NICMAR

IMPACT OF COMMONWEALTH YOUTH GAMES

ON PUNE CITY

By
Rajkumar Agrawal-211005
Kinjar Desai-211028
Rucha Gujrathi- 211044

PGP ACM 21st Batch

(2007- 2009)

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the Academic

requirements of the Post Graduate Programme in
Advanced Construction Management
(PGP ACM)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION

MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH
Pune Campus
 DECLARATION

I/We declare that the research thesis entitled “Impact of Commonwealth youth
games on Pune city” is the bonafide work carried out by me/us, under the guidance
of Prof. Smita Yadav, further we declare that this has not been previously formed the
basis of award of any degree, diploma, associate-ship or other similar degrees or
diplomas, and has not been submitted anywhere else.

Date: Rajkumar Agrawal

PGP ACM 21st Batch (2007-2009)
NICMAR Pune

Kinjar Desai
PGP ACM 21st Batch (2007-2009)
NICMAR Pune

Rucha Gujrathi
PGP ACM 21st Batch (2007-2009)
NICMAR Pune
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research thesis entitled “Impact of Commonwealth youth
games on Pune city” is the bonafide work of Mr. Rajkumar Agrawal, Mr. Kinjar
Desai, and Mrs. Rucha Gujrathi in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for
the award of Post Graduate Programme in Advanced Construction Management
(PGP ACM). This work is carried out by him/them, under my guidance and
supervision.

Date: Guide
Prof. Smita Yadav

Counter Signed by Head ACM

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a privilege on our part to express profound sense of gratitude to Prof. Smita Yadav,
NICMAR for their guidance and constructive suggestions throughout the thesis work.
We would like to extend my sincere thanks to NICMAR-Pune, Faculty members for
their help & cooperation in doing our project work.
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Anil Agrawal, in charge of ACM. & other
officials, for the kind cooperation in carrying the thesis work.
We would like to thank Mr. Nandkishor Jagtap assistant engineer, JNNURM, who
provide us all the related information for study.
We wish to acknowledge the co-operation and contribution extended by various
organizations in the course of the study. We wish to thank my friends for their endless help.

(Rajkumar Agrawal 211005)

ACM 21

(Kinjar Desai 211028)

ACM 21

(Rucha Gujrathi 211044)

ACM 21
ABSTRACT

In October 2008, Two months from now, Pune hosted the third largest multi-sporting event in
the world, the mega event attracted youth from 71 countries, with tens of thousands of
visitors descending upon the city. To prepare itself for this, the city had planning a major
overhaul of its urban infrastructure as well as its sporting facilities. These events happen in a
city once in a decade or maybe even less, and have the ability to transform it.
The thesis raises some hard questions that need to be answered before one can conclude that
such an event has a positive effect on the host community. Can the financial requirements for
such an event be possible to generate? Is the amount spent on such events worth it? One must
remember that the funds that typically go into supporting these events are public funds and
therefore should benefit society at large, or at least a large portion, and not just an elite
minority. Some other questions that arise out of such events, with particular relevance in this
thesis, is its impact on the urban scenario. Had the event lead to rampant and unchecked
development, possibly unplanned? Is the infrastructure created beneficial post-event or will it
remain under utilized? was the city’s infrastructure able to bear the strain of additional
visitors that flooded the city during such an event? Does the event proved to be a hindrance to
the city’s residents during the event? Did the event actually proved to be a boost to the
domestic sports scene?
There are numerous questions that arise from such events, many with inconclusive answers.
However it is important for a prospective bidder of international sporting events, like Pune is,
to carefully study all the pros and cons of such an event, and not fall into the trap of making it
an issue of ‘national pride.’
In this thesis, study is conducted to determine the particulars for implementation of an
elevated road projects at strategic intersections, congested road stretches for the city and
presently undertaken road expansion and construction of flyover, subways and tunnels, signal
synchronization, intersection improvement schemes, parking provisions and pedestrianisation
schemes which was prepared few years ago for major overhaul of Pune roads. Connectivity
to the areas where these games are going to take place is a major issue of concern. You can
have roads and stadiums without the Common wealth youth games, but you generally cannot
have the Common wealth youth games without new roads and stadiums. Thesis also includes
the status report of various urban infrastructure projects after the completion of the CYG. It
also includes the various reasons for which projects delayed.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

In 2008, Pune hosted the largest multi-sporting event in the world, with tens of thousands of
visitors descending upon the city. To prepare itself for this, the city is planning a major
overhaul of its urban infrastructure as well as its sporting facilities. These events happen in
a city once in a decade or may be even less, (The last large event held in Pune was the 1993
National games) and have the ability to transform it.

Sports is now a very passionate and among many, an obsessive subject. In the run up to the
Football World Cup 2006, the theme of football as a unifying religion has been played up
numerous times in the media. Academicians even postulate that ‘religious pilgrimages of the
past have been replaced by modern pilgrimages to such spectacles as the Olympic Games, the
FIFA World Cup and other such events.’ (Gibson, H. J.1998) Sporting events have now
indeed become ‘spectacles,’ and with over 5 billion viewers expected for the 2006 World
Cup, can give the host community a lot of exposure. India however still remains to make its
mark on the world as a sporting nation. With the exception of cricket, and a handful of gifted
individuals, Indians have performed quite miserably on the world stage. If one was to
examine the last Olympics medal tally by population, that is, population divided by number
of medals, India comes last by an enormous margin. Even after the 1982 Asian Games, which
gave a dramatic boost to sports facilities in the country, our performance is yet to match
international standards.

The games have the ability to transform the city’s urban landscape and at the same time may
simply be an extremely expensive. The CYG is going to be the first mega-event hosted by the
city since the 1993 National Games, a gap of nearly 15 years.Yet India is still a poor country,
ranked 127 out of 177 in the Human Development index and therefore, some hard questions
that need to be answered before one can conclude that such an event has a positive effect on
the host community. Is the amount spent on such events worth it? One must remember that
the funds that typically go into supporting these events are public funds and therefore should
benefit society at large, or at least a large portion, and not just an elite minority.

Urban renewal or regeneration has been a theme in many such events in the past and appears
an important one in the CYG games as well. This is because it gives an opportunity to
improve the infrastructure and appearance of the host city, and also gives global media
exposure meaning that the image of a city can be transformed in the eyes of viewers. This was
certainly true of Barcelona, which successfully rid itself of its traditional manufacturing city
image when hosting the 1992 Olympics (Brown, A and Massey, J. 2001). Manchester used
the 2002 Commonwealth games as a tool to revive East Manchester, formerly an industrial
area that had been suffering low growth and degradation. The urban landscape Pune too, is set
to change dramatically with many infrastructure projects being pushed through.

In Pune for the games, it states that through the games, the city wishes to, among other
things:
1. Stimulate economic growth and development.
2. Improve city infrastructure.

Thus two of the professed aims of the games are to improve the welfare of the citizens of the
city through improving facilities and promoting investment in the city. The focus area of the
games this time is going to be in Balewadi, Baner where the games village and venues was
located. Residents of the area are hoping for a transformation.

Some questions that arise out of such events, with particular relevance in this thesis, is its
impact on the urban scene.

o What are new urban projects are coming to the city?

o Comparing the actual completion with the planned completion of different
projects?
o What are the hurdles for completion for projects and the reasons?
PROJECT SCOPE:

To study - Impact of Commonwealth Youth Games on urban development of PUNE City.

What does it mean to “host the hallmark event”? For the purposes of this thesis, “Hosting the
hallmark Games” is the act of inviting world-class athletes, television crews, and tourists to
your city for a specified duration to compete.
The Common wealth youth games do not consist of a single project, but is an array of
associated public projects. Every project has an impact on the city’s infrastructure. The
benefits of all of these associated projects are often ascribed to the Common wealth youth
games, such that it is said that the Common wealth youth games will “leave a legacy” of
improved housing and transit infrastructure.
It is important to note here that it is not only legacy creation that is important, but creating a
legacy which is beneficial to host community post games, and which justifies the costs
involved.
The ‘impact’ of the Common wealth youth games can be subdivided into Event Benefits and
Infrastructure Benefits. The former are those benefits which are only attained if the
Common-wealth youth games are held. Plainly, direct benefits such as ticket sales, ‘national
pride’, Common wealth youth games tourism, and Common wealth youth games
merchandise sales fit into this category. Many of the other touted benefits of the Common
wealth youth games, such as ‘improved roads’, and ‘better housing’ can be had without
‘inviting the world’, and thus should be considered as ‘Infrastructure Benefits’.
In this thesis, study is conducted to determine the particulars for implementation of
an elevated road projects at strategic intersections, congested road stretches for the city and
presently undertaken road expansion and construction of flyover, subways and tunnels, signal
synchronization, intersection improvement schemes, parking provisions and pedestrianisation
schemes which was prepared few years ago for major overhaul of Pune roads. Connectivity
to the areas where these games are going to take place is a major issue of concern. You can
have roads and stadiums without the Common wealth youth games, but you generally cannot
have the Common wealth youth games without new roads and stadiums.

Our interest here is to study” IMPACT ON CITY” hosting the Games, in overall urban
infrastructure development and the problem faced during the execution.
Methodology:

MPACT OF ON UNE ITY

Data
collection

Proposed
Projects

Literature
study

Projects Projects
completed delayed

Delay analysis

Impact
Positive impact
Negative Impact

Conclusion
Pune- Past
Pune Infrastructure

1. Traffic and transportation

The road infrastructure has not expanded in tandem with the increase in the number
of vehicles in the city. In the last four decades, the population of the city has increased
four times whereas the vehicle population has increased 87 times and the road
length has increased by only five times. With the projections indicating that PMC
would have a population of about 45 lakhs by 2021 and 57 lakhs by 2031, the road
and transportation infrastructure has to not only meet the existing demand but also cater to
the demand that will
be generated by the increasing population.

The existing public transportation system would fall short while catering to the
rising demand. In the absence of reliable and extensive public transportation systems,
the local population has been increasingly resorting to personal ownership of vehicles
to meet their mobility requirements. Only 15% of the vehicle kilometers travelled in the
city is accounted
for by public transportation. More than 50% of the 837 strong bus fleet of Pune Municipal
Transport is more than 10 years old. The vehicle operating ratio in April 2005 was less at
75% compared to 93% for Mumbai’s BEST. Against the Central Institute of Road Transport
(CIRT) norms of 37 buses per lakh population, PMC’s fleet falls short by over 250
buses considering the city’s present population; further, existing rolling stock needs to be
replaced. The Comprehensive Traffic Transportation Plan (CTTP) study observed that
there has been a sharp fall in the number of passengers using PMT buses, from 572,671 to
349,048, and nearly
25% reduction in the average passengers travelling by PMT buses per day.

There are more than 12.5 lakh registered vehicles in Pune as on date. The total number
of registered vehicles has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8 per
cent. As per the CTTP study, about 30% of the population and more than 53% of the
households in Pune own a two-wheeler. Pune possibly has the highest vehicle
ownership pattern at more than 400 vehicles per 1000 population in comparison with its
peer group cities -- Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Ahmedabad.

The total length of roads in the city is 1800 km including about 50 km of National
Highways and State Highways. The CTTP study indicated that only 4.46% or about 10.4
sq. km. of the city’s land is utilised for the provision of roads. Only about 25% of the
entire road length in the city -- the majority of which are accounted for by the highways --
possesses a road width greater than 24 m. 4.46% area of the city, as observed by
CTTP, falls far short of the proposed 13.04% area for transportation and circulation in
the development plan. However, road network in added areas need to be factored into this
calculation.
S.No. Surface Type Lengths (Kms) Percentage
A Municipal Roads
1 Concrete 32.00 2%
2 Black-Topped 1,202.00 69%
3 WBM 258.00 15%
4 Gravel and Earthen 258.00 15%
Total Lengths in Kms 1,750.00 100%

B Other Agencies Roads 50.00 -

Grand Total 1,800.00 -

The following are the key issues regarding planning and provision for traffic and
transportation in Pune.

• Absence of functional hierarchy of road network results in inter-mixing of local and

regional traffic.
• Narrow roads in the central and core areas of the city with restricted capacity add to
congestion problems.
• Inadequate grade separation leads to travel delays and threatens road safety.
• Poor road surface quality and absence of appropriate safety and
visibility enhancement parameters like signage, markings, channel islands, street
name boards and other street furniture constitute an important problem.
• Only 40% of the roads have footpaths and most of the existing ones are encroached
upon by informal activities and street hawkers.
• There is an absence of access control measures and other such traffic management
measures on the arterial roads.
• The public transport system is inadequate.
• Parking demands are largely unmet owing to a lack of organised on-street parking
facilities.
• The problem of lack of civic sense towards traffic and poor travel behaviour
is compounded by the lack of coordination among agencies involved in planning
and providing for traffic and transportation.

2. Water supply

The service levels with regard to water supply are fairly good in Pune with a gross supply of
over 260 lpcd and a net supply of 182 lpcd (accounting for 30 per cent distribution loss); this
is well above the desired norm. In most cities, the supply level is in the range of 100-
140 lpcd. Road length covered by the distribution network is 68%, which implies almost
100% coverage of the developed areas including slums. The newly added areas are
currently being catered to by tankers. The elevated storage capacity is at 22%, which is
lower than the desired norm; hence the reservoirs have to be filled more than three times in
a day.
The following are the key issues with regards to the water supply system in Pune.

• It is estimated that about 30% of water is lost in distribution, thus reducing the net per
capita supply to 182 lpcd.
• Equitable distribution is an issue that has to be addressed by refurbishing the old
distribution network and covering the newly added areas.
• Of the total operation and maintenance (O & M) cost of water supply, energy cost
is considerably high (about 60%). Hence, an energy audit needs to be conducted for
all pumping stations and corrective measures should be implemented to reduce the
O &M cost.
• While the water supply levels are reasonably good, the system coverage in terms
of house service connections is poor at just 21% of total property tax assessments.
PMC should move towards providing 100% house service connections and metered
supply to all houses.

3. Sewerage and sanitation

The total length of sewer network is 975 km. of which 187 km. are the truck mains. The
current system covers about 54 % of the total road length. This also includes newly-
laid. sewer mains of 380 km. in the added areas. Though the current coverage of the
sewerage
network is 54%, it is estimated that about 80% of the population is covered as all developed
areas have access to UGD.
The following are the key issues with regard to the sewerage system.
• Though the current coverage in terms of road length is 54%, it is observed that
90%of the developed area has access to UGD covering about 80% of the population.
But this gap needs to be covered as and when development takes place in the added
areas.

• Almost one-third of the total sewerage generated remains untreated and is

disposed off into the Mula-Mutha river. Thus the river water gets polluted and
this leads to water-borne diseases.
 • Though at the current level of water losses, the shortage in sewerage treatment
capacity is only 239 MLD, assuming PMC would be able to minimise losses at 15%
of supply, the gap would be only 143 MLD.

4. Solid waste management

The primary sources of solid waste in Pune city are local households, markets,
commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. The total quantity of waste
generated per day is about 1000-1200 tonnes (approximate generation per capita per
day is 360 grams). The PMC is responsible for collection and transportation and
disposal of all solid waste generated in the city, except untreated bio-medical waste,
which is assigned to a private operator appointed by the PMC on pay and use basis by
the respective hospital. In addition to the PMC staff, 4,208 rag pickers have been
authorised to segregate waste at five of its 18
Ghantagadis. PMC has no financial commitment in this regard. Due to the segregation of
dry and wet waste at the sources and the adoption of the decentralized system of
disposal, the generation is reduced to about 800 tonnes; about 150 tonnes of waste are
removed by rag pickers for recycling. Thus, only about 650 tonnes have to be
collected and disposed by
PMC. Presently, about 600 tonnes of waste are composted using the EM technology; the
compost is then supplied to farmers free of cost. Pune is the first city in India to implement
this technology.

5. Storm water drainage

The drainage system of Pune comprises rivers, large lakes, natural channels and
roadside drains. The major rivers that flow through the city are Mula, Mutha and Mula-
Mutha River and the major lakes are Katraj, Pashan and Model Colony Lake of
Shivajinagar. Except during the rainy season, these rivers get untreated sewage and other
wastes of the city.
The following are the key issues with regard to storm water drainage system in Pune.

• Pune has only 44% tertiary drains against a desirable norm of about 130%1.
• There is significant silting and obstructions in the primary and secondary drains,
 which hampers the natural flow channels.
As Pune has natural slopes and the general terrain is sloping, drainage requirement may
not be that high. But, to drain rainwater and protect road surface from deterioration, it
is advisable to have drains at least on one side of the roads.
Pune needs to undertake a comprehensive storm water drainage master plan study
before implementing any drainage system. The study would need to identify drain
improvement and augmentation requirements based on rainfall patterns, their intensity and
local flooding characteristics.

6. Street lighting

The provision and maintenance of streetlights is an obligatory function of the

Municipal Corporation. The electricity department of PMC is responsible for installation,
replacement, repairs, operation and maintenance of streetlights in the city. There are about
1,00,200 street light poles in Pune city. For a total road length of about 1,800 km. in
the PMC limits, the average spacing of streetlight poles works out to about 18 meters,
which is fairly good in comparison to the norm of 30 meters. The majority (99%) of the
streetlights are 70W, 150W and 250 W sodium vapour lamps; only one per cent of
streetlights are high mast lights.

Following this study of different aspects of the city’s infrastructure and the lacunae therein,
PMC conceived appropriate strategies to fill these gaps in its areas of management.
 Pune Planned &
Actual Completion
Planning and design criteria
The Commonwealth Youth Games were held in Pune in October 2008. Hundreds of athletes
from the Commonwealth countries competed in categories of sports. In addition number of
officials and thousands of spectators from within and outside the country visited Pune during
the games period. These games were held in the Balewadi Stadium. This stadium is located
far away from the airport, the two railway stations and three ST stands. Pune city sport center
is located at Nehru Stadium and Sanas Ground which are also at a considerable distance from
the main stadium as well as the airport, railway stations and ST stands.
There was thus a need to establish and improve the connectivity between the above
mentioned locations. In order to reduce the travel time and congestion in the city, BRT
corridors were proposed at different locations. Also need was felt to improve the overall
circulation of traffic within the city. This necessitated the road improvements at 11 locations.
Along with this, three tunnels and four flyovers were proposed at various locations. A
cloverleaf junction has been proposed at one location on the important Nagar road.
It has been observed that at any intersection about 15% of the total numbers of vehicles are
bicycles. Also the number of pedestrians is very high on all the roads. It is very important to
ensure the safety of the pedestrians. Hence pedestrian schemes have been proposed.
To control the traffic at busy junctions in the city, Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) has
been proposed

City Mobility Plan: - A study on City Mobility plan (CMP) is also undertaken by
Corporation with the help of I L F S Waste Management and Urban Services Delhi as
Program Manager and Wilbur Smith Associates (Inc.) Bangalore as technical Consultants.
This report (CMP) will help in determining the particulars for implementation of an elevated
road projects at strategic intersections, decongest the road stretches for the city and presently
undertaken road expansion and construction of flyover, subways and tunnels, signal
synchronization, intersection improvement schemes, parking provisions, pedestrian schemes
in addition to BRTs and other mass transport system like Mono rail or metro rail.
Connectivity to the areas where these games are going to take place is a major issue of
concern.
A city needs more than just its basic civic infrastructure to qualify as a world city. In recent
years, that's one aspect that has already gained a fair bit, with hotels and restaurants, theatre
and world food, multiplexes and malls storming its cultural landscape.
IMPROVEMENT WORKS SUGGESTED IN THE CITY FOR THE
COMMONWEALTH YOUTH GAMES

With a view to prepare the Pune city fully for hosting the Commonwealth Youth Games in
2008, a number of infrastructure projects were undertaken. The following are the broad
categories under which the various projects were undertaken:
• Projects undertaken by the CYG Green Council/Committee
• Projects undertaken by PMC / JNNURM
Projects undertaken by the CYG Green Council

Early this year, the CYG organizing committee, which is also the organizing committee of
the Commonwealth Games to be held in Delhi in 2010, signed a memorandum of
understanding (MoU) with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP),
projecting the Pune games as environment-friendly games.

Agenda OF Green Games :

CYG green council had planned a four-pronged approach to manage consumption of carbon-
intensive energies during the games.
The aim, was to avoid use of :
• carbon-intensive energies,
• reduce usage of power,
• replace high-intensive sources with low intensive ones and
• offset the consumption with renewable sources.
Projects undertaken by Green Games Committee

° waste and water management

° forestation
° anti-litter campaign
° sustainable transport, with the ride-and-return-cycle project.
° rainwater harvesting
° no plastic at Balewadi
° extensive tree plantation
° offset of green energy with the help of MEDA.

Projects undertaken by the PMC:

° Bus rapid transport system or BRT

° Beautification of the Pashan and Katraj lakes
° A bio-diversity park at Baner
° Better streetlights, street signs and furniture
° 53 km of footpaths
° 200 new civic buses and another 300 buses on hire
° 200 km of storm water drains and reinstating of electrical wires under pavement
blocks.
° Remote-controlled traffic signals
° Development of Heritage Sites.

TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

Transportation

The road infrastructure has not expanded in tandem with the increase in the number of
vehicles in the city. In the last four decades, the population of the city has increased four
times whereas the vehicle population has increased 87 times and the road length has
increased by only five times. With the projections indicating that PMC would have a
population of about 45 lakhs by 2021 and 57 lakhs by 2031, the road and
transportation infrastructure has to not only meet the existing demand but also cater to
the demand that will be generated by the increasing population.
With a present population of over 30 lakhs and the area of 243.96 square kilometres, the city
requires a massive transportation system. The PMC has an estimated road length of around
750 Kms. (asphalted) and 100 Kms. (non-asphalted) occupying 5% of the land area in the
city. Twelve roads in the city are identified as the arterial roads, which are presently
undergoing transformation in the form of cement concretization. The total length of Cement
Concrete roads is about 20 km.

Figure 6 Road type detail

PROPOSED PMC has identified a total of 23 corridors for strengthening and improvement
in view of the CYG 2008
• Total length of CYG corridors is 57.55 km
• PMC has issued the work orders for 21 corridors (51.58 km) and the works are
started.
• The balance 2 corridors measuring 5.97 km are in the tendering process and will be
awarded by February 2008
• All the above works are targeted to be completed by September 2008
BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) CORRIDORS
Bus rapid transport system or BRT is a bus priority scheme to improve the capacity &
efficiency of present bus services. In this Scheme the buses operated in physically
segregated exclusive lanes in the road called busways & may use high capacity buses,
raised platforms for safe & rapid boarding and alighting, clean secure & comfortable bus
stands, option of pre boarding fare collection clear & prominent information display &
signal priority at intersections.
PROPOSED
The principal routes considered for the project are:
Road corridors between – Airport to Balewadi Stadium
This will include the entire stretch of road from Airport road to Ramwadi octroi post,
Sangamwadi new bridge to Sancheti Hospital, Sancheti hospital to University junction
and hotel Green Park to Balewadi Stadium crossing the Westerly Bypass and road from
Balewadi to Westerly Highway from Baner.

In addition to the above, BRT corridors have been proposed from Airport junction to
Vishrantwadi chowk on Alandi road, Airport road to Deccan college road via Hot mix
plant. Bajirao road, Shivaji road, Nehru road and old Mumbai Pune road have also been
proposed for BRT.

Typical sections for BRT routes having different widths have been shown below:
Actual completed:
1 a)Airport to Ramwadi Jakat
Naka
2 b)Sancheti hospital to
university chowk
3 c)Hotel green park to
balewadi stadium crossing
westerly bypass
4 d)Airport Junction to
Vishrantwadi chowk
5 e) Kalyani nagar junction to
Alandi road
6 f) Air port Road to Deccan
College via Hot Mix Plant
7 gi)Baner Gaothan to Balewadi
Gaothan
8 gii) Balewadi Gaothan to
Westerly bypass
9 h)Bajirao Road
10 i)Sancheti Hospital to Govt.
Poultry Farm
11 j)Govt. Poultry Farm to Harris
Bridge
12 k) Shivaji Road
13 l) Nehru Road
All work items are completed, final asphalt layer is pending.
DBM work (95%), storm water drainage line is in progress (80%), Paving blocks
under flyover(75%) & cross duct work Completed, electric duct work in progress.
PQC 95% & Mastic asphalt work 90% completed.
Excavation work ,DBM work (75%) & cross duct work is in progress.PQC, S.W.D.,
Telephone duct, water line work in progress.Concreting for slab culvert is 50%
complete.
Compound wall for 350 m. is complete. GSB work in progress.
Golf Club Compound wall construction & storm water work in progress. MB,DBM
for 600m length is completed. Footpath work in progress. Water line for 800m is
completed.
Land acquisition problem.
Two cross drainage works are in progress.
80% work is completd.
DBM & BC complete, Storm water complete, foothpath work, telephone duct work is
in progress.(85%)
Up to Govt, poultry farm PQC completed. Further work in progress. Work of SWD,
Crosscut, Utility duct in progress.
Stormwater line work completed 90 % ,DBM completed, BC 70% complete.Footpath
with block 70% complet.
95% storm water complete, DBM completed. Water supply line complete.PQC for
800m complete. Foothpark work 90% completed.
BRIDGES IN PUNE CITY
First Bridge in Pune City built by Nanasaheb Peshwe and formally known as “Lakdi Pool”
was reconstructed as Arch Bridge in the year 1949 –50 by Pune Municipal Corporation. In
order to cater to the needs of growing urbanisation and communication, the Pune Municipal
Corporation took up the following bridge projects over Mula–Mutha River which has been
successfully completed.
• Chhatrapati Rajaram Bridge
• Yashwantrao Chavan Bridge
• Bridge near Balgandharva
• Dengale Bridge
• Fitzgeerald Bridge (Yerwada Bridge)
• S. M. Joshi Bridge.
• Kakasaheb Gadgil Bridge
• Shivaji Bridge.
• Sangam Bridge
• Harris Bridge.
PROPOSED
Following locations are suggested for flyovers:

(1) On Nagar road from Sadalbaba Durgah to HSBC bank

(2) On old Mumbai-Pune Highway near new Sangamwadi bridge
(3) Elevated bridge adjacent to CID office connecting river side roads
(4) Bridge connecting Mahatma Gandhi garden to Chima garden
Construction of tunnels
In order to avoid the congestion on the roads leading from various parts of the city to the
Balewadi stadium, it is necessary to construct tunnels at three different locations.
(1) International convention centre (ICC) to Pashan
(2) Baramati Hostel to MIT
(3) Sahakar Nagar to Hingne Khurd on Sinhagad road
ROAD IMPROVEMENTS FOR CONNECTIVITY
A large number of road improvement schemes are required to be undertaken in the city in
view of the Games. The Airport, the railway stations, the S.T stands and the Balewadi
stadium are located in different parts of the city. It is essential that a good networking of
roads exists between the above. Also, linkages from the above locations with the city sports
centre comprising of the Sanas sports ground and the Nehru stadium is also important. Sports
persons, Dignitaries and visitors coming from different parts of the country as well as from
abroad will be using these routes within the city. As a result it is imperative that road
improvement projects should be undertaken at the earliest with a view to prepare Pune for the
upcoming Games.

The following are the major road improvement projects that have to be undertaken in the
city:

(1) Road from Pune station to Mahatma Gandhi road ( via Sadhu Vasvani chowk and
Golibar Maidan junction to 7 Loves junction and Shankarsheth junction to Nehru
stadium
(2) Shivajinagar to Ganeshkhind road
(3) Pune station to RTO junction
(4) Pune station to Fitzgerald bridge (Bund Garden junction)
(5) Link from S.P college to Peshve Park and Heerabag to Saras Baug
(6) Nehru Stadium to Simla office chowk
(7) Fergusson college road from Good Luck chowk to Agricultural college junction
(8) Sancheti Hospital to Sangam Bridge
(9) Kamgar statue to Shivaji statue
(10) Sanas statue to Dandekar bridge
(11) Roads surrounding Sanas ground
Actual completion:
1 a) Sanas Ground Surrounding Road
2 b) Sanas statue to Dandekar Bridge
3 c) Fergussion Collage Road
4 d)Sancheti hospital to sangam bridge
5 e) Kamgar statue to shivaji statue
6 f) Pune station to M.G.road(via sadhu vaswani
chowk Golibar junction to seven loves
flyover,Shankar sheth junction to nehru stadium)
7 g) Shivaji Nagar to Ganeshkhind Road
8 h) Pune station to R.T.O.junction
9 i) Pune station to fitzgaraldBridge
10 j) S.P.Collage to Peshve park
DBM & Mastic work is completed. footpath & BC 80%
complete.
Mastic work is 100% completed, DBM 95% complete.
stormwater line work & BC 95% complete.Foothpath
work 85% complete.
Storm water drain, crossduct work, Foothpath work &
telephone line work is in progress.(55%) DBM work in
progress.
Cross ducts are completed. Footpath work in progress.
Excavation & crosscut is completed. SWD line work in
progress.
stormwater work for 300m is completed. DBM work for
300 m length is completed.BC & foothpath work on both
side for 300m length is complete.
DBM Completed (100%), Mastic asphalt work is in
progress.BC in progress, SWD in progress.
DBM completed for 500 m length. BC work for 450m is
complete.
All work items are completed, median const. work in
progress.
Excavation for crosscut is complete, DBM complete for
part length. Storm water line 60% & Footpath work 70%
complete.
 Actual completion for Road
amount in Cr.
8‐Nov 8‐Feb

j) S.P.Collage  to Peshve park 7.38

i) Pune station to fitzgaraldBridge 2.11
0.26
h) Pune station to R.T.O.junction 0.89
0.23
g) Shivaji Nagar  to Ganeshkhind Road 0.56
0.00
f) Pune station to M.G.road(via  sadhu … 0.00 1.43

e) Kamgar statue to shivaji statue 1.15
0.09
d)Sancheti hospital  to sangam  bridge 0.64
0.00
c) Fergussion Collage Road 7.4
0.30
b) Sanas statue to Dandekar Bridge 2.35
0.11
a) Sanas  Ground Surrounding Road 1.7
0.33

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

Pedestrian / Non-motorized transport schemes

Cycle tracks
The study on cycle network emphasized the need of the
independent cycle network in Pune city. It has been observed that
out of the total number of vehicles at any intersection, about 15
% of the vehicles are cycles. It is thus very essential to provide
safe, independent, obstruction-free routes for the cyclists. The
project has covered a total length of 66 km and 247 links on the road network in Pune. The
roads provided for segregation of cycle traffic from the fast vehicular traffic. Such
segregation was to be achieved by setting aside and reserving a part of the carriageway on
wide roads exclusively for the operation of this mode. The idea is to remove the impedance in
the flow of fast vehicles thereby increasing their travel speed.

The benefit of the project was quantified in terms of direct and indirect benefits. Direct
benefits represented the benefit in travel time, safety, less pollution, fuel saving, saving in
acquisition cost, etc. The indirect benefits included the reduction in the cost of wear & tear of
fast vehicles and buses, reduction in the cost of maintenance of road network, and safer
routes for children.

Cycle tracks have been proposed on roads from Dengle Bridge to Shinde Bridge, Puram
chowk to Saras Baug, Sanas Statue to Dandekar Bridge, roads surrounding Sanas ground etc.

Pedestrian schemes

Pedestrians are an integral part of every community’s transportation system. The importance
of good pedestrian facility design not only applies to development of new facilities, but also
to the improvement and retrofitting of existing facilities for pedestrian use. Based on present
study it can be inferred that pedestrians are performing a large portion of the trips in Pune

In order to quantify the pedestrian vehicle conflict pedestrian surveys were carried out at 18
mid-block counts and 32 intersections. A few of the locations have heavy cross movement of
pedestrians throughout the day. A location such as Ahmednagar Road near Fatima School has
shown extensive road usage by pedestrians. Locations like Rajaram Bridge, Shivaji Bridge,
Fitzerald Bridge, Maharishi Sindhe Bridge, Dengle Bridge and Sangam Bridge also have high
pedestrian traffic.
Pedestrian schemes have been proposed on the lines of M.G. road during the Games period
on Laxmi road, Tulshi Baug, Shaniwarwada to Vishrambaug wada.
Walking Plazas have also been proposed on Laxmi road, Shivaji road, Bajirao road and Tilak
road.
Traffic management measures such as enforcing one way traffic has also been proposed on
Kumthekar road, Maharana Pratap road, Kanhere road, etc.

1 Gunjan Chowk, Vivekanand Chouk, Bibwewadi Junction, Santosh Hall Works are of subways on main road & will
on Sinhgad Road, Karve Road at Dashbuja to Paud Phata, Gulibar be started after Commonwealth Youth
Chowk Hadapsar Games.

2 Proposed Pedestrianisation at Moledina Hall, Pune Station Work not started.

3 Strengthening of existing Pedestrians Paths ( Bottle Necks Of Link Work not started.
Roads)
4 New Pedestrian’s areas in commercial 20 nos. Viz:- Laxmi Road, Work not started.
Tulshi Baug, Shaniwar Wada to Vishram baug wada.
Traffic Control:

With introduction of on an average 500 vehicles per day, the traffic congestion in the city is
increasing alarmingly. About 60% of Pune Municipal Corporation roads in the heart of the
city are congested whereas remaining 40% roads in the fringe area have relatively lower
traffic volumes. As a consequence, average speeds on the city roads are greatly impaired and
range between 15 km/hr to 35 km/hr.

PROPOSED
A “State of the Art” Area Traffic control system (ATCS) is proposed. This system will
control all traffic signals in Pune, both at junctions and mid-block pedestrian crossings. In
effect, all junctions will be linked and thus the signals can be set to minimize travel time. The
system will be able to recognize buses and afford them priority.

•Synchronized Signal System

• Traffic Regulations Enforcement by Video Camera
• Priority for Public Transport Vehicles
• Emergency Response Unit
• Automated Traffic & Parking

A total number of 45 junctions in the city have been identified for the ATCS. These include
Gunjan Theater Chowk, Parnkuti Chowk, Wadia College Chowk, Sancheti Chowk,
Balgandharva Chowk, Pareehar Chowk, Alaka Chowk, Bund-Garden Chowk etc.
ATCS involves fixing of 5 cameras per junction, provision of BSNL connections, LED
conversion system and Loop Detectors/Controllers.

CIVIL WORKS
A total of 122 no. of Junctions have been identified for civil works. This will include
provision of footpaths at junctions, fixing of railings, provision of channelizers, etc.
Improvement of these junctions will aid in minimizing the conflicting points at the junctions
and thereby effecting smoothening of traffic at these junctions.

Some of the important junctions which are proposed for civil works improvements are
University junction, Jedhe chowk, Balgandharva chowk, Khandojibaba chowk, Nal stop
chowk, Simla office chowk, Chaphekar chowk, Tukaram paduka chowk, Dnyaneshwar
paduka chowk, Golibar maidan chowk, Market yard chowk, etc.

1 Baner S.no 105 Land acquision problem.

2 Moledina Hall Work is in progress.
3 Revenue Colony Work started.
4 Wadgaon Budurk Land acquision problem.
5 Ram Wadi Land acquision problem.
6 PMC Buliding Work started.
7 Bopodi Naka Work started.
8 Savarkar Bhavan Work in progress.
9 Parvati
10 Alka Talkies Land acquision problem.

11 Kothrud PMT Depot Work started.Trimix & retaining wall complete.

12 J.M Road Work nearly complete.

HERITAGE AND EXCURSION FACILITIES

Development of sites from tourist point of view

A large number of tourists from different places within the country and from outside are
expected to visit Pune during the Games period. They are likely to visit various places of
attraction within the city. This will include the heritage buildings located in different parts of
the city and the tourists spots located within and near Pune. The heritage structures, the
popular tourist interest points or locations and the historical monuments should be preserved,
restored and renovated up to certain permissible level to attract more tourism and researchers
in the city.
Excursion facilities for surrounding scenic beauty spots
The spots like Mulshi, Sinhgad, Bhugaon, Lonavala,
and Mahabaleshwar would be developed as the
excursion points by introducing the activities and
facilities at these places are supporting the weekend
enthusiasm and adventure sports for the thrill and
change seeking people.
Development, Renovation of Historical
Monuments, Temple Areas, Museum
This will include the following:
a) Lal Mahal
b) Kelkar Meusum
c) Nana Wada
d) Saras Baug Ganpati Temple
e) Vitthal Mandir off Sinhagad Road
Arrangement for On-Going Places Viz: Transportation Facilities
The following are the tourist attraction spots which are most likely to be visited by the
tourists during the Games period.
a) Khadakwasla Backwater
b) Mulshi Back Water
c) Bhugaon

Arrangements for Adventure Sports, Thrills for Weekends at various picnic Spots
These locations include:
a) Mulshi Backwater
b) Khadakwasla
c) Bhushi Dam, Lonavla

SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE

After the addition of the new 23 villages within
the Pune Municipal Corporation limits, Pune
Municipal Corporation has prepared a proposal
to extend the sanitation services to the new
areas. The proposal is given under development
plan for the newly added 23 villages keeping in view the expected high pressure on the
sewerage & drainage infrastructure during the event period, printing listing of the projects is
revised and certain projects will be completed before the event of Commonwealth Youth
Games 2008.
This will include the cleaning of roads, corridors and maintaining the ambience of the city.

Other Projects:
1 Baner Road Subway 95% work is completed.

2 Sangamwadi Approch road For 800m GSB, WMM, BM, DBM is completd. One pipe culvert is
completed 2nd in progress.

3 Nagar Road Subways (4 Nos) Wiman nagar work 50% completed, chandan nagar in progress.

4 New Alandi Road- R & D gate to Pune Work started. Defense land not transferred to PMC.
PMC limit.
Delay Analysis
A story of delays and missed deadlines

About two years ago, when the pune Muncipal Corporation (PMC) announced its plans to
strengthen the city’s infrastructure in view of the Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG),
citizens were excited about the brand new look the city would wear.

However, even when less than 60 days were remaining for the inauguration of the Games, the
civic body was struggling hard to meet the deadline which were postponed twice.
In September last year, MP and chairman of CYG's organising committee and municipal
commissioner had announced that detailed project reports and plans for strengthening the
road projects were completed and work would begin soon thereafter.

While it was announced that the work would be completed by June 30, the deadline was later
extended to August 15 when the pace of work slowed down for one reason or the other.
municipal commissioner then announced that the projects will be completed by the end of
September. The plan involved widening, concretisation and beautification of 13 main roads,
resurfacing of 10 link roads and developing parking lots and pedestrian facilities.

Although priority was given to the roads leading to Balewadi complex, including airport to
Ramwadi octroi post, Sancheti hospital to university chowk, Hotel Greenpark to Balewadi
stadium and airport junction to Vishrantwadi chowk, only less than 50 per cent work was
been completed on these roads in the month of August.

According to details of status of road works in month of August, some roads like the Sancheti
hospital to Harris bridge just 20 per cent work was completed ,although the work order was
given on January 24, 2008. Kalyaninagar junction to Alandi road was been completed just
about 30 per cent. Work on Shivaji road, Nehru road and Bajiroa road was only 50 per cent
complete.
Similarly, out of the 12 parking lots, four were not been materialized as the PMC was not
able to procure land for them at Baner, Wadgaon, near Alka theatre and near Bopodi octroi
post.
Main reasons for delays

• Land acquisition/ defense land acquisition

• Coordination between various government bodies
• Under ground utilities
• Design Problem

1. Land acquisition:

Land acquisition is the major reason for delays in project which tend to over run time and
cost major reason for which delays occur are

• Land records are not updated

• Resistance by the tenants
• Delays occur due to processing of proposals
• Dispute due to the ownership of the land

According to plan the land should be acquired in 1 week but above mentioned reasons
duration extents to 3 months. Land acquisition was not done by the normal procedure but it
was acquired by the mutual understanding between land owner and City officer to speed up
the procedure of acquisition, which was not supported by the land acquisition officers and
department. Compensation was offered in 3 ways

• TDR
• FSI
• Payment in demand draft according to land value

Allotment F S I and T D R to each party took time to get possession of land.

Various projects not started due to land acquisition problems like terminal facilities at

ƒ Baner terminal facility

ƒ Wadgaon Budurk
ƒ Ram Wadi
ƒ Alka talkies
And all the road projects are delayed due to land acquisition problems. Baner Balewadi
gaothan road came to stand still due to land acquisition.
As per normal land acquisition procedure it takes 3 years to take possession of land but time
may reduce in urgency clause it takes only 24 hrs.
 2. Co ordination between Government bodies:

There are various govt. bodies are involved for granting the permission for work, due to lack
of coordination between them results in the delays the project. Like:
Baner subway project delayed due to time taken by the NHAI for granting the permission.
NHAI has taken 2 months for granting the permission to build the subway on NH 4. Also
there were disputes in drawings and there was lack of co ordination between contractors and
consultants which causes delay in decision of changing the working drawing and thus cause
the project to delay by 10 days.
Also, various delays occurred due to delay in shifting various utilities which was not shown
in tender document and in which various other department like Water Supply department,
Maharashtra State Electric Board etc. were involved. These departments also take time for
removing and shifting their amenities from one place to other which causes considerable
delay in the project. The planned time for relocating or removing the Utilities was 7 days but
it took about 90 days for the concern department to do the same. This was because of shear
lack in co ordination.

3. Design problem:

Design of Baner subway delayed due to not availability of design steel sections so they have
to change there design.

4. Underground utilities:

Various underground utilities were found which was not shown in the plan and which adds
extra work for the contractors and took major time to shift the same from the existing place
because of which delay took place. Like:
In Banner, Contractor found a water Pipeline while excavating which took considerable time
to shift and thus delay occurred.
Because of many IT companies nearby contractor found Fiber optic cables of private
companies buried underground which cannot be moved without prior information and thus
delay to the project.
 5. Effects of delay : completion of Baner road in 3 different materials.

On September 2,The civic administration finally admitted that they would not be able to
complete concretisation of the Baner road before September 30. To start the vehicular
movement on the road before October 11, the PMC officials decided to carry the work in
three patches - 2.5 km cement, 300 meter interlocking blocks and the remaining stretch of 1.7
km in asphalt.
In September last year, MP and chairman of CYG's organising committee Suresh Kalmadi
and municipal commissioner Pravinsinh Pardeshi had announced that detailed project reports
and plans for strengthening the road projects were completed and work would begin soon
thereafter. While it was announced that the work would be completed by June 30, the
deadline was later extended to August 15, which was further extended to a week before the
games start date.
The PMC claims that the delay in the dead lines were due to land acquisition and rains. The
officials had promised ,that after CYG, the entire road will be concretised. The work has been
started for the same, but it has again created a huge traffic problem and congestions for the
residence of baner and Balewadi.
 6. CNG Supply

50 CNG Buses were proposed for the CYG , under the much hyped Green Games. The
Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited (MNGL), a joint venture of Gas Authority of India
Limited (GAIL) and Bharat Petroleum Company Limited (BPCL), has its mother station
ready at Chikhali, near Chinchwad. The CNG supply would be from the Chinchwad mother
station initially to about eight to ten retail outlets (petrol pumps) in Pune and Pimpri-
Chinchwad. But for this to happen, the pipeline has to be laid. The work has been pending for
want of necessary permissions from the defence authorities, as the proposed line goes from
plots of land owned by the defence ministry, cantonment board, railways and the state
government.
 CASE STUDY –
ASIAD GAMES,
NEW DELHI, 1982
Asian Games 1982, New Delhi: Let’s go back to History!

1982 saw the return of the Asian Games to its original home, New Delhi. The first
edition of the Asian Games had been held in 1951 with eleven participating nations and six
competitive sports. By 1982, the games had grown manifold with 33 nations and nearly
4600 athletes and officials participating in 21 sports and 147 events, the largest ever Asian
Games. The games had grown to be the second largest sporting event in the world, second
only to the Summer Olympics. The 1982 Games was the first time after independence that
the country was playing host to an international event of this magnitude. The world’s
attention was about to be focused on the city and it was not going to disappoint. The
games were an announcement to the world that India had arrived. The games seem to
have a very deep felt impact on the country as a whole, interestingly in many arenas far
removed from sport. Here paper focuses on impact of the game on urban development of
Delhi, though other effects will also be discussed later in the paper.

Political Compulsions

The 1982 Asiad almost didn’t take place at all. Though India had won the bid to host
the games in 1976, by 1980 no work had even started and the Games surely looked
doomed. There had been a change of government in-between and a lot of political
turmoil had plagued the country in those years. In 1980, Indira Gandhi was back in
power, and she along with her son Rajiv Gandhi, made it her personal mission to pull
off a successful games. The city was to be prepared to host the largest event it had
ever experienced, along with build numerous stadiums, flyovers, hotels and the Games
Village in a span of 20 months. Despite various shortcomings, the Asian Games Special
Organizing Committee (SOC) was able to pull it off is highly commendable.

Buildings like the player’s building and the roof of the Talkatora swimming pool weren’t
completed on time, development was haphazard and short sighted, and there was little
importance g i v e n t o p la n n i n g n o r ms a n d r e g u l a t i o n s . There i s l it t l e
infor mat ion pertaining to the Asian Games available in the public domain, and the
little that does remain is scattered among the tens of government organizations that
dealt with the event. It is therefore nearly impossible to get an accurate picture of
the total expenditure on the games, though estimates seem to place it at between Rs 7-
10,000 Million, (Lin, S. G. and Patnaik, N. 1982), a sum a nation as poor as India could
hardly afford. At the same time, revenues were almost negligible. The SOC made about
Rs 60 million through ticket sales, donations and franchising revenue, a sum not even
enough to cover the operational costs of Rs 150 million. Foreign tourists, who were
supposed to enter the city in the thousands, never materialized. Only an estimated 200
arrived, leaving hotels and restaurants empty.

Economics and planning were often put aside as all trumpeted the notion of
‘International prestige and patriotic fervour’. The Games had become an emotive issue, and
anyone raising questions about it was unpatriotic and a traitor. One notices this patterns
in such events worldwide, where the supporters and organizers of such events make it a
nationalistic issue whereby, even when what is at stake is billions of dollars.

No queremos goles, queremos frijoles (we do not want goals, we want beans) was painted on
a Mexico stadium during the Football World Cup in 1986 (Andreff, W. n.d.). That
statement in some way reflects the scenario in India in 1982 as well. The nation was still
a heavily protected and closed economy, reeling under babudom and unable to shake off
the ‘Hindu’ rate of growth.

“Hypocrisy and cynicism are even more evident than usual in New Delhi. The crores being
spent on Asiad, The Asian Games of 1982, stand out in sharp relief against the real
requirements of the people... The twisted values involved in advertising the luxuries
and choice of expensive dishes available in five star hotels when millions are in search of
food... descriptions of spacious air-conditioned suites each fitted with colour television
sets... and other luxuries, appear side by side in the newspapers with grim reports of near
famine conditions in large parts of the country.”

The famine conditions were not very far from the sight of the capital city itself. The
construction spree that took place required workers, lakhs of them, with over 1.5 lakhs
workers working on sites directly related to the games, with many more on other
construction projects. These workers were often paid lower than minimum wages, and
forced to live in temporary jhuggies that a large majority never moved out of.
Homeless people also reported that harassment increased, as there was a need to
‘clean up’ the streets for the Asian Games, when the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act
was used liberally to remove many hundreds of people forms the streets of Delhi
(Speak, S. E. n.d.)

Any old timer in the city will tell you that it was in 1982 that Delhi finally began to
‘develop’. The build up to the games saw an unprecedented construction spree in the city
with stadiums, the games village, hotels, flyovers and roads, even Pragati Maidan being
built, all with 1982 as the deadline. The skyline of the city literally changed overnight. Very
few records remain on the public domain of the actual details of the construction that
took place during that period, and few, if no, studies seem to have been conducted on the
Games’ impact.

The construction at the time can be broadly categorized into four groups:
1. Stadiums- the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium was the centerpiece of the games, being
the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies and athletics. The other major
stadiums built at the time were the Talkatora Stadium, the Indira Gandhi Indoor
stadium and the Yamuna Velodrome. One notices that with the exception of the
National Stadium, which was an earlier construction, most of the venues for the
1982 Games were new constructions.

2. Asiad Village- The Games village, where all the participating athletes and officials were
to stay was a large project developed in the Siri Fort area.

3. Hotels- A number of hotels came up at the time like the Kanishka, the Mughal
Sheraton and the Taj Palace.
4. Roads and Flyovers-The city’s love for flyovers began with the Asian Games when
four flyovers were built to facilitate smooth movement of traffic between the venues and
the Games village.

The unprecedented nature of the construction meant that the Master Plan, a broad outline
for the planned development of the city, was largely sidelined in the name of ‘National
prestige.’(Baviskar, A. 2005) Normal planning procedures for land use changes and
development were largely sidelined and nationalistic fervour meant they often won in the
face of opposition from critics. The other aspect which meant that planning was often put
on the back seat was the fact that the entire infrastructure for the games were largely built
in the last 2 years leading up to the games, and not the 4-6 years that a country normally
takes to prepare itself for an event of this size (Sisodia, M. K. S. 2005). Internal unrest and
infighting had meant that the development of infrastructure had been left right to the last
minute.

Legacies: Condition and Usage

Though thousands of crores were spent at the time to develop world-class stadiums, the
construction undertaken for the games was largely of a shoddy and poor quality,
reflecting t h e h a s t e i n w h i c h th ey w er e b u i lt . The P l ay er ’ s b u il d in g w as n e v er
completed, nor was the roof of the Talkatora swimming pool. The retracting roof of the
Indira Gandhi indoor stadium hailed as a technological feat never worked effectively
and even after numerous repairs, the roof still leaks. An international Badminton
competition in the 1990’s was disrupted due to water leaking in. The main stadium,
built on the banks of the Yamuna is actually tilting on one side. The Delhi High Court
also sealed the main portion of the stadium, as it does not fulfill fire safety norms
(Venugopal, A. 2005). The adjoining Yamuna Velodrome is in a pathetic state with the
velodrome full of cracks and bumps, and more often visited by snakes and rats than
humans. The Nehru Stadium too is crumbling and bad maintenance means that even
though new tracks were laid recently, they are already in disrepair. Utilisation of these
stadiums has also not been very high. Bad maintenance has meant that they cannot be
used for high profile international events and even domestic events are not held very
often. The stadiums do serve as training grounds for the Sports Authority of India (SAI)
but the fact remains that these stadiums have not been used to capacity since 1982. The
stadiums are used more often for Bollywood events or political rallies than sporting
events. Recently the only high profile international event that the famed J.N. Stadium
has been used for is the Half Marathon where it was the starting and end point! There are
some hard questions that must be answered about the ‘legacy’ that such events create.
Numerous stadiums were built in ’82 but not a single one has been maintained
appropriately and therefore none of them has been used effectively. It is quite
apparent that these stadiums are simply given a facelift in the run up to an event but
otherwise left in a state of disrepair. This also means that the domestic athletes training there
do not have up to the mark facilities.

The core of the Asian games was the village that was developed by the DDA, in the Siri
Fort area. The design of the Games village, by noted architect, Raj Rewal, was
considered a great success and revolutionary in its ‘cluster’ approach to housing
(Rewal, R. 1985). The complex was taken over as government housing post-event,
soon becoming a much-coveted address among government and PSU officials. The
development of this site probably had the largest urban impact on the city due to its
correlation with the development of South Delhi. South Delhi was a region that had
already begun development, but it was only after the 1982 games that this region
gained importance. Three of the four flyovers developed at the time, the Moolchand,
Sewa Nagar and Oberoi flyovers were in south Delhi. The city, which had been growing
rapidly, was running out of space and this region seemed perfect for development. The
area where the village was developed, Siri Fort, was originally a Master Plan green but at
this time was reallocated for the use of the village.

The necessary development provided by the games in South Delhi just accentuated the
impact of the games on urban infrastructure. It provided the region with broad roads and
flyovers for swift movement of traffic and other infrastructure as well such as water,
electricity and other civic amenities. The other large residential complex built at the time
was the Player’s Building, which was envisaged as a VIP complex meant for senior
officials and visitors during the games. The Players' Building wasn't finished on time and
remained uninhabited for 15 years, till it was reborn as the Delhi Secretariat. The hotels
built at the time were largely government owned and operated. The state of government
hotels need not be enumerated here but it is widely accepted that they were mostly
money losing ventures. These hotels hardly ever rose above occupancy rates of 40%, mostly
propped up by government and PSU conferences filling up rooms. The government hotels
are mostly in a sorry state, though privatization, like the new Shangri-La has saved some
from complete ruin.

The broader roads and flyovers were welcome additions to the cities crumbling
infrastructure at the time, easing congestion and quickening transit times. They were
however biased in their location as they were all built with the purpose of serving the
’82 games, meaning that they were not located in the most congested places which
needed them most but on routes which the athletes would take between stadiums and the
games village. The ring roads too were further broadened at the time, roads which are
now the lifeline of the city. The four flyovers built at the time also led to tens more being
built during the ‘80s and ‘90s drastically easing congestion even in the face of ever
increasing numbers on the road. The ring road is today virtually stopping less with almost
all traffic lights on the route being eliminated through flyovers.

The effect of an event of this magnitude on the environment can be quite detrimental,
increasing pollution and causing imbalances by rampant, unchecked development.
Unfortunately little research seems to have been undertaken at the time. One can point out
however that certain areas, which were originally planned to be green open areas for the
city, were developed at the time. Also further portions of the Ridge area, a no build
zone, were encroached upon. The duration of the games also saw a rise in the lead
concentration in the air, probably due to the rise in automobiles on the roads at the time
(Boralkar, D. B.; Mukharjee, U.; Singh, S. B. 1986).

One pertinent implication of such event in Indian context is that it sets a deadline for
projects. In the words of a senior DDA official, all the projects like roads, flyovers and
hotels would have taken place even without the games, it’s just that they would have
taken 10 years instead of the 2 that they did. This comment is very true in the Indian
context where construction often takes several years with no end in sight. The games
were able to fix a date before which the project must be completed which ensured that
construction did not slacken. This is even more apparent when seen in the context of
advent of colour television. In the build up to the games there was a decision taken to
broadcast the games in colour. This gave DD the impetus to almost overnight upgrade
their existing technology to support this, an up gradation that might have otherwise
taken years.
Social Impact

The Asian Games was in some senses a landmark event in the country with far
reaching implications. The games had an impact on areas as diverse as the Khalistan
movement to the judicial process in the country to television broadcasting. Some of the
interesting impacts are enumerated below.

By 1982, the Khalistan movement was already well under way. In an attempt to highlight their
condition, protest marches were scheduled in Delhi during the games. In an attempt to
counter this, the government took a tough stand, rounding up Sikhs all over the country
and in the capital. No Sikhs were allowed to proceed towards Delhi and all means of
transport were monitored. Bhajan Lal, the Chief Minister of Haryana took an exceptionally
strong stand, not allowing the movement of Sikhs in the state. Many Sikhs, even those
with reason to travel to Delhi were roughed up, further embittering them.

S. Khushwant Singh, speaking in the Parliament on the President's Address, warned

that the country would have to pay a heavy price for the treatment meted out to Sikhs
during the Asiad. He warned the government, "Was it ever realized that in so doing the
government embittered thousands of Sikhs and played into the hands of Akali
extremists by confirming their charge of governmental discrimination against the Sikhs?
If, God forbid, the Khalistan movement catches on, it will owe much to the foolish
short-sightedness of Bhajan lal." Thus in some ways, the Asiad can be seen as a major
factor in the rise of anti- government sentiment among the Sikhs.

In the construction frenzy that preceded the Asian Games, lakhs of workers entered the
city, increasing the population of the city from 55 lakhs to 65 lakhs (approx., Source-
Dunnu Roy) in a span of a few years. These workers were forced to stay in cheap
temporary housing, which most of them never moved out of, and receive below
minimum wage pay. In a landmark case, the Asiad worker’s case (Peoples’ Union for
Democratic Rights Vs. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1473), filed by the People’s Union
for Democratic Rights (PUDR), the Supreme Court allowed what has now become
known as Public Interest Litigation (PIL). (Subramaniam, C.N. 1999) Thus one of the
first PIL’s, a tool often used by concerned citizens now, was filed on behalf of the Asiad
workers. This case was seminal in the context of the minimum wages act as it held a
person receiving less than minimum wage, a bonded labourer. The court ruled, "Where a
person provides labour or service to another for remuneration which is less than
minimum wage, the labour or service provided by him clearly falls within the scope and
ambit of the word `forced labour'...". All labours w er e rewarded with less than the
minimum wage, then, constitute forced labour and violate the Constitution of India (L.
Sreenath, M R and Student Group, 2005). The Supreme Court held that a person who
provides service to another for less than the minimum wage renders forced service,
i.e. ‘beggar’ within the meaning of Article 23 of the constitution. This ruling was very
important in the workers fight against exploitation, and ensured that non-payment of
minimum wages would be considered a serious offence and will be viewed as a
violation of the Constitution of India.

One of the most visible effects of the Asian Games was the advent of colour television. To
promote the games, the government directed DD to air the games in colour, and also allowed
the import of colour TVs, a big policy change in those protectionist days. The Asian Games
also led to the setting up of the Department of Sport, now the Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports, and the National Informatics Centre (NIC), the body responsible for
providing network backbone and e-Governance support to Central.
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION

Introduction:

One can see that at least on paper; the city is all set to transform itself by the time it plays
host to the Commonwealth youth Games. However it is also necessary to keep one thing in
mind, and that is that Pune is otherwise too a rapidly growing city, a dynamic economy and
an integral part of India’s growth engine. In the past couple of years Pune is growing
dynamically in every possible sector, this means that it would be wrong to place the causation
of all infrastructure and urban development onto the Commonwealth youth Games. A large
amount of it would probably have taken place anyway, the games just gives it a
geographical bias and a deadline.

The world over there is a serious re-think taking place among city officials as well as
academics about the way to go about these events. Do they do more harm than good is not a
question that has been answered conclusively, as many of the benefits derived are intangible
ones. However it has yet to be conclusively shown that these events are beneficial as well and
it is crucial to examine each event independently, studying its unique characteristics, as well
as examines previous events and tries and learns from their mistakes.

Pune’s citizens have a right to know about the benefits that such events can have to the city,
but need to be informed of the downsides as well. The present plan for the Commonwealth
youth Games may be a recipe for an ecological and financial disaster, or they might finally
put the city, and the country, on the world map. They may bring in a new era where
transportation problems, water problems, perennial problems in the city, are no longer an
issue or they might increase the burden on an already overloaded system. Popular perception
tells us that the Asian Games was an unmitigated success. Closer analysis tells us that it was
not so simple. The Commonwealth youth Games, with some smart marketing, may just
follow in those footsteps.
Impact of C Y G

Positive impact:

• For the revised CDP for Pune city in the contest of CYG, Pune municipal corporation
has done a detail study of the past (4 decades) and projection of future (till 2031)
population in Pune city. The complete infrastructure development that is going on
currently is been planned accordingly.
• The event does not only improve sports infrastructure, but overall infrastructure of the
city.
• The construction spree which is taking place required workers, thousands of them,
with maximum workers working on sites directly related to the games, with many
more on other construction projects, such as road development projects.
• All the projects like roads, flyovers and hotels would have taken place even without
the games, it’s just that they would have taken 10 years instead of the 2 that they did.
• World class sports facilities are now available to the citizens of Pune, but in the long
run will help India to hold such international sporting events.
• To certain extent due to these events the sky line of the city has started to change.
• New proposals are made for sewage lines in city, the only point there is to see that
these changes are long term or short sighted.
• Traffic congestion problem, which was the major concern of the PMC, is solved to
maximum extent with up coming of flyovers on the major roads of Pune.
• The heritage places in and around Pune which were neglected till date, got new life
and attention, which in turn will increase tourism in future
• Pune cities development was already planned under JNNURM, but because of CYG
the work got speeded up as it got a deadline.
• Subways for pedestrians , who were facing problems crossing busy traffic junctions.
• The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) launched a major drive against
encroachments on footpaths and roads across the city The drive had been initiated to
relieve chronic spots of congestion and also remove hurdles to the widening of major
roads on account of the Commonwealth Youth Games.
 • Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) held in the city were a “Green Games” event,
with all developmental projects in the city taken up on an environmentally-sustainable
model.
• Commonwealth Youth Games (CYG) organising committee kick-started its
programme on electronic waste (e-waste) management. E-waste is fast emerging as a
serious environment issue in cities with the IT sector booming. About 3,600 tonnes of
e-waste is waiting to be disposed off, with a major chunk coming from the IT sector.
The committee is targeting 40 colleges and top 10 IT companies in Pune."

Negative impact:

• A number of BRT projects have been considered under JNNURM. But the corridors
that are considered here are those which are not considered under the Phase - I of
JNNURM but are of utmost important for the Commonwealth Youth Games. But as
of now, these routes are major cause of accidents in the city. There is no proper
connectivity between these routes, and the major problem arises at traffic signals,
where people get confused between regular and BRTS routes.
• Thousands of labours are coming in city, in the hope of jobs in the construction
sector, no labour camp provision from PMC.
• Real-estate price increased in the surrounding areas.
• Due to land acquisition of road widening many people have to migrate to another
place.
• In the current scenario the work is been delayed and the cost of construction projects
has increased due to the abrupt increase in labours rates due to the political issue
created between maharashtrians and north Indians and maharashtrians made the north
Indian labours to leave this place.
• Road-side parking fee hiked. The move has been made in view of increasing
congestion due to road-side parking by motorists.
• Hotels near Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, the games venue, are
already dusting the houseful boards to be placed outside their hotels. Joining them are
many apartment owners who have hiked their rents by 15-20% in the last month. The
ingenious ones have converted their flats into service apartments, and are planning to
charge those who wish to rent them between Rs2,000 and Rs3,000 per room, per day
Recommendations

• To Overcome the Problem of Land Acquisition :

One of the major cause of delay in meeting the deadlines for the games was land acquisition
.For such national events some amendments should be made in the land acquisition
act(LAA).a sub act should be introduced under the LAA, stating that government can acquire
any land for the betterment of the public and the city in case of national events and there
would be no objections from pubic against such acquisitions.
• Overcome Lack of Coordination:

There was a major communication gap between various government departments, which
became a cause of delay. A one point decision system should have been in place. So a
contractor or a vendor would not require going to various departments to take necessary
permissions. The work would have become easy and the pace would have increased.
• Appoint a Project Management Team

A project management team should have been appointed to plan , monitor and schedule the
entire project in the specific time frame. Weekly meetings should be conducted to review the
progress.
• Appointment of Project Management Consultancy

A PMC should have been appointed to look in to the issues such as, feasibility , cost over run,
Quality of work, and to provide alternative recommendations and solutions.
• Operation and maintenance cost
A detailed calculations of the O and M costs that are likely to be incurred by the PMC over a
period of time, has not being worked out as yet. Same is the case with stadium infrastructure.
A detail plan for the same should have been worked out before hand, so that finance would
not have been a major concern for maintenance of this massive infrastructure.

• Environmental impact analysis

A detailed environmental impact assessment (EIA) was not carried out for the projects to be
executed for the Commonwealth youth games. Even though the games were taunted as green
games , such major aspect was neglected by PMC.
 • Economic and financial analysis was neglected.
The grants were easily available for the development from Jnnurm, central and state
government but proper fund management and financial analysis was not seen. If this would
have been taken in to consideration projects like- Cycle track for the city would have seen the
light of the day.
• Structural solutions and alternative proposals
PMC had undertaken a detailed study and had finalized the projects for the Commonwealth
youth games. No alternative proposals were framed for the proposed projects. The projects
proposed are exclusively with a view to upgrade the infrastructure in the area of the main
Balewadi stadium and the Airport, Railway stations, S.T stands and the area near the city
sports centre. It is essential to avoid a duplication of the projects as PMC has already
forwarded phase-I of the detailed project report for various infrastructural projects under
JNNURM.
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