 1 change your towels?
How do 1 dial room service?
What time does the restaurant open?
1 wi11 11 someone to help you with
your luggage.
1 hope you wi11 have a very pleasant
stay with us.
9 Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
using the phrases, as in the example.
~~ --~iii~~
-----
' -
She has been absent from work for five days.
Reading
~ a. The pictures show a new type of resort. What
do you think it is? How do the pictures relate to
the title of the article? Read the article and
check your answers.
b. Read the article again and choose the most
suitaqle sentence from the list A G for each gap
-
1-6. There is one extra sentence which you do
not need to 5.
~
~i 1: (I1S@
I t11111 ~ ~ l
C1ose your eyes and imagine the perfect beach. Soft white
sand, beautiful blue sea, and the temperature a constant 30
degrees Celsius. But wait, there's more: no risk of sunburn,
no insects or bugs, no sharks or jellyfish, and, at regular
intervals, the best surfing waves imagina e.1
Thanks to modern technology and the miracles of science,
this beach really does exist and it is on the island of Kyushu
in southern Japan.
In a resort complex called Seagaia you wi11 find the Ocean
Dome. The Ocean Dome contains, among other things,
the world's largest artificial sea beside the biggest indoor
beach.2 The soft white sand is actually made of
crushed r chips, which won't stick to your skin, and
the water is salt free and chlorinated. The temperature of
the water is kept at 28 and the air is kept at 30 .
The Dome has everything you would expect to find on a big
tropical island! There are caves, waterfalls, sma11 islands,
_ , l trees and that's just the beginning. There is a man-
volcano that erupts at regular intervals, waterslides, a
wave pooi and even a virtual reality raft ride where
~' passengers are tossed, shaken and splashed with water.
There is plenty to do for the whole family in Seagaia. If
you want a break from the beach, you can visit the `Lost
Wor1d rainforest.3 There is also a beach carnival
held every afternoon with dancers and musicians dressed
in colourful Caribbean costumes and in the evening
there is a spectacular show put on by aquatic dancers.
In Seagaia you don't even have to carry any money with
you. This type of holiday is wonderful for anyone
who enjoys lying on the `beach' or swimming in the
without having to check the weather forecast first. In fact,
many Japanese businessmen and office workers come
here just to relax and unwind after a hard week's work.
Naturally, no island holiday is complete without luxury
hotels, boutiques and a wide variety of restaurants with
everything from fine dining to fast food, and Seagaia has
them 11.5 The Ocean Dome feels so real that
visitors to the resort still use suntan lotion and wear
sunhats even though the sunlight' is artificial and harmless.
 Listening
;You wi11 hear l talking in five different
situations. For questions 1-5, choose the best
answer, A B, or .
1 Listen to loan telling Pam about her holiday. Why
didn't she and her husband enjoy themselves?
A Someone hit her husband.
Her husband was i11.
C The food was terri e.

2 You are at the airport when you hear this

conversation between a member of staff and a
passenger. What is the woman's ?
A She caught the wrong plane.
B She can't find her handbag.
C She has lost her luggage.

3 You overhear a man talking to his friend. Why

The Dome itself actually has a roof that opens but it is
did the man miss his train?
only used when the weather outside is at the same
A The departure times had been changed.
temperature as the weather inside the dome. It is also
quite ironic that the Ocean Dome was built only 300 B His watch was wrong.
metres away from the real ocean. Strangely enough, the C The station was very busy.
l beach is usually quite empty even on hot and sunny 4 You are in a hotel when you hear this conversation
days because holidaymakers seem to prefer the safety, between a man and the receptionist. What is the
comfort and predictability of the artificial beach. r?
A His room is not ready yet.
Nowadays, theme parks are springing up everywhere and
B The hotel is fu11.
it looks like virtual reality holidays are going to be the
C The hotel has dou e-booked his room.
way of the future. However, can we really
compare the experience of sitting on an artificial beach 5 You hear a woman describing her holiday to a
with man-made sand under a fake sun to a day on a real friend. What does she complain about?
beach? Where is the challenge in surfing man-made Her hotel room
waves when you know exactly how big they are going to B The bad weather
get and exactly when they are going to appear? More C The food in the hotel
importantly, where is the fun in coming back from a
saside holiday without tan lines? Communication: Buying Stamps
1 2 a. Match column A to column B, then in pairs act
out the dialogue.

1
Excuse me. Do
A There are even several theatres, golf courses and tennis you se11 stamps?
courts. 2
Oh, we11 1 want to
B Too good to be true? Not anymore. send some
C This is a Jurassic Park style jungle fu11 of artificial postcards to
creatures and holographic pirates. England.
D The whole l is a testament to modern 3 Let me see ... Ten, d No r . 1've got
technology and engineering. 1 think.
E ft is roughly the size of six football fields and has an 85- Oh, 1've l got a
metre shoreline. twenty-dollar bi11.
F After 11, they are cleaner, safer and far more 5 Thank you very
convenient than real holidays. much.
G Vtor an admission fee at the entrance and are
given l coded barcode tags, which they use b. Now use the prompts to act out similar
instead of cash. dialogues.
America / Five / Two
pounds / A ten pound
note
a That'11 be four dollars,
please.
b Youre welcome.
Have a nice day.
c How many do you
need?
plenty of change.
That's sixteen dollars for
you and ten stamps.
e Yes, we do. Where are
they for?
Australia / Eight / Three
pounds / A fifty pound
note
 Speaking
~ 3 a. Look at the photograph and complete the
dialogue.
,t
A: What's the r ?
B: 1t seems to me that 1) ...................................
A: Where are they going?
: They 2) ..........................................................
A: How are they related?
: 1 think they 3) ................................................
A: Where do you think they are?
: 5omewhere 4) ...............................................
A: What time of the year is it?
B: 1t's 5) .............................................................
A: How do you know?
: 6) ..................................................................
......................................................................
A: What do you think they are going to do?
B: We11, 7) .........................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
A: What would you do in a similar situation?
: 8) ..................................................................
20
b. Look at the photographs and in pairs act out a
similar dialogue.
Writing an articie describing a fest val we
attended
~
~ When we write an article describing a festival, event
or celebration we attended, we usually write four
paragraphs.
1n the introduction we include general information about
the event such as its name, where and when it is held and
what the celebration is for. 1n the second paragraph we
write about the preparations for the event. 1n the third
paragraph we describe the actual event itself. 1n the
conclusion, we write our impressions, reactions and
recommendations. We usually use present tenses to write
about something that happens every year or continues for
some time and past tenses to describe our actual
experiences at the event. We use adjectives to make our
description more interesting. We can also use the passive
when the activity is more important than the agent.
Topic Sentences
~ 4 a. Read the article and fi11 in the anks with the
correct topic sentence from the list below.
A The preparations take months.
B The festival was fun, entertaining and educational.
C The Milwaukee Native American lndian Festival is
truly an amazing event.
D The celebrations began at 4 and there was
plenty to see and do.

For three days in September ~ more than once.
every year, thousands gather in
Milwaukee, USA, to celebrate Indian
culture. Last year, I was lucky enough to
attend the festival and experience it for myself.
Dance teams from alI over the country practise to
compete in the tribal Pow Wow dance contest. Indian
craftsmen work to produce the many traditional items on
display. Then, in the week before the festival, the stalls are
put up and the food is prepared, so that everything will
ready for the big day.
I visited a traditional Indian village, watched skilled
craftsmen carve totem poles, and even learned how to do
tribal Indian dancing. It was also a great opportunity to
sample some traditional native dishes,like corn bread and
buffalo burgers.
It was a wonderful way to learn about Native
American culture and celebrate the end of summer.
b. What did the writer think of the festival? How
do you know? Underline the words/phrases
which show the writer's opinion.
c. What tenses does the writer use? Why?
Paragraph Planning
~ 5 a. Be1ow is the plan for a festival description.
Match the paragraphs to the information.
Paragraphs lnformation
1 A Description of the actual event
Para 2 B lmpressions and recommendations
Para 3 C Name of festival, where/when/
Para 4 why it takes l
D Preparations for festival
b. Read the article again and make notes for each
paragraph. Then, talk about the Milwaukee
Native American lndian Festival.
1 6 Rewrite the following paragraph, putting the verbs
in bold in the passive. Which paragraph from the
plan in Ex. 15 is it?
-. . .. " . _. ~ .
'ity of Lafayette, Louisiana enjoy this
l in the
amazing cuftural festival every year. They have held the festival
end of Apri1 annually since 1986. Most peopte know it by
~ the
~eFrench , Festival lnternational de Louisiane, because
festival celebrates the French speaking culture and history
t~
of Southwest Louisiana. The organisers invite musicians from
France, the Caribbean, Africa and the Amencas to perform
outdoor coac and a around aftseall Peopte gtathe
~ selling foo
----
re ek-long celebrations.
~
~ 7 a. Use the adjectives in the list to define the
nouns that follow. Some adjectives can be used
spicy colourful spectacular l
mouth-watering classical 1 1 traditional
1ively handmade cultural delicious annual
festival
food
costu mes
music
b. Complete the paragraphs with adjectives from
. 17 .
The Chindo Festival is () 1) ....................
festival held in spring. The 1 1 peopte
wear 2) .................... costumes and
perform folk dances and music. They eat
3) .................... food and have a
great time.
i he Venice Carnival is () 4) ....................
Festival which lasts for ten days in winter
every year. l wear 5) ....................
masks and parade through the streets.
There are lots of 6) .........................
concerts and ba11s to attend.
The l of Rotterdam, Holland, hold
(n) 7) ._._... summer festivaL There
is lots of 8)._._....._....... music and the
people put on 9) .. ._.. __. costumes and
dance in the streets and squares of the city.
~ 8 a. Read the rubric below and then answer the
questions in the p1an.
A travel magazine is going to pu ish a special feature
festivals and has asked its readers to send in articles
~
~ describing a festival they have attended which is
' important in their country.
~
lntroduction
(Para 1) What is the festival called? WherelWhenlWhy
does it tahe l ?
Main Body
(Para 2) What preparations tahe l ?
( 3) What [ 11 happens at the festival?
Conclusion
( 4) What are your impressions, feelings,
recommendations?
b. Write your article in 140-190 words. You can
use the article in Ex. 14 as a l.
21
 Earth is
Dearer than
Go1d
Vocabulary

1 Match the words in A and B to form compound

nouns, then use them to complete the sentences
below.

acid
global
f05511
solar
ed
e ndanger b. Which of the pro ems below do the headlines
energY
oi1 and pictures refer to?
ozone
air pollution deforestation drought
water pollution

1 is causing a rise in ocean 1evels.

2 Aerosol sprays are destroying the
3 We must find alternative sources of power to
avoid ()
4 damages our lakes, rivers and
forests as we11 as our buildings.
5 Energy from the sun can be used to produce
pollute our seas and beaches
and ki11 many sea creatures.
7 Unfortunately, whales have become ()
8 We are running out of
have to start using other sources of power.
2 a. Match the headlines (A-D) to the pictures (1-4).
D
vrea~
c. Which of the following should we do to fight
air pollution? Can you add ideas of your own?
use i transport more often
fine companies polluting the air
reuse and recycle
stop producing and using CFC's
develop clean energy cars
use renewabie sources of energy
conserve energy at home and at work
3 Underline the correct word.
, so we
1 So1ar batteries can renew/store the sun's energy.
2 Nuclear energy/power stations are considered
dangerous by many people.
3 So many l are switching to organic food that
it is very difficult for the i/supply to meet the
demand/need.
4 We wi11 soon run out of fossil fuels so we must find
newer/alternative forms of energy.
5 Wind twirlings/turbines do not disturb cattle, so
farmers can sti11 use their grazing/hunting grounds
and help the environment.
Hydroelectric power plants/farms must take care
not to flood the neighbourhood/surrounding
area.
7 1f we dont start using reusa e/renewa e forms
of energy soon, the price of fuel is going to go
/sky high.

22
 a. What can we do to become more 4 : Do you think you could be more careful in
4 future?
environmentally aware? Use the list of Dos and
Don'tsto make up sentences, then match them : a Of course. Sorry about that.
to the pictures. b 1've had enough.
1 should think so, too.

5 A: How about starting a clean-up campaign?

: a 1' love to go.
b That's not a bad idea.
c Right then.

6 : Thank very much.

: a Why not?
b Alright.
c Not at 11.

( Match the words in Column A to those in Column

B, then use the phrases to complete the sentences
below.

the lion's off to
have butterflies in her stomach
take the bu11 heart
take my hat share
lose by the horns

1 lohn decided to and ask

' separate and recycle
fUb Sh
use a hand-held hose
take i transport
switch off lights when
leaving a room
` C1on'ts
put 11 rubbish in the
same bin
leave sprinklers on 11 day
use car every day
leave the lights on 11 the
time
his boss for a pay rise.
2 1 really Cathy. She has
made the garden look beautiful.
3 The explorers didn't
even when their food supplies ran out.
4 Sarah was so nervous that she
before her intenriew.
5 Ann worked very hard on the project so she should
of the bonus money.
get

We shouldn't put 11 the rubbish in the same bin. We should

separate and recycle it. (picture 8) 7 Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
using the phrases, as in the l .
b. 1n pairs, suggest other ways to help the
environment.

Circle the correct response. to of Il from

5 grateful _---
1 : Are you busy tonight, Bob? guilty
: a 1f you really want to. hopeless
b 1 don't think so. Why? in need
c Do you think that's a good idea? contribute
2 : Can 1 talk to you for a moment, please?
provide sb
: a That's too bad.

b Not at 11.
protect sth/sb
c Yes, 1 suppose so.

3 A: What's the matter? 5he was grateful to her teacher for his guidance and
: 1' fed up. patience.
b 1' love to.
c That's too bad.

23
 :
Look at the photographs and use the prompts to Reading
compare and contrast them.
~
a. Look at the pictures. Which of these should you
find out about before you visit a foreign
country? Give reasons.

...
~~
Travel Diary
%, i. Guide Books
busy/quiet stressful/relaxing
healthy/unhealthy noisy/peaceful
clean/dirty safe/dangerous Money

Useful Vocabulary b. You are going to read an article about tourism.

They both ... / There are ... in both of them. For questions (1-6), choose the correct answer
Picture A ... whereas / however, picture B ... . , , rD.

Picture A shows a usy town whereas ... .. ..

Speaking
Many of us look forward to our summer holidays all
r~
a. Look at the photograph and in pairs, complete . We can't wait to get away from our everyday lives, to
the dialogue. visit new places, try new things, or just to relax and 1ie in the
sun. But how many of us think about the effect our holidays
have on the places we visit?
Although tourism has many benefits, such as bringing
extra money into the local economy, there are also negative
effects. Tourism can do all sorts of damage to the
environment, the culture and the people of a country,
especially in places which aren't prepared for large
numbers of holidaymakers. In recent years there has been
a large increase in the number of independent travellers
who want to get off the beaten track, and this has meant
A: What do you think the picture shows? that many remote destinations are having to adjust to new
: 1) .................................................................... visitors.
A: Where do you 2) ............................................. ? It certainly isn't all bad news though. The last few years
B: Central America. have also seen a huge increase in `eco-tourism'. This is 1
A: How does the picture make you feel? tourism where holidaymakers try to have a positive effect
B: We11, 3) ........................................................... on the people and places that they visit. If you are really
A: Why do you think this is happening? committed to this idea, then you can spend your holidays
: 1t might 4) .......................................................
helping out on an organic farm in Britain, or taking part in
conservation projects in Africa or the Amazon rainforest.
A: What do you think needs to be done?
Don't worry, though, if this doesn't sound like your idea of
B: 1 think 5) .........................................................
" a holiday. Wherever you go and whatever you want to do,
b. 1 pairs, act out similar dialogues about the there are sti11 ways to make sure that you have the best
photographs possie impact on your holiday destination.
If you are heading off to a l for the first time, it is an
ecellent idea to find out as much about it as you can. A
guidebook is a great place to start. As we11 as learning about
the local places of interest, you can read about the way you
wi11 be expected to behave and dress. This can save you
from making embarrassing mistakes and means that you
are less 1ikely to upset or offend your hosts. Don't stop at
the guidebook, though. If you can, listen to some music or
24

D
\ B Helping to conserve the rainforests.
History
1'
~ C Find out about the 1 1 attractions.
Music Traditional Dishes
-` some literature from your chosen destination.
owing a little about the place that you are visiting before
u leave can make your holiday much more enjoya e
h you arrive.
It is also important to think about how you spend your
~ when are on holiday. Whenever you can, try to
~n it into the 11 l's hads. You can do this
. ~ g and drinking local products rather than imported
~ands, staying in locally owned accommodation and using
i~ 1 guides. In some parts of the world, you might
~latively we11 off compared to the Iocal population. Even
~ places where you are expected to haggle or bargain, you
~ 1 always pay a fair price for things. Remember that
at might be very sma11 amount of money to you, can 48
k a big difference to some people.
nother important thing for the eco-tourist is to have as
rk effect on the local environment as possi e. This 1s
v to do if you follow some common-sense advice. Don't
. v litter lying around and use biodegrada e products
*v possie. If resources like water or fuel in
rt supply, then use as 1ittle of these as you can, and of
s you should never buy products made from rare
~ ants or endangered animals. If you are lucky enough to
~ a truly exotic destination such as a coral reef, remote
~xmtain or desert region, or a rainforest then you should
~ to leave it exactly as you found it, so that future visitors
~ enjoy it just as you did.
Eco-tourism organisations say that respecting the
sEture and environment of the places that you vlsit wi11
1 to much more rewarding and enjoyae holidays. If we
~ to encourage the Iocal economy,leave the environment
mdamaged and are aware of the different laws and
. tudes in the places we visit, then all of us can enjoy our
3o-holidays much better now and in the future. With
~ and more of us planning holidays in new locations
~ year, we should aII do our bit to make sure that we are
welcome wherever we go.
Tourism does the most damage in countries
A where there has been an increase in -
tourism.
B which aren't ready for a 1ot of tourists.
C where there are a lot of l travelling on
their own.
D which have a strong 1ocaV economy.
2 What is meant by 'eco-tourism' in line 17?
A Helping out on organic farms.
C Having a positive effect on the environment.
D Helping places to get used to new visitors.
3 What should you do before you take your -
holidays?
A Buy a guidebook.
B Learn how to dress.
D Learn about your destination.
4 How can a tourist help the economy of a
country?
A Bargain for everything they buy.
B Buy the goods and services the
1 1 l .
a fair price for everything.
D Buy expensive imported brands.
5 According to the writer, being a responsi e -
tourist means
A not being influenced by 1 1 bad habits.
B following some simple guidelines.
C always limiting the amount of water you use.
D never leav ng a l without picking up the
rubbish.
6 What do eco-tourist organisations say about
tourism?
A 1f we show consideration for the l and
l, we wi11 have a more satisfying holiday.
B 1f we visit unusual places, we should leave
them just as we found them.
C 1f we have a holiday in a new l , we should
make sure we wi11 be welcome there.
D 1f we visit a foreign country, we should try to
support the 1 1 economy.
c. What was the writer's purpose? How much do
you agree with his/her points?
25
 Listening Complaining

You wi11 hear information about five events. For ~ 3 a. Fi11 in the gaps with the sentences below, then
questions 1-5, decide which event A-H is taking in pairs, read the dialogue l .
l on each day. Use each event only once. There Sorry to have been a nuisance.
three events which you do not need to use. Oh,1 sorry.
1 Monday
You are, as a matter of fact.
A You can plant trees.
1s anything the matter?
B You can clean up a 1 1 1ake. ~
2 Tuesday
C You can help collect rubbish. 3 Wednesday
A: 11, 1ohn. Could 1 have a quick word with you
D You can cycle everywhere. Thursday
please?
E You can visit a recycling plant. 5 Friday
B: Sure. 1) ................................................................
F You can learn how to be
A: We11, actually, 1've been meaning to speak to ~
energy efficient.
about the noise from your house.
G You can put up posters.
B: Noise? Are we being too loud?
H You can attend a lecture.
A: We11, yes. 2) ..........................................................
We've been having trouble sleeping.
Communication:
: 3) .........................................................................
Reporting a missing animal 1 didn't realise you could hear anything.
A: 1t's the music you play late at night that's th(
1 2 a. Match the exchanges, then in pairs, read the problem.
dialogue l . B: Oh, OK. We'11 try to keep it down. 4) ...................
.............................................................................
A: Don't worry about it. Thanks, John.
Can 1 help you, madam?
2 Oh dear. What kind of dog is it? b. Now use the prompts to act out similar
see. s she ever gone missing before? dialogues.
Now, 1et me make a note of your details.
~
5 Was she wearing a collar?
Can 1 have your name and telephone please?
7
Don't get upset Mrs Brown. lm sure we'11 find her.

a No. lm very worried.
b Yes, she's got a red one with her name and
address on it.
c Yes. Sheila Brown. And my telephone number is
2296788.
d Erm ... yes. lm afraid my dog has gone missing.
e Oh, thank you. Gary / noise - motorbike / Susan / noise - kids / can't
f She's a Labrador. She's got golden fur and big wakes me up every morning / hear ourselves think /
brown eyes. r with engine / get shouting and screaming /
g Thank . fixed te11 be quiet

b. Now use the prompts to act out similar Writing an informal email of advice
dialogues.
1

tabby - brown and black -
green eyes / blue collar -
2 6 name and phone number
,~
When we write an informal email of advice, we
usually write four paragraphs. 1 the introduction we
express sympathy and say that we understand the
r or that we think we can he1p. 1n the main body
(Paras 2 3), we make suggestions and give our reasons.
We write each suggestion in a separate paragraph. ln the
conclusion, we write our closing remarks, and sign off.
l - white - brown eyes /
brown collar - address and
phone number
 ~ 4 a. Read the email of advice below and underline
the correct verb. Then answer the questions
below.
io
=, .. ' '. 'i 1l
Mg RapFj Rep1y 1 Farwvd
~~
Fk Ws,
1 ~ Sbje /f <' Dda
.~ ..
-- ..: ---::. . .
Dear Fiona,
I so glad to hear that you 1) have decided/have been
deciding to move to London. It'11 be great to have a friend
from home living here. We'11 be able to do things together
like we 2) would/used to. In your letter you 3) asked/were
asking to give you some advice about finding a flat; here
some suggestions.
If I were you, I would start by 4) checks/checking the
classified advertisements in the London papers. For ~
l, the `Dai1y Mai1 and the `Evening Standard' have '
large sections with houses and flats for rent. That way, you
will be to see what is availae for rent at the moment.
Another good idea is to contact an estate agent.
Goldshmidt and Howland 5) have/are having offices 11 over
London. That way, you can get a list of all the places in the
area you want at a price you can afford.
I hope this ) helps/is elping. Please 1et me know how
things turn out. If need anything e1se, please 11. ~ How are you? 1' sorry 1 haven't
Love,
Mandy
----
1 What is the style of the email? Why?
2 What are the suggestions (and reasons) given?
3 What advice would you give to Fiona?
b. Read the email again and fi11 in the reasons.
5uggestion Reason
check dassified
advertisements
contact an estate
agent
~ 5 Use the expressions in the box to give advice in the
following situations.
Your friend has lost his/her wallet/purse.
Your friend wants to go abroad for the first time.
Your friend lost his/her passport.
Have you ever thought of ... / 1f 1 were you ... /
Another good idea is ... / Why don't you ... / The
best thing you can do ... / This would mean that ... /
That way ... / 1f this ... / As a result ... / For
l ...
~ Match the suggestions to the correct reasons.
Then, make complete sentences, as in the l .
5uggestions
Dde
1 buy a toy bone for it
. i ': ~
2 take it for a long walk every morning and evening
3 move into a house with a garden
take it to Dog Obedience School
Reasons
a leave your puppy outside during the day
b it won't want to run around so much during the
day
c you won't have to train it yourself
d it won't chew your furniture or shoes
1- d 1f 1 were you, ld buy a toy bone for it That way it won't
chew your furniture or shoes.
~ 7 a. Read the rubric below and then answer the
questions in the p1an.
Your English penfriend has just sent you an email
; asking for advice. Read the extract from the email
~ below, then write an email of advice to your penfriend.
>_ , ... r,
S
written for so long but since 1 started
.; new job 1've been very busy. Actually,
1' writing because 1 need your advice.
We have just got a puppy and 1' very worried about
leaving it l 11 day in the f1at. 1 know that you used to
have a dog and 1 was hoping you l give me some tips.
Lisa
~ ;
lntroduction
Dear+yourfriend's first name
(Para 1) What is the pro em? Can help?
Main Body
( 2) What is your first suggestion? What is the
reason?
(Para 3) What is your second suggestion? What is the
reason?
Conclusion
(Para 4) How can encourage your friend?
LovelGood 1uch, etc
Your first name
b. Use your answers to write your email. You can
use the letter in Ex. 14 as a l(140-190
words).
27
 Early to 3 Match the verbs in Column A to the words/
phrases in Column . Then use the completed
phrases to talk about your daily routine.

Bed ...
go hair/ face
take my teeth
Vocabulary wash the bus
brush to bed
~ a. Look at the pictures. What is the r with
get breakfast/lunch/dinner
each person?
eat to work/school
do my friends
watch TV/a video
meet my homework

1 usually wake up at... . First,l wash my

4 Fi11 in the correct word.

optimistic ambitious socia e sensitive
cheerful easy-going relia e impatient

1 Wendy is always smiling; she's such a ....................

Little Bi11y is suffering from (an) earache.
b. What do you think each person should do?
Choose from the prompts.
taken to the doctor stay in bed
put a plaster on take an aspirin
1ie down and rest put an ice-pack on it
1f Bi11y's got an earache, he should be taken to the doctor.
2 What are the following used for? Use the prompts
to make up sentences, as in the l .
5 Complete the sentences with the correct words
take temperature listen to chest weigh
give injections
person.
2 Sa11y never complains about anything. She is very
.................... .
3 Tom is a very .................... person. He goes out
with friends almost every day.
4 Steve always looks on the bright side. He is very
.................... .
5 You can trust Tony to do anything. He is extremely
Caro1 gets upset very easily. 1 think she is a bit too
7 Greg wants to be general manager of the
company one day. 's a very .................... man.
8 Janet is so .................... . She hates waiting in
queues.
from the 1ist.
hurts pain bruise aches suffers injury

r" 1 The doctor said that lohn's .................... was not

serious.
*~ 2 1 hit my hand on the desk. 1t really .....................
scales stethoscope 3 1 have got a .................... in my chest. 1 think 1
should see a doctor.
4 Sandra .................... from hay fever every summer.
5 head .................... . Have you got any ta ets?
Andrew had a big purple .................... on his knee
after he fe11 off his bike.
syringe thermometer
Scales are used to weigh ourselves.
~
 Read the sentences and match them with the 5 A: 1've decided to stop drinking coffee.
~ : a Have you? Why?
pictures. Then guess the hobbies.
b Oh !
1~ 1 love watching things grow . .................... c Did you? That's great.
~
2 I feel great when lm out on the water. ......
6 A: Oh no! The photocopier is broken again!
~
3 1 buy all the latest bestsellers . ....................
: 1 don't believe it!
Getting out into nature is very relaxing. .....
b 1t's so unfair!
~
5 1 rarely catch anything! ....................
c What did 1 do?
1 love trying new recipes . ....................
7 A: We don't know what to get Ben for his
birthday.
: a Oh, forget it!
b Rea11y? 1s he having a party?
c Why dont you ask his wife?
8 A: 1've just bought a new car.
: 1 don't believe it! 1 thought you were broke!
b That's a complete waste of time!
c Rea11y? Wou1d you like that?
9 A: The boss wants to see you in his office.
: a That sounds interesting.
b 1t's a complete waste of time.

D
c Oh no! What did 1 do?

8 Complete the sentences below with two to frve

words, including the wonj in 1 . Do not change
the meaning of the original sentence.

1 1 ate my 1 ch too fast and now 1've got a stomach

ache.
indigestion 1' ..............................................
because 1 ate my lunch too fast.
2 Accidents just seem to happen to him, so 1' not
surprised he's in hospital.
prone 's really ....................................
so 1' not surprised
he's in hospital.
3 Watching documentaries about endangered
animals always makes me feel sad.
depressed 1 always .........................................
Circle the correct response.
watch documentaries

1 A: This new diet is amazing, 1've lost 5 kilos already. about endangered animals.

: a That's great! 4 Simon was late for work because there was a train

b Are ? strike.
c That's not fair! account Simon was late ............................
a train strike.
2 : 1 think lm coming down with the f1u.
5 Ann likes chocolate a 1ot.
: a That sounds interesting.
fond Ann ............................ chocolate.
b Rea11y? Have you got a temperature?
6 did not intend to leave before he finished the
1 don't know what to do!
report.
3 : 1 would love to live in Alaska. intention He ...............................................
: a Rea11y? Why? before he finished the report.
b 1 don't understand! 7 You should stop smoking.
c That's good. You .............................................
give
4 A: You missed a great party last night. smoking.
: a What makes you think that? 8 5tan didn't do what he had promised to do.
b What happened next? went Stan ............................................
c Rea11y? Tell me all about it. word.
29
 9 Match the following, then complete the sentences. B: We11, 3) ...............................................................
A: Have you ever experienced a similar situation?
muscle sickness : 4) ....................................................................... .
nose pain A: What did you do?
travel headache : 5) ....................................................................... .
heart poisoning
splitting bleed b. 1n pairs, act out similar dialogues for the
sore disease photographs below.
high throat
food temperature

1 was very worried about taking the ferry to

France because he always suffers from ..................
on boats and planes.
2 The doctor said my dad was at risk of ..................
so he should eat a healthier diet and
get more exercise.
3 You have got a very .................................... .
should stay in bed today.
4 After overdoing it at the gym, Steve was suffering
from .................................... in his lower back.
5 Zoe had a really bad case of ..................................
after eating that seafood.
Martin was hit in the face by a tennis ba11. Luckily
he wasn't seriously hurt but he had a slight
.................................... .
7 1 didn't go to work yesterday because 1 had a really
.......... and had lost my voice.
8 Fred wants us to turn the music down because
he'sgota .....................................

Speaking
~ a. Look at the photograph and complete the
dialogue.

Reading
a. Look at the picture. Where do you think the
young boy is? What is wrong with him? Read
the article to find out.

A: Where's the woman?

B: She se ms 1) ............................. b. Read the article again. Six sentences have been
A: What's wrong with her?
removed from the article. Choose from the
B: lm not sure. She could 2) .......... sentences A-G the one which best fits each gap
A: What advice would you give her?
1-6. There is one sentence which you do not
need to use.
~1]
 L i.i ,q_OutLoud

~ ..

imothy Stevens has lived most of
his life in a silent world. Unti1 six
months ago, he had never heard his
mother's voice, never listened to
music and never heard the sound of
birds singing or the laughter of his
playmates.
Timothy was born deaf. His mother,
Sandra, knew that something was
wrong with her baby son, because he
did not have the same reactions as
other babies. "If I didn't look t
Tim's eyes, he didn't seem to know I
was there," she says.
When he was eight months old,
' Sandra took Timothy to the hospital
and explained why she was worried.
The doctors carried out hearing tests
=_ decided that Timothy must be a
?ttle backward.
~ insisted that the hospital should
nd Timothy to a specialist for more
ets. Unfortunately, it was a long time
~ fore a specialist would see him.
Finally, when he was almost two years
1d. Timothy and his mother went to a
1dren's hospital in Manchester where
the staff had plenty of experience in
3ealing with deaf children.
2 At 1ast, someone believed her
h she told them that her son was
deaf. "Doctors often think that
mothers worry too much about their
~ldren and that they always think
the worst," she smiles. "I knew I was
right about Tim, but it took almost
two years before the doctors would
agree with me.
However, even Sandra had not
imagined that Timothy's condition
could be as serious as it was.
Docto told Sandra that
there was no chance that his hearing
would ever improve.
I~
Sandra was shocked to Iearn that the
only hope for Timothv a-as to have a The moment of truth on
bionic implant. Timothys third birthday, when the
t switched on the implant for
This would mean havina an opration
to put a special receiv r in othy s the verv first time. Timothy played
with in the doctor's surgery while
head, with electrodes connected to
h thrapi-t plaved different
the nerves in his ears. The electrod s
would send electric signals to his ounds and cherked his reactions.
brain, which would allow him to hear When Sandra said. ll Timothy,"
and he looked t her vs. sh cried
them as sounds.
tears of happines_
The implant would not a11ow Timothy
to hear perfectly, but it would be the Timothy is now enjovng a life full of
sound. 5 He is also attending
only way for him to ever have a chance
the local nursery school where he
of overcoming his deafness. After
checking that there was no serious risk likes nothing more than to make as
much noise as possie as he plavs
involved, Sandra put Timothy's name
with his friends.
on the waiting list for the operation.
Timothy celebrated his fourth
Because he was so young, the doctors
decided that Timothy should be given birthday last week.
" is driving me mad with
the implant as soon as possie.
the noise he makes," laughs Sandra,
"I have to admit, I was very wo ied,"
and that's something I never
says Sandra, "but only hours after he
imagined I would complain about! For
came out of theatre, he was playing
, though, the greatest gift of all is to
with the other children on the ward and
hear my son talking and to know that
I knew he was going to be fine! I
he can hear me when I speak to him."
couldn't wait to find out whether or not
the operation had been successful."

A He has already learnt several words and phrases which a11ow him to c. Answer the questions.
communicate with his mother.
B His presents included a variety of musical instruments which he 1 Where l you read such an
loves to l with. article?
C Sandra was relieved to find l who would listen to her. 2 What do you think the writer's
D A fu11 examination showed that Timothy was completely deaf. purpose was?
E However, Sandra knew that the r was more serious than 3 Can you suggest an alternative
that. title for the article?
F Timothy is only to communicate by using sign language.
G Three months before his third birthday, he went into hospital to
have the operation that would change his 1ife.

31
 Listening
b. Now use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.
12 are going to listen to a surgeon, Dr Huntley,
talking about robot surgeons. For questions 1-10, Dr Barret / Tuesday 4 next Friday 9
write the missing word. Dr Sandford / Thursday 2 next Wednesday 11

There are 1 I at hospitals nowadays.

Writing memos, emails and notes
Doctors can operate on l by I21 I
They are instructed by a I3 ~ to perform tasks.
They can make I4 ~ very fast. When we write a note we usually use a very ~
They look like I5 ~ informal style and write in very short or incomplete
Surgeons can see the inside of the body through a sentences. We do not always use definite or indefinite
articles. When we write an email we use the form of a
They can be used in 7 I or brain surgeries. letter. We usual(y use an informal style in personal e-mai(s

The use of them in surgeries makes it possi e for the and a formal style for business emails. We usually use
memos in companies and offices to pass on information to
surgeon to I 8 his movement.
employees. We use a formal, factual style. ~
1 the future, surgeons wi11 be to perform surgeries on ~

I9 ~ Analysing 1 Texts
Doctors need to learn I10 ~ and movements to
use them. 14 Look at the pieces of writing 1-3. Which is
) ? b) an email? c) a note?
Communication: Making an
appointment
0 , I
13 a. Fi11 in the missing phrases, then in pairs, read Cc:

suect, ~
I
the dialogue l .

What's your name and address, please Dear Sa11y,

Please 1et us know if you decide to cancel Thanks for inviting us to your
Book me in for Wednesday party last weekend, we both had a
great time.
1' like to make an appointment
2' including the photos we took
in an attachment. There's a great
one of you and Jim in front of the
1.
We're having a party for Frank's
birthday next month and wed love it
if you could come. 211 1et you know
the details later.
Take care,
Sharon

Receptionist: 11 . Central Clinic. Can 1 help you?

Patient: Yes, 1) to see
Dr Evans, please.
Receptionist: Wednesday at lOam is the first appointment BIPP
availa e. Otherwise, there is next Monday at noon. { cine d with Jdckie, bdck by 11~
Patient: The sooner the better, please. 2)
if this is possi e dinner"s ih the oveh
Receptionist: 3) 7
dott f orget to f cat
Patient: Maggie Smith; 42, Knowle Avenue
Receptionist: Right. See you on Wednesday, at 1 Oam. Susah
4)
the appointment.
Patient:l wi11. Thank you very much.
32
 Discuss & Write

~ ~ 7 a. Read the rubric and answer the questions

below.
ICB INTERNATIONAL

: A11 Employees
From: Arthur Jones, asst mgr
Date: 15 February, 2...
Subject......Use of mobile phones in the
office

Please be advised that all employees with

mobile phones are required to keep them
turned off during working hours.
If you need to be contacted while at work,
you can be reached through the main
switchboard on 7267421.
This number is to be used for emergencies
on1y.
We appreciate your co-operation in this
matter.

Sty1e

~ 5 a. Match the style of writing to the pieces of

writing in Ex. 14. The company where you work is ha ng a retirement
: party for the Vice President of the company. The party
A incomplete sentences, very informal
~ wi11 be held at the Roya1 Hote1. You have been put in
B information given in an office or business setting;
charge of organising the party.
formal
Write a to 11 staff inembers informing them
C informal, chatty
of the time, date and location of the party and
telling them that food and drinks wi11 be served.
b. Read the note to the secretary and rewrite it in A1so, inform them that they can make a sma11
the style of an of5ce . contribution to the Vice President's retirement
present and that they should give the money to you
ss P,pps, or your secretary.
tc11 D.~F m~YS abou+ ud~ ~ n 8 Write a note to your secretary, telling him/her that
11 uSt a hltnd aud . on fimo youre in a meeting and reminding him/her to 11
. f f. and dov~ hhS Scrvca the catering company and arrange a meeting with
Thank, them for the next day at llam.
Mr ..1, s Write an email to your supervisor, who is on holiday,
and 1et him/her know about the party.

16 Rewrite the following in a note form.

~ Patricia,
1' going to the cinema with Sheila. 1 borrowed your
d scarf. 1've 1eft the car keys in the first drawer of your
esk in case you need them. lames ll . He said he
-night . '11 11 back later. 1f youre hungry
; are chicken sandwiches in the fridge. 1 won't be
ate around 10 'dock at the latest.
La u ra
1 Who are you writing to?
2 What style wi11 you use for each piece of writing?
Why?
3 What information wi11 you need to include in each
piece of writing?
b. Write the memo, note and email using the
information in Ex. 17 , as we11 as your own
ideas.

33
 Better Safe : 1 really like that song!
B: So do . 111 the radio.

than Sorry 7 A: 1've never used a laptop computer before.

B: Oh, it's easy. Just
way you do with your regular .
the same

3 Cross out the odd word(s) in each group. Then, use

the remaining words to make up sentences
describing each object, as in the l .

VOCdbUI
1 cooker: oven rings knobs .

2 computer: mouse screen remote control

1 Look at the pictures. Which of these do you have in
keyboard
your kitchen? What do you use each of the objects
for? 3 iron: plug cord temperature control
door
4 camera: lens cover shutter tray
5 kettle: 1id handle spout aerial
refrigerator: door shelves screens drawers
7 blender: switch 1id s light

A cooker has got an oven, rings on top and knobs that are
used to control temperature.

4 Read the sentences and identify the type of crime

described, as in the l .

1 She copied someone else's signature onto the

cheque. (forgery)
2 The armed men stormed into the bank and tried
to steal a large amount of money.
3 The customs officer called the police after he
found a bag of diamonds in the man's luggage.

4 They held the pilot at gunpoint and ordered him to

1- A blender is used to /mix food.
2 Use the phrasal verbs to complete the exchanges,
as in the l.
turn on turn down turn off turn up
plug in 1og on 1og off
fly to the location they wanted.
5 He threw a 1it match through the window and
then ran off.
The man was caught trying to steal two CD-ROMs.
7 When we got home, we were horrified to find the
window broken and 11 our valua es stolen.

1 : 1 can't concentrate. The TV is too 1 . 8 They demanded money for the safe return of the
: 11 right, 111 turn it down. two children.

2 A: Did you hear about the hijacking?

5 Complete the sentences using the words below.
B: No. Let's the radio.

3 A: Why isn't the toaster working? automatically fingerprints preserve satellite

B: Oh, si11y me! 1 forgot to it proof fined privacy

4 : 1 think 111 stay up and watch the end of this 1 When you get arrested, the police take your
fi1m. and keep them on fi1e.
B: OK. Don't forget to 11 the 2 was 200 for parking illegally.
lights before you go to bed. 3 1t is a policeman's job to 1aw and order.
5 : Hurry up. Were supposed to be there at 7 4 Some l think that hidden cameras invade
oclock! our
: .1ust give me a minute to 5 When you use an ATM, your bank account is
the lnternet. updated.
34
 6 They had to 1et the suspect go because they could 4 Last summer was so hot that we decided to have
find no that he had committed the crime. air conditioning put in.
7 We can now get up-to-the-minute news from installed We had
around the world via last summer
because it was so hot.
5 The escaped prisoners jumped onto a bus and
6 Complete the headlines using the words below.
made the driver take them across the border.
charged robbed accused sentenced hijacked The
suspects cheated bus to get across the border.
6 Car rental companies can use special technology
to find out where their cars are.
0 locate Car rental companies can
Supermarket bandit their cars.
to 4 years in prison.

8 Circle the correct response.

Politieian's son
on school s. 1 : Where did the accident happen?
: a 1t's difficult to say.
b About fifteen minutes ago.
c At 1 and Dixon.
l of arson. 2 A: Can you te11 me how to get to the McLaughlin
Ga11ery?
: 1' going now.

4 b Sorry? you repeat that?

neighbou 1' sorry the line is engaged.
Woman
of stealing het car. 3 A: Did you like the outfit 1 wore yesterday?
_-- : a That's an interesting question.
b Let me see.
be honest, 1 can't really remember it.
Youth
4 : 11 , can 1 speak to Jenny please?
with shopliftinq. : a Wou1d you like to leave a message?
b 1' sorry, you must have dialled the wrong
number.
ensioner in brood doyliobl c Thank you for waiting.

5 : What's Sarah's sister's name?

: 1 cant remember!
b 1 't think so.
c What do you mean?

6 : How l you lose the tickets!

7 Complete each of the sentences with two to five
: a What's the ?
words, including the word in bo1d. Do not change
the meaning of the original sentence. b 1t wasn't me! 1 gave them to Sam!
c 111 think of it in a minute.

1 Last night someone hit her over the head and stole 7 : What can 1 do for you?
herhandbag. : 1 want to report a robbery.
mugged She b Can 1 take a message?
last night. Okay. 1've done that.
2 Peter copied the Picasso and sold it as an original
forged Peter 8 : Did anyone witness the burglary?
and sold it as an original. : a No, that's not what 1 mean.
3 The police got a description of the thief from b 111 think of it in a minute.
someone who saw him escape. 1 don't think so.
witness The police got a description of the thief

him escape.

35
9 Match the words/phrases in the two columns. A: Where do you think the picture was taken?
Then, use them to complete the sentences below. B: 1 think 1) ....................................................
A: Can you describe the picture?
once in and sound : 1 can see 2) ......................................................
to make in mind .........................................................................
clean a bIue moon
A: What do you think the woman bought?
keep and tidy
B: She might 3) ..............................................
safe matters worse
A: How is she paying?
1 1 didn't have enough money to pay for lunch, and : 4) .............................................................
..........., 1 had forgotten my credit A: How often do you go shopping?
: 5) ..............................................................
card.
A: Where?
2 We hardly ever go to the cinema. We go ...............
: 6) .............................................................
..................................... .
3 The missing boy was found ................................... A: How do you pay?
and returned to his parents. : 7) ........................................................................
4 Whi1e you are driving . ..................................... that
you are being watched by CCTV cameras on the b. Look at the photographs and act out similar
motorway.
dialogues.

5 Caro1 is very neat. Her home is always ..................

..................................... .

~ o Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences

using the phrases, as in the l .

- ~~
-

~
.. .

wasn't aware of the fact that she had degree in

psychology.

Reading
Speaking
1 2 a. Which are the three most important factors we
a. Look at the photograph and complete the should consider when buying a car? Choose,
dialogue. then compare your list to your partner's.
1t should:
be economical to run
be environmentally friendly
be fast
be efficient
~ ./
be cheap to buy

] 1 have a powerful engine

have lots of accessories
run on petrol

b. Look at the title of the article. What couid the

1 1 article be about? Read and check your answers.

~
~ 3 Read the article again. For questions 1-6, choose the correct answer, A, B, C D.

Vehicles which ran on electric Amotors

A moved very fast.
B were made of pieces of scrap.
C were not very popular.
D had to have their engines replaced.

Hybrid cars differ from electric cars in that

Many of the world's cities 1ie under a permanent
blanket of smog. People are concerned about global
warming, and fuel prices just keep going up and up. It's no
surprise therefore, that in recent years, car manufacturers
have been put under pressure to invent a vehicle that is
both cheaper to run and better for the environment.
Finally, after much trial and error, it seems as though they
might be making progress, and the future of the car
industry is beginning to look a 1ittle greener'.
One of the first ideas which car manufacturers tried,
was to replace engines which run on fossil fuels with
electric motors. Unfortunately, these vehicles had several
drawbacks and they didn't se11 very we11. The pro ems
were that the batteries of these electric cars ran out very
quickly and took a long time to recharge. A1so, the
replacement energy packs were very expensive.
However, the idea of electric cars has not been
scrapped altogether. Car manufacturers have improved the
concept so that environmentally friendly cars can now be
efficient and economical as we11. This is where the hybrid
car, which has both an electric motor and a traditional
petrol engine, comes in. The electric motor is entirely self-
recharging and it is much better for the planet than a
traditional car.
In a hybrid car, the engine is controlled by a computer
which determines whether the car runs on petrol,
electricity, or both. When the car needs maximum power,
for example, if it is accelerating or climbing a steep hill, it
uses all of its resources, whereas at steady speeds it runs
l on petrol. When slowing down or braking, the electric
motor recharges its batteries.
Hybrid cars are better for the environment because
rhe electric motor can help out when the computer te11s it
to, thereby reducing overall petrol consumption. They have
a much smaller engine than a traditional car. A1so, hybrid
cars on the market are made using materials such as
aluminium and carbon fibre, which makes them extremely
light. Both of these factors mean that they use far less
petrol than normal cars, so they produce less pollution.
Of course, hybrid cars arent perfect; they still run on
fossil fuel and so pollute the environment to some extent.
However, they may be the first step along the road to
an, greener' cars. Car manufacturers are already
~orking on vehicles which run on hydrogen. The only
A they are more economical to run.
B you can recharge the battery yourself.
C they have two power sources.
D they represent an entirely new driving concept.
3 Hybrid cars are environmentally friendly because
A they use different fuel to l cars.
B they are made of special materials.
C the computer te11s the driver the shortest route
to take.
D they produce less harmful gases.
4 Hybrid cars are not the ideal solution because
A they produce carbon fibre.
B they do not make the roads cleaner.
C they also use petrol.
D they are made from aluminium.
5 Cars which run on hydrogen are not availa e
yet because
A the fuel is difficult to handle.
B their emissions need to be made less harmful.
C they are sti11 too dangerous to drive.
D they produce too much water vapour.
6 What does the writer feel about the future of
hydrogen-run cars?
A We wi11 definitely be seeing more of them in
the future.
B They are unlikely to become cheap and safe
enough for mass production.
C They wi11 never get past the design stage.
D They are a further step towards a less polluted
environment.
~ 4 What was the writer's purpose? Was he/she
successful?

ission from these cars is harmless water vapour. These

~ still some way in the future, though, as designers need

think of cheap and safe ways of producing, transporting

~ storing hydrogen, but at 1ast, it looks like we might be

~ ieading in the right direction.

 Listening A: And there's quite a bit of 3) ....................... in
it. 1' sure the owner wi11 be looking for it.
~5 !Listen to the conversation between Adam and B: So, youve searched the contents, have you,
Lisa. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer, sir?
, . A: Er, we11, 1 had a quick 1ook, but 1 didn't touch
anything!
1 Why doesn't Adam like using computers?
B: Ah, here's a name on the 4) ........................
cuts himself.
A: Great. Do you need me to sign anything?
He doesn't understand them.
B: Yes, you can sign this form. And youd better
C He always drops them.
leave your number, in case a reward is offered.
2 1 the future, life wi11 be easier because A: Good idea!
A everything wi11 be computerised.
B l wi11 survive without computers. b. Now use the prompts to act out similar
l won't notice computers. dialogues.

3 Adam thinks he won't get a job in the future

because
A he has a negative attitude.
B it wi11 take him years to upgrade his skills.
C he won't be to use the new technology.

4 l wi11 be to earn more money in the

future because briefcase the station / no handbag bus stop / no
A they wi11 work fewer hours. wallet / palmtop computer / identification / jewellery /
B they wi11 be to do more than one job at a
name on a business card name on an envelope
time.
C computers wi11 do their work for them.
At the garage
5 Televisions wi11 be better in the future because
A they wi11 be more friendly. ~ 7 a. Put the exchanges in the correct order, then, in
B they wi11 have buttons. pairs, read the dialogue l .
C they wi11 be controlled by voice.

6 How does Adam feel when he reads about the

future?
A extremely worried
very happy
C utterly misera e

7 Adam agrees with Lisa that l

A wi11 change in the future.
B wi11 learn new ways of doing things.
C are scared of the future.

Communication: Handing
in a missing item Good morning madam. a Oh, that would be
What can 1 do for you? great.
~6 a. Fi11 in the gaps
2
Of course. What's the b Oh, 1 wi11.
with driver's
? Goodbye!
licence, credit card,
... Yes, youre c Wonderful. Thanks
wallet, money.
right. 111 just pump them ever so much.
Then, in pairs,
up for you. d 1 think they may
read the dialogue
There you are. Youre need a bit more air
l .
ready to go. in them.
5
Don't mention it! Drive e 1 you check
A: Good evening, officer. 1 just found this
safely! the tyres, please?
1) .?............on the pavement outside the cafd.
B: Ah. Let's have a look inside. Oh dear. There's
b. Now use the prompts to act out a similar dialogue.
nothing with the person's name and address,
not even a 2) ........................ check the oi1 / might need changing / change it
for you
Z ;
 Writing instructions b. Rewrite the points in Ex. 19 in a paragraph,
using appropriate linking words/phrases.

~ When we write instructions, we use the '

imperative form of the verb and we usually leave out
20 a. Look at the instructions for taking a picture
with a digital camera and fi11 in the verbs.
articles. The points must always be written in the correct Download 1 Press (X 2) Line up
order one after the other. We can use numbers or bullets Look Wait
before each instruction. We usually use linking
words/phrases (first, after that, then, next, finally etc) to
organise the points or show the order of events. J ~

1 8 Look at the instructions below.lnsert the missing

words then try and guess what the object is.
a11ow first when then

charge battery:
1 ....................... insert charger plug into base with
arrow facing up.
2 ................ plug charging unit into a power socket.
3 ....................... it to charge for 6-8 hours (you can
use it while it is charging).
4 ....................... fu11y charged, it wi11 provide up to
100 hours standby or 5 hours talking.
~ 9 a. The following instructions explain how to
withdraw cash from an ATM (automatic teller
machine). Put the points into the correct order.
4 ~
~
1 ....................... through the w findec
2 ----------------------- wbject.
3----------------------- the shutter button halfway when
the light is green.
4 .......................thee shutter 11 the vvay when the
light is orange.
5 ....................... the camera sti11 until it beeps.
................... until the light changes back to green.
6
7 ....................... the image from the camera.
b. Look at the instructions for downloading a
picture onto a computer. Make the sentences
shorter, then put the points into the correct
order.

You have to select 'download'.

Save the picture in a fi1e.
You must click the camera icon on the computer
screen.
You must turn on the computer.
You must connect the camera to the computer.
The screen wi11 ask you if you want another
transaction 'Yes/No'.
When the menu screen appears, choose the option
21 a. Read the rubric and answer the questions.
withdraw cash'.
The next screen wi11 ask you how much you want to
You have been taking photography lessons. Now your
withdraw.
: teacher has asked you to write instructions how to
Put your card into the machine.
' take the perfect picture.
The machine wi11 give you your money and a
withdrawal slip showing a record of your transaction.
1 What adverbs wi11 you use to put the instructions
Press the arrow key on the side of the screen next to
in order?
the amount you need.
2 What verb tenses wi11 you use?
Type in your personal identification number (P1N).
Choose 'No' and the screen wi11 te11 you to take your
card. b. Write the instructions in 40-80 words.

39
 Penny Wise, b. Where can you buy each of these items? What
can you do with each of these items?

Pound Foolish 3 Cross out the odd word. Which group of goods do
the rest of the words belong to?

1 hammer, screwdriver, b?~i~~t, dri11 hardware

2 table, book, chair, dresser
3 ring, earrings, necklace, dress
Vocabulary 4 screwdriver, bread, meat, pasta
5 washing powder, bleach, flowers,
~ a. ldentify the shops in the pictures. Where would furniture polish
you expect to hear the following? towel, deodorant, shampoo,
toothpaste
1s there a bracelet to match?
7 pen, envelopes, paper, ribbons
. Two loaves of rye, please.
8 jumper, umbrella, coat, shirt
. Have you got this in a large?
9 lipstick, CD player, cooker, fridge
1 try the other one?
. Could you cut it into portions, please?
. Do you deliver? 4 Complete the sentences with the correct word
from the 1ist.
Are the frames included in the price?
_.. . _ delighted conservative dedicated bear
woven budget imported ambitious
sentimental genuinely

1 Unfortunately, 1 cant afford it because 1' on a

tight . ......................... .
2 This g might not be expensive, but it's of great
value to me.
3 's determined to succeed because he's a very
.
4 Tony is ll ........................... to his career.
5 Please ........................... in mind that the shops
wi11 be closed on Sunday.
Sa11y was .........:................. with the bouquet of
flowers she received.
7 Anita was ........................... surprised when she
won first prize.
8 bought a colourful ........................... rug at the
flea market.
9 's a very ........................... person who doesn't
like new ideas at 11.
10 She couldnt find what she wanted here, so she
b. What can you buy in had to have it specially ............................
each shop?
Replace the adjectives in 1 with their opposites.

modern expensive boring 1 1 fresh

2 a. Fi11 in the missing letters to form _ -.,. .
~

l fantastic tight
compound nouns, as in the l .
-- - - , 1 That was one of the most interesting films 1 have
1 . powder ! computer
i washmg g ............. ever seen . ...........................
~ hine~ board
2 ! high ~ . ~ 7 bottled 2 We got a very warm welcome when we finally
f....... milk w ............. arrived . ...........................
1ow- - mmeral
- - L--- -- -
- -- 3 This restaurant is great, if you like international
8 personal ~
3 h ............. Spray
v ge1 1 to cuisine . .................. .... ...
scarf~ j 9 pierced 4 1 think her new dress looks dreadful . .....................
4 s............ f e............. 5 She always buys cheap clothes . ...........................
tie c1i ~ -on
5 ! ice ~ 10 linen This dish takes half an hour to cook if you use
s ..... .............
roller frozen vegeta es . ...........................
~~~ ~ i leath er
 7 husband prefers antique furniture. ........ 5 A: Which s do you think 1 should get, the
8 trousers are too loose . ........................... red or the pink one?
: a 1 think the red one 1ook better on you.
a. Match the description of the clothes to the b Anyhow, pink doesn't suit you.
l'J
pictures below.
A: Frank's really upset with me, 1 shouldn't have
1~ short-sleeved, 5 striped cotton been so rude to him.
yellow cotton shorts : a How about asking Frank about it?
dress with socks b You should apologise to him.
white collar ~
7 trainers 7 A: Sha11 1 make reservations at that new Thai
2 k suit jeans restaurant?
3 checked shirt : a You should 11 the restaurant first.
tight white b r is, it's a 1ittle expensive.
T-shirt ____
8 A: 1've decided to take French lessons.
: a 1 think that's a great idea!
b Anyway, you are good at languages.

9 Complete the sentences with two to five words,

including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
meaning of the original sentence.

1 lane wi11 take care of the baby while we're away.

after Jane ..................................................
while we're away.
2 Your new trousers look great, they are exactly the
right size.
glove Your new trousers .............................
they look great.
3 The police are investigating the case.
b. Ta1k about each person's clothes.
looking The police ........................... the case.
- George is wearing o T-shirt, striped cotton shorts, ... 4 1 really appreciate 11 your he1p.
grateful 1' ll ...........................................
Write down five items of clothing you have in 11 your he1p.
7
your wardrobe and describe them. 5 1 asked Caro1 and she said we l wearjeans and
trainers to the party.
8 Circle the correct response. casual Caro1 said we ....................................
to the party.
1 A: Do you think 1 should get Mary a CD for her Jim took his suit to the dry cleaner's.
birthday? had Jim ....................................................
: a How about that one? at the dry cleaner's.
b Yes, but make sure it isn't one she's l
7 She can think about nothing else but her career.
got.
obsessed She .................................. her career.
2 A: Let's have the party tomorrow night. 8 1 returned the s because there was a big
: r is, most l wi11 have made mark on the back.
other plans by now. stain 1 took the s back to the shop
b 1 think you should. because it .........................................
3 A: The salesman said 1 l 't exchange the shirt on the back.
you bought for me. 9 The manager refused to give me my money back,
: a You should go back and speak to the even though the mirror was cracked.
manager. refund 1 couldn't ..........................................
b How about waiting until tomorrow? for the cracked mirror.
10 Most women wear make-up because they want to
4 A: 1 thought you wanted to go to the cinema
look better.
tonight.
enhance Women usually wear make-up ..........
: a Anyway, it doesn't matter to me.
appearance.
b 1 did, but there isn't anything good on.
41
 ~ o Match the words/phrases in column A to those in 8 After the earthquake, we had an engineer look
column . Then, use the phrases to complete the the building to make sure that there
sentences. was no serious damage.

Speaking
be off under your hat
lose his shoes ~ 3 a. Look at the photograph and complete the
neither here duty dialogue.
Off h15 5h1rt
be in nor there
keep it the record

1 1f he keeps investing all his money in the stock

market, he's going to .............................
2 He agreed to the interview only if everything he
said was ............................ .
3 1' afraid Police Consta e Harrison ......................
right now.
4 1 think Marcia is going to be promoted, but no one
else knows, so .............................
A: What can you see in the picture?
5 1 wouldn't want to ............................ when his
: 1) ........................................................................
father finds out that he crashed the car.
A: What are they doing?
6 She has to spend more time on her homework.
Whether she wants to or not, is ............................ : 2) ........................................................................
A: What do you think they have been doing?
: 3) ........................................................................

___
Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
using the phrases, as in the l .
A: What l they have bought?
: 4) ........................................................................
A: How do they feel? Why?
: 5) ........................................................................

. A: What are they going to do next?

- ___
: 6) ........................................................................
- . - ____ A: How often do you go shopping? Who with?
', - ____ : 7) .............................................................................
--___
~
. - - b. Look at the photographs and in pairs act out
--___'
-.. ~~~~~ ' similar dialogues.

-. -.
~~
1' proud of daughter. She's the best in her dass.

1 2 Complete the phrasal verbs.

1 1 have promised to look ................ neighbour's

cat while she is on holiday.
2 The police 1et him ................ with a warning.
3 They looked ................ him because he wasn't
interested in poetry. Reading
4 Don't rely on Larry, he'11 only 1et you .................
5 Mary hired a private detective to look ................ ~ 4 a. Look at the title of the article on p. 43. What
her husband's disappearance. do you expect to read in it?
6 She 1et ................ l scream when the mouse
ran over her foot. b. Look at the star signs and in pairs suggest an
7 Mary had to 1et ................ her skirt because she' appropriate gift for each. Read the article to see
gained weight. if your guesses were correct.
~~
~ 5 a. Read the article again. For People who were born under this star sign:
questions 1-10, choose from the get bored very quickly. ~
star signs A-F. Some of the star do not like 1 things.
sign5 may be chosen more than don't mind at 11 what you give them. ~

once. like to receive special treatment.
want to be famous. ~
5
do not appreciate fake jewellery.
do not like receiving gifts for their home. ~
7
enjoy keeping in touch with others.
like to be secretive.
are usually artistic. 10

b. Where l you read such an article? Do you agree with the writer?

~S~ hOp pg with the Stp;r ,S

~_~_~. ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~,.~ 1 ~~1~. ~~.. ~

'L ~ Are you wondering what to buy to make

. someone in your tife happy? The answer may be in the stars.

ACjUd1t15 (January 20 - February 18) ~ s~ ~

DO Ge1'11171 (May 21 - June 21)
Aquarians are usually very modern and like to receive gifts
which are out of the ordinary. 1t is not a good idea to buy an
Aquarian an antique. They will be far more impressed with the
latest piece of technology or an up-to-the-minute gadget. They
love it when people give them electronic machines or
equipment they can use in their unusual hobbies. Almost every
Aquarian is an inventor at heart and they love anything
connected to the future. 1f you still need ideas, don't forget
that all Aquarians like original, one-of-a-kind items. Why not
surprise and delight the Aquarian in your life with a hand-
orinted shirt, or an interesting piece of modern art?
15 @S (February 19 - March 20)
Gemini people have very short attention spans, and they
loseinterest in things extremely quickly. They hate
nothing more than boredom. You would be wise to
remember this when choosing a gift for your Gemini
friends! A game or a craft kit is an excellent idea for a
Gemini, as it will keep them entertained and challenge
them at the same time. They also love reading, but the
book you buy them had better be short and eary to pidc
up and put down whenever they feel like it! Geminis love
to socialise, so two tickets to anything is an ideal present.
As most people born under the sign of the twins are rather
talkative, they v ll also be pleased to receive a mobile
phone.

Pisceans are gentle and sensitive so they are truly happy with
gift you decide to give them. 1n their eyes, the fact that you
remembered to buy them a present is more important than the
present itself. However, if you really want to buy a Piscean
something which will suit his or her personality, you can be sure
that they will be overjoyed to receive theatre tickets, a CD or a
video of their favourite film. Every Piscean has an interest in the
arts, and most are very creative, so perhaps you could buy them a
gift which will help them to express themselves through dance,
xinting or writing. Pisceans water signs, so they will also be
harmed aquarium full of colourful tropical fish.
QE ( (.h ~y 23 - Augtt 22)
There is nothing a Leo likes more than receiving gifts. 1t
11i,
doesn't even matter that much what the gift is, as long as
it is beautifully wrapped and looks special. However, they
will not be impressed with jewellery or sparkly trinkets
unless they are the real thing! Leos believe that they
deserve the best, and anything less than gold would be an -- -; ~
insult to them. The king-like Leo loves to be spoilt, so why L,'-
not treat them like royalty and hire a limousine for the ` '
evening, or arrange for them to be the star guest at a ~
special event or party. "

1 S; (March 21 - April 19)

n it comes to presents, Ariens are like energetic children.
-hey adore receiving lots of gifts, but they are not keen on
wrapping anything practical. Aries people are adventurous and
=_!l of energy, and they want their gifts to reflect that. They are
ot domestic characters, so it is not a good idea to buy them items
-
= use in the home. 1f you do have to give them a house-warming
oresent, the safest option is red glassware, as Ariens love the
colour red. To truly impress your Arien friends, however, you can
nothing better than offer them eternal fame. How about having
~eir name put on a plaque in a i place? You can be sure they
~ill be thrilled, as all A ens long to be recognised and
~ nembered.
r : 1 (October 23 - November 21)
Scorpios enjoy playing at being detective, so they will adore
the challenge of finding hidden presents or being sent a
present in secret. They like to discover new things and solve
mysteries, so crime novels and horror stories are an (';
(,
excellent idea for all ages. Chemistry sets will also please
young Scorpios. People born under this sign are keen on life's
luxuries, so you can be sure that they will be happy with a
gift of exotic perfume or satin sheets. 1f you buy them
something personal, though, be careful not to show how well
you know them. Scorpios love to think that they are
mysterious! 43
 Listening
; wi11 hear a financial consultant, Sa11y Herd
talking about credit cards. For questions 1-10,
complete the notes. You wi11 need to write a word
or a short phrase in each box.
l often get a 1ot of offers for credit cards as soon as
they 1
1t is a good idea to get a credit card from
2 Do you have your bank book with you?
Some people apply for credit cards because they are
3
Very often people 4 paying their bi11s.
Delaying the payment of credit card bi11s means that you pay
5 in interest.
Credit companies make 6 from
those who can't afford to pay their bi11s.
1t seems that those people who can pay their credit cards on
time aren't
Credit cards are useful when you don't have any
8 onyou.
Credit cards help you to pay for expensive things over a
9 oft me.
You should always 10 of every item
you buy with your credit card.
Communication: Applying for a
credit card
~ 7 a. Fi11 in the gaps with: passpo, information,
s1ip, application,licence. Then, in pairs, read the
dialogue l .
Customer: ld like to apply for a credit card, please.
BankClerk: Right. 111 need some details before 1 process
your 1 ) ............................... .
Customer: oh, 1 see. What do you need, then?
BankClerk: l'11 need to see two different forms of photo 1D.
Customer:OK. 1've got my driving 2) ........... my 3) ............
BankClerk: That's fine. 111 just make a copy of them.
~
Customer: Do need an other 4 ................................
BankClerMYes. 1 need your most recent 5) ...........................
Customer: Oh, 1've got that here.
BankClerk: Great. We11, your card should be with us in about
ten days. We'11 11 you as soon as it arrives.
Customer. Thank you.
b. Now use the prompts below to act out similar
dialogues.
apply for a loan / a form of 1D and a bank
statement / three most recent pay slips / l
should be granted in about two weeks
l for a second mortgage / a form of 1D and
tax statement / document showing proof of
ownership of house / mortgage should be
approved in about fifteen days
44
At the Bank
1 8 a. Fi11 in the missing phrases, then in pairs, read
the dialogue l .
That's fine. That's right. Certainly, sir.
Thank you, sir.
A: 1' like to deposit this cheque into my savings
account, please.
: 1) .........................................................................
A: Oh, no. 1 didn't think 1 would need it.
B: We11, do you have something with your account
number on it?
: Erm ... Let me see ... Oh yes, 1've got a bank
statement here.
: 2) ........................................................................
Now, if you could just fi11 out this deposit s1ip.
A: OK. Do 1 sign here?
: 3) ........................................................................
And here's a receipt.
A: Oh, thanks.
: 4) ........................................................................
b. Now use the prompts below to act out a similai
dialogue.
withdraw twenty pounds / forgotten bank book /
form of photo 1D / passport / fi11 out withdrawal s1ip
Writing a first person narrative
- ~
`~ When we write a first person narrative, we begin~
~
with an introduction to set the scene with information
about who/where/when and why. The main body has two
or more paragraphs describing the events in chronological
order. The conclusion te11s what happened at the end of
the story and includes feelings and comments. We
normally write the story using the past tenses and a variety
of adjectives and adverbs to make it more interesting.
Analysing A 1 Text
~ 9 a. Read the story on p. 45 and underline the
correct tense.
Beginnings / Endings
b. Read the story again and decide which
techniques have been used by the writer to
start/finish the story.
using the senses
using direct speech
asking a rhetorical question
addressing the reader directly
referring to one's feelings or moods
describing l 's reactions/feelings
 4 Mr Lewis was very relieved that 1 had found his
briefcase. His credit cards and personal identification
were inside. because
5 1 gave it to my daughter. She said it was what
she' always wanted. and

Have you ever been really Discuss & Write

embarrassed? We11, I have. It was last
week. I was at an expensive restaurant
22 Read the newspaper article below, then put the
and I 1) finished/had just finished
delicious meal with a new client. Whi1e sentences that follow in the correct order.
mr guest was in the foyer making an
~ important phone call, I decided to pay
the bi11.
~ I 2) reached/was reaching into my made a mistake and gave
MRS s TVRNS
` pocket for my credit card, but it wasn't me the wrong bag she told
there. Panicked, I 3) had been
taking/took out my purse but it wasn't in there either. I
SILV Ef1 INTO GOLD
~~
ourreporter. DavidGrey,the
manager of the jewellery
mptied my pockets onto the table, but I couldn't find my Last Saturday afternoon shop, was so grateful
7edit card anywhere. I 4) didn't know/hadn't known what to Mrs Smith bought a 1 when she returned them
d0. silver bracelet for her that he gave her a 5
When guest returned, I was checking my purse to see niece's birthday and gold bracelet. niece,
if I had enough money to pay the bi11 in cash. Unfortunately, walked away with a 5, Jenny Potter, said it was
I didn't even have enough for the taxi home. So, I went to pair of gold and diamond the best present she had
h foyer to call my boss. When he heard my problem, he earrings. "The sales girl ever had!
5) had been laughing/laughed and told me to wait for a
driver to bring me the company credit card.
1ittle while later a driver ) arrived/was arriving at the
restaurant and gave me the card. "Thank , sir. Youve
The sales girl made a mistake.
saved the day! I said gratefully as I went to pay the bi11.
The manager gave her a gold bracelet worth 500.
Mrs Smith's niece had a wonderful birthday present.
Mrs Smith left the store with a 5,000 pair of earrings.
Adjectives
Mrs Smith went to the jewellery shop.
20 Fi11 in the missing adjectives from the list below. Mrs Smith returned the ear ngs.
Mrs Smith bought a bracelet worth 10.
delicious urgent embarrassing
best expensive 23 a. Read the rubric and answer the questions in the
1 most .............................. experience was when p1an.
1 forgot to wear my shoes and went to work with Your 1 1 newspaper is holding a short story
slippers on! competition and you have decided to enter. Your story
s
2 1 had to leave in the middle of the film to make an : must start with the words "Have you ever had a really
.................... phone 11. ~ wonderful surprise?"
3 That was the most .............................. l 1 have Your story should include: 1) a dinner, 2) a thin box
ever had. 1 wish 1 l cook as we11 as you do.
4 husband bought me an ...............................
pair of earrings for my birthday.
5 1 think that a one year membership at that new
gym is the ............................... present for Angela. lntroduction
(Para 1) Who/What is the story about? Where/When
did it tahe piace?
L1rlkerS
Main Body
21 loin the sentences below using the words in bold (Paras 2-3) What happened first/next etc? What was the
climax?

1 My guest was making a phone 11. 1 decided to Conclusion

paythe bi11. while (Para 4) What happened in the end? How did you
feel? What are your comments or reactions?
2 He heard my r . He laughed and told me to
wait for him. when
3 Luckily, the shops were sti11 open. 1 took the bus b. Write your story in 140-190 words. Use the
into town and went back to the shop. so story in Ex. 19 as a l.
45
 You Are What 2 a. Fi11 in the t below to show how these foods
can be cooked. Then, ask and answer, as in the
l .

you Eat grilled fried boiled scram ed roasted

ffchicken
h .
;f

_
steak
potatoes i
Vocabulary rice
eggs
1 a. What can you see in the picture? ldentify the
foods and complete the table. A: How do you like your chicken cooked?
: 1 prefer it grilled.
A: Do you? don'[.1 preferroasted chicken.

b. What do you like to put on your food? Ask and

answer as in the l .
salt pepper mustard ketchup oi1 vinegar

: 11ike to put ketchup on my chips.

8: too, but sometimes 11ike salt and vinegar instead.

3 Replace the words in bold with words from below,

as in the l . Some words can be used more
than once.

slice jar piece cup loaf packet

tube boitle
1 1 have some bread? aslice/loafof
2 Wou1d you like some cake?
3 Do you have any toothpaste?
4 Can 1 get you some coffee?
5 1 you get some spaghetti from the supermarket?

1 thought we had some coke in the fridge.

7 Do we need any jam?

8 Wou1d you like some cheese in your sandwich?

4 Complete the sentences using the words below.

accompanied alert guarantee peak flexi e

boost absorb unprocessed vital stock up

1 1t is to eat a balanced diet and exercise

meat & poultry:
regularly if want to stay fit and healthy.
dairy products:
fish: 2 likes to eat something sweet to

shellfish: his energy 1evels in the late afternoon.

3 A good review wi11 that the
fruit:
restaurant wi11 be a success.
vegeta es: cauliflower,
other: 4 She likes to have a cup of milk by
piece of cake when she comes home from school.
~

5 Make sure that you with enough

b. Add three more foods to each category. food for the trip before you set sai1

c. How often do you eat these foods? 1t's best to exercise when your energy 1eve1 is at its

46
 7 The body can ............... certain sugars very quickly.
8 ...................... carbohydrates contained in fruit and
grains are essential to a healthy diet.
9 Some peopie drink coffee to help them stay ...........
10 1f you warm up before you exercise, your muscles
wi11 be more .......................
5 a. Match the pictures (1-9) to the 5tarters, Main
Courses and Desserts (A-l) in the menu below.
Then act out dialogues, as in the l .
A: Good afternoon. May 1 take your order?
B: Yes please.l' like the tortilla chips and dip, followed by
the spaghetti.
A: And what would like for dessert?
B: 1 think 111 try the ice cream sundae.
b. Which of these foods are: sweet? salty? sour?
bitter? spicy? creamy? juicy?
Circle the correct response.
6
1 : We are going camping in the South of France.
Wou1d you like to join us?
: a Thanks for asking, but 1' not very keen on
camping.
b 1t's a great way to get closer to nature.

2 = , welcome back. How was your trip to

Singapore?
: a ft was te ibiy disappointing.
1 wouldn't raste time.

3 : s ster is coming over for dinner tonight.

Why dont you join us?
: a 1 suppose so.
b 1' love to, but im afraid 1 't_

4 A: What did you think of the new Brad Pitt fi1m?

: a Youve got to see it!
b 1t's we11 worth a visit!

5 A: We are 11 going out after work. Do you fancy

coming?
: a No, 1 don't want to do that.
b Why not?

6 A: We're thinking of getting a microwave oven.

Do you think it's worth it?
: a You must try it. 1t's so easy.

__
b 1t's great for cooking meals quickly.

~ 1TTt 7 : Are you going to Tony's New Year's Eve party?

: 1 suppose so.

M Nu b Sorry, 1 can't remember.

8 A: Why don't you come over on Sunday? You can

Staers
help me clean out the attic.
~ Tortilla chips and dip : a Thanks, but 1' rather not.
Pea soup b 1' love to, thank you very much for inviting
~ Chef's salad !

Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences

-n Coarses 7
using the phrases, as in the example.
Spaghetti Bolognese and garlic bread
~ Salmon steak with rice and green beans ~~
L Steak with baked potato and broccoli

~ esSertS

cream sundae
LJ Apple pie
~ Chocolate cake
You can rely on for the help you need.
47
 Complete the sentences with two to five words, 1 's a professional chef, so preparing everything
including the words in bo1d. Do not change the for the dinner party wi11 be for him.
meaning of the original sentence. 2 Don't telling your parents that
you broke the window; they are going to find out
sooner or later.
1 1 fe11 asleep halfway through the film because it
3 1 don't know why my grandparents keep going or
was so boring.
about 1 think life is a 1ot easier
nodded The film was so boring that
now than it was 60 years ago.
halfway through.
4 The police arrived and soon had the situatior
2 1 thought Tina was married
under 1 was
5 The children were after their long
that Tina was married.
sleep.
3 1t is very important to make sure that you are
His donation is compared to the
getting the necessary vitamins and minerals when
amount that is needed to feed the poor.
you are on a diet.
7 When the lawyer saw that her client was not to be
vital Making sure you are getting the
trusted, she dropped him like
necessary vitamins and minerals
8 , he managed to finish his
on a diet.
new novel.
4 A healthy diet and regular exercise wi11 help you
stay fit and lose weight. Speaking
accompanied A healthy diet
wi11 help you stay ~ a. Look at the picture and complete the dialogue.
fit and lose weight.
5 Watch out for pickpockets when you use i -~ _ _----- '//%!"'
~
~

~
transport.
alert You should always be
when you use
i transport.
The phone rang just as 1 was about to leave the
house.
point 1 was
the house when the
phone rang.
A: Where do you think the picture was taken?
7 Your neighbours are so noisy! 1 don't know how
: 1)
you can live here.
: you describe it?
put 1 don't know how you can
: 2)
noisy neighbours.
8 be a good driver you should concentrate on
A: What do you think they are celebrating?
what you are doing and be to react quickly if
: 3)
something unexpected happens.
A: What are they eating?
reflexes You need fast
: 4)
as great concentration
A: How do you celebrate your birthday?
to be a good driver.
: 5)
A: What food do you usually serve?
: )

9 Match the words/phrases in the two columns.

Then, use the phrases to complete the sentences.
b. Look at the pictures and in pairs, act out similar
the good potato dialogues.
put of cake
under 11 odds
a drop beans
a piece control
fu11 of in the ocean
a hot old days
against off

48


Reading
a. Read the title of the article. What do you expect to read in the article?
What illnesses is an overweight person 1ikely to suffer from?
b. You are going to read an article about a woman named Kathy. Six sentences
have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-G the one which
fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.

Kathy's proems began when she was sixteen years old. She 30 kg. A11 I ever ate was salad and apples," Kathy confesses.
had always been conscious of her figure, but had never ~3 But even though her bones showed through her skin
thought of dieting until one summer's day at school. As she and she was dangerously underweight, Kathy still believed she
sat a 1ow wa11 in the playground enjoying an ice cream was fat.
from the school canteen, a teacher jokingly told her that she
vl get fat if she ate too many sweets. 1 She quickly Then, one day, Kathy read a magazine article which changed
lost a 1ot of weight and began to look too thin. Her mother her 1ife. It was about a young woman who had died of cancer.
Ras very worried and took her to see the doctor. "In those "I suddenly realised that I had everything I could ask for and
davs, anorexia was not taken seriously," recollects Kathy. I was throwing it aIl away," she says. At that very
-The doctor just told me to go home and eat plenty of big moment, Kathy made up her mind to get over her illness. She
1nners!" gave up exercising, stopped making herself sick and started
writing a book about her experiences.
R Kathy left school later that year, she Kathy is on a special diet. She also gave a talk on eating disorders at
;g a modelling course. 2 She weighs 45 kg and her her children's school. It was such a
Modelling was possiy the worst career I success that she was invited to visit other
-
target weight is 50 kg.
1 have chosen," she admits. "I was schools around the country.
-
Yery few people try to put
by girls who were even thinner She has had a very good response from
on weight, but Kathy has her talks, although it upsets her that
~ an , and it made me feel terri e."

Modelling didn't work out for Kathy, so, at a very good reason for many teenagers seem to believe that it is
the age of eighteen, she joined the police eating more. She is attractive to be dangerously thin. The
. She continued to lose even more recovering from the killer fascination with celebrities and their
ight and soon her friends began to ask her disease known as weight is one issue that she feels very
f she was i11. "I thought they were jealous of anorexia. strongly about.5 ~ She feels that
e for being so thin," she smiles sadly, "but magazines not only fail to inform their
ll I looked awful." readers about the sacrifices celebrities make to stay so
fashionay slim but also about the risks of excessive dieting.
.hv was still living at home with her family, so she found if "I want children to understand that their health is more
1t to go without food. Instead, she would eat and then make important than trying to conform to a certain image," says
re1f sick straight aftenvards. "I realised that it was wrong," she Kathy.
~S. I didn't know what anorexia bulimia were, but I knew

~ I had a r. The trouble was I couldn't stop."
~ she was twenty-three, Kathy married an engineer
. Steven. They had two children, David, who is now
sk-, and Christine, who is ten. "I ate normally while I was
-- ant," Kathy recalls, "but as soon as the babies were born,
_ rted starving myself again." Soon she was down to a pitiful
Kathy and her family are relieved happy that she has
managed to overcome her problem and now her main ambition
is to prevent others from going through the same nightmare.
" 1ot of people never recover from anorexia. Now, if I
can save just one person from the ho ors of eating disorders, it
will make experience seem worthwhile."

A Wh e other l were fighting for their lives, 1 was
killing myself with my eating disorder."
s She considers herself to be very lucky.
1 believe that there is a link between media images and
eating disorders, and it makes me angry that the media
onfy shows the glamorous side of thinness."
D 5he had soon put on ten kilos and was beginning to look
a human being again.
E And as if that wasn't enough, 1 used to run up and down
the stairs trying to burn off the few calories 1 gained."
F Kathy took those words to heart and began a diet which
would last for the next twenty years of her 1ife.
G Unfortunately, this only made her r worse.
c. Read the article again. What role did advertising
and career l in Kathy's obsession with her
weight? What advice would you give to those
suffering from anorexia?
i
 L1Stening
12 You wi11 hear a scientist talking about
genetically engineered food. For questions 1-10,
complete the sentences.
Dr Stevens thinks GM foods are very 1
Changing a plant's genes can make the plant resistant to
2 and protect it from insects.
Corn can be altered to produce an 3
which ki11s caterpillars.
The interviewer is worried about what wi11 happen in
4
Butterflies are needed 5 I from plants
and flowers.
1f there are no caterpillars, then there wi11 be a r in
6 Woman: On 25th June.
Dr 5tevens feels that there are more 7
than drawbacks to genetic engineering.
As we11 as killing insects and improving
8 , according to Dr Stevens genetic
engineering can also help farmers produce
9 had in mind.
This way it's possi e to stop the r of
10
Communication: shopping
b. Now use the prompts to act out a similar
dialogue.
mince / half a kilo /2.10 a kilo
lamb chops / a kilo / f3.50 a kilo
steak / two kilos / f4.70 a kilo
Booking a catering company
~ 4 a. Fi11 in the gaps with: snacks, services, menu,
bookings. Then in pairs, read the dialogue
l .
Caterer: 11 , Cathy's Caterers. How can 1 help you?
Woman: Oh, he11o. 1' like to book your 1) ...................... for
my daughter's party.
Caterer. When wi11 you be holding the party?
Caterer: That's fine. We don't have any other 2) ...................
for that day. Now, how many guests wi11 be attending?
Woman: Around 50, 1 think. Most of them wi11 be quite
young. We've hired a magician to keep the children amused.
Caterer: Sounds like they won't want to sit down to eat.
Woman: lt's a sma11 party; 3) ...................... on trays is what 1
Caterer: OK, lm sure we can come up with something
special. 111 send you a 4) ...................... today and then you
can in next week to discuss the details.
Woman:That's great. Thanks.

~ 3 a. Match the exchanges. Then in pairs, read the

dialogue l . b. Now use the prompts to act out a similar
dialogue.

golden anniversary party / 30th / around 100

guests / 11 ages / hired a band / lots of dancing /
stand-up buffet l

Wrlting letters of complaint

~ When we write a letter of complaint, we use a

formal style. We begin the letter with Dear
Sir/ . 1n the first paragraph, we state our
1~ Good afternoon. a Yes, have you got
reason for writing. In the second, third and
What can 1 get any green peppers?
fourth paragraphs, we state our complaints and
you? b Oh, and a kilo of
give justifications. We start a new paragraph for
2
Two kilos. Here you onions.
each point we want to complain about. ln the last
are. Anything else? c ld like two kilos of
paragraph, we suggest the action which we think
Yes, these were potatoes, please.
should be taken. We end the letter with Yours
brought in fresh d Yes, 1 think so.
faithfully, and our fu11 name.
just this morning. e Here you are. Thank
Of course. you very much.
5
1s that 11? f Oh, 1ovely. 1 1
That'11 be 3.40 have four, please?
then, please.

50
 Analysing a 1 Text b. Rewrite the following mild complaints as strong
complaints.
~ 5 a. Read the letter and underline the correct linking
words. Then, state the topic of each paragraph. 1 1 feel 1 must complain about ...
2 1 suggest that you improve your standards.
3 11 in 11, the whole experience was somewhat
unsatisfactory.
Dear Sir/ ,
4 1' afraid to say that the service was not as good
writing to complain about the service 1 received in
1 as might be expected.
your supermarket last week.
Firstly/Furthermore, 1 was unable to find the pet 5 1f things do not improve in the future, lm afraid 1
1) be forced to take my business elsewhere.
taff to
food section, so 1 asked one of your
hee1Pimply
lnstead of showing me to the right place,
Analysing the Rubric
shrugged and walked away.
Then/However, after standing in a queue at the
2) ~ 7 a. Read the rubric below and underline the key
checkout for over fifteen minutes, 1 reached the end only
to be told by the cashier that her shift was over and 1 words.

would have to join another queue.
As if that was not bad enough, when 1 finally managed
to pay for my groceries, the cashier overcharged me.
However/Despite, when 1 pointed out her mistake, she
3)
did not apologise but was rude and unfriendly.
As you can imagine, 1 was extremely upset by the
treatment 1 received and 1 wi11 certainly not be shopping in
your supermarket again. 1 hope that you wi11 improve your
staff training methods, and that your staff wi11 be more
polite and helpful to customers from now on.
Yours faithfully,
Mavis Edwards
b. Read the letter again and replace the highlighted
phrases with alternative ones.
Sty1e
You had a l in a restaurant. However, you did not
enjoy your l due to a number of pro ems. Write a
letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant.
b. Read and match the complaints to the
justifications.
Complaints
1
Sa1ad was not fresh. Vegeta es had not been
washed.
Apple pie was stale and dry.
] Steak was tough and chewy.
lustifications
A When 1 complained, the waiter brought me another
steak which was as bad as the first one.
B Waiter claimed that it had been freshly made that
morning.
C Found pieces of dirt on the lettuce leaves.

~6 a. Study the complaints below and match the mild

Discuss & Write
complaints to the strong ones with the same
meaning. 1 8 Use the information in Ex. 17, as we11 as the plan
below, to write your letter of complaint (140-190
Mi1d complaints
words). You can use the letter in Ex. 1 5 as a
E I writing in connection with ... l.
2 1 believe 1 be entitled to a
3 The treatment we received was a 1ittle ' L11:,
4
disappointing ...
1 hope that you wi11 try to ...
5 1n addition to this, ... Dear Sir/ ,
1 afraid that 1 proba y wi11 not ... lntroduction
(Para 1) Why are you writing the letter?
Strong complaints
Main Body
1 was extremely upset by the service we received
(Paras 2-4) What are your complaints and justifications?
b To make matters worse, ...
1 am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction Conclusion
with ... (Para 5) What action doyou suggest should be tahen?
d 1 can assure you that 1 wi11 not ... Yours faithfully,
1 demand ... Your fu11 name
f 1 strongly recommend that you ...

51
 Every Man 6 5he has never been at such a high ........................
before; 1 think she's going to faint.
7 1 feel a sense of ............................ whenever 1 dc

to his Taste 8
something we11.
His ............................ of the r is quite
different to mine.
9 ............................ himself at the top of the sk
slope before pushing himself off.
10 Extreme kayaking is a ............................ sport.
Vocabulary
3 Labe1 the pictures, then use the prompts to make
~ a. Look at the pictures and 1abe1 the sports/
up sentences as in the l .
activities, as in the l.
bow arrow racquet shuttlecock clubs
ba11 skateboard bat ba11

g......................
5 ...........................

need bow and ~

arrow to do archery.
collect tamp
4 Circle the correct response.

. How do you feel about the activities above? 1 A: Excuse me, waiter. 1 you bring us the bi11,
Use the expressions:l am keen on, dont f,l please?
hate etc, as in the l. You can add your : a Certainly, sir.
own ideas. b Let me see.

1 don't fancy collecting stamps. 2 A: Wou1d it be if Sharon stayed for dinner?

: a That would be right.
b Of course.
2 Complete the sentences using the words in the 1ist.
3 A: Wou1d you mind if 1 came in late tomorrow? 1
l nerve-racking instinct elation
have to go to the bank.
altitude interpretation steadied torrents
: a 1' rather you went.
paddles high-risk
Actually, 1 need you to come in l.
1 He always ............................ his canoe carefully 4 A: Wou1d you mind if 1 opened the window?
along the dangerous river. : a 1' rather you didn't.
2 Some l think that doing extreme sports is Actually, 1 did.
sheer .............................
5 A: Wou1d it be if 1 borrowed your new CD
3 His survaval ............................ keeps him safe even
l ?
in the most dangerous situations.
: a Sorry, 111 be using it.
4 ............................ of water gushed into the river.
b 1' afraid 1' not.
5 1t was the most ............................ experience 1've
everhad!

52
 5 a. ldentify the sports in the pictures. Then match
them to the speech bub es.
L _J Sometimes it can a 1ittle frustrating, when
your ba11 lands in a bunker, a bush or a pond.
Generally though, it's a very relaxing way to
spend an afternoon.
~
2 When things get difficult you have to focus on the
; summit and picture yourself standing there. Then
anything is possi e.
~
3 1t's 11 about team work. There's no point in having
the best goal-scorer in the league if the defence
isn't playing we11. 1f we're going to win a big match,
then every player needs to do their bit.
1' ta11 and lm a good jumper and shooter but
that isn't enough for me. 1 don't want to be a
good player, 1 want to be the best, the next
Michael Jordan, nothing else wi11 do.
b. Use the adjectives below to make up sentences,
as in the l .
ambitious determined co-operative patient
You need to be co-operative to ploy football.
6 Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
using the phrases, as in the example.
to of with in at
sentenced
ypical
satisfied
short
specialise
shocked
was sentenced to two months in prison.
7 Match l A to column B, then use the
completed phrases to complete the sentences.
run rain or shine
the wind out of 's sails
second shave
close off one's feet
hit the road
take to none
1 Wed better ..................................... soon if we
want to get there on time.
2 There were so many customers in the shop that
the sales assistants were ......................................
3 When Jane lost her job, it really .........................
4 Every Sunday we go to the beach . ....................... .
5 Your mum makes the best desserts. l tart
is-.-.----.-..--. ...................... .
6 1 had a ll ................................ the way over
here; a neariy over as 1 was Qossing the
road.
8 Complete the sentences with two to five words,
including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
meaning of the original sentence.
1 1 find that 1 get more tired looking after the
children than 1 do working in an office.
exhausting 1 find looking after the children a 1ot
..........................................................
in an office.
2 You mustn't give up, things wi11 get better soon.
towelDon't ................................................
things wi11 get better soon.
3 Linda didn't take long to get used to her new job.
ropes 1t didn't take Linda long ....................
at her new job.
4 Visiting the Eiffel Tower was the most exciting part
of my trip to Paris.
highlight The ...................................................
to Paris was visiting the Eiffel Tower.
5 Most of my relatives were in the entertainment
business, so acting came naturally to me.
blood Acting was ............................................
because most of my relatives were in the
entertainment business.
6 1 always cheers me up whenever 1 get depressed
as he's got such a positive attitude.
optimistic Joe is so ...............................................
manages to cheer me up
whenever 1 get depressed.
53
 9 Read the following review and fi11 in the missing Speaking
words.
~ 3 a. Look at the picture and complete the dialogue.
soundtrack classic stars performances
novel screen office character

Next weekend, the Rex is giving you another

opportunity to catch High Fideliry. This witty fi1m is
based on the best-selling 1) ............................... by
Nick Hornby and 2) ............................... lohn Cusack.
Cusack's 3) ................................ Rob, is a record shop
owner who spends most of his time discussing lists of
his favourite records. 1t is impossi e not to enjoy this
touching fi1m. Excellent 4) ............................... from : 1) .......................................................................?
the whole cast and, as would be expected, a fantastic B: 's doing a bungee jump.
5) ...... ................. make High Fideliry a modern : 2) .......................................................................?
6) ................................ B: 1f 1 were him, 1' feel 3) ........................................
1f you missed it first time around, or you just want to : Have 4) ........................................................?
enjoy it on the big 7) ............................... again, then B: No, never.
you can book tickets in advance by calling our box B: What sports do you like?
8) .... .................. 0168 350 467. There wi11 be : 5) ....................................................................... .
showings at 8:30 and 1 1 . on both Saturday
and Sunday.
b. Look at the pictures and in pairs act out similar
dialogues.

~ o Fi11 in the missing verbs to complete the sentences.

~
1 We 11 went to the airport so that we l
Joe off.
2 The police caught the bank robbers ....................
away from the scene of the crime.
3 John ........... his own business when he was 30.
4 Many birds f1y south before winter ................... in.
5 They've decided to .................... aside some
so that they can buy a new car.
6 We .................. into Gordon at the shopping 11.

1 1 Fi11 in the correct word, then make sentences using

the phrases.

sporting smash-hit national phone

present magic
1 .............. message
2 to .....................
prize
3 ............... anthem
Reading
4 .................. tunes
~ 4 a. Look at the title of the article and the picture.
5.................... trick
What does Tony do? What kind of treasure do
6 .................. event
you think he seeks? Read the article and check
your guesses.

b. Read the article again. Six sentences have

12 Fi11 in: win, gain or earn.
1 .............. prize; 2.............. experience; 3..............
an election; 4 .............. weight; 5...............a war;
been removed from the article. Choose from
the sentences A-G the one which best fits each
gap 1 -6. There is one sentence which you do

6 ............. control; 7............ praise; 8............a living not need to use.

{,~11
~ t~ .` ~ ~~ ( ~ r, - r-, ~ ~ ? ''
~ ,.,
, ~~~ t l -, ~ t ~ rI, ~ ) ~J ~

Tony McKenzie has a rather unusual hobby. Every Saturday and

Sunday, he gets up at six 'clock in the morning, packs some
sandwiches and a flask of tea into a backpack and heads out to the ~

fields behind his house with his favourite toy a metal detector.

We bought him the metal detector for his fortieth
birthday," says his wife Caro1. He had always wanted one,
but we never realised he would use it as much as he does!"
1 Many of us find it difficult to understand how
wandering around in a muddy field for hours on end can
possiy be enjoyae, but Tony says that there is nothing he
would rather do. He doesn't like football fishing, but
when he is out and about with his metal detector, he feels as
though nothing else matters.
2 He usually finds si11y 1ittle things,like tin cans and
pieces of machinery," laughs Caro1. "Whatever he finds, he
brings home, cleans, and keeps in a special box which he has
the garage. The children think he is crazy."
However, Tony's family now have to admit that his
pastime is not quite so si11y after all. After years of
uncovering worthless items, Tony has finally achieved every
treasure seeker's dream and found something rather special
buried in the ground. His great discovery was a 1ittle figure
of a horse which may be worth thousands of pounds.
I' never forget the day I found my first piece of real
treasure," smiles Tony. "I was in a field I' never been to
before. Then, just as I was about to give up and go
home, I picked up a signal."
Tony immediately felt very excited and began digging in the
damp earth. Suddenly, he saw a tiny metal shape, covered in
mud. "When I scraped off the dirt, I could see that it was a
tiny horse," says Tony. "It was beautifully made and looked
very old. I didn't want to get my hopes up, but I felt sure it
must be valuable.
Even 's wildest dreams could not have prepared him for
the truth, though. "When I took it to the museum to have it
~
valued, I got a huge surprise," he laughs. "I would have been
overjoyed if the figure had been worth a hundred pounds or
so. I never imagined for a minute that it would be valued at
over 60,000. That's like a lottery win! It's unbelieva e!"
Nothing as old or as we11-preserved has been found
in Britain before, because most statues from around that
time were destroyed back in the 16th century.
Historians at the British Museum in London, were amazed
to see such a rare arte# h good mndition. The
British Museum decided to urs the s[ fivm
and displav it to the public
What does plan to do ath his fonad wza.lth'
"Well, actually, not as rich as mi~ht thk.- he
chuckles. "When a piece of treasure is dug up on
else's 1and, half of the value goes to the persan who foimd ',
and the other half goes to the landowner.
planning to buy Carol a new car and take the family
wonderful holiday."
Wi11 Tony be taking the metal detector away with him? "No
way!" says Caro1. "We won't be teasing him as much about
his hobby anymore, but I wi11 insist that we have a holiday
from it for a while and spend some time together as a famIly.
Mind you, I think the children will be more keen to keep
Tony company on his weekend treasure hunts now that
they've seen that they can be fruitful!"
Tony doesn't think that he wi11 ever find anything as amazing
as the 1ittle horse again, but this hasn't stopped him from
enjoying Saturdays and Sundays with his metal detector.
"It's not about money for me, he says. " I'11 never
give up my hobby because it gives me hours of pleasure. You
cant put a price on that!"

A 1 ended up with about 30,000, which is sti11 a big windfall for me. c. Answer the questions.
B So, what kind of'treasure does Tony find on his expeditions to the
1 1 countryside? 1 How does Tony feel about his
spends every weekend searching for buried treasure, whatever hobby? Why?
the weather. 2 What do you think about his
D Tony's children used to wish that their dad would give up his hobby? How much does it match
strange hobby. your personality?
E 1' been searching 11 day, but the only things 1' managed to dig 3 Name some other unusual
up were a few bits of rubbish. hobbies.
F 1 just love finding things, no matter what their value might be.
G The experts who valued Tony's find, told him that it was a very
precious 12th century statue which had great historical importance.
55
 Listening
~5 wi11 hear five l talking about extreme
sports. For speakers 1-5, choose from the list A-H
which statement applies to which speaker. There
are three extra letters which you do not need to
use.
Which speaker: Speaker
A likes working on their own? Speaker
B has been injured? Speaker 3
C no longer participates? Speaker
D cant stand extreme sports? Speaker ~
5
E likes to enter competitions?
F only asks close friends to be on their team?
G prefers not to be part of a team?
H has been filmed doing an extreme sport? Man: 11 . We're interested in joining the golf c1ub.
Can you te11 us what we have to do, please?
Receptionist: We11, you pay a joining fee and then
there is an additional annual charge.
Communication: At the doctor's :1) ...................................................................
Receptionist: Dai1y access to the c1ub, your own locker,
~6 a. Match column A to column B, then in pairs act
plus the use of the other facilities such as spa, sauna
out the dialogue.
and caf.
: 2) ...................................................................
Receptionist: 1t's 11 in this brochure. Why don't you
1~ Now, then. what a 1s it a bad break?
have a look and think about it?
seems to be the b OK.Thankyou,
Man: Thank you, that's a good idea. 3) ....................
? doctor.
2
... Iet's have arm hurts terri y.
Neither of us have ever played golf before.
look at you. Yes, 1 think 1've broken it.
Receptionist: We do have tutors, but there is an extra
1 think youre right. d Oh, alright. And what
charge for lessons. You can read about that in the
3
We can't be sure wi11 happen after
brochure, too.
until we get it X- that?
Man: Great. Thank you for your he1p.
rayed. 111 ask the
nurse to take you
down to the X-ray
room now. b. Use the prompts to act out a similar dialogue.
we11, then 'I1
join gym / pay joining fee / additional monthly fee / access
back here
to 11 the equipment, including pooi and jacuzzi / trainers? /
and 111 put your
extra charge for training sessions
in plaster for
you.
Writing a news report
1
b. Now use the prompts to act out similar
dialogues.

ankle / sprained it When we write a news report, we always give it a

wrist / fractured it short, eye-catching headline. 1n the introduction,
which summarises the event, we give information
Joining a C1ub about the time, piace and people involved. 1n the
main body, consisting of two or more paragraphs,
~ % a. Fi11 in the missing sentences, then in pairs, read we describe the event in more detail, including
the dialogue l . information about the incidents and peopie involved.
1n the conclusion, we write l 's comments on
By the way, do you have a professional availa e
the event and/or action(s) to be taken. The language
forlessons?
we use in news reports is descriptive with frequent
And how much does membership cost?
use of the passive voice.
And what does that include?
56
 Analysing a Modei Text
1 8 Read the news report below and put the
paragraphs in the correct order.
A Tony Morris, 34, was driving a blue Ford Escort
when he turned the corner and crashed into a minibus
travelling in the opposite direction. A passer-by who
witnessed the accident said that the minibus had been
moving at almost twice the 1ega1 speed limit.
A policeman at the scene commented that the
treet lighting in the area was not up to standard and that
the council should expect accidents in future if they
did not make improvements.
man was seriously injured in a collision at the
corner of Main Street and Green Road in Riverton late
yesterday evening.
D Mr Morris was on his way to meet friends in a
restaurant when the accident happened. He is said to be
making a quick recovery at Riverton County Hospital. The
dver of the minibus escaped unharmed, but has been
charged with dangerous driving.
~ 9 Now read the news report again and choose the
most suita e headline.
A Dangerous Driver lnjured
B Accident at Main and Green
Poor Street Lighting
Direct/Reported Speech
ZO a. Underline the reported speech in the news
report in Ex. 18, then rewrite the sentences as
direct speech.
b. Change the direct speech below into reported
speech.
1 "The boys are lucky to be alive. They behaved very
bravely," said the policeman.
2"The fire could have been prevented. People should
be much more careful," said the fire fighter.
3"1 very grateful to the police for 11 their he1p.
They have been wonderful," said Mrs Wi11is.
4"1 would like to give the children a reward. 1
thought 1 would never see my cat again," said Miss
Carter.
5"That necklace is worth a fortune. 1 am so glad it
was found in one piece," said Lady Hamilton.
"These men belong behind bars. They have caused
an unbelieva e amount of damage," said the
policeman.
Headlines
21 Read the extracts from the news reports and match
them to the headlines. There is one extra headline
which you do not need to use.
1 Factory Goes Up 1n Flames
2 Missing Jewels Found
3 Loca1 Shopkeeper Wins Lottery
4 Clever Burglars Arrested at Last
C1ive Warner, 57, was celebrating last night after
winning over 0,000 in the National Lottery draw.
Mr Warner, who runs Warner's Hardware in Fie1d
Road, Barton, was stunned when his numbers
up on the screen ...
A fire broke out last night at a factory in Drayford,
causing several thousand pounds worth of damage. The
fire was believed to have started when an overheated
piece of machinery set light to a pile of rubbish ...
A diamond necklace belonging to Lady Hamiiton of
Wrexham was recovered yesterday moming by
two young childre . lamie Harper, , and Lucy
Newion, 7, were piaying in a field near their home
when they uncovered the E5,000 piece of 1ewe11ery ...
Discuss & Write
22 a. Read the rubric and answer the questions in the
p1an.
~ You are a reporter at your local newspaper. You have
~ been asked to write a news report for the missing
' headline in Ex. 21.
Headline
lntroduction
( 1) What happened? When and where did it
happen?
Main Body
(Paras 2-3) What other information should you te11 the
reader about the incident/ l involved?
Conclusion
( 4) What comments were made about the
incident? What future action wi11 be tahen?
b. Write a news report for the missing headline in
140-190 words using the plan and the text in
Ex. 18 as a l.
57
 Spread the 3 a. The l below are reading the newspaper.
What section are they reading: entertainment?

News business? sports? 1 1 news? horoscopes?

international news?
......................

@ This is definitely
The Wor1d Health one of the best films to

Vocabulary Organisation wi11 hold a out of Hollywood

meeting to discuss the this year.
~ a. Complete the headlines with the correct word effects of tobacco
on i health. 4

i' A new sports
~ and entertainment
t l is to be built next
to Brentwood shopping
20 l feared missing The recent increase
centre.
or dead after massive in oi1 prices has had a ;
i n LA. negative effect on the ~ --

stock market.
IiU lC /12causes
severe
damage to coastal areas Gemini: Not a
in Hawaii. I good daytomakea
financial investment. You wi11
Manchester United hear from an 1 friend, but
won the FA Cup. do not mistake friendship
for romance.

. Name three more newspaper sections.
,, --

4 Replace the words in bold with the words below.

Roads turn into
rivers in Southern ending script plot j cast
US due to major
1 The written version of the film was excellent.
......................
2 The film had a poor finish . ......................
3 The l who acted in the film gave great
performances . ......................
4 The story was rather complicated and hard to follow.
b. 1n pairs, use the headlines to ask and answer, as ......................
in the l . 5 The film was certainly something we 11 liked.
A: Did hear about the hurricane in Hawaii?
8: No, what happened?
A: The paper says it caused severe domoge to coastal 5 Tick the correct preposition, then make sentences
areas. using the phrases, as in the l .

Cross out the odd word. about to of for

2 ;

3
vote . .. . ., _. _......k. ..~ .. ~ .
-~

1 flood: bank fire river rain

2 volcano: eruption evacuation water
worry

._ i
i ~
. L
mountain get usec
3 car accidnt: collide winds pile-up motorway valid ~

4 arson: flames fire waves smoke exchang

Wi11 vote for me in the meeting?

 Fi11 in the correct word. 4 A: Guess what! 1t's a holiday tomorrow, so we don't
6
have school.
vouch after download ears bring cut : a That's fine.
vote showed compromise valid b No, really?

1 1 don't know who to .................. for in the next 5 A: Don't te11 anyone 1 told you, but Jim is going to

election. ask Liz to marry him.

2 Her children ................... out the best in her. : a 1 won't te11 a sou1.

3 takes ................ his father. They are both talented b No r .

musicians. A: 1' sorry 1' so 1ate.

4 Management was forced to take a ............. in pay. : a 11 me.
5 We waited for over an hour but Janet never b No r .
................ .
7 A: We'11 meet outside the cinema.
This ticket is ................ for six matinee performances.
: Okay. See you there.
7 1 need to ................... these files onto my laptop.
b That's fine. Where?
8 The peace talks went on for three days before a
8 A: 1' calling about the on Saturday.
................ l be reached.
: a Great! Where sha11 we go?
9 1 have known Bi11 for many years, so 1 can ...................
b 1' sorry. 1 cant make it.
for his honesty.
10 When 1 told him about my idea to start a business, he
was 11 ....................
9 Match the words in column A to the words in
Underline the correct word. column B, then use the expreions to complete
7
the sentences.
1 was offered a job at the 1 1 fast food
restaurant, but he turned his nose up/down at it.
2 She had l been working at the hotel for two special used to
days, so she was sti11 wet behind the eyes/ears. latest than meets the eye
3 She insisted on buying a designer wedding dress, so get the market
her father had to pay through/in the nose for it. there's more to it news
4 She was walking past the jeweller's shop when a on effects
stunning diamond bracelet caught/glimpsed her
.
1 The new computer game wi11 be ...........................
5 passport is only valid/correct for ten years,
in June.
then 1 have to get it renewed.
2 The ........................... in StarWars were amazing.
1 would like a job which involves travel but, on the
3 1' afraid '11 just have to ........................... the
other hand/side, 1 wouldn't want to be away from
new layout.
children.
4 1 always read the morning paper to keep up with
7 That was especially/undoubtedly the best film
the ............................
we've ever seen.
5 The whole story is very strange. 1 think ..................
8 lust because he graduated from university, he
thinks he can look/see down his nose at the rest
of us.

~ o Complete the sentences with two to five words,

8 Circle the correct response. including the word in bo1d. Do not change the
meaning of the original sentence.
1 A: 1've got the most amazing news. 1've just been
accepted into medical school! 1 Many experts say that electronic books wi11 be
: Are you sure? used much more in the future.
b Rea11y? That's wonderful! predicting Experts ............................................
2 A: '11 never believe who came round yesterday! and more l
: a 11 me. wi11 use electronic books in the future.
b 1 won't te11 a sou1. 2 1n the future, the lnternet wi11 provide for the
needs of more users than ever before.
3 A: Did you hear that Frank is moving to Canada?
cater 1n the future, the lnternet wi11 .........
: a Are sure?
b That's fine.
than ever before.

59
 3 They wi11 have to think of a way to solve the b. Look at the photograph and in pairs act out a
r soon. similar dialogue.
come They wi11 have .................................
................................. .. ...., ~ ., .,.,,. ~

the soon.
4 The number of peopie working at the company
has been cut in half since February.
halved The number of l working at
the company ...................................
........................... since February.
5 many l , this means that a new type of
computer game is coming.
arrival To many people, this means ............
................................. new type
of computer game.
Electronic pu ishing is an industry that is growing
very fast at the moment.
booming Electronic pu ishing .......................
................... at the present time.
7 Wou1d you like to replace your newspaper with a
computer screen?
Reading
exchange Wou1d you like to ...........................
.................... computer screen? 1 2 a. 1n pairs, think of words related to the circus.
Compare your list to that of another pair.

Speaking b. Look at the subheadings and think of two

questions you would like to ask about each
a. Look at the photograph and complete the circus. Read the article and see if can
dialogue. answer them.

~ 3 a. Read the article again. For questions 1-10, choose

from the circuses A-D. Each circus may be chosen
more than once.

According to the article which circus(es):

includes cultural elements from its home

country in its shows? 1

has been run by the same family for many
years?
has performers which can be hired for
special occasions? 3I
organises many different circus shows
at once?
doesn't have professional performers? ~
5
has toured three different continents?
ncludes trained animals in its shows? 7
: Where 1) ............................................................? has encouraged other groups to copy its
: 1t might be in 2) .................................................. success?
: What 3) .............................................................? has music specially written for its shows? ~9
B: 1 can se trees. One tree 4) ..................................
doesn't charge for entrance to the circus? 0
A: How did it 5) ......................................................?
: ) ....................................................................... .
A: Have you ever experienced 7) .............................?
: 8) ....................................................................... .
1
 ~ -
t.
~
~
A Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey
The Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey circus is
everything you would expect a circus to be, with 11 the
clowns, acrobats, and performing animals that you l
imagine. This is hardly surprising since the circus is a family
business that dates back more than 130 years. The
computerised light and sound show might be right up to
date but other aspects of the show have hardly changed at
11 for more than a century. Audiences today are just as
impressed as ever by Sara and her trained tigers, the troop
of eight performing elephants, and the gravity defying
tricks of the high wire artists. And if 11 this isn't enough,
then there are the clowns who always have the audience
roaring with laughter at their comedy routines. A visit to
the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey circus certainly
makes for a night to remember. After 11, it is, as the
organisers describe it,'The Greatest 5how On Earth.`
Cirque du So1ei1
Cirque du 5o1ei1 was founded by a group of friends in
Canada in 1984, and since then it has gone from strength
to strength. This is not a traditional circus as there are no
animals involved in the show, just a unique mix of
breathtaking acrobatics, tum ing gymnastic displays,
masterful juggling and impressive contortionists. Cirque
du 5o1ei1 started as a sma11 show which toured Quebec in
Canada, but due to its huge popularity it has grown
tremendously. Today the company organises up to eight
shows at any one time 11 around the world, and employs
2,400 l. They have three permanent circuses in
specially designed buildings, two in Las Vegas and one in
Disney Wor1d in Florida, and their other shows tour the
US, Asia and Europe. The organisation employs the best
composers and costume designers, so that each of the
shows has its own dramatic musical score and fantastic
costumes which bring l back to see the shows
again and again. Since that h beginning in 1984,
almost 30 million l have enjoyed one of Cirque du
So1ei1's original and entertaining shows.
Th Big 1 Circus
The Big 1 Circus is a non-profit organisation based in
New York and dedicated to raising money and working
with sick children. The circus organises a traditional show
under a big top in New York. They have also put on shows
in US cities such as Boston and Washington. What's more,
you can even hire performers from the Big 1 Circus to
perform at your school, business or parry. The
. Are there any circuses in your country? Choose one and talk about it.
' ~
~ ~ _~
_ _~
organisation also puts on a special show each year for
deaf and ind children ll 'Circus of the en e.
However, the founders 1 Binder and Michael
Christensen are most proud of their 'Big 1 Circus
C1own Care Un t. 1n this programme, specially trained
clowns entertain critically i11 children in twenty-one
hospitals around the United States. As Christensen says,
A child's natural need to laugh can get lost in the tangle
of hospital procedures." With their shows, which include
red nose transplants and chocolate milk transfusions, the
Big 1 clowns try to bring laughter back to these
ch i l .
Circus Ethiopia
The first show that Circus Ethiopia put on in Addis Ababa
in 1991 was a very simple affair. A few ropes were tied
together to form the ring and a car stereo provided the
sound. However, the free show which was put on
group of school children, who performed some
acrobatics, juggling and tight rope walking, was a huge
success. Now, the free Sunday show has
become a tradition in Ethiopia's capital
and can attract up to 5,000 spectators.
Marc La Chance, a Canadian teaching in
Addis Ababa, wanted to give the
children that he worked with a .
brighter future. He came up with the
idea of Circus Ethiopia after
teaching some children in his
neighbourhood basic circus skills.
Since then, the idea has spread and
spread and now nine other cities in
Ethiopia have their own version of the ~
circus, which are supported by
international charities. Thousands of
school children are involved with the
circus, where they are provided with
food and tutors to make sure they j
dont miss out on their education. ~.
They are also encouraged to teach at a ~{
circus school, which allows them to }~
earn an income. The shows that they
put on have developed over the
years, and now many traditional
Ethiopian dances and songs are included
in their routine giving Circus Ethiopia its ~ 1`
own unique circus style.
61
 Listening At the library

14 Listen to a man making a statement about an ~ a. Fi11 in the gaps with: due, fine, owe, overdue,
accident he has just witnessed. For questions 1-10 then, in pairs, read the dialogue l .
complete the notes.

Name of Witness: 1
Address of Witness: 2 Vine Street.
Occupation of Witness:
At the time of the accident he was
4
5aw tour bus pulling out of 5
Saw red car speeding
A: 11 . lm returning these books.
Red car crashed into 7
B: Right. Oh dear. They're a bit 1) .........................
Driver of red car 8 at the : 1 know. 1 was on holiday and 1 forgot about them.
bus driver. B: We11, '11 have to pay a sma11 2) .........................
Witness is prepared to 9 A: Alright. How much do 1 3) ........................?
to make a statement. B: Let me see. Four books ... that'11 be 2.
: . Here you are. And 1' like to take this book
Police can 11 witness 10
out, please.
B: Right. This one is 4) ........................ back on the
27th of this month.
Communication: At the newsagent's A: Thank .

b. Now use the prompts below to act out a similar

dialogue.
1~ . Match the ~
exchanges, then, videos / was i11 forgot about them / two videos -
.f~`"`
in pairs, read the _.
' f6 / take this video out / due back in a week
~ ,
dialogue aloud. : ______
~ ~~~~~ ~k
~ ~
Writing a review

r.
1
Excuse me. Do you have any TV magazines?
~
2 Oh dear. 1 knew 1 should have bought one
yesterday.
Oh, really? 111 take a newspaper, then.
Oh, the Dai1y Mai1 wi11 be fine.
A Certainly, sir. Which one would you like?
B No, lm sorry. We've sold out.
Here you are, then. That's 50 pence, please.
D We11, there's a TV guide in most of the newspapers,
f that's any use.
b. Now use the prompts to act out a similar
dialogue.
Crossword puzzle books / Crosswords in some of
the magazines / Take Break l 0 pence
When we write a review of a book, film or ~
1 , we usually write four paragraphs. 1n the first
paragraph, we summarise background information such
as the title, name of the author/director, type, setting,
etc. 1n the second paragraph, we summarise the main
points of the plot in chronological order. 1n the third
paragraph, we usually include general comments on the
p1ot, main characters, the acting/directing/writing, etc.
Finally, in the last paragraph, we write our
recommendation, positive or negative, giving reasons to
support it.
We usually use present tenses. We also use a variety of
adjectives to make our review more inviting to the reader.
Analysing a 1 Text
~ 7 Read the book review and match the paragraphs to
the topics.
1~ Recommendation
~
2 Background information
Main points of plot
General comments
 ~ 9 a. Use the adjectives below to complete the t .
~ arry potter
and t . 1 t f Fire brilliant fantastic pleasant fine 11
nice wonderful superb marvellous
unexciting uninteresting

~ Harry Potter and the Goet of Fire, by JK Rowling, *** excellent brilliant, ~
is an excellent story which takes l in Britain. This
thrilling book is about Harry Poiter, the teenage ** good
wizard, and is the fourth book in the famous Harry
Potter series. * boring i

The magic begins as Harry is about to return to

Hogwarts school for his fourth year of education as a
wizard. This year, there is a new interest for the students.
Headmaster, A1bus Dum edore, announces that the
exciting but dangerous Triwizard Tournament a series
of tasks for three chosen wizards to complete wi11 take
place at Hogwarts. Harry has to take part, even though it
mean risking his 1ife.
The book is we11-written, with realistic and
entertaining dialogue. 1ts range of characters, from the
funny to the frightening, are so believa e that you wi11
feel as though you are at Harry's side as he experiences
greater adventures than ever before.
D Don't miss the chance to read this fascinating
and imaginative story. 1ts plot is guaranteed to keep you
turning the pages. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
has to be read to be believed!
b. Use the adjectives from Ex. 19 and phrases
from Ex. 1 8a to write a positive or negative
recommendation for the following films.
1 Dr poolittle (Comedy) ***
Dr poolittle is a fantastic . Don't miss it!
2 Ghost Train (Thriller) ***
3 Chain of Foo1s (Comedy) **
4 Star Wars (Science Fiction) ***
5 The Story of Us (Romance) **
6 Fear City (Horror) *
Discuss & Write
20 a. Read the rubric below and answer the questions
in the p1an.
You see this announcement in your school magazine.

1 8 a. Look at the list below. Which phrases refer to Reviews wanted:

books? films? both? ~ Love cinema? Send us a review of a film you have
seen recently. Give a brief summary of the plot and
Background te11 us why you think others might enjoy it.
The film/book is set in ...
The film/book te11s the story of ... Write your review.
The book/novel was written by ...
1t is a comedy/horror film/love story.
The film is directed by ...

Main Points of the P1ot

1 n trodu cti on
The story concerns/is about/begins... ( 1) Background information
What is the title of the film?
The plot is (rather) boring/thrilling.
Who plays the hero of the story?
The plot has an unexpected twist.
What type of film is it?
General Comments Where is it set?
1t is beautifully/poorly/ badly written. Main Body
The script is 11/exciting. (Para 2) Main points of the plot
The cast is excellent. How does the story begin?
The hero of the story is played by ... Who are the leading characters?
The film is fu11 of breathtaking scenes. What are the most important points of the
story?
Recommendation (Para 3) General Comments
Don't miss it. 1t is we11 worth seeing. What can you say about the cast/special
1 wouldn't recommend it because ... effects/scenes?

1 highly/thoroughly recommend it. Conclusion

1t's bound to be a box-office hit. (Para 4) Recommendation
1t is a highly entertaining read. Why did lihe the film?
1t's a bore to read. Wou1d you recommend it to other people?

b. Read the review in Ex. 17 again and replace the b. Write your review in 140-190 words. You can use
phrases in bold with appropriate phrases from the plan and the review in Ex. 17 as a l.
the 1ist.
~~
 ~ GC f
in use

Present Simple
We use the present simple:

for permanent states. works for construction company.

for daily routines, repeated and habitual actions. plays tennis twice week.
for general truths and laws of nature. Thesun sets in the west.
for timeta es and programmes. The firstflight to London leaves at9 .
for sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. Gerrard intercepts and passes it to Heskey.

Time expressions used with the present simple:

usually, often, always, every day/week/month/year etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend,
on Fridays etc.

Present Continuous
We use the present continuous:

for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking. Tinaisdoingherhomeworkatthemoment.

for fixed arrangements in the near future. 1' going to the dentist tomorrow. (1've already booked an appointment.)
for currently changing and developing situations. Thenumberofburglariesisincreasing.
with adverbs such as always to express anger or irritation at a repeated action. Youre always forgetting to close
the door.

' Time expressions used with the present continuous:

now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, sti11, today, tonight etc.

Note:
Always + present simple "every time"
1 always have breakfast before 1 go to work.

Always + present continuous a the time" "too/very often"

Youre always complaining!

We cannot use never ... again with the present simple.

Im never going camping with you again. (NOT nevergo g . t, ,.)

Present Perfect
We use the present perfect:

for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs such as be,
have,like, know, etc. 1 have known Dave for years.
for a recently completed action whose result is visi e in the present. new French restauranthas justopened in
Bridge Street. We're going there for dinner tomorrow.
for an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action. The time that it
occurred is unimportant or unknown. 1 haveonlyvisitedPortugal once. (When? Unstated time.)

Time expressions used with the present perfect:

for, since, already, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month etc, how 1ong, 1ately, recently,
sti11 (in negations), etc.

__
4
 . Gf mOf ~
r, u

Present Perfect Continuous

We use the present perfect continuous:

to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present,
especially with words and expressions such as for, since, 11 morning//year etc. The boys have been playing
football for hours.
for an action which started in the past and which lasted for some time. The action may sti11 be continuing or
have finished already with the result visi e in the present. Ken is really tired. He has been working hard 11 week.
to express anger, irritation, or annoyance. Theyhave been listening to thatloud musicall night.
for repeated actions in the past continuing to the present. 1 have been taking Spanish lessons atnightschool.

Note: with the verbs 1ive, work, teach and feel we can use the present perfect the present perfect
continuouswith no difference in meaning. HehastaughUhasbeenteachingattheschoolformorethan
twenty years.

Time expressions used with the present perfect continuous:

for, since, how 1ong, 1ately, recently

Note:
already is used in statements after the auxiliary verb and in questions after the main verb.
1 have already finished. Haveyou finished already?
yet is used in negative sentences after a negative contracted auxiliary verb or at the end of the sentence.
She hasn't yet finished the report. She hasn't finished the report yet.
sti11 is used in statements and questions after the auxiliary verb or before the main verb. 1 sti11 painting the
house. Hesti111ives in Hong Kong. However, sti11 comes before the auxiliary verb in negations. 5hestill hasn'tfinished
her homework.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so they do not have a continuous tense.
These verbs are:

verbs of the senses (see, hear, taste, fee1, 1ook, sound etc); 1 can hear the train approaching.
verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget etc); 1 understand whatyou are
saying.
verbs which express likes and dislikes (1ike, 1ove, hate, enjoy, prefer etc); The children enjoyreading.
and some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own, want, weigh, wish, have,
keep etc). That car belongs to Joe.

65
 Some of these verbs are used in continuous tenses when they describe actions rather than states.

Present 5imple Present Continuous

Sheis verypatient (= character permanent state) Heisbeingverygood. (= he is behaving)

1 thinkit's a wonderful fi1m. (= 1 believe)
They have (got) a swimming 1. (= they possess)
Yourmotherlooks verytired. (= she appears to be)
1 can see your house from here. (=1 use my eyes)
1 see whatyou mean. (= 1 understand)
This s feels like si11c (= it has the texture of)
This chicken tastes delicious. (= it has a delicious flavour)
These flowers sme11 nice. (= they have a nice sme11)
5he appears to be very angry. (= she seems to be)
Theseshoesfitmeperfectly. (= they are the right size)
lm thinking ofbuying newhouse. (= considering)
They're having a wonderful holiday. (= they are enjoying
themselves)
The architect is looking at the plans. (= he is checking/
examining)
Are you seeing the dentist tomorrow? (= are meeting?)
Youre seeing things. There is no one there. (= you are
imagining)
Mum is feeling 's forehead. (= she is touching)
The chef is tasting the soup to see if it is alright. (= he is
testing the flavour)
5he's smelling the roses. (= she is sniffing)
We are appearing at Central Park next weekend. (= we are
performing)
Peterisfittingnewlocksonall thedoors. (= he is attaching)

Note:

The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express a specific preference.
1' enjoying this film a 1ot. (specific preference) BUT 1 enjoygoing sailing. (general preference)

The verbs look (when we refer to sb's appearance), feel (= experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can
be used in the continuous or the simple tenses with no difference in meaning.
You look wonderful today. or You are looking wonden`1 today.
5he feels sick. or 5he is feeling sick.

Prepositions of Piace
Prepositions of Place are prepositions which describe where something or someone is. These prepositions are:

I
. ! ~
i
in/inside outside below above next to/by/beside opposite

. ~1 - , I
under over through among near

_ 9'

~~

in front of behind along across against between

 Crammar 1
Underline the correct tense. 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present
tense.
1 Vicky looks/is looking for a new flat at the moment.
A: Phi1 1) .............................................................
2 She wants/is wanting to decorate the kitchen this
(think) about moving house.
week.
: 1 2) ................................................ (know) he
3 How long have you been waiting/ waited for
3) .................................... (not like) the l
him?
he's living in at the moment, does he?
4 1 going/go to the gym this afternoon.
5 He has been living/is living in London 11 his 1ife. : So, how 4) .......................................................
5teve thinks/is thinking about buying a new car. (the story/end)?
7 Sarah has worked/is working there for a couple B: 1n the end, Roger 5) .............................. ( oin)
of years now. his family and they ) .....................................
8 11 goes/is going to Rome every year. (move) to Africa.
9 The l starts/has started at nine 'clock. A: We 7) ....................................... (have) dinner
10 The Webbers have bought/have been buying a at Gianni's tonight would you like to come?
new house in the country. : Sorry, but 1 8) ............................... (visit) Sa11y.
A: 1 9) ..................................... (not/understand)
Z Complete the dialogues using the verbs below in this course at 11. 1t 10) ............................ (be)
either the presentsimple or the presentcontinuous ll difficult.
tense. B: Why 11) .........................................................
(/notlask) for help?
decorate like work do study
l read wait think
5 Look at the picture
A: We 1) .............................................................
then ask and answer
football later, would you like to come?
using the prompts, as
: Sorry 1 can't. 1 2) ............................................
in the l .
at the petrol station on Saturday afternoons.
buy/new home
A: What 3) ....................................... tomorrow?
put down/carpets
B: 1 4) ........................................ the living room,
move/furniture
1 5) ..................................... it wi11 take 11 day.
unpack/crockery
A: Hurry ! We ) ................................ for you.
A: Have they bought a new home?
: , i 7) ...................................................
8: Yes, they have. Have they... etc
: What 8) ........................................................?
B: Macbeth. 1 9) ................................... Macbeth
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
and we 10) ....................................................
it in my English class.
1 A: Where have you been? 1 .................................
(stand) here for an hour.
3 Match the columns and then use for/sinceto write B: 1' sorry. 1' not usually this 1ate.
complete sentences by putting the verb in brackets 2 A: Why are you in such a hurry?
into the correct tense. B: Because my train ............................................
(leave) in ten minutes.
3 A: You ................................................................
1 lames (work) here a 1's party last
(always/borrow) my clothes!
2 He (go) Cornwall month.
B: Yes, but 1 ........................................................
every summer b she got her new job.
(always/give) them back!
~
3 1 (not/see) you a few minutes.
4 A: 1s Jane ............................................................
t (rain) d the last three months.
(sti11/look) for a job?
5 we (only/wait) he was young boy.
B: Yes, unfortunately, she ...................................
Diane (not/visit) us f hours.
(not/find) one yet.
5 A: What's the matter?
1- d James has been working here for the last three
B: 1 ............................................. (lose) my keys.
months.
A: Why's Tim wet?
:~1
 B: He has been washing (wash) the car. 8 Look at the weekend activities and make true
7 A: What's that terri e noise? sentences about yourself, as in the example.
B: 1t's Jane, she has been rehearsing (rehearse)
her song for the school piay all afternoon!
8 A: Did you see how much Jim ate at lunch?
: 1 know, 1 have never seen (never/see) anyone * never
eat a whole chicken before! ** rarely
9 A: What time sha11 1 pick you up? *** sometimes
B: Around 7, because the l starts (start) at **** often
7:30. ***** usually
go to beach
10 A: 1s Mr Saunders sti11 here? ****** always
B: Yes. He has been waiting (wait) to see you .
for over an hour!
------ ~'

. -..
.
7 Look at the pictures. 1n pairs, use the adjectives to l baseball
ask and answer questions, as in the l . with friends

happy bored stressed tired relaxed

~-- -~~~
~
.. :
Simone -.

.. ... .
.. -
~ listen to music

1 sometimes go to the beach at the weekend.

9 Look at the changes in 1's diary for Monday. 1n

pairs ask and answer, as in the l .

Monday November 4

11
1 09:00 breakfast meeting with s
(personnel manager)
2 10:00 ncw wntcr h d (Tuesday
afternoon)
3 11:00 interview applicants for sales position
4 12:00 lunch with wife n mother-in-law
5 13:00 pck up car f garage (Wednesday morning)
6 14:00 see dp,rail~t (GP)
7 `ffAQ. read e-mail(10:00)
8 16:00 meeting with design department
9 17:00 playsquashwith (Ra1ph)

1 A: 1s 1 having a breakfast meeting with the

department managers at 9:00?
A: How does Simone feel? 8: No, he isn't. He is having a meeting with the
8: 5he feels stressed.l think she is having proems at work. personnel manager.

~~7
 G[ul1[
i USP
~

~ O Read the post. , .~' 1 2 Look at the pictures, then in pair make up as
and put the v many sentences as possi e for each one using
in bracketsim prepositions of l, as in the l .
the correct
tense. , ___..

Dear Ann,
How are you? 1 1) ................................................
A The table is in front of the sofa.
(write) to you from Jomaica. The hotel 2) .....................
() magnificent. The l is on the wa11, next to the flowers. etc
1 t's very hot here. We 3) ........................................
(8et) a great tan! The kids 4) .....................................
(have) a great time. They 5) ..................................... ~
(spend) most of the day by the sea. Right now they
6) ............................................ (buil ) a sandcastle.
John 7) ............................................. (8) fishing
with Tim. They 8) ..................................... (8 )
fishing almost every . We 9) ...................................
(notido) much sightseeing yet, but tomorrow we
10) .............................. (go) on a trip round the island.
We 11) ................................ (look forward to) it. We
12) ................................................. () back on
15th August.
Hope you are .
See you soon.
Love,
5usan

1 1 Fi11 in gone to, been to or been in.

1 Tony has ........................ the post office to buy

some stamps. '11 be back soon.
2 Louise has never ........................ Spain before.
3 1 haven't seen Mike 11 week. 's ........................
New York on business.
4 1t's the first time that 1've ........................ this
restaurant but 111 definitely be coming back again.
5 1 thought Miss Stephens was in her office. Do you
know where she's ........................?
6 Have you ........................ the new cinema yet?
7 Sorry 1 couldn't 11 you back earlier. 1've
..... meeting 11 afternoon.
8 We've ........................ Jim's flat twice since he
moved in.

~
 ~ Gr snnl(H
use
Word formation word transformations

.~
Study the examples.ln each case the second sentence has
a similar meaning to the first sentence.
n~ - 1: (nation nationap -1: (day daily)
-ic: (artist- artistic) -fu1: (peace peaceful)
-ous: (fame famous) -1ess: (hope hopeless) 1 Eve hasn't found a new flat yet.

-y: (thirst thirsry) -ive: (effect+ effective) looking Eve is sti11 looking for a new f1at.

2 1 started working here two years ago.

The suffixes -fu1, -less and -ive can be added to both
been 1 has been working here for two years.
nouns and verbs to form adjectives.
3 1 have never visited Germany before.
first This is the first time 1 have ever visited
Germany.
~ 3 Form the correct adjective from the word in bo1d.
4 1t's more than a month since 1 saw her.
seen 1 haven't seen her for more than a month.

1 1t's a large ........................... city in 1NDU5TRY 5 When did you redecorate your living room?
the north of the country. ago How long ago did you redecorate your living
2 1 didn't like the food, 1 thought it was room?
a bit too ........................... . SALT 1 haven't been shopping for three weeks.
3 Sam always buys the 1 1 .................. WEEK ~ last 1 last went shopping three weeks ago. )
newspaper.

4 Jane is such an ....................... ENERGY

person, she's always running around ~ 4 Complete the sentences with two to five words,
doing something. including the word in bo1d. Do not change the
Following a .......................... diet and HEALTH meaning of the original sentence.
5
getting plenty of exercise is the best
1 Jason is sti11 writing that report.
way to lose weight.
finished Jason ..............................................
really wanted to buy the car but it writing that report yet.
was too ........................... . EXPENSE
2 She moved to New York four years ago.
7 lumping into the river to save the
living 5he .................................................
young girl was such a ........................ HERO in New York for four years.
thing to do.
3 1 last phoned 1 a couple of weeks ago.
8 White-water rafting be
for 1 ......................................................
....., but it is also very DANGER
a l of weeks.
exciting.
4 When did you move house?
9 She was a ........................... young BEAUTY
ago How ...............................................
woman.
you move house?
10 The dentist promised that the whole
5 Cathy started learning 1talian five years ago.
procedure would be completely
been Cathy ..............................................
PA1N
five years.
11 's a ...................... lawyer. Everyone SUCCE55
always gets to work on time.
in town knows him.
late Tom ................................................
12 1t's ........................ to argue with PO1NT for work.
him. He always does what he wants
7 1 haven't talked to him for a week.
anyway.
since 1t's a week ......................................
him.

8 5he hasn't tidied her room since Monday.

last She .................................................
Monday.

70
 ( fO OI ~

Open cloze Multiple-choice cloze

~ Read the text below, then circle the answer A,B,C or D which
~ 5 Read the text below and think of the best fits each space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an
l (0) at the beginning.
; f 2

~~~8~ff~ House prices, 0) B taxes, very rarely go down, so if you find 1) ........... in a
position where you need more living space, 2) ........... renovating. Many
families nowadays are finding that their homes are too cramped. Whether
Architect Frank L1oyd Wright 0) has designed
they 3) ........... second bathroom, more storage space or an extra bedroom,
several unusual and eye-catching buildings, but
a 1ot of l are choosing to renovate their homes instead of buying
Fallingwater, in Pennsylvania, USA, is
something bigger.
one of 1) ........... most amazing designs. When
The 4) ........... for this trend are, for the most part, finan al. The cost of
you take into consideration that this building
buying a new home and the proems of moving house are enough to make
was built in 1936 when the architect was nearty
anybody think twice before de ding to rekxate. _- :. - -_ _:vs to
seventy years old, it is even more amazing. At
s`= in own neighbourtmo and 5) ........... ma1 g it
2) ................ glance, the structure may look a
practita9 :: =:_ L
1ittle bit like a pile of concrete ocks, which is
Although s: :___ _d do the re t n ~ it 6 li~
about 3) ................ fa11 into the stream below.
good idea to ) ........... =_ _-~ Ti~re 1 i tgs haren`t
However, the house is a 1ot safer 4) ................
thought about just might :- =. of, :_- as supoo g sucmaes,
it looks. The large stone slabs are securely
government zoning regulations, naw th _ _- .s i
anchored to the hillside, and the heaviest
future changes you might want to make_ A ==_ _- w ___ __ _= e to
section is actually built on solid ground.
help you work within your budget and advise yc-. :- -s _ _ _. - ~s.
5) ................ though the front section of the
Another advantage of renovating is that while the wvr : going
house hangs over the water, it is in no danger
can upgrade your plumbing and electrical connection as wei as adding
of collapsing, as each floor of the building has
insulation. it's also a good time to 7) ........... air conditioning, cef rai heam~ g
) ........... own support system.The front door
or a home security system.
of the house is set back from the outer wa11. As
So, whether you want a home office', a granny flat or just stoage
7) ................ as visitors walk through this door,
space, 8) ........... good look around your house, the solution might be
they notice a balcony in the far corner
staring you in the face.
8) .................... offers a magnificent view of
the waterfall. The ground floor also contains a
dining area and fireplace, as we11 as
comforta e places to sit and admire the
0 A such like C as D so
spectacular scenery surrounding the house.
1 A oneself B themselves C yourself D your
Fallingwater is the envy of everyone who visits.
2 A consider B think C remember D do
3 A have B buy C use D need
4 A reasons B meanings C purposes D findings
5 A real B new C own D l
A hire B rent C buy D borrow
7 A input B install C build D fix
8 A make B try C do D take

71
 2 Gr
in use

Past Simple
We use the past simple:

for an action that occurred at a definite time (stated or implied) in the past. n arrived in Vienna last week.
for actions that happened immediately after one another in the past. Heleftthehouse, walked to thestation and
caught the 5:05 train to Wrexham.
for habits or states which are now finished. 1 worked forMorton's when 1 was younger.
Note: 1n this last case we can also use the expression usedto. Shelived/used toliveinJohannesburg.

The time expressions used with the past simple:

yesterday, then, when, How long ago ...?, last night/week/month/year/Friday/october etc, three days/weeks etc
ago, in 1999 etc.

Past Continuous
We use the past continuous:

for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We dont mention when the action started or
fi n ished. At 8 ociock this morning 1 was getting ready for work.
for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the
action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action). They
were walking to the station when they saw the accident.
for two or simuftaneous actions in the past. Thechildren were playing in the garden while theirmother was
trimming the hedges.
to describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give badcground information to a story. When 1 woke up l found
the sun was shining and the temperature was rising fast 1. was making breakfast in the kitchen while John and Sarah
were drinking coffee the balcony.

The time expressions used with the past continuous:

while, when, as, 11 morning/evening//week etc.

Past Perfect
We use the past perfect:

for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. Wehad finished
dinner by the time they arrived.
for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visi e at a later point in the past. had just
arrived home from work so he was sti11 wearing a shirt and tie.
for a general situation in the past. Everything had seemed normal at first.

The time expressions used with the past perfect:

before, after, already, just, for, since, ti11/until, when, by the time, never etc.

72 _
 G (1111( 2
in use

Past Perfect Continuous

We use the past perfect continuous:

to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action or
stated time in the past, usually with for or since. 1 had been waiting forhalfan hourbefore the bus come.
for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visi e in the past. 5hehad been
swimming and her hair was sti11 wet.

Note: with the verbs 1ive, work, teach and feel we can use the past perfect or the past perfect continuous with no
difference in meaning. Hehadtaught/hadbeenteachingattheschoolformorethantwentyyears.

The time expressions used with the past perfect continuous:

for, since, how 1ong, before, until etc.

Used to
We use used to+infinitiveto refer to past habits states.

1n such cases used to can be l by the past simple with no dange ng.
When 1 was younger,l used to go to Wa1es on holiday every year.
When 1 was younger,l went to Wa1es on holiday every .

Note:

For an action that happened at a definite time in the past, we use the past simple, not used to.
1 went to Wa1es last month. (NOT ' -- to go to ' - . .)

~ For each person, Tony, Lyn, Steve and 5 11, complete each of the sentences using the time expressions given. Use
each expression only once.

~ 1 at the time since he was a young boy 3 until it was too late yesterday
~ by the time he was 30 about six months ago at about 8 'clock 11 day

a 1 first met Tony ... a Steve crashed his car into a wa11 ...
b was working in an 1talian restaurant ... b was driving home ...
had dreamed of being a chef ... c The roads were very dangerous because it had
d He planned to open his own restaurant ... been snowing ...
d He said he didn't realise how slippery it was ...
by the time she arrived for ages
~ a l of days ago until 9 o c ock when she was younger for hours
I a l of times a week last week
a Lyn and 1 arranged to go to the cinema ...
b We had been talking about seeing the latest a 1 saw Sa11y at the gym ...
Ethan Hawke film ... b She said she had been going ...
c Unfortunately, her bus didn't arrive ... c She used to be very active ...
d The film had already started ... d 1t was good to see her and we talked

73
 2 Gr nuit
2 Fi11 in the correct past tense of the verbs in brackets. 5 Underline the correct word.

1 A: What ............................. ( /) yesterday? 1 We had just/1ately finished eating when they

: 1 ............................... ( l ) squash with Pete.
2 : ..................................... ( /speak) to Kate?
B: No, she ......................... (sleep) when 1 calied.
3 A: Sue looked really tired yesterday, didn't she?
B: Yes, she ............................................. (study)
11 night for the exam.
4 A: When .................................. ( /meet) Phi1?
: A l of years ago, we ..............................
(not/ live) here very long at the time.
5 A . ....................................(you/be) i11 last week?
B: Yes, 1........... (have) a really bad l 11 week.
A: 1' really happy Tom got that job.
B: 1 know, he ............................. (look) for ages.
7 A: Why were you late?
B: Oh, Jenny ....................................... (sti11/get)
ready at 9 'clock.
8 : ............................................ ( /sti11/watch)
the film at 11 'clock?
B: No, it .................................... (finish) by then.
arrived.
2 Were you watching the French film on TV
earlier/before?
3 had been working there since/for two and a
half years.
4 She had already/yet written the letter when he
ll her.
5 The company was previously/beforehand run by
the government.
The team hadn't lost a game until/yet last week.
7 She 1ately/recently moved to London.
8 We had never/ever been there before.
9 was always/sti11 living at home with his parents
this time last year.
10 made dinner after/following he got home
from work.
Use the prompts below to ask and answer
questions, as in the exampie. You may use your
own ideas as we11.

3 Complete the sentences about yourself.

1 Two months ago, while 1...

2 When 1 was a young child, 1
3 During my last holiday, 1...
4 On my first day at school, 1
5 Last 5aturday, after 1...

4 The lntercity Ferry crashed into the pier last night.

Look at the picture and put the verbs in the list
into the past continuous to describe what each
person was doing at the time, as in the l .

look go talk hold work search

1 the rain start drive to Munich 11 over wait
to stop
_-- -
A: What were you doing when the rain started?
r lohnson / at the water
8: 1 was driving to Munich.
A: What did ?
~ Smith / the stairs

i1a / to man
nan / on his laptop
Smith / in his briefcase
ice / a newspaper
When the lntercity Ferry
crashed into the pier, Mr
Johnson was looking at
the water.
8: 1 ll over and waited for it to stop.
2 the storm hit watch TV/living room close/
sh utters
3 the accident happened drink a cup of coffee/in a
caf run outside to help
4 the President arrived wait outside the
Presidential l wave/my flag
5 the fire broke out work/in my office run to/
emergency exit
the earthquake happened read a book hide
under the t
 t i
7 Look at the pictures and the prompts, then make 8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past
up sentences using past tenses, as in the exampie. tense.

1 Whi1e 1 ............................ (put) the children to

~ b ed, the phone ............................ (ring).
Eve/deliver newspapers/her dad/Ieave/for work
Eve was delivering newspapers when her dad left for work.
While Eve was delivering newspapers, her dad left for work.
As Eve was delivering newspapers, her dad left for work
2
~ and ............................ () a coffee shop.
:
2 She was nervous because she ............................
(wait) a week to hear if she ............................
(get) the job.
3 Yesterday, 1 ............................ (be) at the bus stop
when a friend ............................ (drive) by and
(offer) me a 1ift.
4 We ............................ (see) the film last weekend,
but 1 ............................ (not/enjoy) it at 11!
5 1 ............................ (not/see) her since she
(move) to her new f1at.
6 Where ................. ( /be) last night? 1................
(stand) outside the theatre for two hours!
7 1 ............................ (know) she ............................
(cry) because her eyes were red.
8 After he ............................ (work) as a waiter in
an ftalian restaurant for ten years, he quit his job

9 Compare the pictures. What ' people use to have

in the past? What do we have nowadays? llse the
Tony/work/his sister/ 11 him prompts and the pictures to make sentences, as in
the l .
3 ~ ;~~~;, '+ ~
..
electricity clothes furniture ~ ~
decorations telephones

The girls/row/the boys/ l rugby

~1

i
.
N
4
(i 11 (

~ ...___...
l didn't use to have electriciry
in the past. They used to have oi1
Steve/shop/Sa nd ra/prepa re/ i n n er lamps. Nowadays, we have
electricity.
~

p,1iG, ~ o What did you use to /didn't use to do during

your summer holidays when you were young?
Choose from the list and make up sentences. You
can use your own ideas.
get up late spend time with your friends
1
1
go swimming sunbathe read books
eat out at restaurants
/plant/ tree/her /build/the fence 1 used to get up 1ate.
75
 2 (
in use
1 1 Circle the correct tense, as in the example (0). 1 2 Match the two halves of the sentences in columns
A and . Then, make sentences by joining them
using the words when/while/so/as or because/
since/for.

1 Jane was working on the computer

2 1 1 haven't been skiing

has been living in Cuba

5he was trying to bake a cake

5 I took my umbrella

We were too tired to go out

a the oven caught fire.

b we stayed in and ordered pizza.
c Tim was making dinner.
d it looked like it was going to rain.
months.
f 1 was 18 years 1 .
1t 0) B a beautiful sunny day. The sun
1) ................. there wasn't a l in the
sky. Even better, it was the first day of the
summer holidays and 1 2) ............... f to Use of English
for weeks. For many years, the first day of the
holidays 1 3) .................... to the beach vvth my word transformations
friends, but that was the plan for later and there
was no rush. For the time being 1 just Study the examples. 1 each case the second sentence
4) .................. the chance to have a 1ie in. After 1 has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
got up and as 1 5) .................. coffee, the
telephone rang. 1t was my friend Amy, she
1 John joined the company six months ago.
6) ............... that the weather was going to be
has lohn has been working for the company
bad that afternoon. We 7) ..................... it
for six months.
though because it was such a perfect day, so we
arranged to meet an hour later. However, just as 1 2 When we were children, Dad would take us to the
left the house a huge k cloud 8) ................. park on Sunday afternoons.
on the horizon and five minutes later it used Dad used to take us to the park on
9) .................. with rain. 1 couldn't believe my Sunday afternoons, when we were
1uck, the weather 10) ................... fantastic 11 children.
month and then on that day of 11 days, it rained. 3 When 1 went to France last summer, it was the first
time 1 had ever been abroad.
never 1 had never been abroad until 1 went to
France last summer.
0 A was being was C used to be
4 How long is it since we went to the cinema?
1 A was shining B shone C had shone
last When did we last go to the cinema?
2 A looked B had been looking C was looking
3 A had gone B was going C went 5 1 didn't 11 her until 1 had spoken to Steve.

4 A had enjoyed B enjoyed C had been enjoying before 1 spoke to 5teve before 1 ll her.
5 was making B had been making C had made 6 1 had never been to that restaurant before.
6 A was hearing B heard C had heard first 1t was the first time 1 had been to that
7 A didn't believe B weren't believing C hadn't believed ~ restaurant. ~
8 A was appearing B had appeared C appeared
9 A had poured B was pouring C used to pour
10 A had been B was C was being

76
 , n
11
2 ~

~ 3 Complete the sentences with two to five words, ~ 4 Form the correct adjective from the word in bo1d.
including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
meaning of the original sentence.

1 David started studying here two years ago.

beenDavid ............................-.----------- - --- . ~ ,

.......................................---- tW0 .

2 We didn't leave the house until everybody vras

ready.
before We waited until everyone was ready
.......................................... the house_

3 When Jason was younger he worked in New York

. _ ~ "- t ~~ ~~ j~ ~
used Jason ................................................
in New York when he was younqer Z =_
~ '

4 We had never been to that cinema before.

time1t ........................................................ s _
had been to that cinema.

5 Rose hasn't paid her rent yet. _~ ~.+ ~`!'S ~_ _ -~_ _. '~ +
sti11 Rose ........................................... rent.

6 When did you leave school?

since How long is it .....................................
school?
_
7 1' never seen such a close race.
ever 1t was the ...........................................
seen. 1 After the earthquake, the
government asked for help from
8 1t's three years since 1 went away on holiday.
the ......................... community. NATIONA!
have1 ..........................................................
2 1t is (n) ...................... event, ANNUAL
on holiday for three years.
held in and November each
9 1t was the first time she had given a speech in i. year.
neverShe ..................................................... 3 They built a new ......................... RA1L
a speech in i before. through the centre of town.
4 Natasha was wearing a bright
jumper. COLOURED
Word formation 5 Make yourself clear so that you
can avoid any ......................... . UNDERSTANDING
6 The runners sprinted around the
.. . .
..
track in (n) ..................... CLOCKWISE
direction.
anti-: against, preventing (antibacterial)
7 thanked everybody and said
bi-: two (bilingual)
that they had 11 been very
-: with, together, mutual (co-educational) OPERATIVE
inter-: between, among (intercontinental)
8 The government has decided to
mis-: wrongly, badly, not (misinformed)
start (n) ....................... SMOKING
mono-: one (monolingual)
campaign to make l aware
multi-: many (multicultural)
of the danger of smoking.
9 Most college newsletters are
pu ished ......................... . WEEKLY
10 The Mayor has been accused of
of i funds. USE

77
 2 Grammar
Open cloze Multiple-choice cloze

~ 5 Read the text below and think of the 16 Read the text below, then circle the answer A,B,C or D which
word which best fits each space. Use best fits each space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
only one word in each space.There is an
l (0) at the beginning. s ~ 3 ~~ ;
._ ~_~ __

Gabrielle Coco Chanel 0) A born in Saumur, Southern

France and was 1) ........... in a French orphanage. She
Moving house 0) is an upsetting experience. became an innovative dress designer who ruled over Parisian
When you move you are 1) ............... only high fashion for almost six decades. At age 30 she 2) ...........
leaving your home but you are also leaving tiny hat shop and quickly added sweaters, shirts and
your neighbourhood, friends, familiar accessories. Within five years her simple and comforta e
surroundings and, 2) ............... some cases, designs attracted the ) .......,... of influential wealthy women.
your family. You should be we11 organized. The Her style was a refreshing change from the confining and tight-
best way to do this is 3) ............... making fitting corsets and long dresses with petticoats of the time. She
lists: lists of things you want to keep, se11 or introduced jersey dresses, be11-bottom trousers, trench coats,
throw 4) ................ and lists of things you turtleneck sweaters and the classic "1itt1e k dress". Costume
have to do, such as have your utilities cut off. jewellery as we11 as bobbed hair are also credited 4) ...........
As difficult as movmg is for you, it is just as Chanel. Traditional Chanel accessories include multiple strands
bad, 5) ............... not worse, for your children of pearls and gold chains, quilted handbags and sling-back
and pets. 1t is a ) ............... harder for them pumps in ivory with k toes. At the 5) ........... of her career,
to understand why they have to move and Chanel l 3,500 l . The empire 6) ........... fashion
they do not know what to expect. ft is a good house, a textile business, a costume jewellery workshop, and
idea to take them to their new neighbourhood perfume laboratories where the famous perfume Chanel No. 5
before you move and show 7) ............... their was 7) ........... . Chanel retired in 1938 but returned in 1954 to
new home. introduce another classic, the cardigan suit. Today, Chanel
When you first move into your new home, 8) ........... to be one of the most prestigious names in the world
make an effort to 8) ............... to know your of fashion. fragr ces, and cosmetics.
neighbours and encourage your children to
bring their new classmates home. Once you
have started to make friends, you wi11 feel
more at home and, before you know it, '11 0 was B is C have D be
have found another l that you wi11 be sad 1 A grown B raised C lived D brought
to leave behind! 2A started B began C replaced D opened
3A attention B affection C aid D assistance
4 A for B by C to D of
5A top B height C head D point
A included B embraced C grouped D surrounded
7A forged B imagined C created D revised
8A persists B continues C maintains D proceeds
 Grammar 2
13 's the most boring person we've .......... met.
Revision (Units 1-2)
A never C sometimes
B yet D ever
~ 7 Circle the correct item.
14 She had never been to Poland ..........
1 1.......... what you mean but there must be an A yet C already
easier way to deai with the situation. B sti11 D before
am seeing C have seen 15 She was having dinner ......... her husband ll .
B see D have been seeing A since C when
2 Sandra .......... for a new flat for ages, but she sti11 B while D after
hasn't found anything. 16 How long ......... been waiting for the bus?
A looks C haslooked are C were
B is looking D has been looking B have D wi11
3 At this time last year, they .......... in Liverpool.
A had studied C study
B were studying D are studying
1 8 Fi11 in the missing word.
4 1n those days he usually .......... to college, but on
that occasion he took the bus. 1 Th1S mommg.11t 5 I--------------- .. 1g the l(n,
A is walking C was walking the te4epFroe g.
B walks D walked
2 VNhen 1 ws g he --------------- to a
5 A sma11 stream runs .......... the middle of the rugby for the courry team_
village. 3 How ............... have wdci ~g the cafe?
A across C through
4 ............... month they vave ~ ed to Prague fo the
B over D among
weekend.
house is on West Road, .......... the football 5 She had ............... jogging in the p ic so si ~ e s
ground. exhausted.
A opposite C over
6 1 didn't see Sam at the gym, he mus[ have 1eft
B along D against
we arrived.
7 Where .......... on holiday last year? 7 1 haven't heard from her ............... she 1Ef-
A were you going C did you go
company.
B have you been D did you used to go
8 She wasn't hungry because she had ...............
8 Recently, we .......... to the gym every night after eaten.
work.
9 They waited ............... everyone had arrived before
A went C have been going
they announced their engagement.
B were going D had gone
10 was driving to work ............... he ran out of
9 1 was .......... eating breakfast when the postman petrol.
delivered a parcel.
11 ............... coming with us tonight?
A already C before
12 Have you ever ............... to France?
B yet D sti11
13 Their production increases ............... .
10 Charlie and Stan .......... each other since they were
14 The journey had been very pleasant ...............
children.
woman sitting behind me started to shout.
A know C have known
D used to know 15 1t's a month ............... she left for 1ta1y.
B were knowing
16 What have you been doing ............... morning?
11 Nobody has .......... told me the truth about the
17 1 was baking a pie ............... was setting the
accident.
t .
A never C ever
B sti11 D yet 18 has ............... travelled by boat once.
19 They have ............... repaired the roof.
12 has been studying French .......... 1999.
20 1s Mary ............... working for Motors?
A from C in
B since D just

~~
 nlfIt
in use

Future Tenses
Future Simple (wiu + bare nfn tve)
We use the future simple:
for predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think, believe,
expect etc, the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc, and the adverbs proba y, certainly, perhaps, etc. 1'msure
Bi11 wi11 get the job.
for decisions made at the moment of speaking. We'verun outofmilk.l'11 go to thesupermarketand getsome.
for promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Will help withmyhistoryessay?
for actions, events, situations which wi11 definitely happen in the future and which we can't control. Ben wi11 be
five years old in August.

going to
We use be going to:
for plans, intentions or ambitions for the future. lm going to go to lndia one .
actions we have already decided to do in the near future. NickyisgoingtovisitherfriendsinLondonnextweekend.
predictions based on what we can see or what we know, especially when there is evidence that something wi11
happen. There isn't a cloud in the sky.lt's going to be a beautiful .

Time expressions used with the future simple and be going to:
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/year/summer etc, in a weeWmonth etc.

FUture COntlnuOUS (wi11 be + present participle)

We use the future continuous:

for actions which wi11 be in progress at a stated future time. lm going on holidaytoSpain. This timenextweekl'11 be
lying in the sun.
for actions which wi11 definitely happen in the future as the result of routine or arrangement. 1 wi11 be playing
tennis with Andy tomorrow morning.
when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future. Will be driving to the parry tonight?Wou1d
you be able to give me a lift?

FUture PerfeCt (wi11 have+ past participle)

We use the future perfect:

for an action which wi11 be finished before a stated future time. Theywill havearrived in London by5o'clock.

Time expressions used with the future perfect.

before, by, by then, by the time, untiVtill

Note: until/ti11 are only used in negative sentences: 5hewi1l nothavefinished the report unt l/t 6 oclock.
5he wi11 have finished the report by 6.30. (NOT --"'~.0)
 Grammar
in use
3

Future Perfect ContlnuouS (wi11 have been + present participle)

We use the future perfect continuous:

to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. ByJune, he wi11 have been teaching in
this school for fifteen years.

Note:

The future perfect continuous is used with by ... for.

Time clauses
With time clauses we use the present simple or present perfect but NOT future forms. We use words and
expressions such as while, before, after, until/ti11, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, by the
time, etc to introduce time clauses. By the time he arrives, it wi11 be dark (NOT By thc t hc w arrvc ...)

We also use the present simple and present perfect but NOT future forms after words and expressions such as
unless, if, suppose/supposing, in case, etc. fshe want more nformaton, teII her to callme (N 1 Ifh w want..)

We use future forms with:

when - when it is used as a question word. When wilt beseeng r ?
if/whether after expressions which show . t i -~ , ~ =! {_ _. as 1 doni 1anow,1 da 1
wonder, 1' not sure, etc. 1 dout whethershe wiB core L aR_

0/1 Conditionals
0 conditionals are used to express a general truth or a scientific fact. They are formed by ar if-da s
(hypothesis) [1f/When+Presentsimple] and a main clause [Present simple].
1f/When you heat water to 100C, it boils.

1 conditionals are used to express a real or very proba e situation in the present or future. They are
formed by an if-clause [1f+presentsimple/presentcontinuous/presentperfect/presentperfectcontinuous] and a
main clause [future/imperative/can/ / might/must/should/ l + present bare infinitive]. 1f we have
enough money, we wi11/can//might/should/l go on holiday next month.

When the hypothesis comes before the main clause, we separate them with a comma. When the main clause
comes before the if-clause, then we do not use a to separate them. lf are there,l join .l
join you if are there.

b. Which tense form was used in part a to talk

1 a. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense
about:
to describe the future.

Tomorrow night my friend Sophie is coming to visit me. Her timeta es/programmes
train 1) (arrive) at six 'clock and since b actions which wi11 have finished before a stated
1 2) (sti11/work) at that time, future time
we 3) (meet) in the city centre at a fixed arrangement in the near future
seven. 1' sure that we 4) (have) d an action which wi11 be in progress at a stated
dinner at Gianni's because we always seem to end up there. future time
By the time we have finished eating 1 guess that Sophie e prediction based on what we know
5) (persuade) me to take her to
the cinema because there's a film that she wants to see.

81
 GfO Of
2 Complete each exchange by filling in wi11 or be
going to.
1 A: What are you doing this afternoon?
: 1 ........................ meet Jess for a coffee. Wou1d
you like to come?
2 A: Did you remember my book?
B: Oh no, sorry. 1 ............. give it to you tomorrow.
3 A: We haven't got any bread.
: , 1 ........................ go and get a 1oaf.
4 : 1 is studying medicine, isn't she?
B: Yes, she ........................ be a doctor when she
finishes college.
5 A: What ........................ () wear to the party?
: 1 don't know, probably my black dress.
A: 1t's very coid today, isn't it?
B: Yes, 1' sure it ........................ snow.
7 A: 1t turns out that 1 can after 11.
B: Oh excellent, 1 ............... see you on Friday then.
8 : 1 don't want to miss the start of the play.
B: 1t's OK. 1f we leave now, we ........................ be
there on time.
9 A: Watch out! You ........................ burn yourself.
B: Oh, 1 didn't realise the oven was sti11 on.
10 A: 1s Sue driving into town?
B: Yes, 1' sure she ........................ give you a 1ift
if you ask her.
3 a. Dr 5aunders is the head of the politics
department at a sma11 college. Look at the
calendar which shows his arrangements for the
next few months, then make up sentences, as
in the l .
lune 17th have a meeting with other
lecturers in the artment
1 1 5th fly to New York for a conference
27th finish writing article for Politics
Today magazine
August 20th leave for climbing holiday in the
Lake District
September 12th host dinner party to welcome
new students
's having a meeting with the other lecturers in the
departmentonJune 17th.
b. Now make your own calendar for the next few
months, and te11 the class.
~
4 Underline the correct tense form.
1 We wi11 start the meeting as soon as everyone
arrives/wi11 arrive.
2 1 expect we are being/wi11 be there in another
hour or so.
3 1f you need/wi11 need any more he1p, just ask Bob.
4 l won't be to come unless she has
finished/wi11 have finished her essay.
5 1 doubt whether you are/wi11 be to find it if
you don't ask her to draw you a .
Do you think '11 see Keith when you are/wi11 be
at work?
5 Put the verbs in brackets into the futuresimple,
future continuous or future perfect, as in the
examples.
1 Monday morning, 11 wi11 have written
(write) her History essay.
b 11 can't come with us on Sunday because
she wi11 be writing (write) her History essay.
2 1' sure we ........................ (win) the match
this afternoon.
b 1f we do, then we ........................ (win) our
last five games.
3 ........................ (work) 11 day on Saturday.
b January he ........................ (work) there for
three years.
4 a She ........................ (clean) the house before
Jack and Sa11y arrive.
b She ........................ (clean) for ages because
it's really untidy.
5 a 1f Angela can get some time off work, we
(f1y) to Paris for the weekend.
b 1f Angela gets time off work, at this time on
Friday we ........................ (f1y) to Paris.
a Do you think we ........................ (finish) the
report today?
b Definitely. 1f we work hard we ........................
(finish) it by three o clock.
6 Choose the correct item A, B, C or D.
1 1 don't know when he ...........
A comes C is coming
B wi11 come D wi11 have come
2 August, Nina .......... English for six years.
A is studying C is going to study
B wi11 study D wi11 have been studying
 GIUOC 3
1've got plans for this weekend. 1.......... to Du in. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
:
A wi11 be going C wi11 go
B go D am going

4 You can't go out in this weather. You .......... 1 .

A wi11 catch C are catching
B catch D are going to catch

5 this time next month, he .......... in this area for

ten years.
A wi11 have been living C wi11 live
B wi11 be living D lives v~

Can you help me tidy the living room? Ji11 ....

uear any,
over this evening.
the time you get this leiter, 1 1) .................. (be) way
A is coming C wi11 come
to a sales conference in the Bahamas! 1 sti11 cant believe that my
B comes D is going to come
boss said 1 l go. The company limo 2) ...................... (pick)
7 .......... his project by Monday. up from my house at 6:30 Tuesday morning and by 7 1
A finishes C wi11 be finishing 3) ...................... (sit) on the beach, watching my first Bahamian
B is finishing D wi11 have finished sunset. The conference 4) ...................... (finish) on Friday but
flight doesn't leave until Sunday so 15) ...................... (spend)
8 1 think 1..........a party next weekend. Who sha11 1
the whole weekend swimming, sunbathing and sightseeing.
invite?
We11 1' better go because 1 6) ...................... (meet) Dar1a in
having C have
town in half an hour. She 7) ...................... (help) me shop for a
to have D wi11 have
new bathing suit.
9 Youd better take your raincoat. 1t ........... 1 promise 18) ...................... (buy) you a really tacky souvenir
A wi11 rain C wi11 have rained and, of course, 19) ...................... (take)lots of photos.
B is going to rain D rains 110) ...................... ( 11) you as soon as 1 get back.
10 We must finish packing. We .......... early tomorrow Take care of yourself,
morning. Love,
A leave C wi111eave Nicola
are leaving D are going to leave
9 Use an appropriate future tense to complete the
sentences that Anna might actually say, as in the
examples.
7 a. lmagine it is New Year's Eve. Write down five
resolutions for the coming year.
1 She hears a weather report predicting sunshine.
"1t's going to be a beautiful day.
2 Her friend says he feels hot.
111 open a window."
Her boss asks her when she wi11 finish the report.
"1 ..................................................................... ...
4 She is catching the 8 'clock train to Manchester.
" train ......................................................... . "
5 She has arranged to have lunch with her friend
tomorrow afternoon.

and 1 ............................................................
Someone asks her about her plans for the weekend.
"At this time on Saturday . ....................................
......................................................................... ...
7 She is going to the cinema but she is late and she
is worried that she'11 miss the start of the fi1m.
1' going to save money. By the time 1 get there . .................................... ."
8 Someone asks her how long she has been living in
b. 1n pairs, try to guess each other's resolutions.
London.

A: Areyou going to cut down on sweets? By next August, 1 ................................................

8: No. etc ......................................................................... ...
~
 3 Crq ~nmar
in use
Fi11 in the correct tense. 12 Form complete sentences by matching the items
10
below, as in the l .

1f you answer a question correctly,

Dear Ann,
121 I 1f it rains tomorrow,
!' writing to te11 11 about 131 111 go to the market before work
plans f or the summer. lm 141 I 1f she passes her exams,
very excited! 1 think it 1) L5L You get a 1 O% discount
(be) the best summer ever! Joan wi11 get you a ticket
This Ju1y, 1 2) (travel) to 171 1 can't sleep
Mexico. As soon as 1 3) 181 1 1f you throw something in the air,
(receive) this month's pay check,
I 4) (book) my tickets if 1 get up early enough.
and I 5) (also/buy) b she wi11 go to college in September.
some new summer clothes. if you give her the money.
Hopef 11, 1 6) (have) d gravity brings it back down to Earth.
enough money left over to buy a you get two points.
new camera as we11, because 1 f if pay in cash.
sure 1 7) (5) 9 the game wi11 be cancelled.
lots of interesting things during h if he drinks coffee in the afternoon.
rny trip.
lf answer a question correctly, get two points.
on 4th August, ! 8)
(have) a big party at rny house,
13 a. Rick is ambitious and is making plans for the
because it is my 30th birthday. 1t 9)
future. Look at the things that he says he wi11
(be) great, with lots of brilliant music and tasty
be doing or wi11 have done by the time he is 35
f . 1 hope 10) (come)!
Make sentences, as in the l .
we11, !'ve got a 1ot to do, so ! 11)
(say) goodbye f or now. 12) (write)
again when ! 13) (get back) from
i to te11 11 about it! work as a senior manager
for a large company
with 1ove,
become a multi-millionaire

marry his girlfriend, Sarah
live in a large house
in the suburbs of London
buy yacht
join an exclusive golf 1
1,000,000 year

111 be working as a senior manager for a large company.

b. Write five sentences describing what you wi11

have done or wi11 be doing in ten years time.
11 Fi11 in if or unless.

1 You wi11 catch a l you wear a warm

coat today.
2 it's nice and warm, we wi11 go for a picnic.
3 ,. she works harder, she won't pass the
exams.
4 1 wi11 invite John to the party 1 see him.
5 1' not going to speak to her she says
she is sorry.
84
 in
use

14 Match the items in Column A with the items in 16 Complete the sentences with tvyo to five words,
Column B in order to make correct Type 0 including the words in bo1d. Do not change the
conditional sentences, as in the example. meaning of the original sentence.

1 1f you don't te11 us what the r is, then we

Column A Column B
can't help you.
I1IbI boil water a it becomes ice
unless We can't help you
2I add four and two b it evaporates
what the r is.
I3I I mix bIue and yellow paint c it melts
2 1 can lend you the money but you must give it back
I4I I put water in the freezer d it sinks
e you get green to me by the weekend.
5l leave ice cream in the sun
long 1 can lend you the money
6I drop a brick in water f you get six
it back to me by the weekend.
1- b lf boil water, it evaporates.
3 1f we leave right away, 1 can give you a 1ift.
provided 1 can give you a lift
15 Complete the sentences using Type 0 or 1
right away.
conditionals.
4 He has arranged to leave work at four oclock
1 1f you haven't got enough money,
tomorrow afternoon.
is He
2 1f you see Car1a,
at four oclock tomorrow afternoon.
3 We'11 miss the plane
4 lce melts 5 Take a coat with you, it might be cold later.
5 1f the weather is good, case Take a coat with you
6 They wi11 be having a party cold later.

Word formation
Use of English
Adjective suffixes from verbs
word transformations
-ed: interest-interested
5tudy the examples. 1n each case, the second sentence -ing: fascinate - fascinating
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. - : accept - t
-i : sense-sensie

1 My parents said 1 could go to the party but 1 had to be

17 Form the correct adjective from the word in bo1d.
home by midnight.
long My parents said 1 could go to the party as
1 's not a good teacher. His lessons
long as 1 was home by midnight.
are very BORE
2 Take your mobile phone with you. 1 might need to 11 2 Art experts argue about how
you later. the painting is. VALUE
case Take your mobile phone with you in case 1 3 1 could hear the I
need to 11 you later. voices of the children playing in the
3 Mum wi11 be home soon, so wed better clean up this park.
mess. 4 Bi11 wi11 take care of it; he's very
is Wed better clean up this mess because DEPEND
mum is going to be home soon. 5 The island is by ACCESS
boat.
4 You can borrow my dictionary tonight but 1 wi11 need it
6 That was a really FRIGHTEN
back tomorrow morning.
experience!
provided You can borrow my dictionary tonight
7 Did you know that Mr Jackson is a
provided you give it back to me tomorrow
police officer? RETIRE
morning.

5 1f don't study harder, you won't pass the exam.

unless You won't pass the exam unless you study
harder.
J 85
 3
Open cloze Multiple-choice cloze
18 Read the text below and think of the
19 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
word which best fits each space. Use best fits each space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
only one word in each space. There is an
l (0) at the beginning.

~
Advice
Tahiti These days more people travel abroad than ever 0) B and many
of us now have the chance to 1) 11 sorts of exotic
destinations. Of course, most l have a fantastic time and no
lust hearing the name Tahiti is enough 0) formany major pro ems. 2) , being in a strange place, a long way
l to conjure up images of a tropical paradise with from home, can be bad for our health. There are some things that
coconut palms, white sandy beaches, and the beautiful everyone should know about, so that wherever they are going,
sea. Tahiti is the largest island 1) French they wi11 have a holiday that is memorable for 11 the right
Polynesia, a group of 118 islands in the South Pacific 3)
Ocean which attracts visitors from 11 over the world. 1f your destination is off the beaten track you should talk to your
There is never a bad time to visit Tahiti, but most doctor before you set 4) You may need some vaccinations
tourists come between June and October, when the or to take certain medications with you on your trip. The 5)
weather is slightly cooler and drier 2) it is common disease that travellers suffer from though, is food
during the rest of the year. An excellent reason for poisoning. 1 high-risk areas, only drink water that has been boiled
visiting during Ju1y is the month-long Heiva i Tahiti or sterilised. This includes not having ice in your drinks and using
festival which includes music, dancing and sporting safe water to brush your teeth. When it ) to food, be
competitions. Another event 3) the whole of especially careful with meat and seafood, avoid salads, and never
French Polynesia gets very excited about is the Hawaiki eat any food that is undercooked or served lukewarm, rather than
Nui canoe race, which 4) l each piping hot.
November. Up to sixty six-man teams compete in the Accidents can happen anywhere, but people on holiday can be
which visits four different islands along a course at higher risk, so don't leave your common 7) at home. 1n
that is more than 116 km 1ong. cars always wear a seat be1t, and on motorbikes never forget your
Most tourists have something more relaxing in helmet. 1f you are by the sea or the l with young children, you
5) , and they can enjoy shopping in stylish need to take extra care. An adult, who is a strong swimmer, should
boutiques and traditional markets or walking and be watching the kids 8) 11 times. Another holiday danger
climbing in the volcanic mountains. However it ) is the sun. Bui1d up your exposure slowly and stay indoors in the
hardly surprising that the main reasons people travel to middle of the day, when the sun is at its strongest. When you are
French Polynesia are to relax on the amazing beaches outside, wear a hat and always use sunscreen with the right
or to take 7) in water sports. Scuba diving, protection factor for your skin.
surfing and sailing are very l in this part of the
world. Whatever your reasons for coming to Tahiti you
bound to be charmed by this stunning island and
0 A ago before C since D yet
its unique mixture of French and South Pacific cultures.
1 A trip B travel C visit D holiday
Most tourists find that one visit is never enough and
2 A However B Because C Whereas D Despite
drawn back to French Polynesia 8) and
3 A causes B grounds C motives D reasons
time again.
4 A off B up C to D down
5 more B many C much D most
A does B comes C has D goes
7 A mind B reason C brain D sense
8 A through B during C at D for
 G
in use
3
14 Wi11 you your car tonight?
Revision (Units 1 - 3)
A have used C used
be using D use
20 Circle the correct item.
15 The film at 'clock.
A wi11 start C is starting
1 Oi1 on water.
B starts D wi11 be starting
A is floating C has floated
B has been floating D floats 16 Don't worry Bi11 is late tonight. '11 be with
.
21 to 1 's flat once before.
A when C if
A only go C have only been
B unless D as long as
only going D have only been going
17 Oh dear, 1 his name.
3 She playing computer games.
A wi11 forget C had forgotten
A is loving C loves
B have forgotten D forgotten
B has loved D has been loving
18 They have been married sixteen years.
4 Emi1y remembers Ben at the party last
A since C through
month.
B during D for
A seeing C have seen
B to see D seen 19 of buying a second-hand car.
A thinks C is thinking
5 Rob got in the car and away.
,11 t- D wi11 be thinldrg
A drove C had driven
B was driving D drives

6 They for about twenty minutes when 21 F11 in the missing w

Murphy scored the first goa1.
A played C had been playing 1 Don't caH me on 5Lnday 1
B were playing D used to l studying for my exam.
7 won't have come six 'clock. 2 1 wonder lohn 11 be at the party
A when C until tonight.
B while D before 3 We are to the tonight Why
don t you come with us?
8 When 1 was a child, we swimming every day.
4 the end of this month, 111 have beeri
A were going C had gone
working here for two years.
B used to go D had been going
5 Wi11 yoU be help me paint my
9 1 doubt whether we the work this morning. apartment this weekend?
are finishing C wi11 finish 6 This next week, we wi11 be flying to
B finish D have finished Madrid.
10 Did you know that Hannah forty next 7 Pick me up at 7 , 1 wi11 finished my

October? homework by then.

A is going to be C wi11 be 8 We having lunch with Co1in today.

B wi11 have been D has been 9 1 won't going away on holiday this
year. 1 can't afford it.
11 1f she sees Mark, she him the good news. 72
10 1 can't believe that my Dad wi11
A te11s C is telling
years 1 this year.
B wi11 te11 D wi11 be telling
11 She's forgetting to turn her computer
12 1 don't think we'11 be able to 1ift it someone off.
else helps us. 12 How have you known Pam for?
A if C unless 13 1 see your house from here.
B when D because 14 the time they ll , we had
arrived home.
13 111 drop you a line lm on holiday.
15 When 1 was a student 1 to work as a
A until C when
waiter.
B as soon as D if

87
 4 I Gfq111ro0f
in use
nf n tve
Forms of the infinitive

ACTIVE PA5SIVE
~ Present (to) repair (to) be repaired
Present Cont. (to) be repairing
Perfect (to) have repaired (to) have been repaired
Perfect Cont. (to) have been repairing

The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the infinitive are as follows:

Verb Tenses lnfinitive

present simple (he visits) to visit
future simple (he wi11 visit)
present continuous (he is visiting) to be visiting
future continuous (he wi11 be visiting)
past simple (he visited)
present perfect (he has visited) to have visited
past perfect (he had visited)
future perfect (he wi11 have visited)
past continuous (he was visiting)
present perfect continuous (he has been visiting) to have been visiting
past perfect continuous (he had been visiting)
future perfect continuous (he wi11 have been visiting)

The present infinitive refers to the present or future.

1 expect to find out my exam results soon. (active)
1 hope to be accepted at Leeds University. (passive)
The present continuous infinitive refers to an action happening at the time of speaking.
Dave appears to be studying at the moment.
The perfect infinitive refers to the past. 1t shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action
of the verb.
The boys claim to have finished their homework (active)
Their homework appears to have been finished. (passive)
The perfect continuous infinitive refers to the past. 1t emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive
which happened before the action of the verb. He seems to have been working constantly for the last couple of
weeks.

Note: the perfect infinitive and the perfect continuous infinitive are used with l verbs and verbs such as
seem, claim, expect, believe, and appear.

The to-infinitive is used:

to express purpose. Car1 went to the shop to buysome bread.

after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, p1an, promise, refuse, etc). 5heishopingtogeta
promotion.
after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, sad, g1ad, etc); express willingness/unwillingness
(willing, eager, reluctant etc); refer to a person's character (clever, kind etc) and the adjectives lucky and
fortunate. 1 was very lucky to win the race.

88
 inG
use
4

Note: with adjectives that refer to character we can also use an impersonal construction.
1t was kind ofyou to give John a 1ift.
after certain nouns and pronouns (something, anyone etc) to show that something is necessary or possi e.
Was there anyone there to help you?
after too/enough. l/anessa is too impatient to wait in a queue. Mike isn't old enough to vote.
to talk about an unexpected event usually with on1y. 1 gothome only to find thatl had forgotten mykeys.
with it + be + adjective/ . 1t was difficult to solve the r .
after be + first/second/next/last etc. 5he was the last person to finish the exam.
after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide, find out, want, want to know etc when they
are followed by a question word. 5he explained what we had to .
BUT: wonder why is followed by a clause (NOT an infinitive)lwonder why she didn't te11 us.
after would 1ike, would prefer, would love etc. to express a specific preference
1 would love to visitlndia one day
in the expressions to te11 you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with etc.
be honest,l' rather not go.

Note: if two to-infinitives are linked by and or or, the to of the second infinitive can be "red. Shepromisedtoca(1
and te11 me what was happening.

The infinitive without to is used:

after l verbs. Greg can l the piano.

after the verbs 1et, make, see, hear, and fee1. Herbossmadeherworkovertime.
BUT: we use the to-infinitive after be made, be heard, be seen etc (passive form). Shewas det+owork
overtime.
Note: when see, hear and watch are followed by an -ing form there is no change in the passh.
He saw me talking to Anna. -1 was seen talking to Anna.
after had better and would rather. Wehad betterleavesoon.
1 can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the infinitive without to. 5he helped (to) paintmyfloL

-ing Form
Forms of the -ing form

ACTIVE _551VE
Present visiting ~ ~ being visited ~ W~ ~-

Perfect having visited having been visited

The present -ing form refers to the present or future. He hates walking to work. He hates being visited on 5undays.
The perfect -ing form shows that the action of the -ing form happened before the action of the verb. We can
use the simple -ing form instead of the perfect -ing form with no change in meaning. Sheadmitted visiting/
having visited Jamie.

The -ing form is used:

as a noun. Swimming is great way to get fir.

after certain verbs (admit, appreciate, avoid, confess, continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine,
mind, miss, quit, save, suggest, practise, consider, prevent)Jackwantstoquitsmoking.
after 1ove, 1ike, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general preference. Tomhatesworkingatthebank.
BUT: for a specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive. ldlove to come.

89
 Gr mar
in use
#
The -ing form is used:

after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't he1p,
there's no point in, cant stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble etc. lambusywritingareport.
after spend, waste, or lose (time, money, etc). We wasted 1ot of time fixing the computer.
after verbs and expressions such as look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer (doing sth
to sth else). He isn't used to living alone.
after prepositions. Elaineisscaredofflying.
after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe incomplete action. 1 heard Samantha
talking on the phone. (1 only heard part of the conversation).
BUT: we use the infinitive without to with hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to describe the
complete action. 1 heard Samantha te11 the story. (1 heard the whole story).

Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and the -ing form:

Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing form but with a change in meaning.

forget + to-infinitive = not remember mean + to-infinitive = intend to

forgot to buy mi1k. He never meant to upset her.
forget + -ing form = not ll mean + -ing form = involve
111 never forgei vising Egypt. Being o firefighter means taking risks.
+ to-infinitive = not forget regret + to-in nitive = be sorry to (normally used in the
Did remember Lucy? present simple with verbs such as say, te11, inform)
+ -ing form = ll ( regrer to nform you that yourphone has been cut off.
1 coming here before. regret +-ing form = feel sorry about
He is going to regret selling his record collection.

Comparisons

Use
We use the comparative form to compare two people, things, places, etc. We usually use than with
comparative adjectives.
Mary is younger than Jane.
We use the superlative form to compare one person/thing/etc with more than one person/thing/etc in the
same group. We use the ... of/in with superlative adjectives. We use in with the superlative when we talk about
places.
1t s the most expensive necklace in the shop. (NOT of the shop)

5pe11ing
With one-sylla e adjectives ending in -e, we add -r in the comparative and -st in the superlative form.
nice - nicer - nicest
With one-sylla e adjectives ending in a vowel + a consonant, we the last consonant and add -er/-est.
thin - thinner - thinnest
With two-sylla e adjectives ending in -1 or -y, we change the -y to i and add - /-est.
easy - easier - easiest

90
 Grammar
in use
4

Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative ~

5hort big bigger the biggest lrregular good better the best
adjectives sma11 smaller the smallest forms bad worse ; the worst
-y adjectives noisy noisier the noisiest 1ittle less the least
many more the most
longer more the most
beautiful much more the most
adjectives beautiful beautiful
far farther/ the farthest ~
further the furthest'.
~

We use adjectives or their comparative and superlative forms to make comparisons.

Adjectives

very + adjective (emphasises adjective). George is verygood student.

as + adjective + as ( to show that two l or things are similar in some way. 1n negative sentences we use
not as/so ... as). 1' sure Brian is as clever s Po1ly.
less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two l things_ The opposite of more ...
than). The sequel was less successful than the orrg+aL
the least + adjective + ofl (compares one ron or thing to two peopie ting -, - ---
group. The opposite of most ... f). it ~stheleastexpesverestirar ttedt~c

Comparatives

much/a 1ot/far/ 1ittle/ bit/slightly/even + comparative (emresses the deg-=e _- _=-_- __ .~. _
peopleorthings)Anneismuchyoungerthan5teve.-Ridingamotorbikeisabtrrc ___ ,_ __s_.,gac.--= ~ _
was far happier when she only worked part time. -1 think it s a 1ittle warmer than rt s, -1<wrc6 a ~ eiore
expensivethanithoughtitwouldbe.-5hesaidthatthesecond wasslightlyeasierth rhefirst -Srel
operation, he has been walking even more slowly.
BUT: many more + counta e noun. Tom ate many more biscuits than 1.
comparative + comparative shows that something is increasing or decreasing
We seem to start later and later every .
the + comparative ..., the + comparative (shows that two things change together or that one thing depends
on another th i n g) The longer the journey went on, the more beautiful the scenery became.

5uperlatives

by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one person or thing and two or more peopte or
things in the same group) Heisbyfarthebestplayerin theteam.

Fairly Quite Rather Pretty

+ fairly This is a fairly cheap dress but 1' sure you can find something cheaper.
quite a/an = enough This is quite cheap dress. should buy it.
quite + adjectives such as horri e, ridiculous, brilliant, amazing, extraordinary, impossi e, true, certain, etc (=
completely, totally) Getting this finished by 5 'clock is quite impossie.
rather + ( ) a rather (= than usual/wanted etc) 5he'sgotrathera/arathergood pointsayingso.
rather + comparative form + than 's rather taller than 1 expected.
a pretty (quite common in everyday English) 'sgotaprettynastycutonhisarm.

91
 4 Grmmar
in use
,

- Enough
has a negative meaning. 1t shows that something is more than enough, necessary or wanted. We use too
n the following ways:
too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive ltis too cold for me to swim.
too ... for somebody/something This coffee is too strong for me.
too ... for somebody/something + to-infinitive The lake is too polluted for fish to live in.

We also use too + much with uncountabie nouns and too + many with countable nouns in the plural.
There is too much rubbish in the bin. - There are too many cars on the rood.
But: Before adjectives not followed by a noun or adverbs, we use only too. Terryistooshorttoplaybasketball.
(NOT h "-')

Enough has a positive meaning. 1t shows that there is just as much of something as is wanted or needed. We
use enough in the following ways:
adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive ltis warm enough to swim.
BUT: not + adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive (negative meaning) 1t isn't warm enough to swim.
enough + noun + to-infinitive 1'vegot enough time to have coffee.

2 Heather brought that CD so that we can listen to it.

1 Fi11 in the correct form of the verb in brackets
(to-infinitive or -ing form), as in the examples. Heather brought
3 The exercise was easy. Everyone could do it.
1 goes to evening classes to learn (learn) 1talian.
The exercise was easy enough
2 Learning (learn) a language can help you to get a job.
4 Kevin shouldn't drive so quickly, its dangerous.
3 Oh no! 1 forgot (buy) eggs when 1
1t's dangerous
was at the supermarket.
4 The government is determined (solve) 5 Tina said she would 11 me but lm sti11 waiting.
some of the environmental pro ems facing the area. 1' sti11 waiting
5 Dan prefers (cook) at home to eating
out.
There's no point in (buy) a computer 3 Write the correct form of the verb in brackets.
if you are not going to use it.
7 They have decided (decorate) the living 1 1 like (watch) TV at the weekends.
room. 2 ld like (go) to the cinema tonight.
8 The children love (go) to the swimming 3 111 never forget (meet) David
1. Beckham.
9 1 regret (te11) A1ice what Sean had said. 4 Don't forget (lock) the door.
10 Hydroelectricity and wind turbines can be used
5 regrets (leave) school so early.
(provide) environmentally friendly
6 1 regret (inform) you that you
energy.
haven't been accepted for the job.
7 Do you remember (visit) Paris?
8 Remember ( 11) me tonight.
Z Rewrite the sentences using for, as in the example.
9 She stopped (work) when she was
sixty-five.
1 1 must finish this work today.
10 stopped (fix) the puncture.
It's important forme to finish this work today.

92
 G
in use
4
4 Look at pictures and in pairs make up dialogues, as 3 One day 1 hope to
in the l . 4 1 would love
5 1 had better

A: you fancy/meet/coffee/after work?

B: 5orry/can't/ agree/ %vertime Complete the t by filling in the adjectives,
7
tonight comparatives and superlatives, as in the example.
A: Do you fancy meeting for a coffee
after work?
Adjective Comparative 5uperlative
8: 5orry 1 can't. ...
1 bright brighter brightest
2 ; taller
3 expensive '

4 easiest
5 more interesting
simple
7 latest
: We/decide/give//job 8 best
B: that be/fantastidwhen/ 9 big
you like /start? 10 worse

8 Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative

or superlative form, adding any necessary words.

1 A: The weather's beautiful today, isn't rt?

B: Yes, they said on the tha"t it was the
A: you look/forward to/go/ hottest (hot) day of the year so fa ~
party tonight? 2 : 1 think 1' prefer the sicirC
B: Yes/ 't wait/see/1 : 1 know but this one -------- (cheap).
friends again 3 = The f1m iasted for moe ttian tMee h .!
B: Yes, it was much Qa
1
td-
4 A: Chris is the best l on the team, is 't he?
B: Actually, 1 think Steve is even
(good).
5 A: Mark is very clever, isn't he?

5 Match the phrases in Column A to those in Column B: Yes, he's (intelligent) person 1
B to make complete sentences, then make similar know.
sentences using the phrases in Column A and your A: We have a 1ot of work to do at the moment.
own ideas. B: This is always (busy) time of
r.
7 : 1 was very surprised when 1 met Maggie.
1 can't stand going to 5pain this summer. B: Why? Did you think she would be
11ove watching old movies. (young)?
Id like use a computer. 8 A: 1t's about a two-hour drive.
1' thinking about to go away for the weekend. B: Rea11y? 1 thought it was much
1 can being in crowded places. (far) away than that.
9 A: Did you read that book?
Use the phrases to make up sentences about B: Yes, it was excellent, (interest)
yourself. thing 1 have read for ages.
10 : Are you going to the hairdresser's today?
1 1 can't help
B: No. 1 phoned, but (early)
2 1' not used to
appointment they had was at two 'clock and 1
have to be at work at one.

93
 4
n use
Write the correct form of the comparative or 11 Underline the correct word.
9
superlative and then complete the sentences with
your own ideas. 1 1 quite/pretty enjoyed the concert but it l
have been better.
2 1f 1 were you, 1 would take the bus; it's fairly/
1 1 find that Maths is the most difficult (difficult) school
rather a long way to wa1k.
subject.
3 She's a rather/quite fast runner. 1' sure she'11 win
2 1n opinion (frightening)
the race.
animal of 11 is
4 1 know you don't believe me, but it's fairly/quite
3 (good) holiday 1 ever had was
true.
5 1 think this exam was fairly/quite a 1ot easier thar:
4 Salads are (healthy) than
last year's.
5 1' sure that (interesting) job
6 The restaurant was rather/pretty more crowdec
than
than 1 expected.
6 1 think that it (funny) film 1
7 1t's a very nice house but it wi11 need quite/pretty
have seen in a long time.
a 1ot of work before anyone can live there.
7 (big) environmental r
8 1t was a quite/pretty good fi1m, you should see it.
facing my country.
8 Go1d (expensive) than
9 (happy) person 1 know.
12 Fi11 in t00%nough.
10 1 would say that (fast) than

1 o Use the information below and the prompts to

make up sentences using much, manyor a it, as in
the examples.

~ Airline anies
Air Trans-
Tropicana
European
Ai rways

When esta ished: 1967 1968

Distance flown per day: 15,200 km 11,612 km
Ave. Age of Aircraft: 6 8
Accidents: 5 12
1 David is too tired to go to the party.
Destinations: 214 179
2 Sam is 1 to go into town on his own.
Delays per week: 42 17
Cabin Crew per flight: 13 15 3 He arrived at the cinema late to watch
the fi1m.
be/ 1 4 lane hasn't studied to pass her exam.
Air Tropicana is a bit older than Trans-European Airways, 5 This soup is hot to eat.
f1y/far
6 1 hasn't got money to buy a new
Air Tropicana flies much further than Trans-European
car.
Airways.
aircraft/ 1
have accident/frequent
f1y/interesting places
planes/relia e
service/good

94
 i
in use
word transformations 5 1' glad 1 dont live in a l country.
hate 1 would a l country.
Study the examples.ln each case the second sentence has 6 Chris would rather not go to the cinema tonight.
a similar meaning to the first sentence. feel Chris
to the cinema tonight.
~ 7 parents won't 1et me watch TV until 1 finish my
~1 1 couldn't move the washing machine by myself homework.
because it was so heavy. make My parents
too The washing machine was too heavy my homework before
for me to move by myself. they 1et me watch TV.
2 1 wanted to get two tickets for the concert but 1 8 1 have never met anyone who cooks as badly as
l only afford one. your brother does.
enough 1 didn't have enough money for two worst Your brother
tickets for the concert. cook 1 have ever met.
9 Whenever 1 eat snails, 1 remember my first trip to
3 1 always worry about my family when 1 go away on a
Paris.
business trip.
without 1 can't eat snails
help 1 can't help worrying about my family
to Paris_
when 1 go away on a business trip.
10 The cake was too sma11 so not everyone got a piece.
4 1' really excited about starting university. enough There wasn't
forward 1' ll looking forward to starting everyone to have a pieoe_
university. 11 tt ras difa ~tt to u Robert to take tiie ~
5 1 l never be happy working in a fast food restaurant ~ ff t

hate 1 would hate to work in a fast food Robert to taice tfie mcrse_
restaurant. 12 lane's ~ s as oid as L ~
5 L6a`5 car
6 1 always get depressed when 1 see l treating animals
l's.
cruelly.
without 1 can't see people treating animals cruelly
without getting depressed. Word formation
7 My father insists that 1 water the plants on Saturdays.
makes My father makes me water the plants on Verbs formed from adjectives
Saturdays. - : broad broaden
8 1 have never had such a tasty l before. -ise: l popularise
best This is the best l 1 have ever had J -ify: false falsify
\ en-: rich enrich

~ 3 Complete the sentences with two to five words,

including the word in bo1d. Do not change the ~ 4 Form the correct verb from the word in bo1d.
meaning of the original sentence.

1 The teacher should 51MPLE

1 1 can't afford to buy those boots.
the information so that everybody
expensive Those
understands it.
to buy.
2 These trousers are too 1ong, 111 have
2 1t's not her fault that she's lazy as her mother
to them. SHORT
always does everything for her.
3 They are planning to MODERN
help She can't
the factory and buy new machinery
because her mother
4 They boiled the water in order to
always does everything for her.
it. PURE
3 Please remind me to 11 the plumber tomorrow.
forget Don't 1et me
5 1 think you should LARGE
some of the photographs.
the plumber tomorrow.
6 The council has decided to
4 1 can't wait to meet your brother.
the main road into W1DE
forward 1'
the city centre.
your brother.
95
 4 Cr
in use
Open cloze Multiple-choice cloze
~ 5 Read the text below and think of the 1 6 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C, or D
word which best fits each space. Use which best fits each space. There is an l (0) at the
only one word in each space. There is an beginning.
l (0) at the beginning.

Once 0) upon a time, bins were large, heavy, Are whales more 0) 8 than human beings? Many l believe that
metal objects which were difficult to 1ift and carry. they are, and are fascinated by these enormous yet graceful creatures.
They were 1) ........................ of one long metal 1n recent years, whale watching has become extremely popular, as
sheet, joined along its longest edge, with a
more and more l want to experience the feeling that they are
circular metal base. They had two handles, one
develo in a 1 relationshi with whales.
2) ........................ which dustmen would use to g )
Wha1e watching involves sailing out a long way from shore, often
lift them and swing them onto their shoulders,
throu h ver waters. As result, man whale watchers are too
showing 1ittle care for hygiene, or for their own g 2 )~~~~~~~~~
busy worrying about their upset stomachs or trying not to fa11 overboard
physical we11-being.
to actually look for whales. Most of them 3) .......... on a guide to keep an
As soon as plastic bins became availa e, these
eye out for the flash of a fin or a glimpse of a tail to 1et them know when
took 3) ................ from the 1 metal ones. They
to 1ook.
were similar in appearance and weight, but were
However, there wi11 not always be whales to see, and even if there
harder 4) ...................... damage or dent. However,
are, there is no 4) .......... that the whale watchers wi11 notice them.
being made of plastic, they were not suita e for
Whales are so at home in the sea, and 5) .......... into the water so we11
hot waste, such as ashes, as these destroyed their
that they can be hard for l to spot even when one has been
interiors.
Pointed out to them. A competent guide wi11 usually be to find at
1n many parts of the world, the standard bin has
now been replaced 5) .................. the wheelie bin. least one, though, it has to be said that a whale in its natural
6) .......... is a wonderful sight.
These are large, rectangular, plastic boxes on
wheels, with a hinged 1id and a bar which allows The lucky whale watcher wi11 be 7) .......... to a spectacular display of
the bin to be pushed or ll along. Most wheelie water gymnastics, as occasionally, whales wi11 jump into the air or wave
bins are k, but some are green, brown or red at their audience with their tails. They often spout jets of water high into
They are designed to be just as spacious as the 1 the air. These acts generally make whale watchers feel as though their
bins, as we11 as being easier to move around and trip has been 8) .......... and has brought them closer to understanding
) ...................... 1ikely to cause injuries. Many 1 1 these huge, strange mammals.
councils insist that bins are 1eft at the side of the
road for collection, and for many l, carrying 0 A clever intelligent C smart D bright
one of the 1 bins from the back garden to the 1 A private B individual C own D personal
front of the house was enough to cause serious 2 A rough B uneven C jagged D coarse
muscle damage. 3 A trust B assume C rely D believe
No matter 7) ................... we11-designed a bin 4 A promise B agreement C guarantee D contract
be, however, there wi11 always be pro ems. 5 A mix B n C combine D join
Wheelie bins are unattractive and can also be A home B l C habitat D location
difficult to manoeuvre up and down steps. What 7 A given B treated C shown D entertained
is more, if you are unfortunate enough to drop g A worthwhile B useful C wasted D sensi e
something in the bottom of one of them, you wi11
have a hard time getting it 8) ................ again, as
the bins are about four feet ta11. Nevertheless,
they are certainly a step up, and give us hope
that, perhaps one day, someone wi11 design a truly
trou e-free bin.

~
 GfOmOf 4
in use
14 Wed better wait .......... it stops raining.
Revision (Units 1-4)
A before C until
A

~ 7 Circle the correct item. B for D while

15 James .......... back by Tuesday.

1 You must .......... to the party. A is C wi11 be
A coming C to B has been D wi11 have been
D to coming
16 failed .......... his new boss.
2 Sha11 we stop on the way there .......... something A to impress C to impressing
to eat? B mpre ng D in impressing
A getting C to get
17 1t's .......... than a week since 1 spoke to 1im.
B get D have got
A over C more
3 Youd better .......... it with Mrs Harris and find out B rather D much
the details.
18 This bag is .......... heavy for John.
A discussing C to discuss
A enough C so
B discuss D have discussed
B much D too
4 1 enjoy .......... to work in the morning.
19 She was made .......... 1ate.
A walking C to walk
A stay C to stay
B walk D walking
B staying D having stayed
5 She went on a diet .......... some weight. Don't go ....._.... name is ll .
20
A losing C to lose A unti( C as soon as
B lose D having lost
8 - D yet
6 1 wanted .......... Laura before she 1eft.
A seeing C to see
B see D to seeing 1 8 Fi11 in the missing word.

7 1t's a shame Lisa couldn't come, 1 was looking

forward .......... her. 1 She ........................ learned to use the computer.
A meeting C to meet 2 He was really happy to ........................ about Jo's
B meet D to meeting engagement.
3 Tony has ........................ working hard 11 day.
8 We should 1et Gary .......... what time we are
4 The river is ........................ polluted to swim in.
meeting.
5 He asked ........................ they had to go.
A knowing C to know
6 1t's a ........................ colder than it was yesterday.
B know B to knowing
7 Peter is ........................ determined as James.
9 Bob is very worried about .......... the exam. 8 Sam is by ........................ the best student in the
A failing C to fail class.
B fail C having failed 9 The further we walked, the ........................ tired
10 1 regret .......... that the restaurant wi11 not we became.
open this evening. 10 There are too ........................ factories in this part
A informing C to inform of town.
B inform D to have informed 11 The longer the telephone 11, the ........................
you pay.
11 What's the .......... boring film youve seen?
12 1' sure you can do better ........................ this.
A much C most
more D less 13 She didn't get the job because she wasn't
experienced .........................
12 Don't te11 Ann .......... she asks.
14 1t's been raining ........................ morning.
A as long as C provided
15 She isn't ........................ to working 1ate.
B unless D if
16 ........................ washed the dishes?
13 's late .......... usual. 17 She ........................ having lunch at 12 'clock
A much C so yesterday.
B like D as 18 Take an umbrella in ........................ it rains.
19 ........................ go to work yesterday?
20 1t was l yesterday but today is .............. colder.
97
s
in use
1 Verbs
--
Use Present / Future
ability She can play the viola.
s to write poems.
_... _.
possibility Shecanstillbeatschool.(90%certain)
She l belate. (50% certain; it's possi e
she wi11 be late)
5ammaybesleeping.(50/ certain; it's
possi e that he is sleeping)
They might need some he1p. (40% certain;
perhaps they need some help)
1t is 1ikely that Tom wi11 come tomorrow.
is 1ikely to come tomorrow.
probability 5hewi11be20nextmonth.(100/ certain;
prediction)
Theyshould arrive tonight. (90% certain;
future on1y; it's probable)
He ought to be at work now. (90% certain; he
wi11 proba y be at work)
logical assumptions Youmustknowthat. (90% certain - positive;
1' sure you know that)
She cant have so pets. (negative; 1'
sure she hasn't)
They couldn t be at home now. (negative; 1
dont think theyre at home now)
permission can/can't yourbook (giving They weren't allowed to%ouldn't enter the
refusing permission; informal)
Couldlgo out?(more polite; asking for
permission)
Youmaygoout(formal; giving permission)
Might 1 make a phone call? (more formal;
asking for permission)
lm afraid can't/mustn't make a phone 11.
(informal; refusing permission)
Passengers may not use mobile phones. (formal;
refusing permission - written notice) _ _ ~ .._..
necessity 1 must the bi11 tomorrow. (1 say so)
Theyhave to wearuniforms. (necessity
coming from outside the speaker)
's got to catch the train. (informal)
The car servicing. OR The car needs to be
serviced. (1t's necessary)
5he doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't
rypeitnow. (1t isn't necessary - absence of
necessity)
You ought to drop them a 1ine. (1t's necessary)
Past
She l/was able to play the viola. (repeated
action - ability in the past)
We were able to escape from the burning hotel.
(single action)
He could have drowned. (Luckily he didn't.)
Annmayhavegotlost(Perhaps she is 1ost.)
Tom mighthave sold his car. (Perhaps he has
sold it.)
1t was 1ikely that the star had disappeared.
The star was 1ikely to have disappeared.
Sheshouldhaveleftbynow.(She has
proba y 1eft.)
He ought to have recorded his new CD by now.
(He has proba y recorded it.)
5hemusthavebeenseriouslyilL(positive; 1'
sure she was.)
Theycan'thavebeenabroad.(negative; 1'
sure they weren't.)
Theycouldn'thave been married. (negative; 1
dont think they were married.)
country.
She was al/owed to see the files. (not: ~ )
1 had to pay the bi11 on Fiiday. (1 was iged to)
They had to wear uniforms at the private school.
He had to catch the train.
The car needed servicing. OR The car needed to
beserviced. (it was necessary)
5he didn't have to/didn tneed to work overtime. (1t
wasn't necessary for her to work overtime and
she didn't. - absence of necessity)
You needn't have made me a cake. (1t wasn't
necessary to make me a cake, but you did.)
 Grammar
in use
5

Use Present / Future Past

---
advice Youshouldbemorecareful.(general advice; 1 You should have been more careful. (but you
advise you) weren't)
You ought to brush your teeth every . He ought to have given her a 1ift. (but he
(1 advise you; most peopie believe this) didn't)
We had better cancel this trip. (1t's a good 1t would have been better if we had cancelled
idea; advice on a specific situation) the trip. (but we didn't)
Sha11 we borrowmoneyfrom the bank?(asking
for advice)
criticism You couid at least 1et me know. You could at least have 1et me know.
should try again. He should have tried again. (but he didn't)
She ought to be on time. 5he ought to have been on time. (1t was the
right thing to d o, but she didn't do it.)
o igation 1 muststudyharder. (1 need to; 1 say so) 1 had to study harder.
lhavetostudyharder.(1' o iged to; my 1 had to study harder.
teachers say so)
We ought to execise daily. (1t's the right thing We ought to have give more money to d itX th
to do, but we dont always do it_) was the fxhi thmg to do, but .s i t 60 u
requests Can 1 borrowyourbook?(informal)
Could l w k.7(t) ~
1 have the book when you finish it? (formaD
Might 1 rurn up the radio? (very formai)
Wi11 help me with this exercise? (very friendly)
Wou1d mind not smoking in here? (polite)

offers n 1 help with the housework? (informal)
Sha111 prepare snacks for the picnic? (i nformal)
Wou1d like me to mow the lawn foryou?
suggestions 5ha11 we go to the theatre?
We can always catch a later bus.
We could go to the beach at the weekend. You could have used my car.
-- .
prohibition You can't make overseas 11s. (you arent They couldn't make overseas ca11s. (They
allowed to) weren't allowed to.)
You mustn't take photographs. (it's forbidden)
You maynotparkhere. (formal)
uty 11 motorists must observe the HighwayCode. 11 employs had to sign newcontracts.
People ought not to smoke. (1t's the right She ought to have taken her parents'advice. (1t
thing to do, but people don't always do it.) was the right thing to do, but she didn't do
it.)

Needn't Didn't need to Needn't have

don't have to/don't need to/ needn't + present infinitive (it is not necessary in the present or future) Youdonthave
to/don't need to/needn't wake up early tomorrow.lt's Sunday. (1t is not necessary to wake up ...)
didn't need to/didn't have to + present infinitive (it was not necessary in the past and we may not know if the
action happened or not.) She didn't need to/didn't have to wake up early yesterday.lt was Sunday. (1t wasn't necessary
for her to wake up early and we don't know if she did or not.)
needn't + bare perfect infinitive (We know that sth happened in the past although it was not necessary.)
You neednthave left o early Ia t nght. (You did, although itwas not necessary.)

 5 Gr C11qr
in use

Must (affirmative logical assumption) - /Might (possibility) Can't/Couldn't (negative logical assumption)

Present lnfinitive 5hemuststudyalot. 1'msureshestudiesalot.

5he may study a 1ot. Perhaps she wi11 study a 1ot.
Present Continuous She must be studying. 1' sure she is studying.
lnfinitive Shemay/mightbestudying. Perhapsshewillbestudying
Perfect lnfinitive 5hecan'thavestudied. linsureshedidn'tstudy.
5he can't have studied. lm sure she hasn't studied.
5he can't have studied. 1' sure she hadn't studied.
Perfect Continuous She may have been studying. Perhaps she was studying.
lnfinitive She mayhave been studying. Perhaps she has been studying.

Question Tags
Question tags are short questions at the end of statements used to confirm if the statement is true or not.

They are formed with the modal or auxiliary verb from the main sentence and the appropriate subject
pronoun.
A positive statement takes a negative question tag. You are coming with us, arentyou?
A negative statement takes a positive question tag. Hecan'tspeakEnglish, can he?
When there is no auxiliary or modal verb, we use /does or did + subject pronoun.
Helen works for lnfotec, doesn't she? Fe1ix doesn't like classical music, does he?
When the statement contains a negative adverb of frequency such as l, never, hardly, seldom, we use a
positive question tag. 5he never watches TV does she?
The question tags of some verbs/expressions formed differently.
1 am invited to the party, orent 1?
(imperative) Leave me alone, wi11/won't ? Don't tell anyone, wi11 ? Let's have a picnic, sha11 we?
There is some ice in the fridge, isn't there? There are a few biscuits 1eft, arent there?
He has got a motorbike, hasn't he? BUT You have enough money, dontyou?
This is/That is Jane's bag, isn't it?

Note:
When you are sure of ~ t he answer and expect agreement, your voice goes down in the question tag.
He has lived abroad, hasn't he?
When you are not sure of the answer, your voice goes up in the question tag. don'teatmear, ?

Complete the dialogues by filling in must, mustn't, can, can't, needn't or have to, as in the exampie.
1

1 A: Do 1 need to buy a ticket in advance?
B: No, you can buy one there, if you 1ike.
2 A: 1 haven't eaten anything 11 day.
B: Rea11y? You ...................... be starving.
3 : Are you working late again tonight?
B: Yes we ...................... finish the project by the
weekend.
4 A: Wou1d you like me to cook dinner tonight?
B: Oh you ................ that. 111 make something
when 1 get back.
5 A: Have you seen this note 1 got from 1 ? 1
read any of it.
B: Oh, 1 know. His handwriting is awful, isn't it?
6 A: So, we'11 meet at the station at six 'clock.
: , fine. You .................... forget to 11 Adam
to 1et him know what time we're arriving.
7 A: 1t's a shame we didn't book that holiday, isn't
1t?
B: Yes but there's nothing we ......................
about it now, 1' afraid.

100

8 A: You look happy. What did the doctor say?
B: Oh, he said my knee is much better and 1
...................... go back and see him again.
9 A: Do you think that's 1's sister?
B: No, it ...................... be. He said she would be
in Rome this week.
10 A: 1s lane home yet?
B: No, she ...................... sti11 be at work. She said
she would be late today.
2 Underline the correct l verb.
1 She said she couldn't/can't come yesterday because
she had already made plans to go out with her
sister.
2 We can't/mustn't have run out of mi 1k, 1 bought
some this morning.
3 We need to/should have invited Craig to the party.
4 Louise isn't upstairs. She can/must have 1eft
already.
5 1 wonder why Hannah didn't come to work today.
Maybe one of us /should 11 and check that
she's alright.
6 We must/might finish 11 the work by 10.30. 1'
not sure yet.
7 We needn't/oughtn't to leave right away, we
have plenty of time.
8 1' afraid you can't/mustn't speak to Mr Lambert
at the moment, he's in a meeting.
9 1 can't do my History homework. Do you think you
l /should help me?
10 You mustn't/needn't te11 him about the party. We
want it to be a surprise.
Gra 11H
a 5
in use
3 The doctor said 1 can't/mustn't eat too much red
meat.
4 's got a terri e toothache. He really should/ l
go to the dentist.
5 1 mustn't/might go out tonight, if 1 finish this
project.
6 You must/ought to eat at least three pieces of
fruit each day.
7 You mustn't/shouldn't forget to pay the phone
bi11 today.
8 You must/ought to wear a helmet when you ride
a motorbike, it's against the 1aw not to.
9 You might/ borrow my new earrings, as long
as you don't lose them.
10 You shouldn't/can't have eaten so many sweets.
No wonder ' ve got stomach ache!
Fi11 in needn'thave/didn'tneed to and the correct
5
form of the verb in brackets to complete the
sentences.
1 Luckily 1 ................................ () 11 of the work
again because 1 had a back up copy on disk.
2 1t turned out that 1 ................................ ( 11) Jo
because 1an had already told her the news.
3 1 ................................ (buy) more milk because
Mum had already bought some.
4 She ................................ (dress) smartly for the
party, so she wore her jeans.
5 John ................................ (go) into the bank, he
could have closed his account over the phone.
6 They ............................. (walk) to the supermarket
because Simon gave them a 1ift.

3 Where might you see each of the following signs?

( use can, can't, have to,
Write sentences to explain what each one means,
don'thave to and
as in the example.
needn'twith the
, 2 KLLP OFF prompts below to ask
and answer questions
~/ GRASS
about using i
(~~~~~ transport in your
PRIYATE STAFF country. You can use
your own ideas.
ONLY
1(1n a park) - You mustn't play ba11 games in this area.
buy a ticket to travel on the bus/train
4 Underline the correct l verb, then explain its buy a monthly travel pass
use. travel free if you are over 65
1 Excuse me, wi11/ l you te11 me how to get to eat or drink in the vehicle
Oxford Street, please? buy tickets in advance
2 You needn't/shouldn't pick up the children from : Do 1 have to buy a ticket to travel on the train or bus?
school, 1' leaving work early today so 1 can do it. 8: Yes, you do. Can 1... etc

101
 s ( tnmar
in use
7 Look at the photographs and use the prompts to 8 Fi11 in the correct question tags.
make up sentences using must, mustn't or needn't.
1 Let's go for a wa1k . .............................................?
2 rarely goes out on a week night . ...................?
3 She lives near me................................................?
4 This is your newspaper . ......................................?
5 You haven't finished your homework . ................?
6 The children are very quiet today . .......................?
7 is good cook . .............................................?
8 You haven't got a CD player . ..............................?
9 Tony loves 1talian food . .......................................?
10 You wi11 come to the party . ................................?

9 Look at the pictures and make as many

buy a ticket assumptions as possi e, as in the examples.
throw litter over the side
make a reservation
You must buy a ticket before get on the ferry.
might be late for an
appointment.
can't be on holiday.
could be on his way home.

~
have too much luggage
check in
take your luggage on board
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
1 o Choose the correct answer.

1 A: Do you think you l help me with this?

: a Of course.
14't 1t1 ~'~
b Yes, 1 need to.
2 A: Sha11 we go to the cinema tonight?
: a Sorry we won't.
b Sorry, 1 can't.
3 A: 1 you post this for me while youre out?
: a Not at 11.
b No r .
4 A: Can 1 talk to you for a moment?
: a Yes, you wi11.
b Certainly.
5 A: Wou1d you pick Ron up tomorrow?
: a Of course 1 would.
b Of course 1 wi11.
6 A: Wi11 you tape that film for me tonight?
: a 1' be happy to.
b Yes, 1 .
102
 Gt 1 5
in use
Word formation word transformations

. . .... ; used with 5tudy the examples.ln each case the second sentence has
a similar meaning to the first sentence.
de-: deactivate, ; verbs
dis-: disadvantage, disinfect ; verbs, adjectives,
: nouns 1 You cant get a driving licence if are under 17.
in-: independent, indecisive : adjectives, nouns must You must be 17 or over to get a driving
i1-: (before 1) illogical adjectives, nouns licence.
im-: (before m and p) impossie ; adjectives, nouns 2 1t's a good idea to brush your teeth after every 1.
ir-: (before r) irresistie : adjectives, nouns
should You should brush your teeth after
non-: non-smoker, non-toxic : adjectives, nouns every 1.
un-: unfair, untidy adjectives, adverbs
3 There's a possibility that Jim wi11 be at the party.
; and nouns
might Jim might be at the party.
4 Showing respect to your parents is the right thing to
11 Complete the sentences with a word formed from do.
the word in bo1d. ought You ought to show respect to your
parents.
1 Luckily, the house was
5 Do 1 ~ get to rst the USA2
........................ when the fire OCCUPIED
neoessarp 1s rt necessary t0 get a r sa to vat the
broke out.
L
2 1t was a l . ........................... FORMAL ~ ~
occasion.
3 You must keep on working with 12 comlete the h t to wd,
him no matter how much you induding the wad i 1 Do not dharge tfie
AGREE meaning of the i9<1 ~
4 1f you .......................... the turkey, FROST 1 1' sure that Fank the
we wi11 cook it tonight. have Frank --------------------------
5 He was sure that what they were
...........-------------------------- tfie trai
doing was ........................... so he LEGAL 2 1t was not necessary for us to book tabie t
decided to 11 the police. the restaurant is never busy Monday rrght
6 has written ten novels as we11 as have The restaurant is never busy
a number of ........................ books. F1CT10N nights, so we ......................................
7 1 have a meeting at 5:30. 1t's really tae.
....................... because 1 normally CONVENIENT 3 1t is forbidden for students to talk to one another
finish work at 3:00 oclock on during the exam.
Fridays. must Students .............................................
8 Don't be so ...........................! The PATIENT one another during the exam.
bus wi11 be here in a minute. 4 You should get some details from their website.
9 Matt was very ............................. LUCKY ought You .....................................................
and missed the goa1. 1 thought he more details from their website.
was the best player overall. 5 Robin must be here, his car is sti11 in the car park.
10 They run a ............................. PROFIT certain 1 ..........................................................
organisation which helps the here, his car is sti11 in the car park.
homeless in London. 6 Need 1 11 to confirm my booking?
11 What he was saying was totally
necessary 1s ........................................................
........................ to the main topic RELEVANT to confirm my booking?
of the meeting. 7 My doctor advised me to stay in bed.
12 You mustn't ............................ the OBEY should My doctor told me that ......................
1aw or '11 get into trouble. in bed.
8 1t is possi e that 1 wi11 be to help you.
might 1 think 1 ...............................................
you.

103
 5 Gr (
in use
Open cloze Multiple-choice cloze

~ 3 Read the text below and think of the 14 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
word which best fits each space. Use best fits the space, as in the example. There is an l (0)
only one word in each space. There is an at the beginning.
l (0) at the beginning.

Gurry
~n~ ~~
Most of us, at some time or 0) another, suffer
from the 'winter s'. As the days get shorter Curry, nowadays, is becoming known ~
and cooler, we find ourselves feeling tired and 0) C English food. 1n fact, it is 1) .........
we tend 1) .............. eat more than we should. easier to find an lndian restaurant than a ,.
1t is perfectly natural, our internal biological chip shop in most large cities and towns in the UK. The reasons are
clocks are simply reacting to the changes in obvious, curries are tasty, whereas traditional English food can
sunlight patterns. The only solution is to carry sometimes be quite bland. What few l know, 2) ............. . is
2) .............. and try to make the best of things that most of the herbs and spices used to make curry have medical
by waiting fior spring. properties.
Some people, however, 3) .............. the Garlic and onions have been used for thousands of years to help
winter s overwhelming. They have 1ittle or lower cholesterol and blood pressure and treat infections. Turmeric
no interest 4) .............. work, school, family or acid aids digestion, acts as an antiseptic and supposedly has anti-
friends. They are tired 11 the time, no matter cancer properties. Coriander, used by the ancient Greeks and
how much sleep they get, and they crave Egyptians to flavour wine, is known to ease migraine headaches.
carbohydrates (potatoes, bread, spaghetti, etc). Ginger is we11-known for its ability to suppress nausea and
They also experience feelings of despair, misery reduce fever. When used topically it also acts as an effective
and hopelessness. These are symptoms of the 3) ............. . Chi11i is also famous as a topical pain reliever as we11 as
disease 5) ............. as SAD or 5easonal Affective being to stop eeding 4) ............. applied to a cut. 1t also
Disorder. helps the body produce endorphins which cause feelings of
The cure is a logical . Suferers need pleasure. Cloves are useful for preserving food and they are also
exposure to bright light. For mild forms of the () 5) ............. ingredient in topical pain relievers used by dentists.
disease simply spending more time tside But, be warned, before you go rushing to your spice rack to
usually helps to relieve the symptoms, but ) ............. aches and pains make sure that you know what
serious SAD sufferers need a effective you are doing. Most of these spices can have a 7) ............. effect if
treatment. According to medical professionals, you use too much. 1t is also important to find out what form they
the recommended treatment ) .............. SAD is should be in. For example, cutting a raw chilli pepper and rubbing it
exposure, from 30 minutes to two hours daily, into an open 8) ............. l be painful as we11 as harmful.
to a ght box'. This box produces a bright light
which is similar to being outside on a cloudy
winter's day in Alaska. The patient has to a11ow 0 A accepted B usual traditional D cultural
the light to make contact with their eyes as 1 A quite B often C very D seldom
research has shown that it is the effect of light 2 so B fortunately C nevertheless D however
on the eyes, rather 7) .............. on the skin, 3A painkiller B stopper C reducer D destroyer
which reduces SAD symptoms. Exercise can also 4A while B when C as D whether
help relieve symptoms of depression. 5A first B mportant C usual D main
Luckily, though, most of us simply experience A solve B fix C cure D mend
a mild form of the disease. 1n this case, an 7A positive B unknown C negative D minimal
effective cure includes anything 8) .............. 8 injury B hurt C sprain D wound
Caribbean holiday, to a great evening out with
friends.

104
 Gf ~ 01 5
in use
14 Pupils .......... in the corridors.
Revision (Units 1 - 5) ~

A dont have to run C mustn't run

B neednt run D needn't be running
~ 5 Circle the correct item.
15 .......... te11 me how to get to the station from
1 has worked with his father ...... he 1eft school. here, please?
A when B since C before D while A Sha11 B 1 C Should D May

2 1.......... to the party but 1 didn't stay long because 1 16 There .......... be an election this year, but 1' not
was tired. sure.
going C had been going A must B might C ought D should
B was going D went 17 We l .......... to the theatre, but it was raining
3 1t .......... heavily 11 week and the roads are wet heavily.
and slippery. A go C have gone
A had rained C has been raining B be going D have been going
B is raining D rains 18 Leave me alone, .......... ?
4 What time did John's flight .......... yesterday? A sha11 B wi11 C do D have
A land C landed 19 That house .......... 30,000 in 1998.
be landing D was landing A cost B wi11 cost C has cost D costs
5 put the ladder up .......... the wa11. 20 The match wi11 have finished .......... six.
A to B against C from D between A when B after C by D since
6 this time next year 1.......... paying for my car.
A have finished
B wi11 have finished
finishing 1 Fi11 in the missing word.
D am going to be finishing
1 Do 1 ..................... to do my homework now?
7 1f he has enough money, he .......... on holiday in
2 She ..................... i11. 1 saw her just five minutes
the summer.
ago.
A goes C wi11 go
D wi11 have gone 3 The coffee is ..................... hot for to k.
B is to go
4 We arent going to the tonight . .................
8 Co1in won't come unless he .......... the essay. we?
A wi11 finish C is finishing
5 The water isn't hot ..................... yet_
B finishes D wi11 have finished
6 ............... be coming to the party Saturday?
9 When 1 was at school, 1 really hated .......... for 7 is the ..................... interesting man 1've ever
exams. met.
A study C used to study 8 You ..................... smoke in here. 1t's not allowed.
B to study D studying 9 1'11 be home early ..................... the bus is 1ate.
10 When 1 was a child, we .................... to go to Spain
10 Oh no! 1 forgot .......... those letters when 1 was
every summer.
out.
11 lane could ..................... helped us, but she didn't.
A posting C to post
12 is ..................... to working on Saturdays.
B post D to have posted
13 Let's play squash . ..................... we?
11 Soldiers .......... obey orders from their superior 14 The band had been playing for an hour ..................
officers. the lights went out.
B might C have to D ought to
15 Don't phone at 6:00. 1'11 ................. having a piano
12 You .......... to the supermarket later, 111 go lesson.
tomorrow morning. 16 We were not ..................... to take photos.
A needn't go C needn't have gone 17 rarely drives to work . ..................... he?
B didn't have to go D needed to go 18 How 1 ..................... 1ittle Mary be in March?
19 Was Sharon ..................... to read and write when
13 That .......... have been Harry's car you saw
she was five years old?
yesterday. His is , not green.
20 When we were younger we used to go sailing
A neednt C mightn't
weekend.
B couldn't D shouldn't
105
 6 GC f
in use

The Passive
Verb/Tense Form Active Passive

Present simple His company builds houses and ofFce ocks. Houses and office ocks are built by his
company.
Present c ontinuous * They are building a new hospital. A new hospital is being built.
These houses were built in the 1950s.
_
Past sim ple They built these houses in the 1950s.
They were building the supermarket when The supermarket was being built when
Past continuous
they ran out of money. they ran out of money.
Future simple They wi11 build a bridge across the river. A bridge wi11 be built across the river.
Present perfect ~ They have built a bigger cinema. LA bigger cinema has been built.
Past perfect They had built half of the houses before they Ha1f of the houses had been built before
laid the phone s. they laid the phone caes.
Futu re perfect They wi11 have built it by the end of the year. 1t wi11 have been built by the end of the year.
Present infinitive Theycan build an extension in theirback An extension can be builtin theirback
garden. garden.
Perfectinfinitive Theymusthavebuiltthesecondterminalat Thesecondterminalattheairportmust ~

the airport by now. have been built by now.

-i ng form They want to prevent them from building a They want to prevent a new road from
new road. being built.
Moda ls Theyshoul bui/d newTown 1/. A newTown 11 should be built.

The present perfect continuous, future continuous. past perfett continuous and future perfect continuous are not
normally used in the passive.
We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by
accident or unexpectedly. He got injured when he wos playing g (Instead of he was injured ...)

We use the passive:

when the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.
His wallet was stolen. (We don't know who stole it.)
The caris being repaired. (1t is unimportant who is repairing it.)
The criminals have arrested. (1t is obvious that the police arrested them.)
when the action itself is more important than the person/ l who do it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles,
formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. Thegallerywillbeopened to the public on uy 7th. (formal notice)
when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to
say who or what is to blame. Mistakes have been made in the past.

Changing from the active to the passive:

the object of the active sentences becomes the subject in the passive sentence.
the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form.
the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted.

1.
 1[ llI] s
in use
_.
Subject Verb Object
[ ACTIVE lohn _. took the photographs
-- ~

_ The photographs ' were taken by John

PA551VE Subject Verb Agent
-_

On1y transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can be changed into the passive.
Jackie is redecorating the f1at. (transitive verb) -. The flat is being redecorated byJackie.
BUT: Jackie lives on the third floor(intransitive verb) - no passive form: Thcth rdfloor vcdon by ackc.
Note: Some transitive verbs (have, be, exist, seem, fit, suit, resem e, 1ack, etc) cannot be changed into the
passive. Rickhas a red jumper. (NOTn rcd umper had by Rck.)
by + agent is used to say who or what carries out an action.
with + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used.
The pasta sauce was made by Tony. /1t was made with fresh tomatoes from the garden.
The agent can be omitted when the subjed is they, he, someone/some6ody, l, , etc.
Someody has cleaned the car - The car has been deaned.
The agent is not omitted when it is a speafic or important persan, or when it s essential to the n tng of ihe
se n te n ce. The novel was written by Charles Dickens. New meawres are to be itt by the Iocnl coundL
When we want to find out who or what performed acin, the ^. o,es.bon f - s WhodWhat __. ?
Who was the picture painted by?
With verbs which can take two objects such as bring, te11, send, show, teach, promise, buy, sei, , offer,
give, 1end, etc, we can form two different passive sentences.
Emi1y told the children a story. (active)
The children were told a story by Emi1y. (passive, more usual)
A story was told to the children by Emi1y. (passive, less usual)
1f, in an active sentence, a preposition follows a verb, then it is l immediately after the verb in the pass. _
Chris threw the ba11 into the air. - The ba11 was thrown into the air by Chris.
The verbs hear, he1p, see and make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active but by the to-infinitive in
the passive.
The teacher made the students work very hard. - The students were made to work very hard by the teacher.
Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. 5he 1et the children stay up 1ate. - The children were allowed to stay up
~

1ate.

Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are introduced with either a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

Relative Pronouns
We use:

1 who(m)/that to refer to l . Tina, who is He1en's sister, gotherBA last summer.

2 which/that to refer to things. The pen which is on yourdeskis mine.
3 whose with l , animals and objects to show possession (instead of a possessive adjective). Bob, whose
father is lawyer, got promoted last month.

107
 6 r
in use

Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. She's thegirl(who)1 told
you about BUT 5he's the doctor who lives next door. (who can't be omitted)
Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of the relative clause. Whom is always used instead
of who or that after a preposition. That's the man to whom 1 was speaking last night.
Who, which, or that are not omitted when they are the subject of a relative clause. Theman wholivesnextdoor
is a doctor.
Whose is never omitted. She's thegirl whosecarl bought.

Relative Adverbs

We use:
1 when/that to refer to a time (when/that can be omitted). That was the year (when/that) we went to 5outh Africa.
2 where to refer to places. The town where he lives is in the North West of England.
3 why to give a reason, usually after the word reason (why can be omitted). The reason (why) he did this is sti11 not
clear.

ldentifying and Non-ldentifying Relative Clauses

An identifying relative clause gives necessary information, essential to the meaning of the main sentence. 1t is
not put in commas and is introduced with who, that, whose, where, when or the reason (why).
The doctor who treated Hannah said she would be fine in a couple of days.

A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main
sentence. 1t is put in commas and is introduced with who, whom, which, whose, where or when.
The doctor, who was very friendly, gave Hannah an injection.

~ a. Fi11 in the gaps in the table. 4 ............................... letter to Anna at the

moment.
5 When 1 spoke to him this morning he ..............
Active P assi ve
~ ... the garden fence.
Present simple 5tore/5tore5 is/are stored 6 Yesterday she took the bus to work because
her car ................................
Present cont is/are writing
7 The report ............................... by Harry and
Past simple ' ........... ......... ......... were arrested Sarah.
8 During the last year, two new supermarkets
Past cont was/were repairing ........................................
in the centre of town.
Present perfect .............. ............... has/ha ve been built

Future simple ; wi11 deliver 2 Fi11 in byor with, as in the l .

1 The salad dressing is made with olive oi1 and

b. Use the appropriate verb forms from the t
to complete the sentences.
1 The company 5tore5 information about 11 its
customers on computer.
2 The arcel ............................... tomorrow.
3 The police ............................... the man for
burglary.
vinegar.
2 The car was being fixed ................ friend of ours.
3 The tree was cut down ................ chain saw.
4 On Saturday afternoons the streets are filled
shoppers.
5 That book was written ................ favourite
author.
6 11 of this trouble was caused ................ Sa11y's
interfering.

:7
 G1(1 f
in use
a. Read the passage and put the verbs into the 4 A: Have they finished building the new cinema
3 yet7
correct passive tense.
B: Yes, 1 heard that iUopen/the mayor next week
......................................................................
The first modern Olympic Games 1) ..........................
.................................................................... .
(hold) in Athens in 1896. They 2) ..........................
(organise) by the lnternational Olympic Committee, 5 A: Did you write that report?
which 3) ............................. (found) two years earlier B: No, 1 think it/write/Fiona
by the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin. At the .................................................................... .

first games, athletes from just 13 countries 6 A: Why were you late?
4) ....................... (invite) to take part in 42 events. : flight/delay/by the bad weather
Since then, the summer games 5) ..........................
(host) by a different city every four years (except during
7 A: Have you got your car back yet?
the Wor1d Wars) and their popularity has grown and
B: No, it/sti11/not repair
grown. The 2000 Games in Sydney, Australia, which
.................................................................... .
6) .......................... (attend) by more than 10,000
athletes from almost 200 countries, 8 A: Have you finished decorating your flat?
7) ............................ (think) to ; ;'--, ~ B: No, but it/finish/by the end of the month
have been the biggest and ~ ..........................................................................
the best yet. 1t
' 9 : Can 1 borrow your jumper?
8) .......................... : Sorry, but it/wash/at the moment
(hope) that the event
------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -
wi11 be even more --
successful in the years to i ~ 10 = How ok1 s t is +?

. ( 8: tJpaanJnore tfan 100 ye~ r ~

/ 5 Rewrite the fol4owing g in the p fL

b. Ask and answer questions, as in the l . -

The police arrested 1 1 man David Rowe, 1t 9it, afler

A: Where were the first modern Olympic Games held?
B: They were held in Athens. Who ... ? etc.
4 Using the prompts, write sentences in the passive,
as in the l .
the armed robbery of the petrol station on George 5 t
They caught Rowe running away from the scene and they
found that he was carrying more than 2,000 in cash. They
later officially charged him with the robbery. A police
spokesman announced that Rowe wi11 appear in court next
month. 1f he is found guilty, the judge l sentence him to
up to ten years in prison.

Rewrite the newspaper headlines as complete

sentences, as in the l .

Investigation to be held into tragic coach crash

~ Verdict not reached Extra funding for hospitals

1 A: What are the children doing?
by iury in the ann un by Health
B: They/teach/English ~
They are being taught English. ~ Waterman case
_
Minister
~ __ _.
.F. ~

2 A: That's a really nice dress.

ONE-D4Y 5TR1KE SE ELD SY R,41
DRIVERS
B: Thanks, it/give/to me for my birthday -. ..- 4 __ .., .,._
~
'.. ~
- .......................................................... .
An investigation wi11 be held into the tragic coach crash.
3 A: Do you fancy going out for dinner tonight?
: Sorry 1 can't. 1/invite/to a party
.................................................................... .
109
 s G f
in use
7 1f possi e, rewrite the following sentences in the ~ o Look at the pictures and make up as many
passive. sentences as possi e using relatives.

1 Ju1ie lives in Barcelona.

Cont be put into the passive
''' 1
2 They chose 1 to be the new team captain.
alarm clock ;
PauI was chosen to be the new team captain.
3 They have dosed the road because of the floods.
4 They have two sons and a daughter. goldfish
~
'~ car
5 The postman delivered the letter just before we 1eft.
That 1 shirt doesn't fit anymore.

8 Fi11 in who, which or whose, then say whether or not binoculars

the relative pronoun can be omitted, as in the
examples. flippers ~_
~ ..:.

1 That's the woman who5e daughter works in the

bank. (cannotbeomitted)
2 Mary is the person who 1 wanted to speak to. (can
be omitted)
3 That's the book ..................... 1 wanted to borrow
from you.
4 1s Mark the boy ................... has got a motorbike? r
chef
5 Mr Johnson is the man ..................... house is on
~
top of the hi11.
These are the shoes ........... ......... 1 bought last ;. doctor
week.
trumpet
7 Jamie is the person ..................... is in charge of
the project.
8 1sn't Claire Winters the woman .....................
brother works with Steve? A goldfish is a sma11 fish which we keep as a pet.
9 Bob's the person ..................... won the tennis
1 1 Circle the correct item.
competition, not Wi11.
10 That's the school ..................... the boys used to go 1 Do you know the man ............. owns the
t0. newsagent's?
A which B whose C who

2 Nei1 said that there's a film on at the cinema

9 Match the items in the two columns. Then use the we might enjoy.
correct relative pronoun, who, whose or which, to A which B who C whose
make up complete sentences.
3 What's the name of that comedian ............. TV
show you were watching last night?
a fixed our car. A who's B whose C whom
L A doctor is someone
2
1 The tiger is an b is used to boil water 4 The students . ............. essays were due the next
animal can be found in day, were 11 working in the library.
~
3 This is Peter lndia. A whose B that C who
A kettle is something d cures the sick.
5 This is Miss Walters ............. you spoke to on the
5 Greg is the mechanic e sister you met
phone.
yesterday.
A which B whom C who's

1- d A doctor is someone who cures the sick. The new washing machine she bought
was very cheap.
A where B which C who

110

in use
t s
Use of English word transformations.

Word formation Study the examples.ln each case the second sentence has
a similar meaning to the first sentence.

'
..
1 They 1et me leave early because 1 had a dental
appointment.
out-: more, better (outperform)
allowed 1 was allowed to leave early because 1 had
over-: to a great extent (overreact) a dental appointment.
post-: after (post-graduate)
pre-: before (pre-school) 2 The government has suggested that we should try to
conserve water.
re-: again (rewrite)
by 1t has been suggested by the government
semi-: half (semi-detached)
that we should try to conserve water.
sub-: under, less (sub-zero)
super-: big, more (supermarket) 3 Most l believe that the Olympic Games help
under-: not enough (underpaid) promote world peace.
believed The Olympic Games are believed to help
promote world peace.

4 We got a qualified plumber to install our new shower.

1 2 Complete each of the sentences with a word
had We had our new shower installed by a
formed from the word in bo1d.
qualified plumber.

1 ..................... everybody else in PLAY 5 Someone stole her car last night.
was Her car was stolen last night.
the tournament and won easily.
2 The seats had been arranged in a They wi11 replace the broken window tomorrow
morning.
................ facing the front of CIRCLE
be The broken window wi11 be replaced
the room.
tomorrow morning.
3 The film was in French with English
7 They are expecting the Roya1 l to a ive back in
T1TLE England on Sunday rning.
4 The garden had been neglected expected The Roya1 l are expected to an-ive
and was very ..................... . GROWN back in England on Suriay moming.
5 You mustn't .......................... how 5I 8 1f 1 don't finish the report by Friday, 1 wont be to
difficult it is going to be. go away this weekend.
Their house was destroyed by the finished 1f this report isn't finished by Friday, 1

earthquake but they are determined

~ won't be to go away this weekend. ~

to ..................... it. BU1LD

7 1n a ..................... interview, the MATCH
coach tried to explain why his
team had l so badly.
8 Before you put in the chicken,
.................... the oven to 180 .
9 She had always dreamed of
becoming ..................... . STAR
10 1 ..................... and was late for SLEPT
school.
 6 GC f
in use
~ 3 Complete the sentences with two to Multiple-choice cloze
five words, including the word in bo1d.
Do not change the meaning of the 14 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
original sentence. best fits the space. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

1 She has to finish her essay by next

Monday.
finished Her essay ...........................
-> et Passpori
by next Monday.

2 They 1et me take the day off yesterday.

allowed1 .........................................
. the day off yesterday.

3 l believe that the train crash was

caused by a signal failure.
believed 1t .......................................
train crash was caused by a
signal failure.

4 They delivered her new furniture

Going abroad has never been easier. Today, thanks 0) 8 the UK's Pet
yesterday.
Travel Scheme (PETS), you can safely and easily take your pet with you
was Her new furniture ..............
when you travel to many European countries and to a number of long
................... yesterday.
haul destinations 1) ................. Australia and New Zealand. First of 11,
5 The mechanic at the garage serviced your pet needs to have a microchip fitted. This means that a sma11
our car. microchip, about the 2) ............. of a grain of rice, is inserted into the
had We .................................... loose skin at the back of the neck. The microchip has a special code on
the mechanic it which is 3) ............. to each animal and is used for identification
at the garage. purposes. lnformation about the animal such as name, age, breed and
A national newspaper has reported vaccination details, along with details about the owner, are 4) .............
that the minister is going to resign. on a central computer. The next step is to have your pet vaccinated
by 1t has ................................. 5) ............. rabies. Then after a follow-up ) ............., PETS
...................... national Certificate or passport wi11 be issued and your pet can set off with you.
newspaper that the minister Of course, this new convenience doesn't come cheap, with the total
is going to resign. cost of the procedure amounting to 200.
7) .............. `^'hen compared to the 1 way, a quarantine period of
7 1t is expected that Barcelona wi11 win
six months at a cost of 2,000, it is certainly a 8) ............. in the right
the match.
direction.
to Barcelona ...........................
.................. the match.

8 The police are to carry out a thorough 0 A for to C with D of

investigation. 1 A counting B together C plus D including
be A thorough investigation ... 2 A amount B largeness C size D range
3 A unique B individual C only D same
.............. by the police. 4 A stored B deposited C reserved D collected
9 The 1 1 council has suggested that 5 A to B against C for D through
the police should impose heavy fines A examination B research C test D investigation
for dangerous driving. 7 A Whereas B Despite C However D Even though
by 1t ....................................... 8 B stride C walk D step
the 1 1 council that the
police should impose heavy
fines for dangerous driving.

112
 Gf 111 1
in use
Open cloze Revision (Units 1 - ) -
~ 5 Read the text below and think of the word which 16 Circle the correct item.
best fits each space. Use only one word in each
1 ............ for that phone 11 since 5 oclock.
space. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
A waits C has been waiting
B is waiting D wi11 wait

~ 2 1f 1 hear from 1 , 1............you know.

~ obs.com A am letting
B 1et
C wi11 be letting
D wi111et

More and 0) more peopie today are turning to the 3 His previous job was just ............ we11 paid as the
lnternet to meet their employment needs. According he has now.
1) .............. one recent survey, more than one million UK A not B more C slightly D as
residents search for jobs through the lnternet every month. 4 There's no point in ............ how you fee1, because
1n response 2) ............ this demand, thousands of new sites, she's not interested.
offering to match job hunters to suita e advertisements, A explaining C explained
have 3) .............. launched. For the job-seeker, these sites B explain D to explain
are very convenient, There is no more hunting through a list
5 1 would love ............ own restaurant one day.
of thousands of advertisements to find the one they are
A own C owning
looking for. They can simply 4) .............. rid of unsuita e
B to own D to be owning
advertisements being specific in their search details. 1f
they do not wish to accept a salary of less than 30,000, She ............ be married. She was wearing a
5) .............. if they do not wish to work outside a certain wedding ring.
, for example, then they can type in this information at A l B needn't C must D can't
the start of their search in ) .............. to save themselves 7 We ............ to go to bed soon. We've got a very
the trouble of reading about jobs that are 7) .............. no busy day tomorrow.
interest to them. The lnternet also allows the job-seeker to A should B ought C must D can
send their CVs to a number of different places more quickly.
They can also get -to-the-minute information about 8 ............ get there in time; it depends on the
which jobs are sti11 availa e. So, next time you are traffic.
8) .............. the lookout for that exciting new opportunity; A might B must C ought D need
get online and get ahead! 9 The leak was fixed ............ plumber.
A vvith B for C D to
10 cant come because he ............ to work
overtime every night this week.
A makes C is making
B is being made D is made

~ ~ - f~ ,\ ~
~ 7 Fi11 in the missing word.
1 Chinese is ..................... in Taiwan.
~ 2 Have you ..................... invited to the party?
f 3 She wi11 have .................. working here for twenty-
~
~
five years when she retires.
4 That's the house ..................... 1 grew up.
5 The demonstrators want to stop the 1aw from
passed.
This is Peter James ................. is the new computer
technician.
7 has been studying 11 night. He .....................
be exhausted.
8 1t is .................... that he wi11 be the next President.
9 The sauce was made ..................... fresh herbs.
10 The price of computers is expected ................. rise.

113
 7 Gr mar
in use

Causative form
We use have + object + past participle to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us. The
past participle has a passive meaning. She had her hair cut at the newhairdresser's. (She didn't cut her own hair.)
Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with /does (present simple) or did (past simple).
Did you have the carpets cleaned last week?
We also use have something done to talk about an unpleasant experience that somebody had. When Kate was
in town, she had her bag stolen. (= her bag was stolen)
We can use the verb get instead of have in informal conversation. 111 get the photographs developed when 1 go
into town.

Regular active form Causative form

Present Simple He fixes his bike. He has his bike fixed.
Present Continuous is fixing his bike. He is having his bike fixed.
Past 5imple fixed his bike. ~ He had his bike fixed.
Past Continuous was fixing his bike. He was having his bike fixed.
Future Simple wi11 fix his bike. He wi11 have his bike fixed.
Future Continuous wi11 be fixing his bike. He wi11 be having his bike fixed.
Present Perfect has fixed his bike. He has had his bike fixed.
Present Perfect Continuous has been fixing his bike. He has been having his bike fixed.
Past Perfect He had fixed his bike. He had had his bike fixed.
Past Perfect Continuous had been fixing his bike He had been having his bike fixed.
lnfinitive should fix his bike. He should have his bike fixed.
-ing form 1t's worth fixing his bike. 1t's worth having his bike fixed.

Reported Speech
We use direct speech to quote someone's exact words. We enclose their words in inverted commas.
"11ive in Highfield Road,"Eve said. or Eve said, "11ive in Highfield Road."
We use reported speech to report the exact meaning of what someone said, but not in the exact words. We
do not use inverted commas. Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns change
according to the meaning of the sentence. Evesaid thatshe lives in Highfield Road.
We can report someone's words a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time after
they were said (up-to-date reporting).

Say - 11- Ask

5 can be used both in direct and reported speech. 1t is used with or without a personal object. When it is
used with a personal object it is always followed by to (said to him). 1n reported speech say is not followed by
an object pronoun, but it can be followed by that.
Direct: "1'mtired,"shesaid. oR "1'mtired,"shesaidtome.
Reported: 5he said (that) she was tired.
11 can be used both in direct and reported speech. 1t is always followed by a personal object (told him).
Direct: "1 come from Newcastle,"Gary told me.
Reported: Gary told me that he comes from Newcastle.
Ask is used in direct questions. 1t is also used in reported questions and requests.
Direct: Where areyou going?he a kedme.
"Hurry ,"she said.
Reported: asked me where 1 was going.
She asked us to hurry .

114 .
 GfOOf
in use
Expressions used with say, te11 and ask.

5 he11o, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, etc

TELL the truth, a 1ie, a story a se et, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody's name,
somebody the way, somebody so, someone's fortune, etc

5 a question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody, etc

1n reported speech:
Tenses change as follows:

Direct 5peech Reported Speech

"1 walk to work every day. said (that) he walked to work every day.
Present 5imple Past 5imple
"1 going to the cinema. said (that) he was going to the cinema.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
._..
"1 have finished my homerok" said (that) he had finished his homework.
Present Perfect Past PerfeCt
"1 bought their new CD." said (that) he bought/had bought their new CD. ~

Past 5imple Past Simple or Past Perfect

"1 was playing football at 12 o dock He sad that he was playing/had been playing football at
Past Continuous 12 ' dock
PaSt Cotinuous or Past PerFect Continuous
"1 wi11 go and buy some bread." sa3d ht he would go and buy some bread.
Future 5imple (wi11) Conditional(w 1 )~

The past perfect and past perfect continuous do not change in reported speedi.

Some words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence.
here -> there, come -+ go
today, tonight - that day, that night
~

yesterday - the day before, the previous day

now - then, at that/the time/moment, immediately
~

two days ago - two days before

last month -> the month before, the previous month
this week -* that week
tomorrow -+ the next/following day
next month --> the month after, the following month

Some l verbs also change, as follows:

wi11 - would
can (ability) -> l , can (future reference) -> l /would be to
-> might
sha11 - should
must (o igation) - must/had to
~

needn't - needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to

115
 i Gt R1(H
in use
Use the prompts to say what you can do at each of 3 Look at the pictures and make sentences using the
1
the businesses. causative form, as in the l .

.)
1 Roma Pizza 1~ 1i ~
Beautiful
Italian
rb,er!s ~~~ ~~ ~ '" _ .;
stylist nt 1ow prices
pasta
nnd pizza

3 -~=
~
Pholt~o ~
E~xpr~e~ss
We'11 develop your '
4 holiday snaps while you wait

Securil
We can install locks, security lights,
burglar nlarms.

5 Printer's :
LEAFLETS AND FLYERS ARE OUR SZL
1 They/photograph/take
They are having their photograph taken.

Fnst and Efticient 5ervice
2 She/order/take
3 She/teeth/check
4 /trousers/alter
OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK

4 Rewrite the sentences using the causative form, as

1 pizza/deliver in the example.
You can have a pizza delivered (by them).
1 Someone is going to paint our house tomorrow.
2 hair/cut We are going to have our house painted tomorrow.
3 photographs/ develop
2 We are installing central heating this winter.
4 new burglar alarm/ install
5 1eaflets/print
3 The hairdresser cut my hair this morning.
car/repair
.............................................................................
4 They wi11 deliver our furniture on Friday.

2 Rewrite the sentences using the causative form, as

5 The plumber is fixing the sink in the kitchen.
in the l .
.............................................................................

1 His car is serviced twice a year.

He has his car serviced twice a year. 5 Complete the sentences using the causative.
2 Her jacket is being dry cleaned at the moment.
1 Ann's hair is too 1ong. She ...............................
3 Their new gas fire was installed last month.
4 mobile phone was stolen last night.
2 They wanted to have a marquee in their garden.
5 The doctor checked his pressure.
Did a professional decorate their house for them?
They ..................................................................... .
3 We sti11 haven't taken our holiday photographs to
be developed. We ..................................................
yet.

~ l
 I 'I ~
1 USET
4 John is at the optician's. Report what the doctor said to the patient, as in the l .
7
........................................... .
5 You need to arrange for
someone to repair your roof.
1 Please, sit down.
You ...................................... 4 1 don't think
........................................... . that it is broken.
6 Mary's purse was stolen
2 How did the ~
yesterday. Mary ....................
accident happen?

7 Tony's nose was broken g 5 We should have

the match. Tony .................... an X-ray taken
just to be sure.
8 The painter is painting 's 3 . move
bedroom. Ben ......................
6 1f it is broken, we wi11
` have to put it in a cast.

( Complete the sentences by

filling in the correct form of
say, te11, or ask, as in the
l .
1 5he asked the patient to s t i.
1 Alison told me that she was
-----------------
going on holiday next week.
----------------- ---- --......
2 Nei1's going into town, he 3
----.... - ....................
................... if we wanted 4
............................................................... .....-- ---- ------------------ ---- --
anything from the shops. 5
..........................................................................-.---------------..-.-..-
3 1f see Caro1 ..................... 6
her that Harry was looking
for her earlier.
4 Did Anna or Chris .................
anything about what they
are doing tonight? 8 Match the speech bub es (A-F) to the sentences (1-6). Then, rewrite
5 The boss ........................ John them as reported speech to complete the sentences, as in the example.
that we have to finish the
report today.
1'11 go and it tomorrow. 1 have to study
6 Dave ........................ that we Go to your room!
tonight.
shouldn't wait for him
because he might be a bit
1ate. D F
7 He ........................ her where 1 have booked t d What time does
she would like to go for for six. &t? your train arrive?
dinner.
8 1 must remember to
................... someone 11 was meeting him at the station, so 1 asked him what time his train
what time the exam starts. 1 arrived.
don't want to be 1ate.
1 The boy was misbehaving, so his mum ............................................
9 Did she ........................
1Ben had an exam the following day, so he .......................................
why she didn't go to the
............................... .
party last night?
Jane really liked Tina's new skirt, so she ............................................
10 Tina always ........................
............................... .
that she is going to quit her
5 The rent was due, so Tim ............................................................... .
job and go back to college,
We were 11 going out to dinner, so 1im ..............:............................
but 1 don't know if she ever
............................... .
wi11.

117
 _ L1
9 1 works in a clothes shop. Read the questions that 8 She asked whether 1 was going away the following
a customer asked her and turn them into reported weekend.
questions, as in the l . ..............................................................................
9 He asked whether we had l football the day
before.
..............................................................................
10 She asked if she l borrow some money.
..............................................................................

1 1 Change the direct speech into reported speech, as

in the l .

2 1 think it
Does this tie go
looks
with shirt?
' ~` great!

1"Do you have this shirt in a smaller size?"

He asked if they had the shirt in a smaller size.
2"1s there a fitting room where 1 can try it on?" 3 1s it silk?
3"How much does it cost?" 1t's imported
4 1 credit ? 1talian si1k.
5"Wi11 you be open tomorrow?
"What time do you close on Saturdays?'
How much ~

does it cost? 1t's on sale for f25.

~ o Rewrite each of the sentences in direct speech, as
in the example.

1 He said that he would 11 me the next day.

"1 wi11 callyou tomorrow."
2 She said that she l speak 1talian.
..............................................................................
3 He said that he needed to go to the supermarket
later that day.
..............................................................................
4 She said that she had seen that film the previous
week.
..............................................................................
5 asked if 1 would give him a 1ift to work.
..............................................................................
She said that 1 should go back there the following
morning.
..............................................................................
7 When 1 saw him yesterday, he said that he wasn't
working today.
..............................................................................

118
 GfO Of 1
in use
Word Transformations Stuart said, "1 think that 1 can fix it."
could Stuart said .....................
5tudy the examples.ln each case the second sentence has fix it.
a similar meaning to the first sentence. 7"1'11 go and pick Claire up from the station," Mark
said.
1 They arranged for a cake to be made for Joe's birthday would Mark said that ....................................
party. Claire up from the station.
had They had a cake made for 1 's birthday
8 1 said, "1 was on holiday in France last week."
party.
previous 1 said that during the .....................
2 At the moment, their kitchen is being painted. on holiday in France.
having They are having their kitchen painted at
the moment.

3 Which hairdresser's did you go to last week? Word Formation

get Where did you get your hair cut last week?

4 Pam said, "1' going to the theatre with 5arah next

week. " '. '

was Pam told me that she was going to the

verb + er/or/ar (teacher, governor,liar)
theatre with Sarah the following week.
verb/noun/adjective + ist (typist, motorist, specialist)
5"Where sha11 we go tonight?" 1 asked. verb + ant/ent (assistant, correspondent)
should 1 asked where we should go that night. noun + an/ian (American,ltalian, historian)
"1t's hot in here," she said. "Wi11 you open a window, verb + ee (licensee, referee)
Mike?"
asked She said that it was hot in there and asked ~ 3 Complete each of the sentences with a word
~ Mike to open window. J formed from the word in bo1d.

1 The ................................ told PHOTOGRAPH

1 2 Complete the sentences with two to five words, everyone to smile while he took
including the word in bo1d. Do not change the the picture.
meaning of the original sentence. 2 5pain attracts hundreds of
thousands of
1 Julian arranged for one of the secretaries to type every TOUR
that letter. 3 Did they ever catch the
hadJulian .................................................. who broke BURGLE
.................... by of the secretaries. into your flat?
4 11 ................................ of the EMPLOY
2 Our new sofa didn't fit in the car, so it is being
company are entitled to four
delivered next week.
weeks paid holiday each year.
getting Our new sofa didn't fit in the car, so we
5 The winning ............................... CONTEST
............................................................

receives f5000 prize.

next week.
He is a very taiented
3 took his car to the garage today so that it
and hi5 ACT
l be fixed.
latest film was a great success.
having He ......................................................
7 She's a ................................ at STUDY
........................... at the garage today.
St. Andrew's College.
4"Is the match on TV tonight?" said Rick. 8 's very creative and he's
whether Rick .................................................... always wanted to be an
................................ TV that night. ART

5 You should do your homework after dinner," 9 Her ................................ told MANAGE

's mum said to him. her that she would have to do

told 's mum ......................................... some overtime this week.

............ his homework after dinner. 10 The town has about 70,000
iNHA i

119
_ L[t111
Open C1oze Multiple Choice Cloze

14 Read the text below and think of the
word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an
l (0) at the beginning.
~ 5 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
best fits the space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
t L .] ~

Shop ti11 you drop What do live frogs, underwear,

~ poached eggs and cappuccino 11 have
0) Ccommon? The answer is they are 11
items taken from a very long list of
objects that can be bought from
vending machines. Most of us are
familiar with more traditional machines
that se11 soft drinks, chocolate bars or
stamps, but believe it or not, there
aren't too many items you can't 1) ........ in vending machines.
Vending machines used to be a 1ot more popular before 5unday
Did you know that shopping can 0) be bad for your
shopping, 24 hr convenience stores and fast-food restaurants entered
health? For many of us shopping is part of our daily
our lives. There were even machines in the 1950s that sold bread, eggs
routine, whether it's going to the supermarket or just
and other staple food items. 2) ........, in Japan, vending machines are
buying a newspaper from the 1 1 newsagent.
sti11 as l ) ........ ever. They even have fu11y automated
1) ............................ recent study a Brtish
convenience stores where customers come in, write 4) ........ the code
researcher has shown that, in some cases, sF pping
numbers of the products they want and punch them into a computer at
can be so stressful that it l l to heafth
the front of the store. A robotic 'bucket then collects 11 the items you
s.
want and puts them into bags for you!
The study was carried 2) .............. a consulting
= 1n Europe and the US, cooked food vending machines 5) ........ to be
firm hired by a large North London shopping centre. s
The aim of the study was to help identify the stress
~ quite common. The 'fry on the spot' chip machine, micro hamburgers
~ and pizza dispensers were particularly 6) ........ with university students
1eve1 of shoppers during busy times such as Saturdays
and in amusement arcades.
or holidays, and to try to come up ) .................
Today, we sti11 find vending machines in bus and train stations and in
ways to help make the shopping experience more
- hotel and hospital lobbies, but unfortunately, usually due 7) ........
relaxing and enjoya e.
` technical difficulties, anything more complicated than a soft drink in a
Thirty-five shoppers 4) .......................... selected
can or a packet of biscuits is usually a bit 8) ........ disappointment.
for the study. They ranged in age between 22 and 79
and two thirds of them were female. Their heart rates
and pressure were recorded as they were
shopping and they were interviewed before and after
their shopping trip. 0 A with B on in D to
The study reported some very interesting results. 1 A find B search C view D ask
11 the l test subjects experienced an increase 2A Despite B Whereas C However D Even
5) .................. pressure and heart rate, some A than B as C for D how
reaching 1evels similar 6) ....................... fighter 4A down B up C in D over
pilot going into battle or a policeman going into a 5 A would B were C use D used
dangerous situation. On the other 7) ................... 6 A favourite B approved C popular D liked
only one in four of the female test subjects 7 to by Cof D for
experienced changes in pressure and heart rate. 8 A for B of C more D like
The conclusions drawn 8) ....................... this
study show that women are generally more
experienced and comforta e with shopping. Less
surprisingly, most men really dont like shopping at 11!
 G
in use
~

15 had ............ the carpet cleaned that morning

Revision (Units 1-7)
and it looked as good as new.
16 Circle the correct item. A has C had
B have D is having
1 1 was soaking wet because as 1............ back from
16 1 didn't hear you ............ home last night.
the shops it started to pour with rain.
A to come C
A walk C had walked
B have come D coming
B was walking D had been walking
17 ............ to me that 1 should call back in an hour.
2 You won't pass the course ............ work hard.
A asked C said
A whether B if C when D unless
B expressed D told
3 They ............ eating by the time we arnve.
18 You .........,.. forget what he told you. 1t's very
A wi11 have finished C are finishing
important.
B wi11 finish D nad finshed
A mustn't C don't have to
4 1 regret not ............ Cathy when she was in t B needn't D oughtn't
last week.
19 Have you decided where ............ this summer?
A see C seeing
A go C to going
B to see D to be seeing
B going D to go
5 has decided ............ new computer.
20 Th detective is thought to ............ the mystery.
A buy C buying
A have sofved C be solving
B to buy D to buying
soived D have been solving
6 Please ............ 1 borrow that new CD of yours?
A sha11 B must C can D should

7 Oh, you ............ have fed the dog, 1 gave him

17 Fi11 in the correct word.
something earlier.
A mustn't C couldn't
1 1 ........................... to go to Portugal every summer
B oughtn't D needn't
when 1 was young.
8 The escaped prisoner ............ to be armed and 2 This novel is less successful ........................... the
dangerous. last one.
A believes C had believed
3 You had ........................... leave before it rains.
B is believed D believed
4 1t's worth ........................... new swimsuit this
9 The sauce was made ............ cheese and cream.
summer.
A with B by C for D to
5 The train wi11 ........................... arrived by the time
10 George . ............ father owns the 1 1 garage, is we get there.
training to become a mechanic.
6 1f 1 have ........................... money, 111 buy a new car.
A who's B whose C that D which
7 The children ........................... allowed to join in
11 Anna ............ that the film starts at 9 o clock. the party. They all had a great time.
A said C asked
8 That is the stadium ........................... 1 won the
B told D asked me
gold medal.
12 Excuse me, l you ............ what the time is 9 September, he wi11 have ...........................
please? working here for five years.
A say B te11 C asked D te11 me
10 said that he ........................... go to the bank
13 They ............ the wedding invitations printed last later.
week.
11 We are ........................... forward to our summer
A have C had holiday.
are having D have had
12 Let's have dinner . ........................... we?
14 said that he ............ in Belfast the following
13 asked me ........................... 1 was from Egypt.
week.
14 We're playing tennis tomorrow ........................... it
A has been C had been
rains.
B wi11 be D would be
15 ........................... his hair dyed yesterday.

121
 Gr
in use
Reported Commands, Requests, Suggestions etc
To report commands, requests, suggestions, instructions etc, we use an appropriate introductory verb.
lntroductory verbs are used with the to-infinitive, the -ing form or a that-clause.

lntroductory verb Direct speech Reported speech

+ to infinitive
agree "111 help you with the decorating." He agreed to help me with the decorating.
* 1 im "! knew nothing about it." He claimed to know nothing about it.
demand 9 want to speak to the manager." He demanded to speak to the manager.
offer "Wou1d like me to carry those bags foryou? He offered to carry the bags for me.
* promise 9'1lgiveyouthemoneybacktomorrow." Hepromisedtogivemethemoneybackthenextday.
refuse No,1 won't apologise to her." He refused to apologise to her.
* th reaten "Behave yourself or 111 send to bed." He threatened to send me to bed if 1 didn't behave
myself.

+ sb + to-infinitive "!
advise You should apply for that job." ; He advised me to l for the job.
11ow You can go out with your friends." ; allowed me to go out with my friends.
ask Couldyou give me a lift to work?" He asked me to give him a lift to work.
beg "Please, please, you have io help me. He begged me to help him.
command "Put your hands in the air." He commanded them to put their hands in the air.
encourage You should enter the competition." He encouraged me to enter the competition.
forbid You cannot go to the party." He forbade me to go to the party.
invite 1Ni11 come over for dinner tomorrow night?" i He invited me to go over for dinner the following
night.
order "Go and do it at once!" He ordered me to go and do it immediately.
* rem i nd "Don't forget to water the flowers." ; He reminded me to water the flowers.
* warn "Be careful, don't touch the oven." He warned me not to touch the oven.

+ -ing form
accuse sb of She stole the money." ; He accused her of stealing the money.
* admit (to) "Yes,1 broke the window." He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the
window
apologise for 9' sorry 1 haven't finished this work" He apologised for nothaving finished the work.
* boast about/of "1' the best l in the team." He boasted about/of being the best player in the
team.
* complain (to sb) "1 have a terrie headache." He complained (to me) of/aout having a terrie
of/about headache.
* deny "1 didn't take your keys." He denied taking/having taken my keys.
insist 9 am going to pay the bi11." He insisted on paying the bi11.
* suggest "Why don't we go to the beach tomorrow?" He suggested going to the beach the next day

+ that clause
explai n 91ike her lessons because she's a very good He explained that he liked her lessons because she
teacher." was a very good teacher.
i nform sb The flight wi11 be delayed by half an hour." ; informed us that the flight would be delayed
by half an hour.

* The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in reported speech.
He claimed that he knew nothing about it. etc

122
 Gmmar
Quantifiers
5/Any/No

5, any and no are used with t nouns and plural countable nouns. (somewater,somepotatoes)

5 and its compounds ( , , mething, somewhere, etc) are normally used in affirmative
sentences. 1 wi11 getsome bread. He wants to give something.
Some and its compounds are also in inteogative sentences when we expect a positive answer, for
l when we make an offer __.. 7lvs pkxe is very noisy, would like to go somewhere quieter?
~~ ~

Any and its compounds (anyody ything, anywhere, etc) are usually used in interrogative
~

sentences. Did llwhile lvas ?

Not any is used in negative sente ces. it! tarrycofl'e left.
Any and its compounds a+so usec .th g words such as without, never, rarely. 1 have never been
anywhere like thatbeforre.
When any and its compounds are used in affirma e setences there is a difference in meaning.
We can meet any time you 1ike. (it doesn't matter what t ;)
Anyone l thatjob. (it doesn't matter who)
No and its compounds are used instead of not any in negat re sestences.
Shesaid nothing. (= She didn't say anything.)
There was nobodythere. (= There wasn't anybody there.)

Note: We use a singular verb with compounds of some, any and no. Thereisnotfiing _.

Each/Every
Each and every are used with singular countabie nouns. We normally use each when we refer to two l
things, and every when we refer to three or more people or things. 1 h bag in each hand. Everyroom in thehote/
has an en suite bathroom.
The pronouns everyone, everybody, everything and the adverb everywhere are used in affirmative,
interrogative and negative sentences, and are followed by a singular verb.
We normally use every when we are thinking of people or things together, in a group, to mean 11, everyone,
etc. We posted a 1eaflet through every door in the street.
We use every to show how often something happens. We go to Scoiland everysummer. The buses leave every five
minutes.
We use every BUT NOT each with words and expressions such as almost, nearly, practically and without
exception. We wrote to practically every organisation we could think of asking for he1p.

A few/Few A 1ittle/Little

A few and few are used with plural counta e nouns. A 1ittle and 1ittle are used with uncounta e nouns.

A few means not many but enough. Thereareafewapplesleft would youlikeone?

Few means hardly any, almost none, and can be used with very for emphasis. There are (very) few places for
young people to go in the village.
A 1ittle means not much but enough. There is 1ittle milk 1eft, don't need to buy any today.
Little means hardly any, almost none, and can be used with very for emphasis. There is (very)1ittle traffic at that
time of night.

123
 8 Itu
in use

A 1ot of/Lots of Much Many

A 1ot of and lots of are used with both plural countable and uncounta e nouns. They are normally used in
~ affirmative sentences. The of is omitted when a 1ot/lots are not followed by a noun. Weretherealot/lotsof
3 peopie at the meeting? Yes, there were 1ots.
r
ii Much and many are usually used in negative and interrogative sentences. Much is used with uncountable
nouns and many !s used w!th plural counta e nouns. Did yougetmanybirthdaycards?Thereisn'tmuch water
1
1eft.
How much and how many are used in questions and negations.
How much + uncounta e noun amountHowmuchsugarhavewegotleft?
How many + counta e noun number Howmanycats have theygot?
Too much is used with uncounta e nouns. 1t has a negative meaning and shows that there is more of
something than is wanted or needed. There is too much milk in ihis tea.
Too many is used with plural counta e nouns. 1t has the same negative mean!ng as too much. 1' verytired.
1've had too many late nights this week.
We use many/much/some/any/most/( ) fewl(a) 1ittle/several/one/two etc + of followed by the/that/this/
these/those and then a noun when talking about a specific group. Mostofthepeopleattherestaurantordered
pasta. (the people at the restaurant) BUT Most l like pasta. (people in general)

Match the columns to make sentences. 7"1t wi11 be very dangerous! "
1
.......................... that it would be very
dangerous.
The teacher promised earning a 1ot of money.
8"No, 1 didn't break the glass."
to send the students to
Her parents allowed .......................... having broken the glass.
the headmaster.
Car1 advised making all of the
arrangements herself. 3 Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech
They threatened
i him to get more exercise. using an appropriate introductory verb, as in the
He1en ! boasted about ! her to go to the party. l .
to do whatever they could
The doctor

insisted on ~
to he1p. 1"No, 1 won't help you any more."
refused to help me any more.
2"1t would be a good idea for you to join a gym."
2 Fi11 in the correct form of the reporting verbs from
3"Don't forget it's Dawn's birthday on Friday."
the 1ist.
4"Wou1d you like a 1ift to the station, tomorrow?"
refuse apologise for explain suggest 5"1t was Mike who broke the computer."
warn deny offer accuse 6" 're not allowed to watch that fi1m. 1t's not
suita e for children."
"Wou1d you like me to help you with your essay?" 7"We're having a dinner party on Saturday. Wou1d
She .......................... to help me with my essay. you and Paul like to come?
7 "Sha11 we go to the concert on Friday night?"
8"Do you know where the nearest bank is?"
.......................... going to the concert on 9"1t wasn't me who ate all of the biscuits."
Friday night. 10 "1 insist that you refund the money immediately."
3 "1' sorry 1 didn't come to the party."
She .......................... not coming to the party.
4 You were speeding." 4 Fi11 in /an or some.
.......................... of speeding,
5 "No, 1 won't do it." 1 .................... milk 6 rice
She .....-..................... to do it. 2.................... chip 7 egg
6 ! was !ate for work because ! missed the bus. 3.......... ! juice 8 tea
.......................... that he had been late for 4.................... fruit 9 potato
work because he had missed the bus. 5 ................ burger 10 spaghetti

124

5 Write C(for counta e) or U(for uncounta e) next
to each of the nouns. Then, use them to make up
sentences, as in the example.
cheese sandwich C; yogurt ..........; sugar .......... pear
; oregano .......... mussel ..........; flour ..........;
ketchup .......... grapefruit .......... omelette ..........
Id like o cheese sandwich and a glass of orange juice, please.
( Fi11 in is, are, (n) or some.
1 1 want to buy ............. new clothes this weekend.
2 ............. there any potatoes 1eft?
3 Broccoli ............. very good for you.
4 1 was hoping you couid give me .............
information.
5 is looking for ............. new f1at.
They say that the first two weeks of the course
....... the most difficult.
7 Wou1d you like ............. glass of water?
8 Accommodation in London .............
expensive.
7 What can you see in the picture? Which things are
counta e and which uncounta e?
There is an l. (countoble)
There is some spaghetti. (uncountoble) etc
8 Complete the dialogues by filling in some, any,
many, much,(a) Iittie, (a) few.
1 A: Have we got ............. more orange juice?
B: Yes 1 think there's ............. 1eft.
2 : Are there ............. tickets left for the Friday
night performance?
B: Yes, sir, we have a ............. 1eft. How .............
would you like?
;t(1h1n(t
in use
3 A: Do you think we invited too . ............. l to
the party?
: Maybe. There isn't ............. room in here.
4 A: We've got a ............. potatoes, sha11 1 make
chips?
: 1 don't think '11 be to, there's very
oi1 1eft.
5 A: We haven't got ............. time you know.
: 1 know, just give me ............. minutes and 111
be ready. 1t doesn't matter if we're .............
1ate.
Replace the words in bold with afew, 1ittle, very
~
few, or verylittle.
1 1t's been two or three weeks since 1 spoke to Caro1.
2 1t's a serious r but there's not much we can
do about it, 1' afraid.
3 Most of the guests had 1eft but there were sti11 a
very
l of people standing around chatting.
4 They had made a 1ot of food but only a sma11
amount of it was eaten.
5 She speaks fluent French and some 1talian.
Hardly any students study Latin and ancient Greek
at school these days.
7 There's a sma11 amount of stew 1eft; would you
like to finish it?
8 Not many l would argue with you about that.
1 O Complete the sentences filling in each or every.
1 Ron must be very fit. Practically ............. time 1
walk past the gym, 1 see him in there.
2 ............. of us was asked to stand up and
introduce ourselves to the group.
3 Penny and her sister get on very we11 with .............
other.
4 Trains to the town centre leave ............. twenty
minutes.
5 They are a very good team. They have won almost
game they've played this season.
1an couldn't decide whether to have the ice cream
or the chocolate cake, so he tried a 1ittle bit of
of them.
125
 8 Gr _mur
a. Look at the pictures showing different foods
Use the prompts and several, 1ot of, no, not
many, not much, a few, a 1ittle, to make up
sentences, as in the examples.
pasta apples strawberries beans tomatoes
potatoes ice cream raspberries broccoli
soup chocolates cake biscuits lentils
milk salad crisps orange juice
3 1' afraid there's ................... cake 1eft.
4 Wi11 you get ................... lamb chops when youre
at the supermarket?
5 1s there ................... 1 can do to help?
6 1 looked 11 over the house for it, but 1 couldn't find
it ....................
7 Andy and Jim must have left already. 1 ll their
flat but ................... answered.
8 They knew ................... about it until it was too
1ate.
9 We are determined to go ................... hot and
sunny for our holidays this year.
10 1 love that song, 1've never heard ................... like

~
it before.

~ ~ 3 Ask and answer questions, as in the examples.

~ ~ ~(
(4

\7:
b. Look at the pictures again, then in pairs ask and
answers questions, as in the l .

: Are there any tomatoes?

B: Yes, there are a few tomatoes. etc
1 A: Did buy many eggs?
B: No, just few.
1 2 Fi11 in some, any, no or their compounds, as in the
l . 2 A: Did buy much coffee?
B: No, just a 1ittle.
1 We were lost so we asked somebody/someone for
directions.
2 Have we got ................... more pasta?

126
 G t
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Use of English The exam was very difficult and most of the
students failed.
word transformations very The exam was very difficult and ........
..........................................................
Study the examples. 1n each case the second sentence the students passed.
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 7"Don't forget to 111im," Anne said to me.
reminded Anne .......................................... Jim.

8 We l have a very sma11 amount of cheese 1eft.

1 "Don't forget to buy a birthday card for Fhii, ry 1itt1eWe ....................................................
said to me. 1eft.
reminded Amy reminded me to buy a birtt day cani
for Phi1.
2"Get out of the car! " the policeman shouted at tfiaes L .. D formation
ordered The policeman ordered them to get out
1" ~
of the car.
3 Ben said, OK, 1 wi11 walk the dog today.' -h: (added to nouns that refer to people) refers
agreed Ben agreed to walk the dog that cfa to the state, experience or ski11 of these
4 There is very 1ittle bread 1eft. people (citizenship, friendship)
hardly There is hardly any bread iefL -hood (added to nouns that refer to l ) refers
5 1 looked in the bag but there wasn`t arrything i ii tio tne siates, conditions or periods of time in
nothing 1 looked in the bag but there was noth g trdn sih is experienced. (boyhood, manhood)
in it. -r rst (added to verbs) refers to the process of
She really likes that actor and she has seen all of his maiag doing sth, or the result of this
films. esspym punishment)
every She really likes that actor and she has seen -rtess= (addec adyecdves) refers to the state or
every one of his films. quaGty desibed the adjective (carelessne,
ruderess)

~ 4 Complete the sentences with two to five words, 15 Form the correct noun from the word in bold.
including the word in bo1d, Do not change the
,
meaning of the original sentence.
i 1 Nei1 is an 1 ................... friend of CH1LD
> h15.
1 "1' not going to lend you any more money," Jack
2 2 When she told us what had
told Rob.
? happened, we 11 just stared at her
refused Jack .................................................. !
' in ................... . AMAZE
any more money.
3 Claire and He1en are in ................... PARTNER
2 Ch1oe said, lm afraid it's my fault that we're ~ together.
1ate." ( 4 1t's very difficult to find fu11-time
that Ch1oe ................................................ l in that field. EMPLOY
.................. fault that they were 1ate. 5 She is suffering from a serious
3"Yes Eve, you can go and watch the fi1m," her dad and it's going to take 1LL ;
said. ! her a long time to recover.
allowed Eve's dad ........................................... i Over the last few years, there has been
........................... and watch the fi1m. a decrease in home ................... in ' OWNER ~,
4"Yes, 1've got a 1ot of work to do this week," he j the UK, with more people choosing to i'
said. ~ rent rather than buy.
admitted He ..................................................... 7 's very young to face the
.......... 1ot of work to do that week. responsibilities of ................... . FATHER
5 She had nowhere to stay that night. 8 When we first visited the city,
anywhere She ................................................... we were very impressed by the
................................. stay that night. of the 1ocals. FRIENDLY

127
 Grwnwr
in use
Open cloze Multiple-choice cioze

~ 7 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which

~ Read the text below and think of the
best fits the space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
word which best fits each space. Use
only one word in each space. There is an
l (0) at the beginning.
~

1 ~~ _,; ,11,;1
~

Bananas have become Britain's 0) 8 popular fruit. 1t is hardly

surprising since this bright yellow tropical fruit has so much to
, 1) ........ . 1t tastes sweet and delicious, it is packed with vitamins
and minerals and is very 2) ........ to digest. Bananas also contain a
mixture of three different sugars combined 3) ........ fibre, which
gives your system an instant burst 4) ........ energy. They are
Looking 0) for a way to improve your
enjoyed by many world class athletes, who use them to keep their
health? Adding green tea to your diet may
energy 1evels up during competitions. 1n fact, they are often taken
be the answer. 1 recent studies, green tea
onto Centre Court for a mid-game snack by leading tennis stars or
has proved to be beneficial to our health,
eaten at half-time by famous footballers. Even golfers carry them
confirming 1) ................ least 4,000 years
around to eat during their game. Bananas also make a great
of inedical practice in Asia. 1t is the second
breakfast snack for students as they are 5) ........ in potassium,
2) ................ drink in the world
vita1 for improving concentration. What's more, it's not only
and could also be 3) ................ most
humans who can enjoy the benefits. Horse trainers use bananas to
valuable substance you can take to protect
boot the 6) ........ of their four-legged athletes. As you can see,
your general health. Studies have shown
bananas are for everyone. We can 11 increase our daily vitality with
that people 4) ................ drink green tea
the help of this unique fruit. Simply slicing a banana on 7) ........ of
have a lower risk of suffering from many
our breakfast l, eating one with our lunch or just snacking on
diseases, 5) ................ as cancer and heart
one 8) ........ the day can help us keep our energy 1evels high.
disease. Furthermore, green tea is very
filling and curbs your appetite. 1t also aids in
breaking ) .............. body fat and lowering D best
most C many
high blood sugar 1evels. Other advantages 0 n much
C offer D bring
include the prevention of viruses and tooth ! 1 A give take
B easy c comfortable D gentle
decay. However, in order to reap the fu11 2 A simple
with D by
protective benefits of green tea, you have 3 A to B of
with D out
to drink at (east 5-10 cups a day. Green tea 4 A of B in
C healthy D rich
extract ta ets are also on the market for 5 n wealthy B fu11
those who want to get their daily dose, effect competition c performance D challenge
C cover D through
without having to drink so 7) ................ 7 A top B over
C during D before
cups. Green tea is sure to make a difference 8 A while B after
to your eating habits and overall health. So,
why 8) ..........:..... have a cup today?

128
 I f1
in use
14 1 have never met ............ as smart as her before.
Revision (Units 1 - 8)
A anyone C no one
1 8 Circle the correct item. everyone D nobody
15 There are ............ biscuits 1eft. l yourself.
1 How long ............ did you leave university? A few B a few C 1ittle D a 1ittle
A ago B when C before D earlier
16 1t's going to be a huge party. They have invited
2 1 going to bed as soon as the film ............. practically ............ they know.
A finished C finishes A somebody C nobody
B is finishing D wi11 finish B anybody D everybody

3 lane must be slightly ............ than Ju1ie. 17 ............ us to take the train because the traffic
A ta11 B taller C tallest D as ta11 was very bad.
A offered C forbade
4 1' too tired ............ out tonight.
B advised D suggested
A go C going
B to go D for going 18 boss ............ to work on Saturday this
week.
5 1 the end he ............ to go to the library because
A asked C insisted
he found 11 the information that he wanted on the
B said D explained
web.
A need have C needn't 19 Anna is very stressed. She says she has ............
B need D didn't need things to do.
very many C too many
1' sure he ............ have told us if he had known
very much D too much
anything.
A must B can C would D ought 20 ............ of my friends now work in London.
A each B many C 1ot D 11
7 Their house ............ more than a hundred years
ago.
A had built C was built
B is building D was building ~ 9 Fi11 in the missing word.
8 The thieves ............ shortly after the robbery took
1 1 was getting ready for work ........................ the
l .
doorbell rang.
A were arrested C have been arrested
are being arrested D wi11 be arrested 2 has been working here ........................ more
than 15 years.
9 After being given the award, the actor ............
few words. 3 1 can't believe that Mark .............. be 30 next Apri1.

A told C requested 4 1 ..................... to give my sister a 1ift to the airport

B said D talked later.

10 ............ an extra set of keys cut after Bi11 moved 5 The car ..................... stolen from right outside his
in. house.
A has C has been having 6 Laura asked me ................. Jim was coming or not.
B is having D had 7 .................. his house painted by a professional.
11 ............ that he would 11 her back later. 8 1 trust Alex. 1' sure he was .................... the truth.
A offered C asked 9 There's very ........................ orange juice left in the
B promised D refused carton. We need to buy some.
12 boasted ............ winning his tennis match. 10 She apologised .................. forgetting my birthday.
A about B on C for D to 11 The sauce was very spicy. 1 think 1 put too
13 1' not sure if 1 wi11 have time to meet you later chilli powder in it.
1've got ............ of things to do today. 12 1' afraid there isn't ........................ spaghetti 1eft.
A 1ot B many C lots D much 13 She claimed ........................ have finished the
report already.
14 How ........................ did your new shoes cost?
15 She was carrying a suitcase in ...................... hand.

129
 Gt 1t
use

2 and 3 Conditionals
2 conditionals (unreal present) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in
the present, and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future. We can use were for 11 persons in
the if-clause. We can also use the structure 1f 1 were you ... to give advice.

1f-clause Main Clause

1f + past simple/past continuous would/ l /might + present bare infinitive

1f 1 went to the box office early,l could get front row seats. 1f it wasn't so 1ate, we couid go on a picnic.
1f 1 wereyou, l would buy today's newspaper.

3 conditionals (unreal past) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the
past. They are also used to express regrets or criticism.

1f-clause Main Clause

1f + past perfect/past perfect continuous * would/ l /might + perfect bare infinitive

1f we had known, we would have taken shelter earlier.

1f he had been watching the news, he would have known about the accident.

We can omit if and invert the word order in formal English to form type 1, 2 and 3 conditionals.
Had he been more careful, the accident could have been avoided.
Mixed Conditionals can be used, where the context permits, by combining an if clause from one type of
conditional with a main clause from another.

1f - clause Main clause

2: 1f he missed his flight last night, * 1: he wi11 take the first one this morning.
2: 1f he was richer, * 3: he wouldn't have needed the 1oan.
3: 1f she had passed her exams, > 2: she would be at univer sity now.

W1SheS
We can use wish/if only to express a wish.

Verb Ten se Use

wish/ifonly+ past 1 wish 1 werefamous. (but 1' not) to say that we would like
simple/past continuous 1fon1yl playedgolflike gerWoods. (but 1 don't) something to be different in
1 wish 1 were coming with you. (but 1' not) the present
1fonly Penny wasn't coming with us. (but she is)

wish/if on1y+ past perfect 1 wish 1 had gone to the concen with them. (but 1 didn't) to express regret about
1fon1y1hadlearnedtoplaytheguitarwhenlwasyounger. somethingwhichhappened
(but 1 didn't) or didn't happen in the past

wish/if on1y+ subject + 1 wish you would come to lessons on time. to express:
would 1fonlyitwouldstopraining. polite imperative
a desire for a situation or
person's behaviour to
change

130
 Crammar
( s
n (. ~

After the subject pronouns 1 and we, we can use could instead of would. 1 wish we couldgo together.

Notes:
1f only is more emphatic than wish
We can use were instead of was after wish and if on1y.

Had Better/Wou1d Rather

Had better (= it would be good to) is used to give strong or urgent advice. Had better refers l to the present or
future.
had better + bare infinitive - immediate future You had betterbuy the tickets tonight.

Wou1d rather (= would prefer to) expresses preference. When the subject of would rather is also the subject of the
following verb, we use the following constructions:
would rather + present bare infinitive -i present/future ldrathergo to rhecinema tomorrowafternoon.
would rather + perfect bare infinitive -, past d rather have gone to the museum with Tom.
would rather + bare infinitive + than (+ bare infinitive) d rather go to the concert with you than (go) with
Doug.

When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb, we use the following
constructions:
would rather + past tense - present/future Id ratherJohn finished the article before he leaves.
would rather + past perfect -. past 1' rather we had arrived at the theatre earlier because we missed the start of
the 1.

Match the items in l A with those in column 2 1f 1 had known it was your birthday, 1.
1
B to make sentences, as in the l . (buy) you a present.
3 1f 1 were you, 1 ....................................... (write) a

letter of complaint to the company.
1 1f 1 were you, a he would come with us.
4 1f 1 hadn't got stuck in traffic, 1 ..............................
2 1f Nei1 didn't have b 1 l learn a foreign
.. (not/miss) the train.
to work tonight, language.
5 1f we had been invited to the wedding, we ............
3 1f leave right we l visit her
............. (g0).
away, often.
1f didn't have to work on Saturdays, we
4 1f didn't live d they would find a
......................... (visit) your parents more
so far away, bigger f1at.
often.
5 1f 1 had more free e 1 would l for that
7 1f 1 were an architect, 1 ................
time, job.
(design) my own house.
1f they had more f you might sti11 catch
8 1f you had studied harder, you ........
money, the train.
(not/fail) your exams.
9 1f you had told him the truth, he ....
- e 1flwere ,lwould l forthatjob.
(forgive) you.
10 1f we had a garden, we ................
(grow) our own vegeta es.
2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, as
in the l .

1 1f we had enough money, we could go (go) to the

cinema.

131
 G( f
in use
3 Look at the pictures, then use the prompts to write
type 2 or type 3 conditional sentences.

go/Caribbean island invite/ 11 friends

What would you do if you ...

1 wanted to lose weight?

1f 1 wanted to lose weight,l would start going to the gym.
1f 1 wanted to lose weight,l would eat a healthy diet. etc
2 won the lottery?
had two week's holiday?
4 moved to a new house?

5 1n pairs, ask and answer questions about what you

would do in each of the following situations, as in
the l .

1 you/meet/your favourite singer

Frank/park illegally/not
get parking ticket
A: What would do if met your favourite singer?
Julielnot have a laptop/not be 8: 1f 1 met my favouriTe singer,l would ask him/her for
/work from home an autograph.
2 /win/two tickets to watch your 1 1 football
team
3 a new sports centre/open/near your house
4 your friends/have/ fancy dress party
5 the circus/visit/your town
6 you/have a choice/go to a basketball match or
classical music concert

6 Complete the sentences using type 2 or type 3

conditionals, as in the l .
Jennifer/not study hard/not Stanley/read notes/
graduate from university not fail/test 1 1f 1 had been given a pay rise, 1 l have bought
new .
4 Look at the pictures and make up sentences using
2 1f 1 wasn't so tired . ...............................................
the prompts, as in the l . Then make up extra 1f it was snowing . .................................................
3
sentences for each situation, using your own ideas.
4 1f 1 was going on holiday . ......................................
5 1f Lucy had a better job . .......................................

6 1f you had ll me earlier,

.............................................................................
7 1f we had seen Harry . ............................................
8 1f 1 were . ........................................................
9 1f had read that book . ....................................
.............................................................................
10 1f Mark hadn't broken his 1eg . ..............................
go/gym buy/new house

132
 1r(nn( t o
in use
Look at the pictures and complete the wishes. Then 5 I can't afford to buy a motorbike
7
make mixed conditional sentences using the My father won't 1et me drive his new car.
prompts, as in the l . 7 I forgot to send my sister a birthday card.
8 1 lost my gold bracelet.
2
friends 1 shouldn't
should have 9 Read the story below and rewrite it using type 3
have quit
arrived. conditional sentences, as in the l.
job.

1 n 1t was Saturday morning and Mrs Jenkins had

to go to the supermarket to buy the weekly

1 should have groceries. The car park was fu11, so she parked on
gone to bed the street. The supermarket was so crowded that it
earlier last night. took her over an hour to do her shopping. When
she got to the cashier, she realised that she had
..
1eft her purse in the car, so she couldn't pay for
her groceries. She went to the car to get her purse
4 ~ but the street was empty and her car had
1 should have '~
disappeared. She ll the police to report that
been more
her car had been stolen. The police told her that
sensi e.
" her car had been towed away because she had
~ parked it in a -parking zone. Her husband had
5 ; ==
~ to go down to the police station and
the fine so that she l
1 should have 1 should have get her car back.
started this studied for the
report earlier test.

1f the car park hadn't been fu11, she wouldn't have parked on
the street.

1 not/be/bored now 1 O Fi11 in the correct verb form, as in the l .

1 wish my friends had arrived.Ifmy friends had arrived 1
wouldn't be bored now. 1 1 would rather the plumber ()
2 not/be/so tired now tomorrow, because 1 don't want to wait around
3 not/need to/look for another one now for him today.
4 be to/answer the questions 2 1 would rather you ................................... (not/go)
5 not/have/this huge credit card bi11 to that party yesterday.
not/sti11 work/on it now 3 1 think he would rather .......................................
(not/watch) the fi1m. He didn't seem to enjoy it
much.
8 Rewrite the sentences as wishes and say which 4 1' rather ....................................... ( l ) tennis
ones are regrets and which are unreal situations, as than go swimming next weekend.
in the examples. 5 1 would rather they ....................................... (try)
to fix the computer themselves before they asked
1 1 didn't study French at school. to do it.
1 wish 1 had studied French at school. (regret) 1 would rather you ..................................... (catch)

2 1 haven't got a CD player. a later train.

7 Wou1d you rather 1 ....................................... ( 11)
1 wish 1 had a CD player. (unreal situation)
you or sent you a text message?
3 1 left my umbrella on the bus.
8 1' rather ....................................... (wait) for 5arah
4 1 don't know how to use a computer.
than go on without her.
133
 Gr niut
Look at the pictures and speech bub es, then use
your own ideas to make up sentences, as in the
l .
1 hate having to
wear a school
uniform.
1 wish 1 didn't have to wear a
school uniform.lfl didn'thave
to wear a school uniform,l
could wear jeans to school
1 2 Answer the following questions using would rather
.. because and your own ideas, as in the l .
1 Your friends are going on holiday to a Greek island
but the same week your parents have offered to
take you to Paris with them.
1 would rather go with my friends because 11ove relaxing
on the beach.
2 Your brother is going to rent a video for you both to
watch. He suggests either a comedy or a horror fi1m.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
3 1t is your birthday and your parents ask you if you
would prefer some new clothes or a membership to a
gym.
......................................................................................

1 have to attend ......................................................................................

lectures but they are
4 You are a bit short of money and your boss asks
so boring.
you to work overtime on Friday but you had
already planned to go to the cinema with your
best friend that night.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
5 Your friends can't decide whether to go to a club
tomorrow night or out for a l at a restaurant.
......................................................................................
...............................:......................................................
......................................................................................

134
 G1001
Licp

~
Word formation word transformations

5tudy the examples.ln each case the second sentence

......................... has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
-ance: ignore - ignorance
-ence: correspond - correspondence / 1 1 really regret not going to the party. \
-ion: collect - collection wish 1 wish 1 had gone to the party.
-tion: reduce - reduction 2 What a pity you didn't get that job.
-ation: examine - examination only 1f only you had got that job.

3 1 like playing football better than watching it on TV.

than 1' rather l football than watch it
on TV.

~ 3 Form the correct noun from the word in bo1d. 4 father doesn't want me to go out on a school
night.
rather My father would rather 1 didn't go out
1 There were a few peopie standing on a school night.
around outside the main 5 1 like 1talian food more than Chinese.
................................... to the ENTER prefer 1 prefer 1talian food to Chinese food.
building. 1 don't fancy going out tonight, 1et's stay at home.
2 She has been working for the rather 1' prefer to stay at home rather than
................................... for more ORGANISE go out tonight.

than ten years. 7 1 think you should look for another job.
3 They got in the car and drove off in were 1f 1 were you, 1 would look for another
job.
the .............................. of the town DIRECT
centre. 8 1 don't have the time to go to night school.
4 ATTEND would 1f 1 had the time, 1 would go to night
We expected a large ........................
school.
at the live concert.
5 Moira felt great ............................... AFFECT 9 We didn't have enough money so we couldn't buy
the house.
for her brother.
l 1f we had had enough money, we l
A .......................... of good luck and COMBINE
have bought the house.
ski11 helped him to win the game.
10 My husband started his own business when he lost
7 The decorators tried to cause as 1ittle
his job.
............................... to the l DISTURB hadn't 1f my husband hadn't lost his job, he
who worked in the building as possi e. i wouldn't have started his own business. ~
8 The electrician checked the
................................... between CONNECT
the two s.
~ 4 Complete the sentences with two to five words,
9 Getting stuck in a traffic jam has
including the word in bo1d. Do not change the
become an everyday ......................... OCCUR meaning of the original sentence.
since 1 started driving.
10 The government wi11 need to take 1 1 like science fiction films more than horror films.
................................. to l with ACT prefer 1 ..........................................................
th15 Cr1515. to horror films.
11 The manager told her secretary she 2 1 can't open my own restaurant because 1 don't
wanted no ....................................... 1NTERFERE have enough money.

from anyone during the meeting. would 1f 1 had enough money . .......................
own restaurant.
12 The burglars disguised themselves to
avoid ....................................... . DETECT

135
 s Gr fl101
in use
3 He was driving too fast so he got a Multiple-choice cloze
speeding ticket.
been 1f he .................................. ~ 5 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
........ fast, he wouldn't best fits the space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
have got a speeding ticket.
4 1t would be a good idea to se11 that 1
motorbike and buy a car. For some l flying is a
were 1f 1 ..................................... terrifying experience. Surely,
................ se11 that old even those of us 0) D quite
motorbike and buy a car. enjoy this form of travel
l never be convinced to
5 1 couidnt drive my children to school
jump out of an aeroplane ,
yesterday because my car broke down.
10,000 feet above the
could 1f my car hadn't broken
ground. However, this is
down , 1 ................................
what thousands of skydivers
=hoose to do every day, and
to school yesterday.
t's more, some of them claim
1 can't afford to go away this summer. that everyone should 1) ........... it a try.
only 1f ...................................... 5 do you bring 2) ............. rushing towards the ground at over one
......................................... hundred and fifty kms an hour while relying on a square piece of cloth
go away this summer. to bring you back down to Earth safely?
7 1've got a 1ot to do this afternoon. Can 1f 3) .............. have two options for your first jump. The first is to
we meet tomorrow morning instead? make a tandem jump, where you wi11 be strapped to an instructor and
rather 1' prefer to meet tomorrow the two of you wi11 make the jump together. However, the second
morning............................ option is usually 4) ............. if you are serious about taking
.................. afternoon. 5) .............the sport. Here you wi11 go to ground school, ) .........,...
wi11 learn how to safely get in and out of the plane, how to pack a
8 What a pity 1 couldn't go to my
parachute and how to steer it. Then your first jump wi11 usually be a
cousin's wedding.
static line jump. You jump on your own but your parachute opens
wish 1 ........................................
automatically after a l of seconds. Those might seem like the
to my cousin's wedding.
longest and scariest seconds of your 1ife, but enthusiasts say it is 11
9 1 like listening to rock music, not worth it for the incredi e feeling you get when you see that parachute
country and western. up above you, and the even 7) ............. amazing feeling of
than 1' rather listen .................... achievement that you get when you arrive safely back on solid ground.
............................................ 1t's true that for most people one jump is never enough and before
country and western. 8) ............. won't think there is anything strange about spending 11
10 boss gets upset when 1 leave early. your spare money and free weekends paying to have the chance to
rather My boss ............................ jump just one more time.
........ didn't leave early.
11 We want to l tennis, but we can't
because it is raining.
was 1f ...................................... 0A whom B which C what who
., we l play tennis. 1 make B give C have D go
2A think B expect C want D fancy
12 Oh no! 1 forgot to 11 1 .
3A only B not C this D so
had 1 ........................................
4A advised B recommended C wanted D expected
remembered to 11 1 .
5A along B down C up D off
13 1 wish Fiona had told me that herself. A while B after C before D where
would 1 ........................................ 7 more B better C though D bigger
... told me that herself. 8A many B long C much D far
14 1 wish 1 had kept in touch with Caro1
and Vicky.
regret 1 really ...............................
...................... in touch
with Caro1 and Vicky.
136
 Crammar
in use
s
Open cloze 2 This time next week we .........to Mi1an.
A f1y C are flying
~ ( Read the text below and think of the word which B wi11 f1y D wi11 be flying
best fits each space. Use only one word in each 3 Sorry, 1 never meant ........... so 1ong. 1 just lost
space. There is an l (0) at the beginning. track of time.
be C to be being

. .__ --- . B to be D being

4 We expect ........... who got the promotion soon.

A to hear B hear C hearing D heard

5 Jenny is the girl ........... engaged to Wi11.

A who B who's C which D whose
Claire is made ........... very long hours.
A work C to work
B working D to be working
7 She ........... that she was going to London on
business the following week.
As city life becomes more and 0) more stressful, it is not A asked C asked me
surprising that many people want to get 1) .............. from it all. B told D told me
This has meant a large increase in the popularity of activities
8 can't come because he ........... his new
such as hiking and climbing. Unfortunately though, being away
furniture delivered some time this afternoon.
from civilisation has its dangers, as 2) .............. as its rewards,
A has C has been having
especially for those who have 1ittle experience with the great
B has had D is having
outdoors. Before you head off the beaten track, you should be
aware of the risks and have the right equipment with you, in 9 1t was a great party! Practically ........... 1 know was
3) .............. anything does go wrong. there.
Obviously what you need wi11 depend 4) .............. where you A somebody C nobody
are going and the details of your trip. However, there are some B anybody D everybody
essentials that you should never forget to pack. Having a
10 .........., that the car belonged to him.
compass and a is clearly very important. You wi11 never find A claimed C refused
your destination if you are walking round and round in circles. 1f
B demanded D ordered
you do get lost and have to spend a night outside, having
matches (kept in a waterproof container) and some firelighter
can make life a 1ot 5) .............. comforta e. A good fire wi11 8 Fi11 in the missing word.
keep you warm and can also be used to cook food. On the
subject of food, you should always take more ) .............. 1 Last year we .................... to play football every Friday
wi11 need. 1t's always better to carry some food home with you afternoon.
than to run 7) .............. at a crucial moment. Some survival 2 Look at those black clouds, 1' sure it's .................
experts suggest that you should even take dog biscuits or some to rain.
other food that you really dont like so that you wi11 only be 3 1' .................... had told me earlier.
tempted to eat it in a real emergency. 4 George . .................... wants to be a lawyer, is
Other important things to have with you in the wilderness studying 1aw at Bristol University.
are a basic first aid kit and extra clothing. A Swiss-army knife is 5 That photograph was taken ....................
also useful for 11 sorts of different things. Once you have 11 of grandmother.
these essentials safely packed there should be 8) .............. 5he explained that it .................... take some time,
stopping you from heading off into the unknown. and that we should go back the next day.
7 Laura accused him .................... lying.
8 1f .................... had told me earlier, 1 would
Revision (Units 1 - 9) have come with you.
9 We have ................... 11 Chris and te11 him where
~ 7 Circle the correct item. we're meeting tonight.
10 1 would have taken the train if 1 ....................
1 was hot and thirsty because he ........ for a run known how bad the traffic was going to be.
A was going C had been
B went D have been
137
 io
in use
Future Perfect
Form: wi11 have + past participle

We use the future perfect for actions that wi11 have finished before a stated time in the future. They wi11 have
finished shooting the film by the end ofMrch.

The time expressions we use with the future perfect are:

before, by, by then, by the time, until/ti11 (only in negative sentences). Hewon'thavefinished writing thearticleuntil/ti11
Thursday.

Future Perfect Continuous

Form: wi11 have been + verb +-ing

We use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the
future. The future perfect continuous is used with by ... for. By theendofthismonth,hewillhave een working at
this radio station for ten years.

Linking Words
Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of sentences.

Positive addition
and, both ... and, too, besides (thisfthat), moreover, vvhat is more, in addition (to), a1so, as we11 as (this/that),
furthermore, etc He was both rudeand unhetpful.

Negative addition
neither (... nor), nor, neither, either, etc Neither Rob nor Dave ought newspaper today.

Contrast
but, although, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, even though, on the other hand, however, yet, sti11, etc
The car is old but li.

Note the structures:

although + clause Although it was raining, he 1eft.
-~

despite/in spite of + noun Despite the rain, he 1eft.

~

despite/in spite of the fact + clause 1n spite of the fact that it was raining, he 1eft.
~

Giving examples
such as, 1ike, for example, for instance, especially, in particular, etc Thefood wasdelicious, especiallythesteak.lt
was excellent.
Cause/Reason
as, because, because of, since, for this reason, due to, so, as a result (of), etc Heswitched on the W he
wanred to watch the news.

Condition
if, whether, only if, in case of, in case, provided (that), providing (that), unless, as/so long as, othen ise,
(else), on condition (that), etc He agreed to lend her the money provided that she paid him back as soon as possie.

Purpose
to, so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, in case, etc Robcaughttheearlytrainso thathewould be
there on time.

Effect/Result
such/so ... that, so, consequently, as a result, therefore, for this reason, etc 5he was bored so she decided to go for
a wa1k.

138
 GCammOr 10
in use

Time
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, before, until/ti11, after, since, etc John said thathe would 11 us assoon as
he finishes work.
Exception
except (for), apart from, etc Everybody was there except for Janet who was going to meet us later.

Relatives
who, whom, whose, which, what, that That's the CD that 1 borrowed from 1.

Listing points/events
begin: initially, first, at first, firstly, to start/begin with, first of 11, etc Firstly, he thanked everybodyforcoming.
continue: secondly, after this/that, second, afterwards, then, next, etc Next theonionsandgarlictothe
mixture.
To conclude: finally, 1astly, in the end, at 1ast, eventually, etc Eventually, wearrived backhome.

5ummarising
in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, on the whole, 11 in 11, altogether, in short, etc 1n conclusion, eating a
healthy balanced diet is the best way to avoid this problem.

Both/Neither - 11/None - Either

Both refers to two people, things or groups. 1t has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb.
John went to the meeting. 5teve went to the meeting, too. Both men went to the meeting.

Neither refers to two people, things or groups and has a negative meaning. 1t is followed by a singular
countable noun. However, the neither of + plural noun phrase structure can be followed by either a singular
or plural verb in the affirmative. Sheila doesn'tknow where to go. Ann doesn'tknow where to go, either. Neitherofthe
girls know/knows where to go.

11 refers to more than two people, things or groups. 1t has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb.
All of the children were excited about going on the trip.

Both/11 can go after the verb to be or after an auxiliary verb but before the main verb. Theyare both/11 very
happy. They have all/both passed the exam. but They both travelled by coach.

Who1e is used with singular countable nouns . We use /the/this/ etc + whole + noun. Who1e is not used
with uncountable nouns.
She ate the whole cake. /She ate 11 of the cake.
Shespentall of her money. (N whole ofher money.)

11 + /morning/week/year etc = the whole + /morning/weeWyear etc. 's been working hard 11
morning/the whole morning.

None of refers to two or more people, groups or things and has a negative meaning. 1t is used with nouns or
object pronouns and is followed by either a singular or a plural verb. laskedallofthepeopleatthebusstop but
none of them knew where the theatre was.

Either refers to two l , things or groups and is followed by a singular countable noun. However, the
either of+ plural noun phrase structure be followed by either a singular or plural verb. The blue hrt fne.
The white shin is fine, too. Either shirt is fine. /Either of the shirts is/are fine.

Either can also be used at the end of a negative sentence. '9haveneverbeen toltaly.9'veneverbeen, either."

Both ... and is followed by a plural verb. BothChrisandJameslivein5cotland.

Neither ... nor/Either ... or take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the subject which follows
nor/or. Either Nei1 or Kate is going to drive me to the station. Either Nei1 or his parents are going to drive me to the
station.

139
 1 Cf mar
use
Complete the sentences by using the future perfect 4 the time we ............ this, it wi11 be lunchtime.
1
simple or the future perfect continuous, as in the A wi11 have finished
l . B wi11 finish
C finish
1 By the end of the year, 1 wi11 have been working
5 1t's hard to believe that this time next week you
(work) here for eight years.
around Australia.
2 Pete .......................................... (finish) writing
A wi11 have been travelling
that report in half an hour.
B wi11 be travelling
3 the time Greg retires, he ...................................
C travel
(run) the business for more than thirty years.
4 1f we dont hurry, the concert ................................ 6 1t's getting l in here. 1............ the heating on.
(start) by the time we get there. A wi11 have put
5 1 won't be able to drive to work tomorrow B wi11 put
morning because the mechanic ............................. C wi11 be putting
(not/fix) the car until the afternoon.
7 1 hope the weather ............ by the time we leave.
6 There's no point in phoning her now. She
A is going to improve
................ (already/leave).
B wi11 improve
C wi11 have improved
2 Match the columns to make complete sentences.
8 1' afraid 1............a chance to read this until

tomorrow.
1
By May, she wi11 have a until tomorrow.
A am not having
been living in Manchester
B wont ' have
2
The workmen said they b for five years.
C won't be having
won't have finished
3 I' sure he wi11 have c 11 day.
written the essay 5 Underline the correct item.
Next 5aturday, 1 wi11 be d by now.
WOrk1 g 1 1 wi11 have cleaned up the mess before/until Mum
gets back.
2 By/By then the end of the month, he wi11 have
3 11 your pantner what you wi11 have done by:
been teaching for three years.
8 tonight noon tomorrow next Monday 3 She wi11 have prepared 11 of the food by/by the
time the guests arrive.
8 tonight, l wi11 have eaten mydinner.
4 The mechanic said that he won't have finished the
noon tomorrow, 1 wi11 have been at school for four
repairs until/since tomorrow.
hours.
5 The essay is due tomorrow, but 1 don't think 1 wi11
next Monday,l wi11 have spent 11 money.
have even started it by then/the time.
6 We wi11 have been travelling for three months
4 Circle the correct tense. until/by the time we get to Thailand.

1 the end of the month, he ............ here for

three years. Underline the correct tense.
A wi111ive
B wi11 be living A The l 1) starts/wi11 start at 8 so we 2) wi11
C wi11 have been living meet/are meeting you outside the theatre at
7:45 . 1f we 3) are not/wi11 not be there by
2 train ............ at 7:30 tomorrow morning.
7:55 , go in and we 4) wi11 find/are going to find
A leaves
you when we 5) wi11 arrive/arrive.
B wi11 be leaving
C wi11 have been leaving B Thanks for babysitting for us tonight; we 1) wi11
appreciate/appreciate it. 1 2) have left/wi11 have
3 These bags are very heavy : ............ carry them
left some money on the kitchen counter so you
upstairs?
can order pizza for dinner. Please dont 1et the kids
A wi11 you help
watch TV until they 3) have finished/wi11 finish
B wi11 you be helping
their homework. We 4) wi11 be/are back by 11.
C wi11 you have helped

140

C Welcome to the Golden Sands Hote1. 1 hope you
1) have enjoyed/wi11 enjoy your stay with us. Your
room 2) wi11 be/is on the fifth floor with an ocean
view. The bus into town 3) wi11 stop/stops outside
the hotel and you can buy your bus tickets at the
reception desk. 1f you 4) wi11 need/need anything,
please do not hesitate to ask me or any other
member of our staff.
] Choose the correct item.
1 A: Have you listened to those two CDs yet?
B: No, 1 haven't had a chance to listen to ............
of them yet.
a 11 b neither c either
2 A: C1ive has got two cars, hasn't he?
B: Yes, but he bought ............ of them second
hand.
a either b both c 11
3 A: That shop se11s lots of nice clothes.
B: Yes, but ............ of them are very expensive.
a both b 11 c neither
4 A: She has got three brothers, hasn't she?
B: Yes . ............ of them live nearby, though.
a None b Neither c 11
Gt t io
in use
9 Rewrite the sentences using both,.. and, neither...
nor, oreither... or, as in the l .
1 Frank works in a bank. Tom works in a bank too.
Both Frank and work in bank.
2 Debbie wi11 wash the car or else Pam wi11.
3 Car1 hasn't read that book. Rebecca hasn't read it
either.
4 John bought that newspaper, or maybe 5teve did.
5 Julian is going to the party. Bob is going too.
6 Keith hasn't got a computer. Max hasn't got a
computer either.
~ o Underline the correct word.
1 Either/Neither Simon nor 11 had seen the film
before.
2 She decorated the 11/whole house by herself.
3 1 asked everybody but none/no of the l
there had seen Louise that day.
4 As soon as the guests arrived, each/every of them
was shown to their seat.
5 1've been to that restaurant twice before and
11/both times the food was excellent.
6 We're really busy at the moment; 1've been
working overtime every/ 11 day this week.

5 : Are Danny and Michael coming tonight?

1 1 Look at the pictures below. Make as many
B: No . ............ of them l make it.
sentences as you can using the prompts provided
a either b both c neither
and both, neither, aII, none.
6 A: What do your parents do?
B . ............of them are teachers. 1 have/briefcase; 2 indoors; 3 in/park; 4 use/laptop;
a Both b 11 c Either 5 use/mobile phone; 6 have/jacket; 7 have%offee;
8 wear/hat
8 Underline the correct word.

1 1 can't speak French at 11, whereas/despite my

sister speaks it fluently.
2 They decided to go for a wa1k, even though/in
spite of the rain.
3 5ara hasn't got a TV and she hasn't got a CD
player neither/either.
4 1 hate travelling by boat because 1 always get
seasick. Besides/However, 1 cant swim.
5 1n spite of/Although he l l the guitar very
...~ .> -...

we11 he decided not to become a musician. 7

6 Both/Either 1im and Sam were born in Canada.

7 The sales assistant was rude. Furthermore/Even
though, he refused to 11 the manager.
8 1n addition to/ 1n spite of being stubborn, he was
1azy.
9 Of course you can borrow my car. However/Yet, 1
need it back by 8 'clock tonight.
10 1 love thrillers, despite/in addition to the fact that
they always give me nightmares.
1 Neither Perry nor Mark have/has a briefcase.
141
 ~ mar
in use
1 2 loin the sentences using the words in brackets, as Use of English
in the examples.
word transformations
1 The book is very we11 written. 1t is also very funny.
(Wh1Ch) 5tudy the examples.ln each case the second sentence has
The book, which is very we11 written, is also very funny. a similar meaning to the first sentence.
2 The shirt was expensive. He decided to buy it
anyway. (although) ~ 1 He started working here at the end of June last year. 1
Although the shirt was expensive, he decided to buy it been By the end of 1une, he wi11 have been
anyway. working here for one year.
3 She was very tired. She went to bed. (so) 2 Our teacher said that she wi 1 mark the exams this
............................................................................. week.
............................................................................. have Our teacher said that she wi11 have
4 Co1in is ta11 with dark hair. His sister is short and marked the exams by the end of the
blond. (whereas) week.

3 Since his car broke down, 5 had to walk to work.

............................................................................. because Sam had to walk to work because his
5 finished eating. He did the washing up. car broke down.
(as soon as) 4 Although he was tired, he decided to go for a run.
.................................................................................... spite 1n spite of the fact that he was tired,
.................................................................................... he decided to go for a run.
6 Phi1 wrote a letter. He posted it. (then) 5 Laura doesn't like Chinese food and Christine doesn't
............................................................................. like it either.
............................................................................. nor Neither Laura nor Christine likes Chinese
7 1 have a 1ot to do today. 1 have to speak to Mr food.
Wilson about his order. (for instance) 6 She was writing that report 11 day.
whole She spent the whole day writing that
~ report. /
8 1 took out a notebook. He l make some
notes. (so that)
~ 3 Complete the sentences with two to five words,
............................................................................. including the word in bo1d. Do not change the
9 We played very we11. We sti11 lost the match. meaning of the original sentence.
(even though)
1 Anne's ambition is to open her own restaurant by
the time she is thirty.
.............................................................................
wi11 Anne hopes she ..................................
10 Jim took the bus into town. He was going her own restaurant
shopping. (because) by the time she is thirty.
.............................................................................
2 moved to Portugal ten years ago this month.
been Bythe end of this month .................
............................................................
in Portugal for ten years.

3 Despite being short of money, she decided to buy

the new dress.
even She decided to buy the new dress .......
short of money.

4 You can go to the party provided that you are

home by midnight.
long She can go to the party ......................
home by midnight.

142
 1 (( [ 10
in use
5 We couldn't hear what he was saying Multiple-choice cloze
because he spoke too quietly.
so .................................... ~ 5 Read the text below, then circle the answer A, B, C or D which
...................... we couldn't best fits the space. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
hear what he was saying.

6 drank the whole bottle of water

himself.
11 He drank ...........................
himself. ~5
+,

7 1 think that Luke borrowed that CD, or

maybe Joe did.
either 1 think that .......................
........................... that CD. Tornado
8 Emi1y didn't learn to swim until she
was twenty.
A~1~r~t ........ ..
~
~

when Emi1y .................................

........................... to swim.

f you 0) C notice that the skies are dark and greenish and
Word formation the rain is owing sideways past your front window, then
you 1) ........better be careful. 1t l mean that a tornado
. . .. - . is heading your 2) ........ . The first sign that a tornado is
coming is the formation of a thunderstorm. 1n the beginning there's
-1: combines with adjectives to
an eerie stillness as the pressure is sucked away. The air is sti11 and
describe something being done in
calm and no bird or insect sounds can be heard. Cumulonimbus
the manner described by the
clouds build in towers, 3) ........ as supercells, and the normal
adjective (quickly, happily)
afternoon thundershowers begin to take on an incredi e energy. 1f
-ward(s): combines with nouns and
you watch the horizon '11 see a revolving column of clouds,
adverbs of direction to describe
called a funnel, heading 4) .....,.. the earth. When it connects with
the direction in which something
the ground, the heat feeds the centre of the funnel and a tornado is
is moving or facing. (downward(s),
born. The safest place 5) ........ to be is underground or in an
westward(s))
open ditch. Tornadoes destroy everything in their path and have
the power to 6) ........ people, trees, bridges, cars and even
~ 4 Form the correct adverb from the word houses. The scariest thing about tornadoes is that you have
in bo1d. minutes, not hours to react. We now have warning times of up to
twenty minutes 7) ........ to better radar detectors. With older
1 He took a couple of steps methods of reporting tornadoes, we were lucky to have two
....................... to a11ow the BACK minutes to 8) ........ cover.
others to get through. ----------- -- - - -- --- -- -- \
2 She was upset because she 0 A sometimes B never ever D always
felt that they had been very 1 A had B would C did D need
....................... treated. BAD 2 A direction B route C path D way
3 They were moving ................. S 3 A ll B named C known D reported
in the direction of the coast. 4 A away B up C across D towards
4 1 was a much better player 5 A of B at C for D to
and won the game 6 A make B pick C take D turn
S 7 A because B as C since D due
5 He spoke very ........................ CLEAR 8 A make B take C hide D draw
so that everyone would
understand him.
6 We decided to head ................
as soon as we saw the
approaching storm.

143
 i( r fll(H
in use
3 At the weekend we went ............ in the
Open CIOZe
mountains.
hike hiking
~ Read the text below and think of the word which B to hike D to hiking
best fits each space. Use only one word in each
4 Doug . ............ daughter goes to school with
space. There is an l (0) at the beginning.
Emma, lives in our street.
; A who B that C which D whose
5 You ............ disturb the driver while the bus is

Tate Modern moving.

mustn't B couldn't C haven't D needn't
~ .:

The sauce was ............ flour, milk and

for D with
~ - 7 1 don't know who the letter was from but it
~ in Rome.
was posted
-

- - -
--- ---
-
-- -- -
--

t
is posted
-
B is being posted D was being posted

The Tate Modern is London's newest museum and 8 ............ that he didn't have time to help us.
houses a permanent display 0) of modern art. 1t sits on the A told B said C spoke D asked
south bank of the River Thames and is linked 1) .................. 9 5he ............ her hair dyed at the hairdresser's
St. 1's Cathedral on the opposite side of the river by the tomorrow.
new Millennium bridge. The Tate Modern collection A has C has been having
B had D is having
2).................. housed in a massive former power plant
which 3) .................. transformed into the new museum by 10 There is ............ coffee 1eft. Wou1d you like another
Swiss architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, at cup?
A a 1ittle B a few C 1ittle D few
the cost of 134 million pounds. This magnificent building
was designed to 4) .................. symbol of London and the 11 1f 1 were you, 1............ demand an apology.
UK in the 21st century. The size of the museum is very A must B would C D might
impressive. 1t has 84 galleries and displays about 600 12 wouldn't have made that mistake if he ............
paintings and sculptures, by a wide variety of a ists from more experienced.
Matisse to Mondrian. There are also rooms dedicated A would be C has been
is D were
5) ................ single artists or, occasionally, to a single piece
~ of art. Several of thealleries
9 have 6 ) ................. built with
lass roofs so that the works of art 7 ... be
~ g )"""""""' 1 8 Fi11 in the missing word.
admired under natural sunlight. The Tate Modern may
become 8) .................. of the world's greatest modern art
1 1 was listening to the news on the radio .................
galleries which wi11 stand alongside New York's Museum of Tony arrived.
Modern Art and Paris's Pompidou Centre. 1t is expected to 2 1 am ................. to London next week for a
attract two million visitors a year and is sure to become a conference.
~ art_of the art lover's visit to London. 3 That ............ be Paul, 1' recognise his car anywhere.
4 A new cinema ................. being opened in the town
Revision (Units 1-10) centre next month.
5 He offfered to give us a discount ................. we paid
~ 7 Circle the correct item. in cash.
1f ................. 1 had gone to the concert with them;
1 1t ............ 11 morning and the roads were wet and it sounds like it was brilliant.
slippery. 7 1f 1 ................. known that she wanted to come, 1
A rains C had been raining would have bought a ticket for her.
B is raining D wi11 rain 8 We 11 ordered the steak except ................. Sarah,
2 1............you if we decide to go out tonight. who is a vegetarian.
C am calling 9 Neither Tom ................. Mary can speak 1talian.
A 11
B wi11 11 D wi11 be calling 10 They wi11 ................. arrived at the airport by now.
144
 Irreguiar Verbs
.. . .

be /bi:/ was /woz/ been // 1et /iet/ 1et /iet/ et t/
bear /bea / bore /b 7 born() /b : / 1ie V 1 /1 lain /1 /
beat /bra/ beat mi;t/ beaten /bLtn/ I1ght /1alt/ IIt lht/ 11t A t/
/biknm/ became /bik e m/ become /biknm/ lose : z/ lost A st/ 1o5t /l o st/
begin /bigin/ began /biga? / begun /bignn/
bite /b a t/ bit /bit/ bitten /bitn/ make /mwk/ made / w / made /m w d/
w /bi ou / w / : / own /bl ou n/ mean /mi:n/ meant /m e nt/ meant /m e nt/
break /br el k/ broke /br oo k/ broken /br oo kan/ meet /_i:t/ met /m e t/ met /m e t/
bring ronn/ brought /brg:t/ brought /br:t/
build /bild/ built /bilt/ built /bilt/ /peV paid // paid //
burn /b / burnt (burned) / t burnt (burned) /: t put /pot/ put /pat/ put /pot/
(:' )/ (:`)/
burst /b : st/ burst /b : st/ burst /b : Tst/ read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
buy /ba ~ / bought /ba:t/ bought /baa/ ride /raid/ rode /roud/ ridden /ndan/
ring /rf/ rang /' rung //
/kwn/ l /kud/ (been to) rom rise /raiz/ rose /rovz/ risen /nzan/
ei bal ta / run /_ / ran /r w n/ run /rnn/
catch /k ~tf/ caught /ko:t/ caught /kt/
choose /tfu:z/ cho5e /tfo sz/ chosen /tfoozn/ say /sei/ said /sed/ said /sed/
/knm/ / / /knm/ see /si:/ saw /so:/ seen /si:n/
cost /knst/ cost /kgst/ cost /knst/ seek /si:k/ sought /so:t/ sought /so:t/
cut /knt/ cut /knt/ cut /knt/ se11 /seI/ sold /sovld/ sold /sooid/
5end /send/ 5ent /sent/ sent /sent/
l /di:I/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/ set /set/ set /set/ set /set/
dig /dig/ dug /dng/ dug /dng/ sew /soo/ sewed /sood/ sewn /soan/
do /:/ did /did/ done // 5hake /feik/ shook /fak/ shaken /Jeikan/
draw /dro] drew /dru] drawn // shine /J/ shone /fqn/ shone /Jnn/
dream /drLm/ dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) shoot /Ju:u 5hot /fpt/ shot /fnt/
/dremt (dri_)/ /dremt (dri:md)/ 5how /foo/ 5howed /Jood/ 5hown /foon/
drink // drank /drwnk/ drunk /drnpk/ shut /fnt/ shut /fnt/ shut /fnt/
drive /draiv/ drove /droov/ driven /v/ sing /sin/ 5ang /s ~y sung /snr/
sit /st/ 5at /s a;t/ sat /s wt/
eat 3/ ate /et/ eaten /i:t n/ sleep /sli:p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
sme11 /smel/ smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) /smelt
f 11 /fo:V fe11 /fe1/ fallen /fo:1an/ /smelt (smeld)/ (smeld)/
feed /fi;d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ speak /spi:k/ spoke /spoak/ 5poken /spookan/
feel /fi:I/ felt /felt/ felt ffelt/ 5 11 /spel/ spelt (5 11 ) /spelt spelt (spelled) /speit
fight /fait/ fought /f:t/ fought /ft/ (speld)/ (speld)/
find /famd/ found /favnd/ found /faond/ 5pend /spend/ 5pent /spent/ 5pent /spent/
flee /fli:/ fled /fled/ fled /fled/ split /split/ split /split/ split /spiit/
f1y /flaV flew /f1u:/ flown /floan/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
forbid /fa bid/ forbade /faro ~ d/ forbidden /fabtdan/ spring /sprin/ sprang /spra;g/ sprung /sprnrf/
forget /fa'get/ forgot /fa gnt/ forgotten /fa gptn/ stand /st ~ nd/ stood /stod/ stood /stod/
forgive /fargiv/ forgave /fatgev/ forgiven /fa gfvn/ steal /sti:1/ stole /stoou stolen /stoolan/
freeze ffr_i:z/ froze /fr oo z/ frozen /fr oo z/ 5tick /stk/ stuck /stnk/ stuck /stnk/
sting /stin/ stung /stn/ stung /stn/
get /get/ got /got/ got /gpt/ stink /stiCJk/ stank /staenk/ stunk /stnpk/
give /giv/ gave /gev/ given /giv n/ strike /straik/ struck /strnk/ struck /strk/
go /gou/ went /went/ gone /gpn/ swear /swea7 swore /sw:7 sworn /sw : n/
grow /groo/ grew /gru:/ grown /grn/ 5weep /swi:p/ 5wept /swept/ 5wept /swept/
swim /sw_im/ swam /swa m/ swum /swn_ /
hang , ?/ hung (hanged) /hnCJ hung (hanged) /hnh
(hwpd)/ (hwpd)/ take /teik/ took /tuk/ taken /teikan/
have /ha?v/ had /hwd/ had /ha d/ teach /ti:tJ/ taught /ta:t/ taught /t:t/
hear 7 heard , 1/ heard :/ tear /tea tore /t:7 torn /to/n/
hide maid/ hid mid/ hidden i/ te11 /tei/ told /tooid/ told /t oa ld/
hit m t/ hit mft/ hit , t/ think /enk/ thought /eoa/ thought /8oa/
hold /hoold/ held /held/ held /held/ throw // threw /Bru:/ thrown /6/
hurt /h :'t/ hurt /haTt/ hurt /h _'t/
understand understood under5tood /_ 'stad/
keep // kept <ept/ kept <ept/ /'stwnd/ /nnda'stod/
know /nou/ knew /nju:/ known /noun/
wake /weik/ woke /woak/ woken /wookan/
1 laid / laid neld/ wear /wea7 wore /wa / worn /wa n/
l i_/ 1 / 1 / win /wm/ won /wnn/ won /wnn/
learn :/ learnt (learned) t learnt (l ) :t write /rat/ wrote /roat/ written /t/
(1 :')/ (larnd)/
leave ,1v/ left ft/ left ft/
lend / lent t/ lent t/
 Tapescripts
UN1T 1 Listening
Exercise 1 5 ( . 8)
1f you want to take out a loan with a bank, first of 11, you
need to provide a few personal details for the application
form. 1 have one here so 111 fi11 it out as an example. 1t asks for
fu11 name. . John Michaels. Then it asks if 1' married
or single. 1' married. Right. Now it asks for my occupation.
So 111 write that 1' a surveyor. Now, it asks who my employer
is. So 111 fi11 in Leeds Construction, in Brook Street and how
long 1 have been with them. So that's five years. 1t also wants
details of my annual salary. Let's say 34,000 per annum.
After that the bank wi11 need a of your latest tax return
and wi11 want to know whether you have any other loans at
the present time. 1 have a mortgage on my home. Oh, and
there's my credit card bi11 of course. So 111 have to declare
more. The bank wi11 ask whether your mortgage and credit
card are with them and if 11 repayments are up to date. Then
it asks what the purpose of this new loan is. Let's say 1'
planning on adding an extension to the house an extra
bedroom and an enclosed porch. 1've been to the council for
planning permission and everything's in order. Now it's just a
matter of getting the loan approved and we can go ahead.
This is the tricky part what type of loan you want. You have
a few options. Do you want to increase your current
mortgage or take out a separate personal loan perhaps? This
is up to you but 1 would choose a personal loan in this case.
The interest rate is slightly higher, but the repayments can be
more flexi e. You should discuss your specific needs with the
bank. Let's say 111 need 48,000. Then the bank wi11 work
from your current mortgage repayments and organise a
suita e repayment plan for your personal loan application.
They wi11 proba y get back to you about the loan's approval
in about ten days.
UN1T 2 Listening
Exercise 16 ( . 14)
5peaker 1
When 1 was younger, 1 worked as a magician's assistant for
four years. We worked on cruise ships. 1 really loved doing it,
but 1 gave it up when 1 got married. 1 did miss work though,
and so 1 decided to set up on my own. Now, 1' a children's
entertainer. 1 have a one-hour show that 1 do for children's
parties and 1 make a good living. 1 sti11 wear my sparkly
costumes, but now 1 do the tricks myself instead of just
assisting. Making children laugh and seeing their 1ittle faces
light up with wonder and amazement makes this the most
rewarding job in the world.
~(~~
5peaker 2
1 wasn't sure what 1 wanted to do when 1 1eft college. 1n the
end 1 got a job in an accountancy firm, just to make ends
meet and, six years later, 1' sti11 in the same job. 1 don't find
it very challenging, but 1 sti11 haven't found anything that 1'
suited to. 1 hope 1 won't be in this job forever, but 1 can't leave
until 1 find another position because 1 need the security. 1
suppose there must be a 1ot of l like me, doing a boring
job for years on end, just because they can't think of anything
better to do.
Speaker 3
1 always knew what 1 wanted to do, so after 1 left school 1
went to university to do a BSc in Optometry. After that 1 was
a trainee for a while and then 1 became a qualified optician
and moved to a different firm where 1 was made a partner
after five years. 1 see about 15 patients a day and 1 spend
about half an hour with each patient. 1 examine their eyes,
prescribe lenses and screen for eye diseases. 1 like working
with contact lenses best because there is so much variety.
There are so many to choose from and which ones 1 prescribe
depends on the shape of the eye, how much they wi11 be used
and the patient's requirements. 1 really enjoy my work. 1t
requires ski11 and precision and 1 get to meet lots of people.
Speaker 4
1' a very ambitious and creative person and that's proba y
why 1 love working in advertising so much. 1've worked for
many different companies over the years to get the
experience 1 needed to work my way up the ladder. Now 1 am
a Creative Director and coordinate advertising campaigns for
we11-known international companies. 1t's hard work, but it
also has its perks. For instance, 1 get to travel extensively and
meet lots of interesting l . 1 work about 12 hours a day,
but it's the variety that keeps it interesting and exciting. 1 talk
to clients, work with models, photographers and illustrators,
watch showreels and look through portfolios and 1 even find
time to give advice to others who are just starting out. 1 really
love my job and 1 can't imagine ever doing anything e1se.
5peaker 5
As a child 1 hated sports and 1' do anything to get out of PE.
That 11 changed though when 1 had a baby. 1 put on quite a
bit of weight so 1 went to a gym to get back into shape. Soon
1 was hooked and 1 was going every day and doing aerobics,
too. 1 lost weight and my body became very toned. Then,
when the gym expanded, my aerobics instructor asked if 1 had
thought about becoming an instructor myself and why didn't
1 get qualified so 1 could take over some of the extra classes. 1
decided to do it and 1 haven't looked back since. Now, 1 adore
job. 1 get a great feeling seeing my students get slim and
fit. 1've made a 1ot of friends and my self-confidence has
improved, too.

UN1T 3 - Listening
Exercise 11 (p. 19)
1 A: So, how was your cruise? Did you have a ?
B: We1!, no, not really. lohn was stnjdc own with
something the minute we left the fie spent the
entire trip in our cabin.
A: Oh dear. The poor thing.
8: 1 know. 1t was a shame for him rea ty He l 't eat
anything for the first coupie of days. 1t was ll
awful.
A: 1 suppose he's just not cut out for a life on the ocean
waves!
2 A: Excuse me. 1've just v the flight from Madrid
and my bag isn't here.
B: 1 see. Have you checked at the baggage carousel?
A: Of course. 1've been waiting there for an hour, but it
hasn't come through. Do you think it could have been
put on the wrong flight?
B: 1t's possi e. 1f you l give me your ticket, 111 check
on the computer for you.
A: Oh, 1 really hope it hasn't gone somewhere e1se. 1t's
got everything 1 need in it.
3 1 couldn't believe it. 1 got there in plenty of time or so 1
thought bought my ticket and waited on the platform. 1
stood there for twenty minutes and then 1 started to get
worried. 1 was the only person there, and it's usually
pretty busy at that time of day. 1 kept checking my watch
and staring down the line to see if it was coming. Then 1
asked at the information desk, because 1 thought there
be r on the line or something, and they told getting behind the wheels of their cars in future.
the timeta e had changed! 1 mean, they should really
te11 l about things like that, shouldn't they?
4 A: 1' terri y sorry, sir. The computer must have rnade a
mistake.
B: We11, it's simply not good enough. 1 booked this
weeks ago, and now you te11 me that v g it
to someone e1se.
A: We11, if youd like to wait for a moment, 1 find
another room for you.
B: 1 dont know. 1' ll noi happy abart this. 1 think
1' rather go somewt ere else_
A: 1' afraid '11 find that ererywhere is already
booked up, sir. ft's a busy time of . 1 can give you a
room here if you would just wait for a few minutes.
B: We11, alright, then. 1 w I have no other choice.
Tapescripts
5 id planned to do lots of walking on my holiday, but 1
spent most of the time reading in hotel room. 1t was
freezing and wet and 1 l 't bring myself to go
outside! 1t poured down every single day. 1 didn't even go
out to eat because 1 would have got abso!utely soaked; 1
just ordered food from room service! 1t was a bit of a
disappointing experience, 1 can te11 you!
UN1T 4 - Listening
Exercise 11 (p. 26)
Monday
Don't forget that next week is Green Week here in Barford,
and there are plenty of activities to keep you busy and help
clean up the 1 1 environment. We start the programme on
Monday, with a trip to the 1 1 recycling centre. Here you can
see how 11 your household waste can be shredded up,
melted down, and turned into useful materials. Almost
anything can be used again, and we hope that this outing wi11
encourage more of you to stop throwing away v l
rubbish! There are limited places availa e for this trip, so sign
up now at the Town 11.
Tuesday
On Tuesday, we are inviting everyone to leave their cars at
home and get on their bikes. See how easy it is to get around
on Barford's cycle paths and give the environment a break
from 11 those dangerous exhaust fumes. Cars wi11 be banned
from the town centre for the day and we're hoping that,
once l realise how much better travelling bike can be
for our health and planet, they wi11 think twice before
Wednesday
Go back to school on Wednesday with an afternoon of
environmental education at the Town 11. We are lucky
enough to have environmentalist l Walters joining us to
give us information on how to make our homes more
environmentally friendly. Judy wi11 be giving us tips on how to
conserve energy in our homes in order to save money and
help our planet at the same time. She wi11 also be explaining
how running a green house can be easy and fun, too.
Thursday
Thursday is New Life Day and we are hoping that as many
l as possi e wi11 join in our campaign to replace the
many trees which have been cut down in Barford Forest.
Bring a spade and a pair of boots and help to put new life
back into the forest. Thompson's Garden Centre have kindly
donated one hundred young trees for Green Week, and we
are planning to divide these between the forest and the 1 1
parks to bring a touch of green into the area and give
something back to nature.
147
 Tapescripts
Friday
1t's time to get your hands dirty again on Friday, as we are
looking for volunteers to help us improve the area surrounding
Barford Lake. This area has become polluted in recent years, as
a result of tourists and 1ocals using it as a picnic spot. We aim
to clear 11 the litter from the lakeside and drag the water to
remove 11 the rubbish which has been thoughtlessly thrown
in. Hopefully our efforts wi11 encourage l to treat our Lisa: We11, perhaps youre not using it properly.
natural beauty spots with more care.
UN1T 5 Listening
Exercise 12 ( . 32)
Good morning. Robot surgeons may sound like something
out of a science fiction movie, but in fact they are beginning
to operate at a hospital near you. 1 am Dr Stuart Huntley and
1' going to te11 you 11 about the operating rooms of the
future. 1t's true that robot surgeons are already being used in
some hospitals. A handful of surgeons here and in the United
States are making use of these machines. They are the latest
advance in medical technology. They n doctors to carry
out very complicated surgery accurately and safely, by using
remote control. The robots don't actually operate on patients
on their own artificial intelligence hasn't developed that far
yet! The surgeon uses a computer to te11 the robots exactly
what to do. The fact that the robots carry out the actual tasks
just means that very precise movements can be made much
more quickly than if they were made by hand. The robots
look a bit like cranes, but they are actually robotic arms which
hang over the operating t . On the ends of these arms are
tools to grip sma11 objects, needles for stitching up wounds,
and a camera with a light which shows the surgeon the area
being operated on inside the body. These devices are used for
11 kinds of operations, but mainly complicated operations
such as heart or brain surgery. They make the surgeons job
easier. The main advantage of these machines is that they can
scale down movements made by the surgeon. For example, if
he wants the robotic arm to move half a centimetre, he can
move the remote control joystick five centimetres, and the
computer wi11 scale the movement down. This means that
very precise movements can be made easily and, more
importantly, quickly, which makes the operation much safer.
1n the future they wi11 a11ow doctors to perform much more
complicated surgery, because they make it possi e to operate
on a microscopic scale. There is a chance that one day, we wi11
be to operate on individual ce11s, and that would be
wonderful. The l r is that surgeons have to learn situation.
new skills and new movements in order to work with the
robots, but that shouldn't be too difficult. Thank you for
listening.
I
UN1T 6 Listening
Exercise 15 ( . 38)
Adam: Oh no!
Lisa: What's the matter?
Adam: 1 just can't get to grips with this new computer. Every
time 1 use it it goes wrong.
Adam: Hm. Maybe not. 1' just not cut out for 11 this new
technology.
Lisa: Oh dear. We11, '11 have to get used to it. 1t's not going
to go away.
Adam: 1 know. 1t's just going to get worse. What wi11 1 do
when everything is controlled by computers? 1 won't survive!
Lisa: You wi11! Don't forget that a 1ot of things already are run
by computers, and you don't even notice. 1n the future,
everything wi11 be much more convenient and '11 wonder
how you ever survived without computers.
Adam: Hm. 1 don't know. 111 have to upgrade my skills every
year. The only people who wi11 be getting jobs wi11 be the
l who can use 11 the new technology, and that certainly
won't be me!
Lisa: Oh, don't be so negative. '11 get a job. And '11 be
to work from home using your computer. There'11 be no
more 9 to 5 days, because '11 be to work to your own
timeta e. '11 even be to do several different jobs at
the same time, so '11 earn more money.
Adam: Huh! You make it sound so easy.
Lisa: We11, 1 think it wi11 be. 11 our appliances wi11 be more
user-friendly and things like TVs and videos wi11 have voice
recognition, so you can just te11 them what to show or record
and you won't have to press any buttons.
Adam: Good. 1 hate buttons. But 1 think 111 feel a bit daft
talking to my video.
Lisa: 1 don't see why. Youre always shouting at it when you
can't programme it properly. Honestly, Adam, 1 don't
understand why youre so negative about the future.
Adam: We11, 1 suppose it scares me. When 1 read about how
we'11 be wearing clothes which can monitor our heartbeats
and 11 an ambulance if anything happens to us, or how
space travel wi11 become as common as air travel, 1 just panic.
1 can't imagine how 1 wi11 fit into a world like a science fiction
fi1m.
Lisa: Oh, Adam. 1t11 sti11 be the same world, and l wi11
never really change. We'11 just have to learn to do things
differently and our lives wi11 be better in so many ways. '11
see.
Adam: Hm. 1 suppose 111 just have to make the best of a scary
Lisa: That's more like it.
Adam: Lisa ... wi11 you show me how to use this awful
computer?
Lisa: Haha! Of course 1 wi11!

UN1T 7 - Listening
Exercise 16 ( . 44)
11 , name is Sa11y Herd, lm a finaoal msultant and 1 11 . My name is Dr Stevens and 1 work on genetically
going to talk to you about credit Now, just about
everyone has a credit card these days. ft seems that there is
no rule about who should and shoe ~ ldn't have one. 1t is
extremely easy to get a t cara. 1 fact, the minute by adding certain genes to a plant, we can help that plant to
someone turns eighteen, they usually bombarded with fight disease and protect it from being attacked by insects.
offers from credit card companies. So how do you choose
which company to use? Wel1,1 afways think it's a good idea to
stick to what you knaw. 1f you have had an account with a
certain bank for a number of years, for example, and you are
happy with their services, then 1 would suggest that you get a
credit card from your bank, rather than a company you have
never used before. We11-esta ished banks are usually the
most relia e, in my opinion. However, it can be very tempting
to apply for a credit card if you are short of money, which is
why so many people run up huge debts on their cards and
get into serious financial difficulties. There are people who
see the "buy now, pay later" idea as a sort of escape route
a way of getting what they want without having to spend
"real" money. This of course, is not the case. When the bi11s
land on the doormat, many people do not have the money to
pay them, so they put it off until the next month, or the next.
This means that they end up being charged a fortune in
interest. 1n an ideal world, credit card companies should be
more careful about who they give cards to. Unfortunately,
though, it is not in their interest to do that. Credit card
companies make their money from the people who have
trou e paying off their bi11s, and who struggle to keep up
with their interest payments. People who can afford to pay
everything off monthly are simply not prof ta e. So they are
happy to 1et less we11-off people have credit cards because
debt is big business. Nevertheless credit cards are very useful
for those moments when youre not carrying any cash with
you. They also a11ow l to pay for large purchases over a
period of time, instead of having to save up for months
before buying that new washing machine or computer.
However, my advice to anyone who is considering getting a
credit card is this: always keep a note of everything you
charge to your card. There is nothing worse than getting a bi11
at the end of the month for much more than you expected.
A1so, try to pay off your bi11 every month. Putting it off wi11
only mean that you have to pay interest, and that can be an
expensive business. 1 hope my advice has been helpful. Thank
you for listening.
Tapescripts
UN1T 8 - Listening
Exercise 12 ( . 50)
engineered food and 1' like to explain why 1 am in favour of
genetically modified foods. We11 1 believe that they can be
extremely useful in many ways. By altering a plant's genes, or
Around a quarter of the corn grown in the United States now
has been genetically engineered to produce an insecticide
which makes the plant poisonous to caterpillars. Caterpillars
attack corn and cause plants to die, which of course means a
loss of profit for farmers. By altering a single gene in the corn,
we can ensure that any caterpillar attacking the corn wi11 die.
However some may argue that while it l solve pro ems
in the short term if caterpillars die when they try to eat the
corn, it may cause pro ems in the long term; if 11 the
caterpillars die, there wi11 be no butterflies, and the world
needs butterflies because they help to spread seeds from
plants and flowers. A1so, there are several animals which eat
caterpillars, and they would go hungry if 11 the caterpillars
die. This could cause pro ems 11 the way up the food chain.
This is a s point and of course there are drawbacks
to genetic engineering, nobody has ever said there weren't.
What 1' trying to point out, though, is that the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages, in my opinion. Genetic
engineering can ki11 insects and improve farmers incomes but
of course it can do much more than that. Killing insects
means that the farmer can produce more corn, wheat and so
on. 1f crops are increased, then more people can be fed. 1t's as
simple as that. By producing more food, we can feed the
starving people in the developing world and put an end to
famine forever. 1 hope 1 have given you 11 a 1ot to think about.
Now, does anyone have any questions .... (fade)
UN1T 9 - Listening
Exercise 15 ( . 56)
5peaker 1
We11, like a 1ot of people, 1 first started base-jumping back in
the 70s with a bunch of others parachuting off Californian
cliffs. Then 1 moved on to high buildings, bridges, towers, that
kind of thing. Most l think jumping off a ta11 building is
safer than leaping out of a plane, but in fact, it's the
opposite. Think about it ta11 buildings are usually in the city
centre, so when youre coming down you have to make sure
you don't hit anything like another building, a river or an
innocent passer-by in the street below. 1 guess that's why
base-jumping is illegal in the 5tates now. 1f 1 was sti11
competing, 1' have to go to Europe, but 1' too 1 now, so
111 leave it to the kids.
149
 Tapescripts

5peaker 2 5peaker 5

1' say free diving is the most physically testing and riskiest of
11 extreme sports and 1' not just saying that because 1 do
it! Basically, it means going as 1ow as you can underwater
just one breath of air and without the help of any special
diving equipment apart from a wetsuit, flippers and a mask!
The reason it's said to be more suited to women is because
divers suffer a 1ot of pain and women have a higher pain
threshold. The pain is actually caused by your lungs shrinking
and your ribs bending. 1 even suffered a few cracked ribs in
the beginning. We have to train our bodies to cope with this
kind of distortion, but 1 sti11 know l who have had heart
attacks, ackouts and burst eardrums, not to mention the
odd drowning!
1've tried a 1ot of extreme sports, but, in my opinion, nothing
can beat white water rafting. 1t's so thrilling to be thrown
about by crashing water, bouncing off rocks and rushing
down fast-flowing rivers. 1t is risky, of course, and you need to
work together as a team if you don't want to be overturned
or smashed against the rocks. That's why 1 l ever go
rafting with l 1 know really we11. You need to be able to
communicate perfectly, to trust each other and to know that
everyone is pulling their weight.
N 10 - L 5ten ng

5peaker 3 Exercise 14 ( . 62)

1 saw everything. 1t was terri e! My name is lackson. Arthur
Skysurfing is really a combination of skydiving, snowboarding
lackson. 1 live at 37 Vine Street and 1' an accountant. 1 was
and gymnastics, so you have to be good at 11 three to be
on the corner of Millfield Road there, posting some letters. 1
successful at it. Skysurfing is different from skydiving and just
enjoy the walk from my house to the letter box usually, but
plain 1 parachuting because youre jumping out of a plane
today it wasn't very pleasant at 11. 1 was facing the road
with a skateboard attached to your feet, and during freefall
when the accident occurred and 1 saw the tour bus there,
you have about a minute to perform acrobatic stunts, which
pulling out of the i car park. 1 remember wondering
is where the gymnastics comes in. The only l danger with
where the tourists were from. We get so many here and then
skysurfing is if you jump with somebody e1se. 1 was jumping
1 saw the red car there, speeding round the corner. 1t was
once with a cameraman who was filming my stunts for a
going ever so fast and 1 thought to myself anyone going that
commercial. He got too close at one point and we almost
fast is heading for trou e, so you can see what happened.
collided. You have to be careful because if you hit heads and
The red car crashed into the tour bus it didn't have time to
knocked unconscious, you might not wake up in time to
stop, you see. The driver wasn't even looking. After that
open your chute!
the most shocking part. The driver got out of the red
5peaker 4 car and started shouting at the bus driver, as if it was 11 the
bus driver's fault, when anyone with eyes in their head l
1've been ice-climbing for over ten years now and 1' been
see it wasn't. 1t was terri e, 1've never seen anything like it.
mountaineering and rock-climbing for ten years before that. 1
1' prepared to come to the police station to make a
prefer ice-climbing though it's much more of a thrill! A 1ot
statement if you need any more information. My phone
of mountaineers and rock-climbers think ice-climbers are
number is 555793. You can 11 me any time before 9 . 1'
nuts, especially ones like me who prefer to go solo that is,
always happy to help the police force.
without a rope or a climbing mate. Don't forget 1' been
climbing for a long time before 1 tried it. 1' climbed Everest
and lived to te11 the ta1e. Most l need a team mate,
someone they can trust, because at the end of the day your
life is in their hands and vice versa there's no room for
mistakes. 1t's b because ice-climbing requires so much
experience and ski11 that so few climbers are ever killed if
they didn't know what they were doing, they wouldn't be
doing it!

150
 z

Upstream intermediate 2 is a modular secondary-1eve1 course for

learners of the English language at post-intermediate 1eve1 (Pre-FCE,
CEF 1eve1 2, ALTE 3/4 or any other examinations at the same 1eve1
of difficulty.) The series combines active English learning with a
variety of 1ively topics presented in themed units.

Features
theme-based units from a wide variety of sources in five
modules
a variety of cross-cultural topics
systematic development of 11 four language skills through
realistic challenging tasks which encourage the learner's
personal engagement
lexical exercises practising and activating 11 essential vocabulary
including collocations, idioms, phrasal verbs and word formation
a variety of authentic stimulating reading and listening tasks
realistic, stimulating dialogues featuring l in everyday
situations
grammar sections covering 11 major grammatical areas plus a
Grammar Reference 5ection
composition analysis and practice on 11 types of writing with
fu11 models
a wide range of speaking activities
intonation & pronunciation sections
Culture C1ips
Literature pages

Components
Student's Book
Teacher's Book (interleaved)
Workbook (Student's)
Workbook (Teacher'
C1ass audio CDs
Student's audio CD
Test Booklet